4-Accrual Accounting Concepts

Introduction
chapter 4
Accrual Accounting
Concepts
Accounting Matters!
Swapping Quarters
A financial reporting system's accuracy depends on answers to some fundamental questions. When was
revenue earned or the earnings process complete? And when were expenses really incurred?
Consider this example. One morning a brother and sister opened a lemonade stand in their front yard. As
their neighbour left for work, she bought a glass of lemonade for a quarter. Unfortunately, it was a cool
day and the kids lived on a quiet cul-de-sac. In short, business was slow.
After an hour with no more customers, the brother decided to buy some lemonade. He passed the
neighbour's quarter to his sister and enjoyed a glass. A little later, the sister decided to buy some so she
passed the quarter back to her brother. Within an hour, after passing the quarter back and forth, they had
finished off the lemonade. They went inside and told their parents they had sold the whole pitcher. Only,
they were unable to figure out why, after so many sales, they had only one quarter.
Before being too critical of these siblings, consider this. During the 1990s' boom in dotcom companies'
share prices, many were earning revenue by swapping advertising space on their websites. Company A
would put an ad on company B's website, and company B would put an ad on company A’s. No money
changed hands, but each company recorded revenues and expenses (for the value of the ad space). This
didn’t change net earnings or add to cash flow—but it did increase reported revenue.
Recording revenue or expenses in the wrong year is another common transgression. WorldCom stunned
financial markets with its admission that it had boosted its 2001 net earnings by billions of dollars by
delaying expense recognition until later years. Since then, similar stories have surfaced in both Canada
and the United States.
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Introduction
Toronto-based refrigerated-warehouse operator Atlas Cold Storage got into hot water when it had to
restate its financial statements for 2001 and 2002. A significant number of expenses were incorrectly
recorded as additions to property, plant, and equipment. The result: 2001 net earnings were reduced by
$5.2 million, from $11.4 million to $6.2 million, while 2002 net earnings shrunk by $37.4 million, from
$19 million to a net loss of $18.4 million.
Why do so many companies violate basic financial reporting rules? Many observers speculate that, as
share prices climb, executives feel greater pressure to meet higher earnings expectations. In response,
regulators and standard-setters have now made improving revenue recognition and disclosure practices a
priority.
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Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study Objectives and Preview
Study Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain the revenue recognition principle and the matching principle.

2. Prepare adjusting entries for prepayments.
3. Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.
4. Describe the nature and purpose of the adjusted trial balance.
5. Explain the purposes of closing entries.
Preview of Chapter 4
Recording revenues and expenses properly is essential, as indicated in the feature story, because doing otherwise
leads to a misstatement of net earnings and related accounts. In this chapter, we introduce you to the accrual
accounting concepts that guide the recognition of revenue and the matching of expenses in the appropriate time
period.
The chapter is organized as follows:

Study Objectives and Preview

Timing Issues
Timing Issues
Consider the following story:
study objective 1
Explain the revenue
recognition principle and
the matching principle.
A grocery store owner from the old country kept his accounts payable on a spindle, accounts
receivable on a notepad, and cash in a shoebox. His daughter, a CA, chided him: “I don’t understand
how you can run your business this way. How do you know what you’ve earned?”
“Well,” the father replied, “when I arrived in Canada 40 years ago, I had nothing but the pants I was
wearing. Today your sister is a doctor, your brother is a teacher, and you are a chartered accountant.
Your mother and I have a nice car, a well-furnished house, and a cottage at the lake. We have a
good business and everything is paid for. So, you add all that together, subtract the pants, and there's
your net earnings.”
Although the old grocer may be correct in his evaluation of how to calculate earnings over his lifetime, most
companies need more immediate feedback about how well they are doing. For example, management needs
monthly reports on financial results, large corporations present quarterly and annual financial statements to
shareholders, and the Canada Revenue Agency requires all businesses to file annual tax returns.
Consequently, accounting divides the economic life of a business into artificial time periods. As indicated in
Chapter 2, this is the time period assumption. Accounting time periods are generally one month, one quarter, or
one year.
Many accounting transactions affect more than one of these arbitrary time periods. For example, a new building
purchased by Loblaw or a new airplane purchased by Air Canada will be used for many years. It does not make
sense to expense the full cost of the building or the airplane at the time of purchase, because each will be used for
many subsequent periods. Instead, we must determine the impact of each transaction on specific accounting
periods.
Determining the amount of revenue and expenses to report in a particular accounting period can be difficult.
Generally accepted accounting principles include two principles for recognizing revenue and expenses: the
revenue recognition principle and the matching principle.
Revenue Recognition Principle

The revenue recognition principle states that revenue must be recognized in the accounting period in which it is
earned. In a merchandising company, revenue is considered to be earned when the merchandise is sold (normally

Timing Issues
at the point of sale). In a service company, revenue is considered earned at the time the service is performed.
Revenue recognition is governed by general guidelines and there are a wide variety of interpretations. In general,
though, revenue is recognized when the sales effort is substantially complete and collection reasonably assured.
To illustrate, assume a dry-cleaning business cleans clothing on June 30, but customers do not claim and pay for
their clothes until the first week of July. Under the revenue recognition principle, revenue is earned in June when
the service is performed, not in July when the cash is received. At June 30, the dry-cleaning service would report a
receivable on its balance sheet and revenue in its statement of earnings for the service performed.
Improper use of the revenue recognition principle can have devastating consequences for investors. For example,
as mentioned in the feature story for Chapter 2, Nortel Network's shares lost a significant portion of their value
after investors learned about accounting irregularities related to reported revenue.
Decision Toolkit
Decision Info Needed for Tools to Use for How to Evaluate
Checkpoints Decision Decision Results
At what point should Need to Revenue should Recognizing

the company record understand the be recorded revenue too early
revenue? nature of the when earned. overstates current
company’s For a service period revenue;
business company, recognizing it too
revenue is late understates
earned when a current period
service is revenue.
performed.
Matching Principle
In recognizing expenses, a simple rule is followed: “Let the expenses follow the revenues.” Thus, expense
recognition is tied to revenue recognition. Consider again the dry-cleaning business mentioned in the last section.
Matching expenses with revenues means that the salary expense of performing the cleaning service on June 30
should be reported in the same period in which the service revenue is recognized. The critical issue in expense
recognition is determining when the expense contributes to revenue. This may or may not be the same period in
which the expense is paid. If the salary incurred on June 30 is not paid until July, the dry cleaner would still report
salaries payable on its June 30 balance sheet.
The practice of expense recognition is referred to as the matching principle because it states that efforts

Timing Issues
(expenses) must be matched with accomplishments (revenues). Some expenses are easy to match with revenues.
For example, the cost of goods sold can be directly matched to sales revenue in the period in which the sale occurs.
Other costs are more difficult to directly associate with revenue. For example, it is difficult to match
administrative salary expense or interest expense with the revenue these help earn. Such costs are normally
expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Other examples include costs that help generate revenue over
multiple periods of time, such as the amortization of equipment. The association of these types of expense with
revenue is less direct than that of cost of goods sold, and we therefore have to make assumptions about how to best
allocate these costs to each period. We will learn more about allocating expenses later in this chapter.
Accounting Matters! Management Perspective
Suppose you work for a movie studio. Over what period should the cost of producing a movie be
expensed? It should be expensed over the economic life of the movie. But what is its economic life?
The filmmaker must estimate how much revenue will be earned from box office sales, DVD sales,
television, and games and toys—a period that could be less than a year or many years.
Take, for example, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, released by Warner Bros. in 2004. It cost
U.S. $130 million to produce this film, and the film more than recovered this cost in the first two
weekends it was released. In fact, all of the Harry Potter movies have broken box office and product
sales records. Compare this to The Cat in the Hat, released by Universal Studios in 2003. It cost U.S.
$109 million to produce this movie but it has only recovered U.S. $100.4 million to date. These
situations illustrate how difficult it can be in real life for companies to properly match expenses to
revenues.

Timing Issues
Decision Toolkit
Decision Info Needed for Tools to Use How to Evaluate
Checkpoints Decision for Decision Results
At what point should Need to Expenses Recognizing

the company record understand the should “follow” expenses too early
expenses? nature of the revenues—that overstates current
company’s is, the effort period expenses;
business (expense) recognizing them
should be too late understates
matched with current period
the result expenses.
(revenue).
Accrual Versus Cash Basis of Accounting

The combined application of the revenue recognition principle and the matching principle results in accrual basis
accounting. Accrual basis accounting means that transactions that affect a company's financial statements
are recorded in the periods in which the events occur, rather than when the company actually receives or
pays cash. This means recognizing revenues when they are earned rather than when cash is received. Likewise,
expenses are recognized in the period in which services or goods are used or consumed to produce these revenues,
rather than when cash is paid. This results in matching revenues that have been earned with the expenses incurred
to earn these same revenues.
International Note Although

different accounting principles
are often used in other
countries, the accrual basis of
accounting is central to all
these principles.
An alternative to the accrual basis is the cash basis. Under cash basis accounting, revenue is recorded only
when cash is received, and an expense is recorded only when cash is paid. A statement of earnings presented
under the cash basis of accounting does not satisfy generally accepted accounting principles. Why not? Because it
fails to record revenue that has been earned but for which cash has not yet been received, thus violating the
revenue recognition principle. Similarly, a cash basis statement of earnings fails to match expenses with earned
revenues, which violates the matching principle.
Illustration 4-1 compares accrual-based numbers and cash-based numbers, using a simple example. Suppose that

Timing Issues
you own a painting company and you paint a large building during year 1. In year 1, you incur and pay total
expenses of $50,000, which includes the cost of the paint and your employees' salaries. You bill your customer
$80,000 at the end of year 1, but you are not paid until year 2. On an accrual basis, you would report the revenue
during the period earned—year 1—and the expenses would be matched to the period in which the revenues were
earned. Thus, your net earnings for year 1 would be $30,000, and no revenue or expense from this project would
be reported in year 2. The $30,000 of earnings reported for year 1 provides a useful indication of the profitability
of your efforts during that period.
Illustration 4-1
Accrual versus cash basis accounting
If, instead, you were reporting on a cash basis, you would report expenses of $50,000 in year 1 and revenues of
$80,000 in year 2. Net earnings for year 1 would be a loss of $50,000, while net earnings for year 2 would be
$80,000. While total earnings are the same over the two-year period ($30,000), cash basis measures are not very
informative about the results of your efforts during year 1 or year 2.

Before You Go On #1
Before You Go On . . .
Review It
1. What are the revenue recognition and matching principles?

2. What are the differences between the cash and accrual bases of accounting?
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The Basics of Adjusting Entries

For revenues to be recorded in the period in which they are earned, and for expenses to be matched with the
revenue they generate, adjusting entries are made to adjust accounts at the end of the accounting period.
Adjusting entries make it possible to produce relevant financial information at the end of the accounting period.
Thus, the balance sheet reports appropriate assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at the statement date, and the
statement of earnings shows the proper revenues, expenses, and net earnings (or loss) for the period.
Adjusting entries are necessary because the trial balance—the first pulling together of the transaction data—may
not contain complete and up-to-date data. This is true for several reasons:
1. Some events are not journalized daily, because it would not be useful or efficient to do so. Examples are the use
of supplies and the earning of wages by employees.
2. Some costs are not journalized during the accounting period, because these costs expire with the passage of
time rather than as a result of recurring daily transactions. Examples include insurance and amortization.
3. Some items may be unrecorded. An example is a utility service bill that will not be received until the next
accounting period. The bill, however, covers services delivered in the current accounting period.
Adjusting entries are required every time financial statements are prepared. We first analyze each account in the
trial balance to see if it is complete and up to date. The analysis requires an understanding of the company's
operations and the interrelationship of accounts. Preparing adjusting entries is often a long process. For example,
to accumulate the adjustment data, a company may need to count its remaining supplies. It may also need to
prepare supporting schedules of insurance policies, rental agreements, and other commitments.
Types of Adjusting Entries

Adjusting entries can be classified as either prepayments or accruals. Each of these classes has two subcategories
as shown below:
Prepayments

1. Prepaid
expenses:
Expenses
paid in
cash and
recorded
as assets
before
they are
used or
consumed
2. Unearned
revenues:
Cash
received
and
recorded
as
liabilities
before
revenue is
earned
Accruals
1. Accrued
expenses:
Expenses
incurred
but not
yet paid
in cash or
recorded
2. Accrued
revenues:
Revenues
earned
but not
yet
received
in cash or
recorded

Specific examples and explanations of each type of adjustment are provided in the following pages. Each example
is based on the October 31 trial balance of Sierra Corporation, from Chapter 3, shown again here in Illustration 4-
2.
Illustration 4-2
Trial balance
We assume that Sierra Corporation uses an accounting period of one month. Thus, monthly adjusting entries need
to be made.

Adjusting Entries for Prepayments

Prepayments are either prepaid expenses or unearned revenues. Adjusting entries for prepayments record the
portion of the payment that applies to the current accounting period. This means that for prepaid expenses, the
adjusting entry records the expenses which apply to the period. For unearned revenues, the adjusting entry records
the revenues earned in the period.
study objective 2
Prepare adjusting entries
for prepayments.
Prepaid Expenses
Costs that are paid for in cash before they are used are recorded as prepaid expenses. When such a cost is
incurred, a prepaid account should be increased (debited)—to show the service or benefit that will be received in
the future—and cash should be decreased (credited). Examples of common prepayments are insurance, supplies,
and rent. In addition, long-term prepayments are made when long-lived assets, such as buildings and equipment,
are purchased.
Helpful Hint A cost can be an

asset or an expense. If the cost
has future benefits (i.e., the
benefits have not yet expired),
it is an asset. If the cost has no
future benefits (i.e., the
benefits have expired), it is an
expense.
Prepaid expenses are costs that expire either with the passage of time (e.g., rent and insurance) or through use (e.g.,
supplies). The expiration of these costs does not require daily entries, which would be impractical and
unnecessary. Accordingly, we postpone recognizing these expired costs until financial statements are prepared. At
each statement date, adjusting entries are made for two purposes: (1) to record the expenses (expired costs)
applicable to the current accounting period, and (2) to show the remaining amounts (unexpired costs) in the asset
accounts.
Until prepaid expenses are adjusted, assets are overstated and expenses are understated. If expenses are
understated, then net earnings and shareholders' equity will be overstated. As shown below, an adjusting entry
for prepaid expenses results in an increase (a debit) to an expense account and a decrease (a credit) to an
asset account.

