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Sergio ATAYDE, estudiante doctoral en ingeniera elctrica.
Supervisado por: Profesor Ambrish CHANDRA -cole de Technologie Suprieur (ETS), Montreal, QC, CANADA -Groupe de Recherche en lectronique de Puissance et Commande Industrielle (GREPCI)
Universit du Qubec
Contenido de la presentacin:
1) Consumo de energa a nivel mundial y estado actual de las energas renovables. 2) Generalidades de la Energa elica -Estado actual de desarrollo y proyecciones -Conceptos bsicos sobre la energa elica: - Tipos de tecnologas de explotacin de la energa elica - Curvas de potencia del viento -Extraccin Mxima de Potencia: EMP
3) Parques elicos basados en el Generador a Induccin Doblemente alimentado -Configuracin Scherbius -Lneas de investigacin y trabajo efectuado -Resonancia Sub-sincrona
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Gas (20.9%)
Nuclear (5.8%) Otras*(1%)
Biomasa/Madera/Desp.Org.(10%)
Hidro-electrica (3.2)
10% 21%
6% 3% 1% 32%
27%
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Produccin de potencia
5% 1% 2% 8% 7%
Hidro-elec. Ethanol
Bio-Disel
1100 GW 86 billones L
12 billones L
196 GW 185 GW 40 GW
n/a
0.25 0.2 0.2
12 GW**
49 GW 37 GW 8 GW
77%
**The biomass used to produced bio-fuels requires energy to be grown, cropped, transported and processed. The ratio of the power yield by bio-fuels to the power needed to produce them is called Net Energy Gain (NEG). NEG is not reflected in this table.
(Source http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf)
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*2008: capacidad instalada a nivel mundial se incrementa en 29%, de 93.9 GW a ms de 121 GW *2009: capacidad instalada a nivel mundial se incrementa en 31%, de 121 GW a ms de 159 GW. *2010: Capacidad instalada de 196GW (incremento del 25%).
(Source http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/pdfs/worldwindenergyreport2010_s.pdf)
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2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
* Incluso si la demanda de electricidad aumenta en 66% en la prxima dcada, la capacidad proyectado podra satisfacer 12% de la demanda de energa elctrica a nivel mundial!
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Source :Review of contemporary wind turbine concepts and their market penetration,2008( Hansen, Blaabjerg)
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Ventajas
*Vel.Variable *Acoplamiento directo *Control activo y reactivo de potencia *Aislamiento total de la red *Excitacion propia
Alto costo (convertidor 100%, materiales magneticos) *Demagnetizacion.
Desventajas
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Conceptos bsicos: Potencia mecnica, curvas de potencia ptima y Extraccin Mxima de Potencia (EMP)
Potencia mecanica del viento Extraccin Mxima de Potencia
La operacin EMP para aerogeneradores a velocidad variable, consiste en ajustar la velocidad del generador en funcin de la velocidad del viento (es decir se ajusta la potencia/torque elctrica en funcin de la potencia mecnica disponible)
1.8 1.6 1.4
Lmite de potencia
v=11m/s/
v=6m/s/
Pmec [p.u.]
Pmec
Cp ( , )
r
Ar C p ( , ) v / 2
Pmec Pv c1 c2 c3 c4 e
c5 /
c6
v = 7m/s
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Rr / v
[p.u.]
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PTOT= Ps + Pr
Grid
*DFIG: Generador Rotor Bobinado/ Doblemente Alim. *Potencia fluye a travs del estator y rotor.
PMEC
C
Pr sPs PRSC
AC DC
DC AC
PGSC Pr
QF
*Convertidor del Rotor(RSC) : *Control del Generador *Convertidor de la Red(GSC) *Regulacin del vnculo DC *Factor de potencia *Filtro Activo
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RSC
GSC
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DFIG ENGRANAJE
RED
a b c
TURBINA
AC DC
DC AC
RSC
GSC
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PQ harmonics
RI XI
XC
FA
RED
a b c
Resonancia Subsynchrona. * Auto-excitacion de las frecuencias naturales del sistema (mecnicas y elctricas ) * Fenmeno que afecta a las lneas de transmisin largas (150 km+) compensadas con elementos capacitivos en serie. * Particularmente nocivo para componentes mecnicos (reduccin de la vida til de ejes de transmisin falla potencial-)
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VS _ ss
DFIG
RL
XC XL
I S _ ss
RSC
Parameter
Expression
Frequencia electrica natural del sistema Frecuencia complementaria Frequencia mecanica Corrientes rotoricas y estatoricas relacionadas con magnitudes sincronas
er
/ (X
X ) ls
f en
f0
fn
f er
I @ f0 , I @ f0 s r
fr
-Corrientes sincronas Is and Ir interactuan con corrientes subsincronas Is_ss y Ir_ss. -Se generan componentes de torque a frecuencia sub-sincrona fen . -Si el componente de torque inducido a fen empata/es proximo a fn, la respuesta selectiva del sistema a las frequencia naturales, sostiene a incrementa la corrientes SS asi como el torque. Torque y corriente interactuan e incrementan las excursiones del sistema => perdida de control de magnitudes del sistema => colapso.
