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TECHNICAL PAPER PRESENTATION

ON

BIO INFORMATICS
DRUG DISCOVERY

Presented by

Manikyala Rao.Dirisala, Reg No.!"##"a!$%&, E.Mail'(ool)*a+y,ya+oo.(o*.

Bona* Venka-a C+ala*ayya Engineering College O alare./.

ABSTRACT'
The human body is a wonderful machine. Attempts have been mode since time immemorial to understand the functioning of this machine. Over the years, the study of biology has moved on from being in vivo within an organism! to in vitro outside on organism! and now to in silio using electronics and computers far "iological researchs!. The converges of biology, computational science, electronics and mathematics into bioinformatics domain in creating new hopes to patients of life threatening diseases. #icro chip technology li$e #%#& ' Advances in fields li$e nanotechnology and molecular diagnostics together providing the foundation for implantable biomedical devices that can diagnose, monitor, and threat diseases. &mart, implantable drug delivery systems can detect chemical and electrical signals in the body and release appropriate therapeutic dosages for treatment. (ighly effective drugs precisely target certain diseases and minimi)e side effects. "io informatics helps to identify a specific genetic se*uence that is responsible for a particular disease so that individual tailored drugs based on an individuals profile are made. This paper deals with biochips that analyses biological material, biosensors to treat patients by ad+usting dosage levels with little intervention from medical practitioner ' lab, on,a,chip the device which prepares biological samples, handles, fluids, and performs biochemical analysis and also provides an overview of the topic -.A.

INTRODUCTION'
"ioinformatics is application of biology, computer science, electronics, /T and #athematical and statistical tools in the domain of life science. "io information finds applications in medicine for0 1ecommending individually tailored drugs based on an individual profile. This type of drugs are very important because treatments for dreaded diseases such as cancer and A/-& re*uire e2act drug dosage. /t helps to identify a specific genetic se*uence that is responsible for a particular disease, its associated protein, and protein functions. 3or curing the disease a new drug can be discovered. /t helps to screen heart attac$s and diabetics years before patients develop symptoms. These will help doctors to diagnose illness faster, eliminating e2perience and time consuming are dealt li$e biopsies and sigmoidoscoipics.

Ele(-roni(s is playing a leading role, by way of developing gene chips, biochips, lab, on,a chip ' biosensors. These chips are based on the electrical and electron charges e2hibited by the cells of the human body. The cell based electronic #icrosystems, involves functional coupling of the output signals of the cell system in response to e2ternal physical on chemical stimuli to a microelectronic transducer unit. %lectrical and dielectric properties of cells can be correlated to the physiological cell parameter. %lectronic 4 magnetic fields, light, temperature, etc form the physical inputs. .utrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, changes in protons or other on concentration etc, from the chemical inputs e2citation!. After e2citing the cell, the corresponding physiological reactions of the cell, which might be physical and 4or chemical, can be observed. The reactions can be described as changes in gene e2pression storage of certain substances, etc. These can also be described as a set of output signals that allow the cell to communicate with its environment and with other cells. This information can be transmitted by chemical organic monocles or! physical signals.

ANA0YSING GENOME'
A geno*e is the entire -.A in an organism, including its genes. -.A, the genetic material of living organisms, is a large helical molecule held together by wea$ bonds between base pairs of nucleotides. -.A variations could lead to new ways to diagnose and treat diseases and disorders. A gene is a se*uence of -.A that represents a fundamental unit for hereditary. 5enes carry information for ma$ing all the proteins re*uired by all organisms. These proteins determine, among other things, how the organism loo$s, how well its body metaboli)es food or fights infection, and sometimes even how it behaves.

-.A is made up of four similar chemicals called bases and abbreviated A, T, 6, and 5! that are repeated millions or billions of times throughout a genome. The human genome, for e2ample, has 7 billion pairs of bases.

The particular order of As, Ts, 6s, and 5s is e2tremely important. The order underlies all of life8s diversity, even dictating whether an organism is human or another species such as yeast, rice, or fruit fly, all of which have their own genomes and are themselves the focus of genome pro+ects. "ecause all organisms are related through similarities in -.A se*uences, insights gained from nonhuman genomes often lead to new $nowledge about human biology

DNA CONTRO0 VIA RF SIGNA00


9sing 13 energy and nanocrystal antenna can remotely control the behavior of -.A. An electronic interface to the biomolecute was created. 13 magnetic field was inductively coupled to a :nm long nanocrystal antenna lin$ed covalently to a -.A molecule. The inductive coupling, i.e., the transfer of energy to the nanocrystal energy, increased the local temperature of the bound -.A, allowing the change of state to ta$e place, while leaving molecules surrounding the -.A relatively unaffected. The switching was fully reversible, as dissolved molecules dissipated the heat in less than 5; picoseconds. Thus 13 signal generated outside the body can control changes in the -.A.

BIO1C2I3 '
"iochip is a small solid platform made of grass, membrane, or plastic materials, up on which biological information can be stored, retracted and analy)ed. This will aid in drug discovery, and deliver medicine inside the human body will provide the basis for ma+or research and commercial brea$ through. The biggest application of biochips is the use of -.A micro arrays for e2pression profiling. An e2pression profiting the chip is used to e2amine message 1.A, which controls how different parts of the genes are turned on or! off to create certain types of cells. /f the gene is e2pressed in one way, it may result in a normal muscle cell, for instance. /f it is e2pressed in another way, it may result in a tumor. "y comparing their different e2pressions, researches hope to discover ways to predict and perhaps prevent diseases.