Let's look in more detail at some specific types of prepaid expenses, beginning with supplies.
Supplies. The purchase of supplies, such as paper, results in an increase (a debit) to an asset account. During the
accounting period, supplies are used. Rather than record supplies expense as the supplies are used, supplies
expense is recognized at the end of the accounting period. At that time, the company must count the remaining
supplies. The difference between the balance in the supplies (asset) account and the actual cost of supplies on hand
gives the supplies used (an expense) for that period.
Recall from the facts presented in Chapter 3 that Sierra Corporation purchased advertising supplies costing $2,500
on October 9. The payment was recorded by increasing (debiting) the asset account Advertising Supplies. This
account shows a balance of $2,500 in the October 31 trial balance. A count at the close of business on October 31
reveals that $1,000 of supplies are still on hand. Thus, the cost of supplies used is $1,500 ($2,500 – $1,000).
This use of supplies decreases an asset, Advertising Supplies. It also decreases shareholders' equity by increasing
an expense account, Advertising Supplies Expense. The use of supplies is recorded as follows:
After the adjusting entry is posted, the two supplies accounts are as follows in T account form:
The asset account Advertising Supplies now shows a balance of $1,000, which is equal to the cost of supplies on
hand at the statement date. In addition, Advertising Supplies Expense shows a balance of $1,500, which equals the
cost of supplies used in October. If the adjusting entry is not made, October expenses will be understated and net
earnings overstated by $1,500. Moreover, as the accounting equation shows, both assets and shareholders' equity
will be overstated by $1,500 on the October 31 balance sheet.
Insurance. Companies purchase insurance to protect themselves from losses caused by fire, theft, and

unforeseen accidents. Insurance must be paid in advance, often for one year. Insurance payments (premiums) made
in advance are normally recorded in the asset account Prepaid Insurance. At the financial statement date, it is
necessary to make an adjustment to increase (debit) Insurance Expense and decrease (credit) Prepaid Insurance for
the cost of insurance that has expired during the period.
On October 6, Sierra Corporation paid $600 for a one-year insurance policy. Coverage began on October 1. The
payment was recorded by increasing (debiting) Prepaid Insurance when it was paid. This account shows a balance
of $600 in the October 31 trial balance. An analysis of the insurance policy reveals that $50 of insurance expires
each month ($600 ÷ 12 mos.). The expiration of the prepaid insurance would be recorded as follows:
After the adjusting entry is posted, the accounts appear as follows:
The asset Prepaid Insurance shows a balance of $550, which represents the cost that applies to the remaining 11
months of insurance coverage (11 × $50). At the same time, the balance in Insurance Expense is equal to the
insurance cost that was used in October. If this adjustment is not made, October expenses will be understated and
net earnings overstated by $50. Moreover, both assets and shareholders' equity will be overstated by $50 on the
October 31 balance sheet.
Amortization. A company typically owns a variety of assets that have long lives, such as buildings and
equipment. Each is recorded as an asset, rather than as an expense, in the year it is acquired because these long-
lived assets provide a service for many years. The period of service is referred to as the useful life.
From an accounting standpoint, the acquisition of long-lived assets is essentially a long-term prepayment for
services. Similar to other prepaid expenses, there is a need to recognize the cost that has been used (an expense)
during the period and to report the unused cost (an asset) at the end of the period. Amortization is the process of
allocating the cost of a long-lived asset to expense over its useful life.
One point is very important to understand: Amortization is an allocation concept, not a valuation concept. That
is, we amortize an asset to allocate its cost to the periods over which we use it. We are not trying to record a
change in the value of the asset. We are only trying to match expenses with the revenues generated in each period.
Calculation of Amortization. A common practice for calculating amortization expense is to divide the cost of
the asset by its useful life. This is known as the straight-line method of amortization. Of course, at the time an
asset is acquired, its useful life is not known with any certainty. It must therefore be estimated.

Sierra Corporation purchased office equipment that cost $5,000 on October 3. If its useful life is expected to be
five years, annual amortization is $1,000 ($5,000 ÷ 5). In its simplest form, the formula to calculate amortization
expense is as follows:
Illustration 4-3
Formula for amortization
Of course, if you are calculating amortization for partial periods, the annual expense amount must be adjusted for
the relevant portion of the year. For example, if we wish to determine the amortization for one month, we would
multiply the annual result by one-twelth as there are twelve months in a year. Calculating amortization will be
refined and examined in more detail in Chapter 9.
For Sierra Corporation, amortization on the office equipment is estimated to be $83 per month ($1,000 × 1/12).
Accordingly, amortization for October is recognized by this adjusting entry:
The balance in the Accumulated Amortization account will increase by $83 each month until the asset is fully
amortized in five years.
As in the case of other prepaid expenses, if this adjusting entry is not made, total assets, shareholders' equity, and
net earnings will all be overstated by $83 and amortization expense will be understated by $83.
Statement Presentation. As we learned in Chapter 2, a contra account is an account that is offset against
(deducted from) a related account on the statement of earnings or balance sheet. Accumulated Amortization—
Office Equipment is a contra asset account. That means it is offset against an asset account (Office Equipment)
on the balance sheet. Its normal balance is a credit—the opposite of the normal debit balance of its related account,
Office Equipment.

Helpful Hint Every contra

account has increases,
decreases, and normal
balances that are opposite to
those of the account it relates
to.
There is a simple reason for using a separate contra account instead of decreasing (crediting) Office Equipment:
using this account discloses both the original cost of the equipment and the total estimated cost that has expired to
date. In the balance sheet, Accumulated Amortization—Office Equipment is deducted from the related asset
account as follows:
Office equipment $5,000

Less: Accumulated amortization—office equipment 83
Net book value 4,917
The difference between the cost of any amortizable asset and its related accumulated amortization is referred to as
the net book value, or book value, of that asset. In the above illustration, the book value of the office equipment at
the balance sheet date is $4,917. Be sure to understand that, except at acquisition, the book value of the asset and
its market value (the price at which it could be sold) are two different values. As noted earlier, the purpose of
amortization is not to state an asset's value, but to allocate its cost over time.
Alternative Terminology Book

value is also referred to as
carrying value.
Unearned Revenues
Cash received before revenue is earned is recorded by increasing (crediting) a liability account for unearned
revenue. Items like rent, magazine subscriptions, and customer deposits for future service may result in unearned
revenues. Airlines such as Air Canada, for instance, treat receipts from the sale of tickets as unearned revenue until
the flight service is provided. Similarly, tuition fees received by universities and colleges before the academic
session begins are considered unearned revenue.
Unearned revenues are the opposite of prepaid expenses. Indeed, unearned revenue on the books of one company
is likely to be a prepayment on the books of the company that has made the advance payment. For example, if
identical accounting periods are assumed, your landlord will have unearned rent revenue when you (the tenant)
have prepaid rent.
When a payment is received for services that will be provided in a future accounting period, cash should be
increased (debited) and unearned revenue (a liability) should be increased (credited) to recognize the obligation
that exists. Unearned revenues are later earned when the service is provided to the customer.

It is not practical to make daily journal entries as the revenue is earned. Instead, recognition of earned revenue is
delayed until the adjustment process. Then an adjusting entry is made to record the revenue that has been earned
during the period and to show the liability that remains at the end of the accounting period. Typically, until the
adjustment is made, liabilities are overstated and revenues are understated. If revenues are understated, then net
earnings and shareholders' equity are also understated. As shown below, the adjusting entry for unearned
revenues results in a decrease (a debit) to a liability account and an increase (a credit) to a revenue account.
Sierra Corporation received $1,200 on October 4 from R. Knox for advertising services expected to be completed
before the end of next month, November 30. The payment was credited to Unearned Service Revenue, and this
liability account shows a balance of $1,200 in the October 31 trial balance. From an evaluation of the work
performed by Sierra for Knox during October, it is determined that $400 worth of work was earned in October.
The following adjusting entry is made:
The liability Unearned Service Revenue now shows a balance of $800, which represents the remaining advertising
services expected to be performed in the future. At the same time, Service Revenue shows total revenue earned in
October of $10,400. If this adjustment is not made, revenues and net earnings will be understated by $400 in the
statement of earnings. Moreover, liabilities will be overstated by $400 and shareholders' equity will be understated
by that amount on the October 31 balance sheet.


Before You Go On #2
Review It
1. What are the four types of adjusting entries?

2. What is the effect on assets, liabilities, shareholders' equity, revenues, expenses, and net
earnings if an adjusting entry for a prepaid expense is not made?
3. What was the amount of Loblaw's 2003 depreciation expense? What were its accumulated
depreciation and net book value as at January 3, 2004? (Hint: These amounts are reported in the
notes to the financial statements.) The answers to these questions are provided at the end of this
chapter.
Depreciation expense, $393 million (see Consolidated Statement of Earnings);

accumulated depreciation, $2,588 million and net book value, $6,422 million (see note
8 in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
earnings if an adjusting entry for unearned revenue is not made?
Do It
Hammond, Inc.'s general ledger includes these selected accounts on March 31, 2006, before adjusting
entries are prepared:
Debit Credit
Prepaid insurance $ 3,600
Office supplies 2,800
Office equipment 25,000
Accumulated amortization—office equipment $9,583
Unearned service revenue 9,200
An analysis of the accounts shows the following:

Before You Go On #2
1. The insurance policy is a 12-month policy, effective March 1.

2. Office supplies on hand total $800.
3. The office equipment was purchased April 1, 2004, and is estimated to have a useful life of five
years.
4. Half of the unearned service revenue was earned in March.
Prepare the adjusting entries for the month of March.
Action Plan
Make sure you prepare adjustments for the appropriate time period.
Adjusting entries for prepaid expenses require a debit to an expense account and a credit to an asset
account.
Adjusting entries for unearned revenues require a debit to a liability account and a credit to a revenue
account.
Solution
1. Mar. 31 Insurance Expense 300

Prepaid Insurance 300
(To record insurance expired: $3,600 × 1/12)
2. 31 Office Supplies Expense 2,000
Office Supplies 2,000
(To record supplies used: $2,800 − $800)
3. 31 Amortization Expense 417
Accumulated Amortization—Office Equipment 417
(To record monthly amortization: $25,000 ÷ 5 × 1/12)
4. 31 Unearned Service Revenue 4,600
Service Revenue 4,600
(To record revenue earned: $9,200 × 1/2)

Adjusting Entries for Accruals

The second category of adjusting entries is accruals. Adjusting entries for accruals are required in order to record
revenues earned, or expenses incurred, in the current accounting period. Accruals have not been recognized
through daily entries and thus are not yet reflected in the accounts. Until an accrual adjustment is made, the
revenue account (and the related asset account), or the expense account (and the related liability account), is
understated. Thus, adjusting entries for accruals will increase both a balance sheet account and a statement of
earnings account.
study objective 3
Prepare adjusting entries
for accruals.
There are two types of adjusting entries for accruals—accrued revenues and accrued expenses. We now look at
each type in more detail.
Accrued Revenues
Revenues earned but not yet received in cash or recorded at the statement date are accrued revenues. Accrued
revenues may accumulate (accrue) with the passing of time, as in the case of interest revenue. Or they may result
from services that have been performed but not yet billed or collected, as in the case of fees. The former are
unrecorded because, as when interest is earned, they do not involve daily transactions. The latter may be
unrecorded because only a portion of the total service has been provided and the clients will not be billed until the
service has been completed.
Alternative Terminology
Accrued revenues are also
called accrued receivables.
An adjusting entry is required for two purposes: (1) to show the receivable that exists at the balance sheet date, and
(2) to record the revenue that has been earned during the period. Until the adjustment is made, both assets and
revenues are understated. Consequently, net earnings and shareholders' equity will also be understated. As shown
below, an adjusting entry for accrued revenues results in an increase (a debit) to an asset account and an
increase (a credit) to a revenue account.

In October, Sierra Corporation earned $200 for advertising services that were not billed to clients before October
31. Because these services have not been billed, they have not been recorded. The adjusting entry would be as
follows:
After the adjusting entry is posted, the accounts appear as below:
The asset Accounts Receivable shows that $200 is owed by clients at the balance sheet date. The balance of
$10,600 in Service Revenue represents the total revenue earned during the month. If the adjusting entry is not
made, assets and shareholders' equity on the balance sheet, and revenues and net earnings on the statement of
earnings, will be understated.
In the next accounting period, the clients will be billed. When this occurs, the entry to record the billing should
recognize that $200 of revenue earned in October has already been recorded in the October 31 adjusting entry and
should not be re-recorded. The subsequent collection of cash from clients will be recorded with an increase (a
debit) to Cash and a decrease (a credit) to Accounts Receivable.
Accrued Expenses
Expenses incurred but not yet paid or recorded at the statement date are called accrued expenses. Interest, salaries,
and income taxes are common examples of accrued expenses. Accrued expenses result from the same factors as
accrued revenues. In fact, an accrued expense on the books of one company is an accrued revenue to another
company. For example, the $200 accrual of service revenue for Sierra Corporation discussed above is an accrued

expense for the client that received the service.
Alternative Terminology
Accrued expenses are also
called accrued liabilities.
Adjustments for accrued expenses are necessary to (1) record the obligations that exist at the balance sheet date,
and (2) recognize the expenses that apply to the current accounting period. Until the adjustment is made, both
liabilities and expenses are understated. Consequently, net earnings and shareholders' equity are overstated. An
adjusting entry for accrued expenses results in an increase (a debit) to an expense account and an increase
(a credit) to a liability account, as shown below:
Helpful Hint To make the

illustration easier to
understand, a simplified
method of interest calculation is
used. In reality, interest is
calculated using the exact
number of days in the interest
period and year (365).
Let's look in more detail at some specific types of accrued expenses, beginning with accrued interest.
Interest. Sierra Corporation signed a three-month note payable for $5,000 on October 2. The note requires
interest at an annual rate of six percent. The amount of the interest accumulation is determined by three factors: (1)
the face value, or principal amount, of the note, (2) the interest rate, which is always expressed as an annual rate,
and (3) the length of time the note is outstanding.
In this instance, the total interest due on the $5,000 note at its due date, three months in the future, is $75 ($5,000 ×
6% × 3/12), or $25 for one month. Note that the time period is expressed as a fraction of a year. The formula for
calculating interest and how it applies to Sierra Corporation for the month of October are shown in Illustration 4-4.

