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Rectangular beam design : singly and doubly reinforced beam by WSD

What is a Beam?
A Beam is any structural member which resists load mainly

by bending. Therefore it is also called flexural member. Beam may be singly reinforced or doubly reinforced. When steel is provided only in tensile zone (i.e. below neutral axis) is called singly reinforced beam, but when steel is provided in tension zone as well as compression zone is called doubly reinforced beam.

Necessity of reinforcement in beam:

Concrete is good in compression and bad in tension. Tensile strength of concrete is about 1/10 of fc.

longitudinal reinforcement is placed closed to the bottom side of the beam

Behaviour of a beam under loads

RCC design methods:

RCC design method

USD method

WSD method

Working stress design method (WSD)

This design concept is based on elastic theory, assuming a straight line stress distribution along the depth of the concrete. Concrete response elastically upto compressive strength not exceeding about of its strength, while steel remains elastic practically upto yield strength. So, in practically, allowable stresses are set at about the concrete compressive strength and the yield stress of steel. The concrete remain elastic at fc which range to strain of about 0.0005 and the steel is elastic near to its yield point or strain of 0.002. According to ACI code the value is equal to 0.45 fc .

Assumptions:
1) Section remains plane 2) Stress proportioned to Strain 3) Concrete not take tension 4) No concrete-steel slip

Both of the materials stress is proportional to strain

Fig: Concrete stress-strain curve

Fig: Steel stress-strain curve

Design Conditions:

1) Stress elastic and sections uncracked:

Tensile strength of concrete fct <Modulus of rupture fr Compressive stress of concrete fc << fc Tensile stress in steel fs < fy yield strength of steel

2) Stress elastic and section cracked:

Tensile strength of concrete fct > Modulus of rupture fr Compressive stress of concrete fc < fc Tensile stress in steel fs < fy yield strength of steel

Singly reinforced beam :

Strain compatibility:

Doubly reinforced beam :

If concrete section cannot develop the required compressive force to resist the maximum bending moment then additional reinforcement is added in the compression.

Resisting Moment:

Strain compatibility :

ACI recommended that fs be equal to twice this value

Advantages of Using WSD method

Following are some advantages of Allowable stress design method

Elastic analysis for loads become compatible for design. Old famous books are according to this method. Experienced engineers are used to this method. In past it was the only method for design purposes. This method is included in AISC-05 specifications as an alternate method.

Disadvantages of Using WSD method

Latest research and literature is very limited. Same factor of safety is used for different loads. Failure mode is not directly predicted. With some overloading, the material stresses increase but do not go to collapse. The failure mode can not be observed. The warning before failure cannot be studied precisely. Results cannot be compared with experimental tests up to collapse.