C+i4 s4e(i5i(a-ions 6Bio(+i46 6hipsi)e0 :; 2 :; 2 <.< mm #aterial0 3used silica glass Toplayer0 Powderblasted holes of :.; ' <.; mm .umber of holes0 :: "ottom layer0 (3 %tched channels 6hannel width0 3rom :; =m , >;; =m

5 6hannel depth "onding0 :; =m ' <; =m -irect bonding

ADVANTAGES OF BIOC2I3S ANA0YSIS'


:! #iniaturisation0 Tiny apparatus to handle tiny amount of samples. <! Parallelisation ' biological reactions and information can be compared and analy)ed in parallel. 7! (igh speed of analysis. "asically, biochips can be divided into two chips0 a! #icroarrays0 , 9sed planted probes to catch and identify target biological molecules while. b! ?ab,on,a,chips actively process loaded samples.

MICROARRAY'
There are two ma+or approaches for micro arrays one that utili)es 6-.A as probes and one that utili)es oligonuleotides as probes. 6-.A micro arrays have been used mainly to study gene e2pression in response to physiological conditions and alterations of the e2pression pattern in disease stac$. Oligonucleotide micro arrays mainly applied to the detection and identification of mutations and polymorphism.

0a7 on a (+i40
The micro total analysis system #,TA&! or a lab,an,a,chip for integrated biochemical analysis periodically transforms chemical information into an electronic or optic signal. /t will be able to perform sample preparation separation amplification, processing or detection and signal interpretation on a small si)ed platform. The idea is to perform classical bioanalytical assays using microfabricated processing and detection elements placed se*uentially to produce complete systems. This derives prepared biological samples, handles fluids, and performs biochemical analysis all on one chip.

F/n(-ions0
:! The device will inform the doctor in real time if the patient is ailment will respond to a drug based on his -.A. <! /t will confirm the patients identify diagnose, disease ' even establish paternity. The components of the lab,on,a,chip device, li$e electronic systems, can be divided into active and passive components. "iological fluids to be tested as activated using the electro $inetic principle. %lectro $inetic how is generated, when electrodes, attached to computer driven power supplies, are placed in reservoir at each end of a channel and activated to

5 generate electronic current through the channel under there conditions. The #%#&, counter parts of clinical labs, referred to as micro total analysis systems #TA&! are compact systems that an analyse may samples at a time automatically. #%#& used in various disciplines of life sciences are referred to as BIOMEMS.

BUI0DING B0OC8S OF 0AB)ON)A)C2I3 BioMEMS

BIOSENSORS0
"iosensors are devices that detect, record and transmit information regarding a physiological charge or the presence of various chemical or biological materials that can cause harm to the human body in other words, it is a probe that integrates a biological component, such as a bacterium, or a biological product cen)yme or antibody with an electronic component to yield a measurable signal. /n that biosensors can use bacteria and detect them too.

A330ICATION'
:! An array of chips attached to our body may provide additional information on blood pressure, o2ygen level, and pule rate. This type of medical telesensor, which is being developed for military troops in combat )ones, will report measurements of vital functions to remote recorders. The medical telesensors would send physiological data by wireless transmission to an intelligent monitor. The monitor would also receive

5 and transmit global satellite positioning data to help medics locate the wounded soldier. @ireless monitors attached to the s$in could provide valuable information on the physiological condition of intensive,care patients in hospitals, high,ris$ outpatients, babies at ris$ of suffering sudden infant death, syndrome and police and firefighting personnel in ha)ardous situations. <! Me i(al Tele Sensor ASIC ' A <2<mm silicon chip attached to the s$in can measure body temperature. The chip contains a temperature sensor in an integrated circuit, a lithium thin film battery that supplies very low level and signal processing and transmission electronics, and an antenna that sends the data by radio signals radio, fre*uency transmission! to a monitor. 7! "lood pressure and pulses rate can be measures by chips designed to detect pressure changes. 9nli$e a glass fiber silicone fiber is fle2ible it can be s*uee)ed or stretched, and amount of compression or e2pansion can be measured by change in transmission through the fiber. An interesting alternative to the silicone fiber is the *i(ro(an-ilera, which measures the presence of substances by non Aoptical methods. /t acts as a physical, chemical or electrical sensor by detecting changes in micro contilever bending or vibration fre*uency. "ecause of small si)e and versatility of the micro cantilever, arrays of sensors can be fabricated on a single chip. #olecules observed on a cantilever cause vibration fre*uent changes which helps in measurement of viscosity density flow rate. To measure proteins, antibodies are covalently attached to the silicon surface of a micro cantilever in such a way that the stresses induced in the antibody when it reacts with its antigen are detected. -etection of biological wafer agents or bacteria and viruses in that petal laboratory could be e2pedited with this stressed antibody techni*ue.

CONC0USION 9 FUTURE EVO0UTION'


@ith the increase of se*uencing pro+ects, bioinformatics continues to ma$e considerable progress in biology by providing scientists with access to the genomic information. This progress is especially contributed by the 2/*an Geno*e 3ro:e(-. T2E ;UN8 DNA that lies with in genomes proved in <;;B turned out more essential than previous. @e can e2pect human to live much longer ' healthy life and even become immortal. &till, there are signi5i(an- iss/es -+a- (+allenge -+e in ustry. /ntegration of data ac*uisition, storage, manipulation, analysis and dissemination in a cross,platform manner, unambiguous gene

5 se*uence assignment, and development and application of new, language and ontology,based approaches are all at the leading edge of the field, with many companies and other institutions advancing these areas. Once all this is achieved at multiple levels, including genes, proteins, cells, tissues, diseases, population variations, plants, animals and other organisms, then the promise will have been fulfilled.

REFERENCE'
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