Illustration 4-4
Formula for calculating interest
The accrual of interest at October 31 would be reflected in an adjusting entry as follows:
Interest Expense shows the interest charges for the month of October. The amount of interest owed at the statement
date is shown in Interest Payable. It will not be paid until the note comes due at the end of three months. The
Interest Payable account is used, instead of crediting Notes Payable, to disclose the two different types of
obligations—interest and principal—in the accounts and statements. If this adjusting entry is not made, liabilities
and interest expense will be understated and net earnings and shareholders' equity will be overstated.
Salaries. Some types of expenses, such as employee salaries, are paid for after the services have been performed.
At Sierra Corporation, salaries were last paid on October 20. The next payment of salaries will not occur until
November 3. As shown on the calendar in Illustration 4-5, seven as yet unpaid working days remain in October
(October 23–27 and October 30–31).

Illustration 4-5
Calendar showing Sierra Corporation's pay periods
At October 31, the salaries for these seven days represent an accrued expense and a related liability to Sierra. The
four employees each receive a salary of $500 a week for a five-day work week, from Monday to Friday, or $100 a
day. Thus, accrued salaries at October 31 are $2,800 (7 days × $100/day × 4 employees). This accrual increases a
liability, Salaries Payable, and an expense account, Salaries Expense, in the following adjusting entry:
After this adjusting entry is posted, the accounts are as follows:
After this adjustment, the balance in Salaries Expense of $6,800 (17 days × $100/day × 4 employees) is the actual
salary expense for October. The balance in Salaries Payable of $2,800 is the amount of the liability for salaries
owed as at October 31. If the $2,800 adjustment for salaries is not recorded, Sierra's expenses and liabilities will be
understated by $2,800. Net earnings and shareholders' equity will be overstated by $2,800.

At Sierra Corporation, salaries are payable every two weeks. Consequently, the next pay-day is November 3, when
total salaries of $4,000 will again be paid. The payment consists of $2,800 of salaries payable at October 31 plus
$1,200 of salaries expense for November (3 days × $100/day × 4 employees). Therefore, the following entry is
made on November 3:
This entry eliminates the liability for salaries payable that was recorded in the October 31 adjusting entry and
records the proper amount of salaries expense for the period between November 1 and November 3.
Income Taxes. For accounting purposes, corporate income taxes must be accrued based on the current period's
earnings. Sierra's monthly income taxes payable are estimated to be $250. This accrual increases a liability,
Income Tax Payable, and an expense account, Income Tax Expense. The adjusting entry is:
After this adjusting entry is posted, the accounts are as follows:
Corporations, such as Sierra, pay corporate income taxes in monthly instalments. The payment is based on the
income tax that was actually payable in the prior year. If there was no prior year, as is the case with Sierra, or if
there was no tax payable in the prior year, then no income tax instalment payments are required. However, the
liability must still be accrued.
If the adjustment for income taxes is not recorded, Sierra's expenses and liabilities will be understated by $250 and
net earnings and shareholders' equity will be overstated by $250.
Summary of Basic Relationships

The two basic types of adjusting entries—prepayments and accruals—are summarized below. Take some time to
study and analyze the adjusting entries. Be sure to note that each adjusting entry affects one balance sheet
account and one statement of earnings account.

Type of Adjustment Reason for Adjustment Accounts before Adjustment Adjusting Entry
Prepayments Prepaid expenses Prepaid expenses, Assets overstated; expenses Dr. Expense
originally recorded in asset understated
Cr. Asset
accounts, have been used.
Unearned revenues Unearned revenues, Liabilities overstated; Dr. Liability
initially recorded in revenues understated Cr. Revenue
liability accounts, have
been earned.
Accruals Accrued revenues Revenues have been Assets understated; revenues Dr. Asset
earned but not yet received understated
Cr. Revenue
in cash or recorded.
Accrued expenses Expenses have been Expenses understated; Dr. Expense
incurred but not yet paid. liabilities understated
Cr. Liability
It is important to understand that adjusting entries never involve the Cash account (except for bank reconciliations,
which we will study in Chapter 7). In the case of prepayments, cash has already been received or paid and recorded
in the original journal entry. The adjusting entry simply reallocates or adjusts amounts between a balance sheet
account (e.g., prepaid expenses or unearned revenues) and a statement of earnings account (e.g., expenses or
revenues). In the case of accruals, cash will be received or paid in the future and recorded then. The adjusting entry
simply records the receivable or payable and the related revenue or expense.
Accounting Matters! Ethics Perspective
In the wake of financial scandals that are still making an impression, the Canadian Securities
Administrators introduced requirements in 2005 for management to evaluate the reliability of a
company's accounting system and controls. This includes a review of year-end procedures, including
the procedures that are used to record recurring and nonrecurring adjusting entries.
This review will include asking such questions as the following: How are the transactions developed,
authorized, and checked? What principles does the accounting department use to make adjusting
entries? Do the accounting estimates and judgements reflect any biases that would consistently
overstate or understate key amounts? Are the proper people involved in the year-end decision-making?
All of these, and other similar questions are designed to improve the quality and reliability of financial
statements.
Sierra Corporation Illustration

The journalizing and posting of the adjusting entries described in this chapter for Sierra Corporation on October 31
are shown below and on the following two pages. As you review the general ledger, notice that the adjustments are
highlighted in colour.
Note also that an account for retained earnings has been added in the general ledger. Because this is Sierra's first
month of operations, there is no balance in the Retained Earnings account. Although accounts with a zero balance
are not normally included in the trial balance, we have added it here to make it easier to prepare the statement of
retained earnings in the next section. In addition, we will again need to use this account in the section on closing
entries later in this chapter.



Before You Go On #3
Review It
earnings if an adjusting entry for accrued revenue is not made?
earnings if an adjusting entry for an accrued expense is not made?
Do It
Micro Computer Services Inc. began operations on August 1, 2006. Management prepares monthly
financial statements. This information is for August:
1. Revenue earned but unrecorded for August totalled $1,100.

2. On August 1, the company borrowed $30,000 from a local bank on a one-year note payable. The
annual interest rate is 5% and interest is payable at maturity.
3. At August 31, the company owed its employees $800 in salaries that will be paid on September 1.
4. Estimated income tax payable for August totalled $275.
Prepare the adjusting entries needed at August 31.
Action Plan
Remember that accruals are entries that were not previously recorded; therefore the adjustment
pattern is different from that for prepayments.
Adjusting entries for accrued revenues require a debit to a receivable account and a credit to a
revenue account.
Adjusting entries for accrued expenses require a debit to an expense account and a credit to a liability
account.
Solution

Before You Go On #3
1. Aug. 31 Accounts Receivable 1,100

Service Revenue 1,100
(To accrue revenue earned but not billed or collected)
2. Aug. 31 Interest Expense 125
Interest Payable 125
(To record accrued interest: $30,000 × 5% × 1/12)
3. Salaries Expense 800
Salaries Payable 800
(To record accrued salaries)
4. Income Tax Expense 275
Income Tax Payable 275
(To record accrued income taxes)

The Adjusted Trial Balance and Financial Statements
The Adjusted Trial Balance and Financial

Statements
After all adjusting entries have been journalized and posted, another trial balance is prepared from the ledger
accounts. This trial balance is called an adjusted trial balance. It shows the balances of all accounts at the end of
the accounting period, including those that have been adjusted. The purpose of an adjusted trial balance is to prove
the equality of the total debit balances and the total credit balances in the ledger after all adjustments have been
made. Because the accounts contain all the data that are needed for financial statements, the adjusted trial balance
is the main source for the preparation of financial statements.
study objective 4
Describe the nature and
purpose of the adjusted
trial balance.
Preparing the Adjusted Trial Balance

The adjusted trial balance for Sierra Corporation presented in Illustration 4-6 has been prepared from the ledger
accounts shown in the previous section. Compare the adjusted trial balance to the unadjusted trial balance
presented earlier in the chapter in Illustration 4-2. The amounts affected by the adjusting entries are highlighted in
colour.

Illustration 4-6
Adjusted trial balance
Preparing Financial Statements

Financial statements can be prepared directly from an adjusted trial balance. The interrelationships of data in
the adjusted trial balance of Sierra Corporation is presented in Illustration 4-7 on the following page.


Illustration 4-7
Preparation of the financial statements from the adjusted trial balance
As Illustration 4-7 shows, the statement of earnings is prepared from the revenue and expense accounts. The
statement of retained earnings is prepared from the Retained Earnings account, Dividends account, and the net
earnings (or net loss) shown in the statement of earnings. The balance sheet is then prepared from the asset,
liability, and shareholders' equity accounts. Shareholders' equity includes the ending retained earnings as reported
in the statement of retained earnings.

Before You Go On #4
Review It
1. What is the purpose of an adjusted trial balance?

2. When is an adjusted trial balance prepared?
Closing the Books
Closing the Books

In previous chapters, you learned that revenue and expense accounts and the dividends account are subdivisions of
retained earnings, which is reported in the shareholders' equity section of the balance sheet. Because revenues,
expenses, and dividends are only for a particular accounting period, they are considered temporary accounts. In
contrast, all balance sheet accounts are considered permanent accounts because their balances are carried forward
into future accounting periods. Illustration 4-8 identifies the accounts in each category.
Illustration 4-8
Temporary and permanent accounts
study objective 5
Explain the purposes of
closing entries.
Preparing Closing Entries

At the end of the accounting period, the temporary account balances are transferred to the permanent shareholders'
equity account Retained Earnings through the preparation of closing entries. Closing entries formally record in the
general ledger the transfer of the balances in the revenue, expense, and dividends accounts to the Retained
Earnings account. In Illustration 4-6, you will note that Retained Earnings has an adjusted balance of zero. Until
the closing entries are made, the balance in Retained Earnings will be its balance at the beginning of the period.
For Sierra, this is zero because it is Sierra's first year of operations. After closing entries are recorded and posted,
the balance in Retained Earnings will reflect its balance at the end of the period. This ending account balance will
now be the same as the balance reported in the statement of retained earnings and the balance sheet.
In addition to updating retained earnings to its ending balance, closing entries produce a zero balance in
each temporary account. As a result, these accounts are ready to accumulate data about revenues, expenses, and
dividends in the next accounting period separately from the data in the prior periods. Permanent accounts are not
closed.

Closing the Books
When closing entries are prepared, each revenue and expense account could be closed directly to Retained
Earnings. This is common in computerized accounting systems where the closing process occurs automatically
when it is time to start a new accounting period. However, in manual accounting systems, this practice can result in
too much detail in the Retained Earnings account. Accordingly, the revenue and expense accounts are first closed
to another temporary account, Income Summary. Only the resulting total amount (net earnings or net loss) is
transferred from this account to the Retained Earnings account. Illustration 4-9 shows the closing process.
Illustration 4-9
Closing process
To prepare closing entries, four steps are necessary:
1. To close revenue accounts: Debit each individual revenue account for its balance, and credit Income Summary
for total revenues.
2. To close expense accounts: Debit Income Summary for total expenses, and credit each individual expense
account for its balance.
3. To close Income Summary: Debit Income Summary for the balance in the account (or credit it if there is a net
loss), and credit (debit) Retained Earnings.
4. To close dividends: Debit Retained Earnings, and credit Dividends for its balance.
Closing entries can be prepared directly from the general ledger or the adjusted trial balance. If we were to prepare
closing entries for Sierra Corporation, we would likely start with the adjusted trial balance presented earlier in the
chapter in Illustration 4-6. In Sierra's case, all temporary accounts (Dividends, Service Revenue, and its seven
different expense accounts) must be closed.
Even though Retained Earnings is not a temporary account, it will also be involved in the closing process.
Remember that the balance presented in the adjusted trial balance for Retained Earnings is the beginning, not
ending, balance. This permanent account is not closed but the net earnings (loss) and dividends for the period must
be recorded to update the account to its ending balance.
Sierra's general journal, showing its closing entries, and its general ledger, showing the posting of the closing
entries, follow:

Closing the Books

Closing the Books
Stop and check your work after the closing entries are posted: (1) The balance in the Income Summary account,
immediately before the final closing entry to transfer the balance to the Retained Earnings account, should equal
the net earnings (or net loss) reported in the statement of earnings. (2) All temporary accounts (dividends,
revenues, expenses, and income summary) should have zero balances. (3) The balance in the Retained Earnings
account should equal the ending balance reported in the statement of retained earnings and balance sheet.
Accounting Matters! Management Perspective

Closing the Books
Garry Beattie, CMA and owner of HBM Integrated Technology Inc., believes that the closing process
should be completed within five days of the end of the month. Accounting done in a timely, efficient
manner through streamlined, computerized accounting systems can save a business time and money.
“With good technology, you can provide better information faster,” he says. In fact, Beattie says that
studies show that posting journal entries daily can save four hours of work per week. The five-day close
is possible for anyone, since many multinational companies, such as Cisco Systems, do it in less than
one day.
Source: Rosemary Godin, “Five-Day Close Saves Time on Balance Sheets, Says Halifax CMA,” Bottom
Line, January 2003.
Preparing a Post-closing Trial Balance

After all closing entries are journalized and posted, another trial balance, called a post-closing trial balance, is
prepared from the ledger. We have learned about the unadjusted and adjusted trial balances so far. The last trial
balance is the post-closing trial balance, which lists all permanent accounts and their balances after closing entries
are journalized and posted. The purpose of this trial balance is to prove the equality of the permanent account
balances that are carried forward into the next accounting period. Since all temporary accounts will have zero
balances, the post-closing trial balance will contain only permanent—balance sheet—accounts.
Illustration 4-10 shows Sierra Corporation's post-closing trial balance on the following page.

Closing the Books
Illustration 4-10
Post-closing trial balance
Summary of the Accounting Cycle

The required steps in the accounting cycle are shown in Illustration 4-11. You can see that the cycle begins with
the analysis of business transactions and ends with the preparation of a post-closing trial balance. The steps in the
cycle are done in sequence and are repeated in each accounting period.

Closing the Books
Illustration 4-11
Required steps in the accounting cycle
Steps 1 to 3 may occur daily during the accounting period, as explained in Chapter 3. Steps 4 to 7 are done on a
periodic basis, such as monthly, quarterly, or annually. Steps 8 and 9, closing entries and a post-closing trial
balance, are usually prepared only at the end of a company's annual accounting period.

Before You Go On #5
Review It
1. How do permanent accounts differ from temporary accounts?

2. What four different types of entries are required in closing the books?
3. What financial statement amount will the balance in the Income Summary account equal
immediately before it is closed into the Retained Earnings account?
4. What are the content and purpose of a post-closing trial balance?
5. What are the required steps in the accounting cycle?
Do It
The adjusted trial balance for the Nguyen Corporation shows the following: Dividends $5,000;
Common Shares $30,000; Retained Earnings $12,000; Service Revenue $18,000; and Operating
Expenses $10,000. Prepare the closing entries at December 31.
Action Plan
Debit each individual revenue account for its balance and credit the total to the Income Summary
account.
Credit each individual expense account for its balance and debit the total to the Income Summary
account.
Stop and check your work: Does the balance in the Income Summary account equal the reported net
earnings (loss)?
If there are net earnings, debit the balance in the Income Summary account and credit the amount to
the Retained Earnings account (do the opposite if the result is a net loss).
Credit the balance in the Dividends account and debit the amount to the Retained Earnings account.
Do not close Dividends with the expenses.
Stop and check your work: Do the temporary accounts have zero balances? Does the ending Retained
Earnings balance equal the balance reported on the statement of retained earnings and balance sheet?
Solution

Before You Go On #5
Dec. 31 Service Revenue 18,000

Income Summary 18,000
(To close revenue account)
31 Income Summary 10,000
Operating Expenses 10,000
(To close expense account)
31 Income Summary 8,000
Retained Earnings 8,000
(To close income summary)
31 Retained Earnings 5,000
Dividends 5,000
(To close dividends)

Using the Decision Toolkit

FPI (Fishery Products International) Limited is the world's largest seafood supplier. A simplified version of
FPI's December 31, 2004, year-end adjusted trial balance is shown below.
Instructions
From the adjusted trial balance, prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained earnings, and classified
balance sheet.

Solution



Summary of Study Objectives
Summary of Study Objectives

1. Explain the revenue recognition principle and the matching principle. The revenue recognition
principle states that revenue must be recognized in the accounting period in which it is earned. The
matching principle states that expenses must be recognized when they make their contribution to
revenues.
2. Prepare adjusting entries for prepayments. Adjusting entries for prepayments are required in order
to record the portion of the prepayment that applies to the expense incurred or revenue earned in the
current accounting period. Prepayments are either prepaid expenses or unearned revenues. The
adjusting entry for prepaid expenses results in an increase (a debit) to an expense account and a
decrease (a credit) to an asset account. The adjusting entry for unearned revenues results in a
decrease (a debit) to a liability account and an increase (a credit) to a revenue account.
3. Prepare adjusting entries for accruals. Adjusting entries for accruals are required in order to record
the revenues and expenses that apply to the current accounting period and that have not been
recognized through daily entries. Accruals are either accrued revenues or accrued expenses. The
adjusting entry for accrued revenues results in an increase (a debit) to an asset account and an
increase (a credit) to a revenue account. The adjusting entry for accrued expenses results in an
increase (a debit) to an expense account and an increase (a credit) to a liability account.
4. Describe the nature and purpose of the adjusted trial balance. An adjusted trial balance is a trial
balance that shows the balances of all accounts at the end of an accounting period, including those
that have been adjusted. The purpose of an adjusted trial balance is to show the effects of all financial
events that have occurred during the accounting period.
5. Explain the purposes of closing entries. One purpose of closing entries is to update the Retained
Earnings account to its end-of-period balance with the results of operations for the period. A second
purpose is to enable all temporary accounts (dividends, revenue, and expense accounts) to begin a
new period with a zero balance. To accomplish this, entries are made to close each individual revenue
and expense account to Income Summary, then Income Summary to Retained Earnings, and finally
Dividends to Retained Earnings. Only temporary accounts are closed.
Decision ToolkitA Summary
Decision Toolkit—A Summary

Decision Info Needed Tools to Use How to Evaluate
Checkpoints for Decision for Decision Results
At what point Need to Revenue Recognizing

should the understand the should be revenue too early
company record nature of the recorded when overstates
revenue? company’s earned. For a current period
business service revenue;
company, recognizing it too
revenue is late understates
earned when a current period
service is revenue.
performed.
At what point Need to Expenses Recognizing
should the understand the should “follow” expenses too
company record nature of the revenues—that early overstates
expenses? company’s is, the effort current period
business (expense) expenses;
should be recognizing them
matched with too late
the result understates
(revenue). current period
expenses.
Demonstration Problem
The Green Thumb Lawn Care Corporation was incorporated on April 1. At April 30, the trial balance shows
the following balances for selected accounts:
Prepaid insurance $3,600

Equipment 30,000
Note payable 20,000
Service revenue 1,800
Analysis reveals the following additional data about these accounts:
1. Prepaid insurance is the cost of a one-year insurance policy, effective April 1.

2. The equipment is expected to have a useful life of four years.
3. The note payable is dated April 1. It is a six-month, 6% note. Interest is payable on the first of each month.
4. Seven customers paid for the company's six-month, $600 lawn service package beginning in April. These
customers were serviced in April.
5. Lawn services provided to other customers but not billed at April 30 totalled $1,500.
6. Income tax expense for April is estimated to be $100.
Instructions
Prepare the adjusting entries for the month of April.
Action Plan
Note that adjustments are being made for only one month.
Look at what amounts are currently recorded in the accounts before determining what
adjustments are necessary.
Show your calculations.
Select account titles carefully. Use existing titles wherever possible.
Use T accounts to help plan, or check, your adjustments.
Solution to Demonstration Problem


Self-Study Questions
Answers are at the end of the chapter.
(SO 1) 1. Which principle or assumption states that efforts (expenses) must be recorded with
accomplishments (revenues)?
(a) Matching principle

(b) Cost principle
(c) Time period assumption
(d) Revenue recognition principle
(SO 1) 2. Adjusting entries are made to ensure that:
(a) expenses are matched to revenues in the period in which the revenue is generated.
(b) revenues are recorded in the period in which they are earned.
(c) balance sheet and statement of earnings accounts have correct balances at the end of
an accounting period.
(d) All of the above
(SO 2) 3. The trial balance shows Supplies $1,350 and Supplies Expense $0. If $600 of supplies
are on hand at the end of the period, the adjusting entry is:
(a) Supplies 600

Supplies Expense 600
(b) Supplies Expense 600
Supplies 600
(c) Supplies 750
Supplies Expense 750
(d) Supplies Expense 750
Supplies 750

(SO 2) 4. Frontenac Corp. purchased equipment at the beginning of year 1 for $25,000, which
was estimated to have a useful life of 5 years. How much is the equipment's net book
value at the end of year 3?
(a) $5,000
(b) $10,000
(c) $15,000
(d) $25,000
(SO 2) 5. On February 1, Magazine City received $600 in advance for ten 12-month
subscriptions to Climbing Magazine. What adjusting journal entry should Magazine
City make on February 28?
(a) Subscription Revenue 550

Unearned Subscription Revenue 550
(b) Unearned Subscription Revenue 50
Subscription Revenue 50
(c) Unearned Subscription Revenue 550
(d) Cash 600
(SO 3) 6. A bank has a three-month, $6,000 note receivable, issued on January 1 at an interest
rate of 4%. Interest is due at maturity. What adjusting entry should the bank make at
the end of January?
(a) Note Receivable 20

Interest Revenue 20
(b) Interest Receivable 60
Interest Revenue 60
(c) Cash 20
Interest Revenue 20
(d) Interest Receivable 20
Interest Revenue 20

(SO 3) 7. Kathy Kiska earned a salary of $400 for the last week of September. She will be paid
on October 1. The adjusting entry for Kathy's employer at September 30 is:
(a) Salaries Expense 400

Salaries Payable 400
(b) Salaries Expense 400
Cash 400
(c) Salaries Payable 400
Cash 400
(d) No entry is required
(SO 4) 8. Which statement is incorrect concerning the adjusted trial balance?
(a) An adjusted trial balance proves the equality of the total debit balances and the total
credit balances in the ledger after all adjustments are made.
(b) The adjusted trial balance is the main source for the preparation of financial
statements.
(c) The adjusted trial balance is prepared after the closing entries have been journalized
and posted.
(d) The adjusted trial balance is prepared after the adjusting entries have been
journalized and posted.
(SO 4) 9. The Retained Earnings account in an unadjusted trial balance is $10,000. Net earnings
for the period are $2,500 and dividends are $500. The Retained Earnings account
balance in the adjusted trial balance will be:
(a) $9,500.
(b) $10,000.
(c) $12,000.
(d) $12,500.

(SO 5) 10. Which account will have a zero balance after closing entries have been journalized and
posted?
(a) Service Revenue

(b) Advertising Supplies
(c) Unearned Revenue
(d) Accumulated Amortization
(SO 5) 11. Which types of accounts will appear in the post-closing trial balance?
(a) Permanent accounts

(b) Temporary accounts
(c) Statement of earnings accounts
(d) Cash flow statement accounts
Answers to Self-Study Questions

1.a 2.d 3.d 4.b 5.b 6.d 7.a 8.c 9.b 10.a 11.a

Questions
Questions
(SO 1) 1. Why are adjusting entries needed? Include in your explanation a description of the
assumption and two generally accepted accounting principles that relate to adjusting
the accounts.
(SO 1) 2. Tony Galego, a lawyer, accepts a legal engagement in March, does the work
in April, bills the client $8,000 in May, and is paid in June. If Galego's law firm
prepares monthly financial statements, when should it recognize revenue from this
engagement? Why?
(SO 1) 3. In completing the engagement in question 2, Galego incurs $2,000 of
expenses that are specifically related to this engagement in March, $2,500 in April, and
none in May and June. How much expense should be deducted from revenues in the
month(s) the revenue is recognized? Why?
(SO 1) 4. The Higher Education University collects tuition for the fall term from registered
students in September. The fall term runs from September to December. In what month
(s) should the university recognize the revenue earned from tuition fees? Explain your
reasoning.
(SO 1) 5. How does the cash basis of accounting differ from the accrual basis of accounting?
Which basis gives more useful information for decision-making? Why?
(SO 2) 6. The name “prepaid expense” implies that this type of account is an expense account
and belongs on a statement of earnings. Instead the account appears on the balance
sheet as an asset. Explain why this is appropriate and why prepaid expense items
require adjustment at the end of each period.
(SO 2) 7. The name “unearned revenue” implies that this type of account is a revenue account
and belongs on a statement of earnings. Instead the account appears on the balance
sheet as a liability. Explain why this is appropriate and why unearned revenue items
require adjustment at the end of each period.
(SO 2) 8. “Amortization is a process of valuation that results in the reporting of the fair market
value of the asset.” Do you agree? Explain.
(SO 2) 9. Explain the difference between amortization expense, accumulated amortization, and
net book value.
(SO 2, 3) 10. Distinguish between the two categories of adjusting entries and identify the types of
adjustments for each category.

Questions
(SO 2, 3) 11. The trial balance of Hoi Inc. includes the balance sheet accounts listed below. Identify
the accounts that might require adjustment. For each account that requires adjustment,
indicate (1) the type of adjusting entry (prepaid expenses, unearned revenues, accrued
revenues, and accrued expenses) and (2) the related account in the adjusting entry.
(a) Accounts Receivable

(b) Prepaid Insurance
(c) Equipment
(d) Accumulated Amortization—Equipment
(e) Notes Payable
(f) Interest Payable
(g) Unearned Service Revenue
(SO 2, 3) 12. “An adjusting entry may affect more than one balance sheet or statement of earnings
account.” Do you agree? Why or why not?
(SO 2, 3) 13. Adjusting entries for prepayments always include the Cash account, and adjusting
entries for accruals never include the Cash account. Do you agree? Explain why or why
not.
(SO 3) 14. A company has revenue earned but not yet received or recorded. Explain why it is
necessary to create an adjusting entry. Which accounts are debited and which ones are
credited in the adjusting entry?
(SO 3) 15. A company has a utility expense that has been incurred but not yet paid or recorded.
Explain why it is necessary to create an adjusting entry. Which accounts are debited
and which ones are credited in the adjusting entry?
(SO 3) 16. A company makes an accrued revenue adjusting entry for $900 and an accrued expense
adjusting entry for $600. Which financial statement items were overstated or
understated before these entries? Explain.
(SO 4) 17. Why is it possible to prepare financial statements directly from an adjusted trial
balance?
(SO 2, 3, 18. How do adjusting journal entries differ from transaction journal entries? How do
5) closing journal entries differ from adjusting journal entries?
(SO 4, 5) 19. Explain how an unadjusted trial balance, adjusted trial balance, and post-closing trial
balance differ. How often should each one be prepared?
(SO 4, 5) 20. What items are disclosed on a post-closing trial balance? Why are the financial
statements prepared using an adjusted trial balance instead of the postclosing trial
balance?

Questions
(SO 5) 21. Why is the account Dividends not closed with the expense accounts? Why is a separate
closing entry required for this account?
(SO 5) 22. Identify the summary account(s) that are debited and credited in each of the four
closing entries, assuming the company has (a) net earnings for the year, and (b) a net
loss for the year.

Brief Exercises
Brief Exercises
BE4-1 Transactions that affect earnings do not necessarily affect cash. Indicate impact of
Identify the impact, if any, of each of the following transactions transaction on cash and
on cash and net earnings. The first transaction has been earnings.
completed for you as an example.
(SO 1)
Cash Net Earnings
(a) Purchased $(100) $0
supplies for
cash, $100.
(b) Made an
adjusting
entry to
record use
of $50 of
the above
supplies.
(c) Made sales
of $1,000,
all on
account.
(d) Received
$800 from
customers
in payment
of their
accounts.
(e) Purchased
equipment
for cash,
$2,500. (f)
Recorded
amortization
of
equipment,
$500.

Brief Exercises
(f) Recorded
amortization
of
equipment,
$500.
(g) Borrowed
$5,000 on a
note
payable.
(h) Made an
adjusting
entry to
record $200
interest
payable on
the $5,000
note.
BE4-2 Sain Advertising Ltd.'s opening trial balance on January 1 shows Prepare and post
Advertising Supplies $750. On April 1, the company purchased transaction and adjusting
additional supplies for $3,500 on credit. On December 31, there entry for supplies.
are $1,000 of advertising supplies on hand.
(SO 2)
(a) Prepare the journal entry to record the purchase of advertising
supplies on April 1.
(b) Prepare the adjusting entry required at December 31.
(c) Enter the opening balances in the affected advertising
accounts, post the adjusting entry, and indicate the adjusted
balance in each account.

Brief Exercises
BE4-3 On January 2, 2006, Cretien Corporation purchased a delivery Prepare transaction and
truck for $45,000 cash. It estimates that the truck will have a five- adjusting entries for
year useful life. The company has a December 31 year end. amortization; show
statement presentation.
(a) Prepare the journal entry to record the purchase of the
delivery truck. (SO 2)
(b) Prepare the adjusting entries required on December 31, 2006,
2007, and 2010.
(c) Indicate the balance sheet presentation of the delivery truck at
December 31, 2006, 2007, and 2010.
BE4-4 On June 1, Bere Ltd. pays $10,000 to Marla Insurance Corp. for a Prepare and post
one-year insurance contract. Both companies have fiscal years transaction and adjusting
ending December 31. entries for insurance.
(a) Record the June 1 transaction on the books of (1) Bere and (SO 2, 3)
(2) Marla.
(b) Prepare the adjusting entry required on December 31 by (1)
Bere and (2) Marla.
(c) Post the above entries and indicate the adjusted balance in
each account.
BE4-5 The total payroll for Classic Autos Ltd. is $5,000 every Friday Prepare transaction and
($1,000 per day) for employee salaries earned during a five-day adjusting entries for
week (Monday through Friday, inclusive). Salaries were last paid salaries.
on Friday, December 27. This year the company's year end,
December 31, falls on a Tuesday. Salaries will be paid next on (SO 3)
Friday, January 3, at which time employees will receive pay for
the five-day work week (including the New Year's holiday).
Prepare the journal entries required to record:
(a) the payment of the salaries on December 27.

(b) the adjustment to accrue salaries at December 31.
(c) the payment of salaries on January 3.

Brief Exercises
BE4-6 On July 1, 2006, a company purchased a truck for $40,000, Prepare transaction and
paying $12,000 cash and signing a 6% note payable for the adjusting entries for
remainder. The interest and principal of the note are due on interest.
January 1, 2007. Prepare the journal entry to record the (a)
purchase of the truck on July 1, 2006, (b) accrual of the interest at (SO 3)
year end, December 31, 2006, and (c) repayment of the interest
and the note on January 1, 2007.
BE4-7 Fill in the missing amounts in the following schedule. Assume Determine missing
that 2005 was the company's first year of operations. amounts for income taxes.
2005 2006 2007 (SO 3)

Income tax expense $2,400 $3,500 (c)
Income tax payable (a) 500 $ 700
Income tax paid 2,200 (b) 3,300
BE4-8 The unadjusted and adjusted trial balances for Miscou Island Determine missing
Corporation at February 28, 2006, are as follows: amounts.
Trial Balance Adjusted Trial (SO 4)

Balance
Debit Credit Debit Credit
Cash $ 6,000 $ 6,000
Accounts receivable 25,000 (d)
Supplies (a) 1,000
Prepaid insurance 6,000 (e)
Equipment 22,000 22,000
Accumulated $ 1,000 (f)
amortization—
equipment
Accounts payable 13,000 $13,000
Salaries payable 0 2,000
Income tax payable 0 (g)
Common shares 20,000 20,000
Retained earnings (b) 21,000
Dividends (c) 4,000
Fees earned 29,000 32,000

Brief Exercises
Salaries expense 7,000 (h)

Rent expense 6,000 6,000
Amortization 0 (i)
expense
Insurance expense 0 4,000
Supplies expense 0 3,000
Utilities expense 2,400 (j)
Miscellaneous 1,600 1,600
expense
Income tax expense 0 0 400 0
Totals $84,000 $84,000 $93,800 $93,800
Selected data for the year-end adjustments are as follows:
1. Revenue earned but not yet billed, $3,000

2. Supplies on hand, $1,000
3. Insurance premiums expired, $4,000
4. Amortization expense, $4,400
5. Salaries earned, but not yet paid, $2,000
6. Estimated income tax expense, $400
Determine the missing amounts.

BE4-9 Refer to the data in BE4–8 for Miscou Island Corporation. Prepare financial
Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained earnings, statements.
and balance sheet for the year.
(SO 4)
BE4-10 The statement of earnings for the Edgebrook Golf Club Ltd. for Prepare and post closing
the month ended July 31 shows Green Fees Earned $16,000; entries.
Salaries Expense $8,400; Maintenance Expense $2,500; and
Income Tax Expense $1,000. The statement of retained earnings (SO 5)
shows an opening balance for Retained Earnings of $20,000 and
Dividends $1,000.
(a) Prepare and post the closing journal entries.

(b) What is the ending balance in Retained Earnings?

Brief Exercises
BE4-11 The following selected accounts appear in the adjusted trial Identify post-closing trial
balance for Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). balance accounts.
Identify which accounts would be included in AECL's post-
closing trial balance. (SO 5)
(a) Accounts Receivable

(b) Interest Expense
(c) Interest Earned on Short-Term Investments
(d) Inventory
(e) Amortization Expense
(f) Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities
(g) Cost of Sales
(h) Dividends
(i) Accumulated Amortization
BE4-12 The required steps in the accounting cycle are listed below in List steps in accounting
random order. List the steps in the proper sequence by writing cycle.
the numbers 1 to 9 in the blank spaces.
(SO 5)
(a) _________ Prepare a post-closing trial balance.
(b) _________ Prepare an adjusted trial balance.
(c) _________ Journalize the transactions.
(d) _________ Journalize and post the closing entries.
(e) _________ Prepare the financial statements.
(f) _________ Analyze business transactions.
(g) _________ Prepare a trial balance.
(h) _________ Journalize and post the adjusting entries.
(i) _________ Post to the ledger accounts.

Exercises
Exercises
E4-1 The following independent situations require professional Identify point of revenue
judgement for determining when to recognize revenue from the recognition.
transactions:
(SO 1)
(a) WestJet Airlines sells you a non-refundable airline ticket in
September for your flight home at Christmas at a special fare.
(b) Leon's Furniture sells you a home theatre on a “no money
down, no interest, and no payments for one year” promotional
deal.
(c) The Toronto Blue Jays sell season tickets to games in the
Rogers Centre on-line. Fans can purchase the tickets at any
time, although the season only begins officially in April and
ends in October.
(d) The RBC Financial Group loans you money in August. The
loan and the interest are repayable in full in November.
(e) In August, you order a sweater from Sears using its on-line
catalogue. It arrives in September and you charge it to your
Sears credit card. You receive and pay the Sears bill in October.
Instructions
Identify when revenue should be recognized in each of the above

situations.

Exercises
E4-2 In its first year of operations, Brisson Corp. earned $26,000 in Calculate cash basis and
service revenue, of which $4,000 was on account. The remainder, accrual basis earnings.
$22,000, was collected in cash from customers.
(SO 1)
The company incurred operating expenses of $15,000, of which
$13,500 was paid in cash. Of this amount, $1,500 was still owing
on account at year end. In addition, late in the year, Brisson prepaid
$2,000 for insurance coverage that would not be used until its
second year of operations. Brisson expects to owe $2,750 for
income tax when it files its corporate income tax return after year
end.
Instructions
(a) Calculate the first year's net earnings under the cash basis of
accounting.
(b) Calculate the first year's net earnings under the accrual basis of
accounting.
(c) Which basis of accounting (cash or accrual) gives the most
useful information for decision-makers?
E4-3 The following information is available for Action Quest Games Prepare and post
Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2006: transaction and adjusting
entries for prepayments.
1. Purchased a one-year insurance policy on May 1, 2006, for
$4,620 cash. (SO 2)
2. Paid $6,875 for five months' rent in advance on October 1, 2006.
3. Signed a contract for cleaning services starting December 1,
2006, for $1,050 per month. Paid for the first three months on
December 1.
4. On September 15, 2006, received $3,600 cash from a
corporation that sponsors a game each month for the most
improved students. The $3,600 was for nine game sessions,
once on the first Friday of each month starting in October. (Use
the account Unearned Revenue.)
5. During the year, sold $1,500 of gift certificates. Determined that
on December 31, 2006, $475 of these gift certificates had not
yet been redeemed. (Use the account Unearned Gift Certificate
Sales.)

Exercises
Instructions
(a) For each of the above, prepare and post the journal entry
required to record the initial transaction.
(b) For each of the above, prepare and post the adjusting journal
entry required on December 31, 2006.
(c) Calculate the final balance in each general ledger account.
E4-4 Action Quest Games Inc. owns the following long-lived assets: Prepare adjusting entries
for amortization;
Asset Date Purchased Estimated Useful Cost calculate net book value.
Life
Furniture January 1, 2006 3 years $ 9,600 (SO 2)
Lighting January 1, 2004 8 years 18,000
equipment
Instructions
(a) Prepare amortization adjusting entries for Action Quest Games

for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007.
(b) For each asset, calculate its accumulated amortization and net
book value at December 31, 2006 and 2007.
E4-5 Action Quest Games Inc. has the following information available Prepare adjusting and
for accruals that must be recorded for the year ended December 31, subsequent entries for
2006: accruals.
1. The December utility bill for $420 was unrecorded on (SO 3)

December 31. Action Quest paid the bill on January 17, 2007.
2. Action Quest is open seven days a week and employees are paid
a total of $3,360 every Thursday for a seven-day work week.
December 31, 2006, is a Sunday so employees will have worked
three days since their last pay day. Employees will be paid next
on January 4, 2007.
3. Action Quest has a 6% note payable to its bank for $45,000.
Interest is payable on the first day of each month.

Exercises
4. Action Quest receives a 5% commission from its neighbour

Pizza Shop for all pizzas sold to customers using Action Quest's
facility. The amount owing for December is $920, which Pizza
Shop will pay on January 4, 2007.
5. Action Quest sold some equipment on November 1, 2006, in
exchange for an 8%, $6,000 note receivable. The principal and
interest are due on February 1, 2007.
Instructions
(a) For each of the above, prepare the adjusting entry required at
December 31, 2006.
(b) For each of the above, prepare the journal entry to record the
subsequent cash transaction in 2007.
E4-6 On March 31, 2006, the trial balance of Easy Rental Agency Inc. is Prepare adjusting entries.
as follows:
(SO 2, 3)
Debits Credits
Prepaid insurance $3,600
Supplies 2,800
Equipment 24,000
Accumulated amortization—equipment $6,000
Notes payable 20,000
Unearned rent revenue 9,300
Rent revenue 60,000
Wage expense 14,000
An analysis of the accounts shows the following:
1. The equipment, which was purchased January 1, 2005, is

estimated to have a useful life of four years.
2. One-third of the unearned rent revenue was earned during the
quarter.
3. Interest accrues at a rate of 5% on the notes payable.
4. Supplies on hand total $850.

Exercises
5. The insurance was purchased January 1, 2006, and expires

December 31.
6. Income tax is estimated to be $5,000.
Instructions
Prepare the adjusting entries at March 31, assuming that adjusting

entries are made quarterly.
E4-7 Selected accounts of Jasper Limited are shown here: Recreate transactions and
adjusting entries from
Accounts Receivable adjusted data.
July 31 500
(SO 2, 3)
Supplies
July 1 Bal. 1,100 July 31 500
10 200
Unearned Service Revenue
July 31 900 July 1 Bal. 1,500
20 700
Salaries Payable
July 31 500
Income Tax Payable
July 31 600
Service Revenue
July 14 1,200
31 900
31 500
Salaries Expense
July 15 1,200
31 500
Supplies Expense
July 31 500
Income Tax Expense
July 31 600

Exercises
Instructions
After analyzing the accounts, journalize (a) the July transaction

entries (assume all were cash transactions) and (b) the adjusting
entries that were made on July 31.
E4-8 Below are selected accounts from the adjusted trial balance of Analyze adjusted data.
Nolet Ltd., whose fiscal year began January 1:
(SO 2, 3, 4)
NOLET LTD.
Adjusted Trial Balance (Partial)
January 31, 2006
Debit Credit
Supplies $ 700
Prepaid insurance 4,400
Equipment 12,000
Accumulated amortization—equipment $6,000
Income tax payable 800
Unearned service revenue 750
Supplies expense 950
Insurance expense 400
Income tax expense 1,800
Instructions
(a) If the amount in Supplies Expense is the amount of the January

31 adjusting entry, and $850 of supplies were purchased in
January, what was the balance in Supplies on January 1?
(b) If the amount in Insurance Expense is the amount of the
January 31 adjusting entry, and the original insurance premium
was for one year, what was the total premium and when was
the policy purchased?

Exercises
(c) If the equipment had an estimated useful life of four years

when it was originally purchased, and there have been no
purchases or sales of equipment since then, how many years
has it been amortized?
(d) If $2,500 of income tax was paid in January, what was the
balance in Income Tax Payable on January 1?
(e) If $1,600 was received in January for services performed in
January, what was the balance in Unearned Service Revenue
on January 1?
E4-9 The unadjusted and adjusted trial balances for Inuit Inc. at the end Prepare adjusting entries
of its fiscal year are shown below: from analysis of trial
balances.
INUIT INC. (SO 2, 3, 4)

Trial Balance
August 31, 2006
Unadjusted Adjusted
Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.
Cash $10,400 $10,400
Accounts receivable 8,800 9,275
Office supplies 2,450 700
Prepaid insurance 3,775 2,355
Office equipment 14,100 14,100
Accumulated $ 3,525 $ 4,700
amortization—Office
equipment
Accounts payable 5,800 5,800
Income tax payable 0 1,000
Unearned service 1,600 700
revenue
Retained earnings 10,600 10,600
Dividends 800 800
Service revenue 40,800 42,175

Exercises
Salaries expense 17,000 18,125

Office supplies expense 0 1,750
Insurance expense 0 1,420
Amortization expense 0 1,175
Income tax expense 0 _______ 1,000 _______
$72,325 $72,325 $76,100 $76,100
Instructions
Prepare the adjusting entries that were made.
E4-10 The adjusted trial balance for Inuit Inc. is given in E4–9. Prepare financial
statements.
Instructions
(SO 4)
Prepare the statement of earnings, statement of retained earnings,
and balance sheet for the year.
E4-11 The adjusted trial balance for Inuit Inc. is given in E4–9. Prepare closing entries
and post-closing trial
Instructions balance.
(a) Prepare the closing entries at August 31. (SO 5)

(b) Prepare a post-closing trial balance.

Problems: Set A
Problems: Set A
P4-1A Ouellette Corporation began operations on January 2, 2006. Its Prepare transaction and
fiscal year end is December 31, and it prepares financial adjusting entries for
statements and adjusts its accounts annually. Selected transactions prepayments.
during 2006 follow:
(SO 2)
1. On January 2, purchased office supplies for $4,100 cash. A
physical count at December 31 revealed that $900 of supplies
were still on hand.
2. Purchased a truck for $35,000 cash on March 1. The truck is
estimated to have a useful life of five years.
3. Purchased a $3,780, one-year insurance policy for cash on
August 1.
4. On November 15, Ouellette received a $1,200 advance cash
payment from a client for services to be provided in the future.
As at December 31, half of these services had been completed.
5. On December 15, the company rented out excess office space
for a six-month period starting on this date and received a
$540 cheque for two months of rent.
Instructions
For each of the above situations, prepare the journal entry for the
original transaction and any adjusting journal entry required at
December 31.

Problems: Set A
P4-2A Zheng Corporation had the following selected transactions in the Prepare adjusting and
month of February: subsequent entries for
accruals.
1. Zheng has five employees who each earn $100 a day. Salaries
are normally paid on Fridays for work completed Monday (SO 3)
through Friday of the same week. Salaries were last paid
Friday, February 24, and will be paid next on Friday, March 3.
2. The company has a 6%, $12,000 note payable due in one year.
Interest is payable the first of each month. It was last paid on
February 1, and will be paid next on March 1.
3. At the end of February, Zheng has earned $2,500 that it has
not yet billed. It bills its clients on March 3, and collects
$1,500 of the amount due on March 30.
4. At the end of February, the company earned $200 interest on
its investments. The bank deposited this amount in Zheng's
bank account on March 1.
5. At the end of February, the company owed the utility company
$550 and the telephone company $200 for services received
during the month. These bills were paid on March 10.
Instructions
(a) For each of the above situations, prepare the monthly

adjusting journal entry required at February 28.
(b) Prepare any subsequent transaction entries that occur in the
month of March.
P4-3A The New Age Theatre Ltd. had the following selected Prepare transaction and
transactions during the year ended November 30, 2006: adjusting entries.
1. On June 1, the theatre borrowed $5,000 from the Bank of (SO 2, 3)

Montreal at an interest rate of 6%. The principal is to be repaid
in two years' time. The interest is payable the first of each
month.
2. The theatre has eight plays each season. This year's season
started October 2006 and ends in May 2007 (one play per
month). Season tickets sell for $160 each. On September 1,
150 tickets were sold for the 2006–07 season.

Problems: Set A
3. Office supplies on hand amounted to $500 at the beginning of

the year. During the year, additional office supplies were
purchased for cash at a cost of $1,550. At the end of the year, a
physical count showed that supplies on hand amounted to
$300.
4. On December 1, 2005, the theatre purchased a truck for
$39,000 cash. The estimated useful life of the truck is four
years.
5. Upon reviewing its books on November 30, the theatre noted
that the utility bill for the month of November had not yet
been received. A call to Hydro-Québec determined that the
amount owed was $1,350. The bill was paid on December 10.
6. The total payroll is $3,000 every Monday for employee wages
earned during a six-day week (Tuesday to Sunday). This year,
November 30 falls on a Thursday.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries to record the original transactions

for items 1, 2, 3, and 4.
(b) Prepare the year-end adjusting entries required for each of the
above.
(c) Journalize the subsequent cash transaction for the (1) interest
paid on December 1 (item 1); (2) payment of the utility bill
on December 10 (item 5); and (3) payment of the payroll on
December 4 (item 6).
P4-4A A review of the ledger of Come-By-Chance Corporation at Prepare adjusting entries.

December 31, 2006, produces the following account and other
data for the preparation of annual adjusting entries: (SO 2, 3)
1. Note Receivable $8,000: The note was issued on September 1,

2006, at an annual interest rate of 7.75%, and matures on June
1, 2007. Interest and principal are to be paid at maturity.
2. Prepaid Insurance $13,100: The company has separate
insurance policies on its building and its motor vehicles.
Policy B4564 on the building was purchased on September 1,
2005, for $10,320. The policy has a term of two years. Policy
A2958 on the vehicles was purchased on January 1, 2006, for
$4,500. This policy has a term of 18 months.

Problems: Set A
3. Buildings $190,250: The company owns two buildings. The

first was purchased on September 1, 1995, for $125,250 and
has an estimated 30-year useful life. The second was
purchased on May 1, 2003, for $165,000 and has an estimated
40-year useful life.
4. Unearned Subscription Revenue $61,200: Come-by-Chance
produces a monthly magazine. The selling price of a magazine
subscription is $60 for 12 issues. A review of subscription
contracts reveals the following:
Subscription Date Number of Subscriptions

October 1 220
November 1 310
December 1 490
1,020
5. Salaries Payable $0: There are nine salaried employees.

Salaries are paid every Monday for the previous five-day work
week (Monday to Friday). Six employees receive a salary of
$625 each per week, and three employees earn $750 each per
week. December 31 is a Sunday.
Instructions
(a) Prepare a calculation to show why the balance (before

adjustment) in the Prepaid Insurance account is $13,100 and
why the balance (before adjustment) in the Unearned
Subscription Revenue account is $61,200.
(b) Prepare the adjusting journal entries required at December
31, 2006.

Problems: Set A
P4-5A During the first week of January 2006, Creative Designs Ltd. Convert earnings from
began operations. Although the company kept no formal cash to accrual basis;
accounting records, it did maintain a record of cash receipts and prepare financial
disbursements and had a cash balance of $7,580 at the end of statements.
December 2006. Creative Designs approached the local bank for
a $10,000 loan and was asked to submit financial statements (SO 1, 2, 3, 4)
prepared on an accrual basis.
The following information is available for the year ended

December 31, 2006:
Cash Receipts Cash Payments

Issue of common shares $18,500
Equipment $17,700
Supplies 8,400
Rent 9,900
Income tax 4,000
Insurance 1,920
Advertising 3,400
Wages 29,900
Telephone 1,000
Dividends 5,000
Design revenue 70,300 ______
$88,800 81,220
Additional information:
1. The equipment has an estimated five-year life.

2. Supplies on hand on December 31 were $1,630.
3. Rent payments included a $750 per month rental fee and a
$900 deposit that is refundable at the end of the two-year lease.
4. The insurance was paid for a one-year period expiring on
March 31, 2007.
5. Wages earned for the last week in December and to be paid in
January 2007 amounted to $525.
6. Design revenue earned but not yet collected amounted to
$3,950.

Problems: Set A
7. The company manager used her personal automobile for

business purposes: 10,000 km at 35 cents per kilometre. She
was not paid for the use of her car but would like to be.
Instructions
Prepare an accrual basis statement of earnings, statement of

retained earnings, and balance sheet for the year.
P4-6A Scenic Tours Limited's unadjusted trial balance is presented Prepare and post
below. adjusting entries; prepare
adjusted trial balance.
SCENIC TOURS LIMITED (SO 2, 3, 4)

Trial Balance
June 30, 2006
Debit Credit
Cash $ 3,000
Accounts receivable 2,640
Supplies 965
Equipment 13,440
Accumulated amortization—equipment $ 3,300
Buses 140,400
Accumulated amortization—buses 46,800
Accounts payable 1,985
Notes payable 54,000
Unearned revenue 14,000
Common shares 30,000
Retained earnings 15,000
Tour revenue 17,110
Salaries expense 9,560
Advertising expense 825
Rent expense 2,175
Gas and oil expense 1,170
Income tax expense 700 ________

Problems: Set A
$182,195 $182,195
1. The insurance policy has a one-year term beginning June 1,

2006.
2. The equipment has an estimated useful life of eight years. The
buses have an estimated useful life of six years.
3. A physical count shows $240 of supplies on hand at June 30.
4. The note payable has a 7% interest rate. Interest is paid at the
beginning of each month.
5. Deposits of $1,400 each were received for advanced tour
reservations from 10 school groups. At June 30, three of these
deposits have been earned.
6. Bus drivers are paid a combined total of $425 per day. At June
30, three days' salaries are unpaid.
7. A senior citizens' organization that had not made an advance
deposit took a scenic tour on June 30 for $1,150. This group
was not billed for the services provided until July.
8. Additional advertising costs of $620 have been incurred, but
the bills have not been received by June 30.
9. Income taxes payable are estimated to be $65.
Instructions
(a) Prepare a general ledger and enter the trial balance amounts.
(b) Prepare and post the adjusting journal entries for the month of
June.
(c) Prepare an adjusted trial balance at June 30, 2006.

Problems: Set A
P4-7A On October 31, 2006, the Alou Equipment Repair Corp.'s post- Complete accounting
closing trial balance was as follows: cycle through to
preparation of financial
statements.
ALOU EQUIPMENT REPAIR CORP.
Post-Closing Trial Balance (SO 2, 3, 4)
October 31, 2006
Debit Credit
Cash $ 2,790
Supplies 2,000
Equipment 9,000
Salaries payable 400
Retained earnings _______ 1,700
$16,700 $16,700
During November, the following transactions were completed:
Nov. 11 Paid $1,100 for salaries due employees, of which $700

is for November and $400 is for
12 Received $1,200 cash from customers in payment of
accounts receivable.
14 Received $5,700 cash for services performed in
November.
17 Purchased supplies on account, $1,300.
20 Paid creditors $2,500 of accounts payable due.
22 Paid November rent, $300.
25 Paid salaries, $1,100.
27 Performed services on account, $1,900.
29 Received $550 from customers for services to be
provided in future.

Problems: Set A
Adjustment data:
1. Supplies on hand are valued at $1,000.

2. Accrued salaries payable are $500.
3. The equipment has an estimated useful life of five years.
4. Unearned service revenue of $400 was earned during the
month.
Instructions
(a) Prepare a general ledger and enter the opening balances.

(b) Prepare and post the November transaction entries.
(c) Prepare a trial balance at November 30.
(d) Prepare and post the adjusting journal entries for the month of
November.
(e) Prepare an adjusted trial balance.
(f) Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained
earnings, and balance sheet for the month.
P4-8A The unadjusted and adjusted trial balances of Ozaki Corp. at the Prepare adjusting entries
end of its first quarter of operations are shown below: and financial statements;
assess financial
performance.
OZAKI CORP.
Trial Balance (SO 2, 3, 4)
September 30, 2006
Unadjusted Adjusted
Cash $ 3,250 $ 3,250
Accounts receivable 6,335 7,435
Prepaid rent 1,500 0
Supplies 1,750 1,265
Equipment 15,040 15,040

Problems: Set A
Accumulated $0 $ 750
amortization—
equipment
Note payable 6,000 6,000
Accounts payable 4,250 4,460
Salaries payable 0 840
Interest payable 0 90
Income tax payable 0 1,000
Unearned 775 550
commission revenue
Dividends 700 700
Commission revenue 20,160 21,485
Rent expense 0 1,500
Amortization expense 0 750
Supplies expense 0 485
Utilities expense 610 820
Interest expense 0 90
Income tax expense 0 _______ 1,000 _______
$42,185 $42,185 $46,175 $46,175
Instructions
(a) Prepare the quarterly adjusting journal entries that were made.
(b) Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained
earnings, and balance sheet for the quarter.
(c) A friend of yours is considering investing in the company and
asks you to comment on the results of operations and
financial position. Is the company performing well or not?
Does the financial position look healthy or weak? Use
specific information from the financial statements to support
your answer.

Problems: Set A
P4-9A The adjusted trial balance for Ozaki Corp. is presented in P4–8A. Prepare and post closing
The company closes its books quarterly. entries; prepare post-
closing trial balance.
Instructions
(SO 5)
(a) Prepare a general ledger and enter the adjusted trial balance
amounts.
(b) Prepare and post the closing entries.
(c) Prepare a post-closing trial balance at September 30.
P4-10A The unadjusted trial balance for River Run Motel Ltd. is Prepare and post
presented below: adjusting entries; prepare
adjusted trial balance and
financial statements;
RIVER RUN MOTEL LTD. prepare and post closing
Trial Balance entries; prepare post-
May 31, 2006 closing trial balance.
Debit Credit (SO 2, 3, 4, 5)

Cash $ 3,200
Supplies 2,440
Land 50,000
Lodge 84,000
Accumulated amortization—lodge $ 29,400
Furniture 16,800
Accumulated amortization—furniture 6,880
Mortgage payable 53,000
Dividends 1,000
Rent revenue 100,160

Problems: Set A
Interest expense 4,620

Insurance expense 1,820
Utilities expense 13,300
Advertising expense 500
Income tax expense 5,000 ________
$243,390 $243,390
1. The annual insurance policy was purchased on May 1 for

$5,460.
2. A count of supplies shows $670 of supplies on hand on May
31.
3. The lodge has an estimated useful life of 20 years. The
furniture has an estimated useful life of 5 years.
4. Customers must pay a $50 deposit if they want to book a
room in advance during the peak period. An analysis of
these bookings indicates that 175 deposits were received
and credited to Unearned Rent Revenue. By May 31, 65 of
the deposits were earned.
5. The mortgage interest rate is 8%. Interest has been paid to
May 1; the next payment is due June 1.
6. The May utility bill of $1,210 has not yet been recorded or
paid.
7. Salaries of $975 are unpaid at May 31.
8. On May 28, a local business contracted with the River Run
Motel to rent one of its rooms for four months, starting June
1, at a rate of $1,400 per month. An advance payment equal
to one month's rent was paid on May 28 and credited to
Rent Revenue.
9. On May 31, the River Run Motel has earned $980 of rent
revenue from customers who are currently staying in the
motel. The customers will only pay the amount owing when
they check out in early June.
10. Additional income taxes are estimated to be $500.
Instructions

Problems: Set A
(b) Prepare and post the adjusting journal entries for the month
of May.
(c) Prepare an adjusted trial balance at May 31.
(d) Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained
(e) Prepare and post the closing journal entries.
(f) Prepare a post-closing trial balance.
P4-11A Corellian Window Washing Inc. opened on July 1, 2006. During Complete all steps in
July, the following transactions occurred: accounting cycle.
July 1 Issued $24,000 of common shares for cash. (SO 2, 3, 4, 5)

1 Purchased a used truck for $36,000, paying $16,000 cash
and the balance with a oneyear, 8% note payable. Interest
is due the first of each month.
3 Purchased cleaning supplies for $800 on account.
5 Paid $1,200 cash for a one-year insurance policy
effective July 1.
12 Billed customers $4,500 for cleaning services.
18 Paid $500 on amount owed on cleaning supplies.
20 Paid $1,600 cash for employee salaries.
21 Collected $2,500 cash from customers billed on July 12.
31 Paid $250 for gas and oil used in the truck during the
month.
31 Declared and paid a $600 cash dividend.
Instructions
(a) Open general ledger accounts as required. Prepare and post

the July transaction entries.
(b) Prepare a trial balance at July 31.

Problems: Set A
(c) Prepare and post the following adjustments:
1. Services provided but unbilled and uncollected at

July 31 were $1,400.
2. An inventory count shows $600 of cleaning supplies
on hand at July 31.
3. Expired insurance needs to be recorded.
4. The truck is expected to have an estimated useful life
of five years.
5. Accrued but unpaid employee salaries were $400.
6. Interest on the note payable needs to be accrued.
7. Income taxes payable is estimated to be $1,500.
(d) Prepare an adjusted trial balance at July 31.

(e) Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained
earnings, and a balance sheet for the month.
(f) Prepare and post the closing journal entries.
(g) Prepare a post-closing trial balance at July 31.

Problems: Set B
Problems: Set B
P4-1B Bourque Corporation began operations on January 1, 2006. Its Prepare transaction and
fiscal year end is December 31, and it prepares financial adjusting entries for
statements and adjusts its accounts annually. Selected transactions prepayments.
during 2006 follow:
(SO 2)
1. On January 2, purchased office supplies for $3,100 cash. A
physical count at December 31 revealed that $670 of supplies
were still on hand.
2. Purchased office equipment for $12,000 cash on March 1. The
office equipment is estimated to have a useful life of three
years.
3. Purchased a one-year, $5,040 insurance policy for cash on
June 1.
4. On November 15, Bourque received a $1,275 advance cash
payment from three clients for services to be provided in the
future. As at December 31, services had been performed for
two of the clients ($425 each).
5. On December 15, the company paid $4,500 rent in advance for
the month of January 2007.
Instructions
For each of the above events, prepare the journal entry for the
original transaction and any adjusting journal entry required at
December 31.

Problems: Set B
P4-2B Hangzhou Corporation had the following selected transactions in Prepare adjusting and
the month of November: subsequent entries for
accruals.
1. Hangzhou has a biweekly payroll of $6,000. Salaries are
normally paid every second Monday for work completed for (SO 3)
the two preceding weeks. Employees work a five-day week,
Monday through Friday. Salaries were last paid Monday,
November 28 for the ten days worked during the weeks of
November 14 and 21. They will be paid next on Monday,
December 12.
2. The company has a 6%, $120,000 mortgage payable due in
five years. Interest is payable the first of each month. It was
last paid on November 1, and will be paid next on December 1.
3. At the end of November, Hangzhou has $500 of invoices that
have not yet been sent to customers. It mails these invoices on
December 1, and collects the amounts due on December 20.
4. At the end of November, the company earned $20 interest on
the cash in its bank account. The bank deposited this amount
in the company's bank account on November 30, but the
company did not learn of the interest until it received its bank
statement on December 5.
5. At the end of November, it was estimated that the company
owed $1,000 of income tax. This amount was paid on
December 18.
Instructions
(a) For each of the above situations, prepare the monthly

adjusting journal entry required at November 30.
(b) Prepare any subsequent transaction entries that occur in the
month of December.

Problems: Set B
P4-3B The Repertory Theatre Ltd. had the following selected Prepare transaction and
transactions during the year ended December 31, 2006: adjusting entries.
1. Supplies on hand amounted to $460 at the beginning of the (SO 2, 3)

year. During the year, additional supplies were purchased for
$1,720 cash. At the end of the year, a physical count showed
that supplies on hand amounted to $990.
2. On January 2, 2006, the theatre purchased a used truck for
$23,500 cash. The estimated useful life of the truck is five
years.
3. On March 1, the theatre borrowed $10,000 from La Caisse
Populaire Desjardins at an interest rate of 6.5%. The principal
is to be repaid in one year. The interest is paid at the beginning
of each month.
4. Repertory Theatre Ltd. has nine plays each season, which
starts in September 2006 and ends in May 2007 (one play per
month). Season tickets sell for $135 each. On August 1, 200
tickets were sold for the upcoming 2006–07 season.
5. Every Monday, the total payroll for the theatre is $3,000 for
wages earned during a six-day work week (Tuesday–Sunday).
This year, December 31 falls on a Sunday. Wages were last
paid (and recorded) on Monday, December 25.
6. Upon reviewing its books on December 31, the theatre noted
that a telephone bill for the month of December had not yet
been received. A call to Aliant determined that the telephone
bill was $375. The bill was paid on January 12.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries to record the original transactions

for items 1, 2, 3, and 4.
(b) Prepare the year-end adjusting entries required for each of the
above.
(c) Journalize the subsequent cash transaction for the (1) interest
paid on January 1 (item 3); (2) payment of the payroll on
January 1 (item 5); and (3) payment of the telephone bill on
January 12 (item 6).

Problems: Set B
P4-4B A review of the ledger of Greenberg Corporation at January 31, Prepare adjusting entries.
2006, produces the following data for the preparation of annual
adjusting entries: (SO 2, 3)
1. Prepaid Advertising $14,160: This balance consists of

payments on two advertising contracts. The contracts provide
for monthly advertising in two trade magazines and the first
advertisement runs in the month in which the contract is
signed. The terms of the contracts are as follows:
Contract Date Amount Number of Magazine Issues

A650 May 1 $6,240 12
B974 Sept. 1 7,920 24
$14,160
2. Salaries Payable $0: There are eight salaried employees.

Salaries are paid every Saturday for a six-day work week
(Monday–Saturday). Six employees receive a salary of $750
each per week, and two employees earn $550 each per week.
January 31 is a Tuesday.
3. Unearned Rent Revenue $351,000: The company began
subleasing office space in its new building on December 1. At
January 31, the company had the following rental contracts
that are paid in full for the entire term of the lease:
Date Term (in Monthly Number of Rent Paid

months) Rent Leases
Dec. 1 6 $4,500 5 $135,000
Jan. 1 6 9,000 4 216,000
$351,000
4. Note Payable $85,000: This balance consists of a one-year, 8%

note issued on June 1. Interest is payable at maturity.
Instructions
Prepare the adjusting journal entries at January 31, 2006.

Problems: Set B
P4-5B The Radical Edge Ltd., a ski tuning and repair shop, opened Convert earnings from
November 1, 2005. The company carefully kept track of all its cash to accrual basis;
cash receipts and cash payments and had a cash balance of $5,145 prepare financial
at the end of its first ski season, April 30. The following statements.
information is available at April 30, 2006:
(SO 1, 2, 3, 4)
Cash Receipts Cash Payments
Issue of common shares $20,000
Repair equipment $34,520
Rent 1,575
Advertising 460
Utility bills 950
Wages 3,600
Income tax 7,000
Ski and snowboard repair 33,250 _______
services
$53,250 $48,105
1. The repair equipment has an estimated useful life of eight

years.
2. The company rents space at a cost of $225 per month on a one-
year lease. The lease contract requires payment of the first and
last months' rent in advance, which was done.
3. At April 30, $120 is owed for unpaid wages.
4. At the end of April, customers also owe The Radical Edge
$720 for services they have received but have not yet paid for.
Instructions
Prepare an accrual basis statement of earnings, statement of

retained earnings, and balance sheet for the six months ended
April 30, 2006.

Problems: Set B
P4-6B Ortega Limo Service Ltd.'s unadjusted trial balance is presented Prepare and post
below: adjusting entries, prepare
adjusted trial balance.
ORTEGA LIMO SERVICE LTD. (SO 2, 3, 4)

Trial Balance
December 31, 2006
Debit Credit
Cash $ 12,400
Prepaid rent 1,225
Supplies 2,500
Automobiles 58,000
Accumulated amortization— $ 14,500
automobiles
Office furniture 16,000
Accumulated amortization—office 4,000
furniture
Note payable 46,000
Dividends 8,820
Rent expense 14,700
Repairs expense 6,000
Gas and oil expense 9,300
Income tax expense 450 ________
$196,300 $196,300

Problems: Set B
1. Service revenue earned but unbilled is $3,000 at December 31.

2. The insurance policy has a one-year term beginning April 1.
3. The automobiles were purchased on January 2, 2005, and have
an estimated useful life of four years. The office furniture was
purchased on July 2, 2003, and has an estimated useful life of
10 years.
4. Interest on the 9% note payable is paid on the first day of each
quarter (January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1).
5. One of Ortega's customers paid in advance for a six-month
contract at the rate of $600 per month. The contract began on
November 1.
6. Drivers' salaries total $225 per day. At December 31, three
days of salaries are unpaid.
7. Repairs of $650 have been incurred for automobiles, but bills
have not been received prior to December 31. (Use Accounts
Payable.)
8. On December 28, Ortega paid $1,225 for January 2007 rent.
Instructions
(b) Prepare and post the adjusting journal entries for the year.
(c) Prepare an adjusted trial balance at December 31, 2006.
P4-7B On August 31, 2006, the Rijo Equipment Repair Corp.'s post- Complete accounting
closing trial balance was as follows: cycle through to
preparation of financial
statements.
(SO 2, 3, 4)

Problems: Set B
RIJO EQUIPMENT REPAIR CORP.

Post-Closing Trial Balance
August 31, 2006
Debit Credit
Cash $ 4,880
Supplies 800
Equipment 15,000
Salaries payable 700
Retained earnings _______ 8,700
$24,400 $24,400
During September, the following transactions were completed:
Sept. 8 Paid $1,100 for salaries due to employees, of which $400

is for September and $700 is for August salaries payable.
10 Received $1,200 cash from customers in payment of
accounts.
12 Received $4,400 cash for services performed in
September.
17 Purchased supplies on account, $1,000.
20 Paid creditors $3,500 of accounts payable due.
22 Paid September and October rent, $1,000 ($500 per
month).
22 Paid salaries, $1,100.
27 Performed services on account, $800.
29 Received $650 from customers for services to be
provided in the future.
30 Paid income tax for month, $600.

Problems: Set B
Adjustment data:
1. Supplies on hand total $500.

2. Accrued salaries payable are $600.
3. The equipment has a useful life of five years.
4. Unearned service revenue of $350 has been earned.
Instructions
(a) Prepare a general ledger and enter the opening balances.

(b) Prepare and post the September transaction entries.
(c) Prepare a trial balance at September 30.
(d) Prepare and post the adjusting journal entries for the month of
September.
(e) Prepare an adjusted trial balance.
(f) Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained
P4-8B The unadjusted and adjusted trial balances for Grant Advertising Prepare adjusting entries
Agency Limited as at December 31, 2006, follow: and financial statements;
assess financial
performance.
GRANT ADVERTISING AGENCY LIMITED
Trial Balance (SO 2, 3, 4)
December 31, 2006
Unadjusted Adjusted
Cash $ 11,000 $ 11,000
Short-term 10,850 10,850
investments
Accounts 18,650 19,750
receivable
Art supplies 7,200 1,265
Prepaid 2,400 800
insurance

Problems: Set B
Printing 66,000 66,000

equipment
Printing $ 26,400 $ 39,600
equipment—
accumulated
amortization
Accounts 4,200 4,800
payable
Interest payable 0 700
Note payable 10,000 10,000
Unearned 7,100 6,200
advertising
revenue
Income tax 0 7,000
payable
Retained 10,400 10,400
earnings
Dividends 2,000 2,000
Advertising 58,600 60,600
revenue
Insurance 0 1,600
expense
Interest expense 0 700
Amortization 0 13,200
expense
Art supplies 0 5,935
expense
Income tax 0 ________ 7,000 ________
expense
$136,700 $136,700 $160,925 $160,925
Instructions

Problems: Set B
(a) Prepare the annual adjusting journal entries that were made.
(b) Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained
earnings, and balance sheet for the year.
(c) A friend of yours is considering investing in the company and
asks you to comment on the results of operations and
financial position. Is the company performing well or not?
Does the financial position look healthy or weak? Use
specific information from the financial statements to support
your answer.
P4-9B The adjusted trial balance for Grant Advertising Agency Limited Prepare and post closing
is presented in P4–8B. entries; prepare post-
closing trial balance.
Instructions
(SO 5)
(a) Prepare a general ledger and enter the adjusted trial balance
amounts.
(b) Prepare and post the closing entries.
(c) Prepare a post-closing trial balance at December 31.
P4-10B The unadjusted trial balance for Highland Cove Resort Inc. is Prepare and post
presented below, immediately before annual adjusting entries are adjusting entries; prepare
made: adjusted trial balance and
financial statements;
prepare and post closing
HIGHLAND COVE RESORT INC. entries; prepare post-
Trial Balance closing trial balance.
August 31, 2006
(SO 2, 3, 4, 5)
Debit Credit
Cash $ 18,870
Supplies 3,495
Land 25,000
Cottages 145,000
Accumulated amortization—cottages $ 34,800
Furniture 28,600

Problems: Set B
Accumulated amortization—furniture 10,725

Mortgage payable 60,000
Dividends 5,000
Rent revenue 247,500
Utilities expense 37,600
Repair expense 14,400
Income tax expense 12,500 ________
$454,225 $454,225
1. The annual insurance policy was purchased on May 31 for

$6,360.
2. A count of supplies on August 31 shows $760 of supplies on
hand.
3. The cottages have an estimated useful life of 25 years. The
furniture has an estimated useful life of 8 years.
4. Customers must pay a $100 deposit if they want to book a
cottage during the peak period. An analysis of these
bookings indicates 362 deposits were received and credited
to Un-earned Rent Revenue. All but 45 of these deposits
have been earned by August 31.
5. Salaries of $1,100 were unpaid at August 31.
6. The August utility bill of $1,840 has not yet been recorded
or paid.
7. On August 25, a local business contracted with Highland
Cove to rent one of the cottages for six months, starting
October 1, at a rate of $1,500 per month. An advance
payment equal to two months' rent was received on August
31 and credited to Rent Revenue.

Problems: Set B
8. The mortgage interest rate is 8%. Interest has been paid to

August 1; the next payment is due September 1.
9. On August 31, Highland Cove has earned but not yet
received $1,360 of rent revenue from customers who are
currently using the cottages. The customers will pay this
amount when they check out in September.
10. Additional income taxes payable are estimated to be $1,000.
Instructions
(b) Prepare and post the adjusting journal entries for the year.
(c) Prepare an adjusted trial balance at August 31.
(d) Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained
earnings, and balance sheet for the year.
(e) Prepare and post the closing entries.
(f) Prepare a post-closing trial balance.
P4-11B Ewok's Carpet Cleaners Ltd. opened on March 1, 2006. During Complete all steps in
March, the following transactions were completed: accounting cycle.
Mar. 1 Issued $10,000 of common shares for cash. (SO 2, 3, 4, 5)

1 Purchased a used truck for $26,000, paying $6,000 cash
and signing a three-year, 8% note payable for the
balance. Interest is due the first of each month.
2 Paid rent for the month, $500.
3 Purchased cleaning supplies for $1,200 on account.
5 Paid $1,800 cash for a one-year insurance policy
effective March 1.
18 Paid $700 on amount owed on cleaning supplies.
20 Paid $1,500 cash for employee salaries.
21 Collected $3,600 cash from customers billed on March
14.
31 Paid $400 for gas and oil for the truck during the month.

Problems: Set B
31 Paid a $1,000 cash dividend.
Instructions
(a) Open general ledger accounts as required. Prepare and post

the March transaction entries.
(b) Prepare a trial balance at March 31.
(c) Prepare and post the following adjustments:
1. Services provided but unbilled and uncollected at

March 31 were $1,600.
2. An inventory count shows $400 of cleaning supplies
on hand at March 31.
3. Expired insurance needs to be recorded.
4. The truck is expected to have a useful life of five
years.
5. Interest on the note needs to be accrued.
6. Accrued but unpaid employee salaries were $700.
7. Income tax for the month is estimated to be $1,400.
(d) Prepare an adjusted trial balance at March 31.

(e) Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained
earnings, and a balance sheet for the month.
(f) Prepare and post the closing journal entries.
(g) Prepare a post-closing trial balance at March 31.

Broadening Your Perspective
Financial Reporting and Analysis

Financial Reporting Problem: Loblaw
BYP4-1 The financial statements of Loblaw are presented in Appendix A at the end of this book.
Instructions
(a) Does Loblaw report any prepayments on its balance sheet? If so, identify each item that is a prepaid expense or
unearned revenue. Using the statement of earnings, indicate the other account that is likely used in preparing
adjusting entries for these items.
(b) Does Loblaw report any accruals on its balance sheet? If so, identify each item that is an accrued revenue or
accrued expense. Using the statement of earnings, indicate the other account that is likely used in preparing
adjusting entries for these items.
(c) Reconstruct the summary closing journal entries prepared by Loblaw at January 3, 2004.
Comparative Analysis Problem: Loblaw and Sobeys

BYP4-2 The financial statements of Sobeys are presented in Appendix B, following the financial statements for Loblaw in
Appendix A.
Instructions
(a) Identify two accounts on Sobeys' balance sheet which show that Sobeys uses accrual accounting. In each case,
identify the statement of earnings account that would be affected by the adjustment process.
(b) Identify two accounts on Loblaw's balance sheet which show that Loblaw uses accrual accounting. In each
case, identify the statement of earnings account that would be affected by the adjustment process.
Research Case

BYP4-3 The article “PwC Identifies Best Practices for Monthly Close” appears in the February 1, 2005, issue of the
Accounting Department Management Report, published by the Institute of Management and Administration. In
this article, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) reports findings from its global best practices survey. It finds that
leading companies are able to close their books in a single day.
Instructions
Read the article and answer these questions:
(a) What industry sectors are generally able to close their books in only one day? What industry sectors can take
as many as 10 days to close their books?
(b) PwC identifies 11 attributes of a fast close. Identify any five of these.
Interpreting Financial Statements

BYP4-4 Google Inc. is the most used site in the world for Internet searches. An excerpt from the notes to Google's 2004
financial statements follows:
Instructions

(a) When does Google recognize the revenue from its advertising services? From its search services?
(b) When would Google likely incur the expenses related to its advertising and search services? Explain how the
matching principle does, or does not, relate to Google's revenue recognition practices.
(c) Google reports U.S. $36.5 million of deferred revenue in the current liabilities section of its balance sheet.
“Deferred revenue” is another name for unearned revenue. Under what circumstances should Google record
unearned revenue from its advertising services? From its search services?
A Global Focus
BYP4-5 Internet Initiative Japan Inc. (IIJ) is one of Japan's leading Internet-access and comprehensive Internet solution
providers. In its 2004 annual report, it reported the following selected information (in millions):
2004 2003
Cash and cash equivalents ¥12.3 ¥ 3.6
Accounts receivable 9.0 10.3
Total revenues 38.8 44.0
Net loss 0.1 16.5
Cash provided by operating activities 1.9 1.6
Instructions
(a) Explain how the company could have reported a net loss in both fiscal years and still have a positive cash flow
from operating activities.
(b) Explain how the company's cash from operating activities could be ¥1.9 million in 2004, while its cash and
cash equivalents balance increased by ¥8.7 million to ¥12.3 million in 2004.
(c) During 2004, the company's revenues were ¥38.8 million. At the beginning of the year, it had ¥10.3 million of
accounts receivable. At the end of the year, it had ¥9 million of accounts receivable. Based on this data,
determine the amount of cash collected from customers during the year.
Financial Analysis on the Web

BYP4-6 This case reviews the revenue recognition policies used by Rogers
Communications Inc. and its subsidiary, the Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Club.
Instructions
Specific requirements of this Web case can be found on the Toolkit website.

Critical Thinking
Collaborative Learning Activity
BYP4-7 Air Canada sells tickets for airline flights that can vary a great deal in price and conditions. For example, at the
low end of the pricing scheme, you can purchase a nonrefundable ticket from Fredericton to Toronto for a one-way
“Tango” fare of $238. At the high end of the pricing scheme, you can purchase a fully refundable ticket from
Fredericton to Toronto for a one-way “Latitude” fare of $426.
Assume that Air Canada's management team is brainstorming its options in terms of recognizing the revenue from
the different categories of fares. One member of the management team says it should recognize the revenue as
soon as the tickets are sold for the Tango-type fares because these tickets are nonrefundable. Another member of
the management team states that revenue should be recognized when passengers pick up their tickets and pay for
the flight. “What about when the boarding passes are collected at the gate?” a third asks. “Or when passengers
arrive at their destinations?” a fourth adds.
Instructions
With the class divided into groups, do the following:
(a) Each group will be assigned, or should choose, one of the above fare types (Tango or Latitude). Evaluate the
effect of each of the revenue recognition choices on recorded revenues, expenses, and net earnings for your
assigned fare type.
(b) Determine the point at which you think Air Canada should recognize the revenue from flight ticket sales for
your fare type. Explain why you believe your chosen point of revenue recognition is the best: refer to
appropriate generally accepted accounting principles in your answer.
Communication Activity
BYP4-8 There are many people today who believe that cash is a better indicator of a company's future success than net
earnings. This notion gained popularity after many reports of corporate financial scandals where management was
apparently able to manipulate prepayments and accruals to influence net earnings.
Instructions
Write a memo discussing whether you believe cash is a more reliable performance measure than net earnings.
Include in your memo the answers to the following questions:
(a) What is the difference between accrual-based net earnings and cash?
(b) Do you believe that it is possible for management to manipulate net earnings? If so, identify one way that
management might be able to increase net earnings by manipulating prepayments or accruals.
(c) Do you believe that it is possible for management to manipulate cash? If so, identify one way that management
might be able to increase cash flow.

Ethics Case
BYP4-9 Die Hard Corporation is a pesticide manufacturer. Its sales declined greatly this year
because of new legislation that outlaws the sale of several Die Hard chemical
pesticides. During the coming year, Die Hard will have environmentally safe and
competitive chemicals to replace these discontinued products. Sales in the next year
are expected to be much higher than those of any prior year. The decline in this
year's sales and profits appears, therefore, to be a one-year aberration.
Even so, the company president believes that a large dip in the current year's profits
could cause a significant drop in the market price of Die Hard's shares and make the
company a takeover target. To avoid this possibility, he urges Carole Denton, the
company's controller, to accrue every possible revenue and to defer as many
expenses as possible when making this period's year-end adjusting entries. The
president says to Carole, “We need the revenues this year, and next year can easily
absorb expenses deferred from this year. We can’t let our share price be hammered
down!” Carole did not get around to recording the adjusting journal entries until
January 17, but she dated the entries December 31 as if they were recorded then.
Carole also made every effort to comply with the president's request.
Instructions
(a) Who are the stakeholders in this situation?

(b) What are the ethical considerations of the president's request and Carole's dating
the adjusting entries December 31?
(c) Can Carole aggressively accrue revenues and defer expenses and still be ethical?
Serial Problem
(Note: This serial problem started in Chapter 1 and continued in chapters 2 and 3. From the information gathered through
Chapter 3, follow the instructions below using the general ledger accounts you have already prepared.)
BYP4-10 Cookie Creations is gearing up for the Christmas season. During the month of December 2005, the following
transactions occur:
Dec. 1 An assistant is hired at an hourly wage of $8 to help Natalie with cookie making and some administrative
duties.
5 Natalie teaches the class that was booked on November 25. The balance outstanding is received.
8 A cheque is received for the amount due from the neighbourhood school for the class given on November
30.
9 The local school board pays $625 in advance for five classes that are to be given during December and
January.
15 The cell phone invoice outstanding at November 30 is paid.

19 A deposit of $50 is received on a cookie class scheduled for early January.

23 Additional revenue earned during the month for cookie-making classes amounts to $3,500. (Natalie has
not had time to account for each class individually.) Cash of $3,000 has been collected and $500 is still
outstanding. (This is in addition to the December 5 and December 9 transactions.)
23 Additional supplies purchased during the month for sugar, flour, and chocolate chips amount to $1,250
cash.
23 A cheque is issued to Natalie's assistant for $800. Her assistant worked approximately 100 hours from
when she was hired until December 23.
23 Natalie is paid $500 cash for her salary earned to date.
28 A dividend of $100 is paid to the common shareholder (Natalie).
As at December 31, Cookie Creations' year end, the following adjusting entry data is available:
1. A count reveals that $50 of brochures and posters remains at the end of December.
2. Amortization is recorded on the baking equipment purchased in November. The baking equipment has a
useful life of five years. (Assume that only one month's worth of amortization is required.)
3. Interest on the note payable is accrued. (Assume that one and a half months of interest accrued during
November and December.)
4. One month's worth of insurance has expired.
5. Natalie is unexpectedly telephoned on December 28 to give a cookie class at the neighbourhood community
centre. The community centre is invoiced in early January for $375.
6. A count reveals that $1,000 of baking supplies were used.
7. A cell phone invoice is received for $75. The invoice is for services provided during the month of December
and is due on January 15.
8. Because the cookie-making class occurred unexpectedly on December 28 and is for such a large group of
children, Natalie's assistant helps out. Her assistant worked seven hours at a rate of $8 per hour.
9. An analysis of the Unearned Revenue account reveals that two of the five classes paid for by the local school
board on December 9 have still not been taught by the end of December. The $50 deposit received on
December 19 for another class also remains unearned.
10. Cookie Creations Ltd. expects to pay income tax at a rate of 15% on earnings before income tax.
Instructions
(a) Journalize the above transactions.

(b) Post the December transactions. (Use the general ledger accounts that you prepared in Chapter 3.)
(c) Prepare a trial balance at December 31.
(d) Prepare and post adjusting journal entries for the month of December.
(e) Prepare an adjusted trial balance at December 31.
(f) Prepare a statement of earnings and a statement of retained earnings for the two-month period ending
December 31, and a balance sheet at December 31.
(g) Prepare and post the closing entries.
(h) Prepare a post-closing trial balance at December 31.


Glossary
Glossary
Accrual basis accounting An accounting basis in which transactions that change a company’s financial
statements are recorded in the periods in which the events occur, rather than in the periods in which the
company receives or pays cash.
Accrued expenses Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.
Accrued revenues Revenues earned but not yet received in cash or recorded.
Adjusted trial balance A list of accounts and their balances after all adjustments have been made.
Adjusting entries Journal entries made at the end of an accounting period because of the time period
assumption and to ensure that the revenue recognition and matching principles are followed.
Amortization The process of allocating the cost of a longlived asset to expense over its useful life.
Cash basis accounting An accounting basis in which revenue is recorded only when cash is received,
and an expense is recorded only when cash is paid.
Closing entries Entries at the end of an accounting period to transfer the balances of temporary
accounts (dividends, revenues, and expenses) to the permanent shareholders’ equity account Retained
Earnings.
Contra asset account An account that is offset against (reduces) an asset account on the balance sheet.
Income Summary A temporary account used in closing revenue and expense accounts.
Matching principle The principle that states that efforts (expenses) must be matched with
accomplishments (revenues).
Net book value The difference between the cost of an amortizable asset and its accumulated
amortization.
Permanent accounts Balance sheet accounts whose balances are carried forward to the next accounting
period.
Post-closing trial balance A list of permanent accounts and their balances after closing entries have
been journalized and posted.

Glossary
Prepaid expenses Expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed.
Revenue recognition principle The principle that states that revenue must be recognized in the
accounting period in which it is earned.
Straight-line method of amortization An amortization method in which amortization expense is

calculated as the cost divided by the useful life.
Temporary accounts Revenue, expense, and dividend accounts whose balances are transferred to
Retained Earnings at the end of an accounting period.
Unearned revenue Cash received before revenue is earned and recorded as a liability until it is earned.
Useful life The length of service of a productive facility.

4-Accrual Accounting Concepts

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Introduction

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Read Feature Story

Scan Study Objectives

Read Chapter Preview

Read text and answer Before You

Work Using the Decision Toolkit

Review Summary of Study

Review the Decision Toolkit—A

Work Demonstration Problem

Answer Self-Study Questions

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After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Explain the revenue recognition principle and the matching principle.

The chapter is organized as follows:

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Revenue Recognition Principle

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At what point should Need to Revenue should Recognizing

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Accounting Matters! Management Perspective

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At what point should Need to Expenses Recognizing

Accrual Versus Cash Basis of Accounting

International Note Although

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1. What are the revenue recognition and matching principles?

The Basics of Adjusting Entries

Types of Adjusting Entries

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Adjusting Entries for Prepayments

Helpful Hint A cost can be an

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After the adjusting entry is posted, the accounts appear as follows:

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After the adjusting entry is posted, the accounts appear as follows:

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Helpful Hint Every contra

Office equipment $5,000

Alternative Terminology Book

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The following adjusting entry is made:

After the adjusting entry is posted, the accounts appear as follows:

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1. What are the four types of adjusting entries?

Depreciation expense, $393 million (see Consolidated Statement of Earnings);

An analysis of the accounts shows the following:

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1. The insurance policy is a 12-month policy, effective March 1.

Prepare the adjusting entries for the month of March.

1. Mar. 31 Insurance Expense 300

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Adjusting Entries for Accruals

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After the adjusting entry is posted, the accounts appear as below:

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expense for the client that received the service.