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-Medidas de mitigacin.
-Validacin de desarrollos tericos
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Modelo DFIG
DFIG modelo referido a un eje rotacional con velocidad angular e (transformacion de coordenadas abc a dq Transformaciones Clarke /Park -) .
vds
iqs
p p p
ds qs
/ /
b b
( (
b b
e e
r) r) e e
qs ds r) r)
/ /
b b
X ls
'dr (
ds e
)/
i 'qr
R 'r
v 'qr
Rs
vqs
X 'lr
XM
'dr / 'qr /
( (
'qr / 'dr /
b b
R 'r i 'qr
ids Rs vds
X ls
qs e
'qr (
)/
i 'dr
R 'r
(2)
v 'dr
X 'lr
donde
XM
X ss
qs
X ls
X M ; X 'rr
ds
X 'lr X M
X ss ids X M i 'dr
X ss iqs
X M i 'qr ;
'qr
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Vabc _ g
XL
abc a dq
XC
vds
RL
L iqG
idG
e
vdg vqg
vqs vqg
vqC
L idG
vqs
Element o Inductivo L: vdL p( L Lab ) idL (L Lab ) iqL
e
iqG
p iqg p idg
e b b b
idg
vqL
RL iqg XL
e b
RL idg XL
b
iqg
vdC XL vdC XL
e b
XL vds vdg XL
iqC
p C vqC
C vdC
p vqC p vdC
X C iqg X C idg
vdC vqC
Element Resistivo R:
vdqR
R idqR
e b
(3)
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System Modeling
J t1
Ktg
t1 , t1
Ktg
K t1
t2
t2
Dtg H g
Ht 2
Jt 2
Dt1
2 H t1 p 2Ht 2 p 2H g p
t1
t2
m)
Tm
J t1
H t1
p p
p
t1 t2
m
t1 t2
m
b _ mec b _ mec
b _ mec
(4)
m)
t)
Dt1
t2
0 Ktg
t2
Te
2Ht p
2H g p
p
t
t
m
t
Tm Ktg (
Ktg (
b _ mec
t
m)
m)
Dtg (
m
Dtg (
m
Te
K t1
Tm
Dtg
Hg
b _ mec
Ht
Ht
Ht1 Ht 2
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Descriptcon
*Multi generador *Turbina-generador tri-masa *Uni-generador *Turbina-generador tri-masa
Salida total
0.75 p.u. (300MW base)
Vel. viento
8 m/s 9 m/s 10m/s 9.2 m/s
RSC
GSC
DFIG
Turbine
Jg
m, m
t2 , t2
J t1
Ktg
t1 , t1
Te
Ktg
K t1
t2
t2
Dtg H g
Ht 2
Jt 2
RSC GSC
J t1
Dt1
Tm
H t1
DFIG
Turbine
RSC
GSC
SB
DFIG
Turbine
Jg
m, m
t2 , t2
J t1
Ktg
t1 , t1
Te
Ktg
K t1
t2
t2
RSC
GSC
Dtg H g
Ht 2
Jt 2
Dt1
Tm
J t1
H t1
SC
DFIG
Turbine
9.2m/s
Te
Ktg
RSC
GSC
Dtg
Hg
Tm
Ht
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er em 2 1 els el 1 3 3 2
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tw1
tw2
Electric subsynchronous Electric supersynchronous Torsional (generator 1) Torsional (generator 2) Torsional (generator 3) Electrical Rotor (generator 1) Electrical Rotor (generator 2) Electrical Rotor (generator 3)
=1.02 + 86.05i =-7.85 + 665.30i =-0.83 + 31.51i =-0.90 + 32.25i =-0.82 + 31.46i =-9.36 + 18.46i =-10.24 + 19.19i =-12.99 + 56.11i
13.70 -1.19 1 1 6 5 6 5 7 7 7 7 12 12 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 105.8 9 1.18 6 6 9 9 7 7 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.02 5.13 5.01 2.94 3.05 8.93 2.66 2.80 2.61
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 3 21 17 3 20 2 0 3 0 0 7 5 7 5 4 10 4 10 2 6 2 6 7 1 7 5 1 5 3 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 6 1 7 9 2 11 24 4 8
tw3
vqc vdc iqs1 ids1 iqr1 idr1 iqs2 ids2 iqr2 idr2 iqs3 ids3 iqr3 idr3 r1 t1
r2 t2
r3 t3
Tipo de modo
Eigenvalor
Damping (%)
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P T / Q T [p.u]
1 0 -1
m
0.87
0.85
0
Mag (% of Fundamental) Mag (% of Fundamental)
13.5Hz
0.86
150
12Hz
10
FFT
0.85
FFT
-1
-(PT, QT) y (m ) conforme la compensacin aumenta. -La resonancia aparece a 27s con compensacin de l73%. -La frecuencia natural de la red (13.5)Hz es prxima al modo mecnico de la turbina a 12Hz.
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P T / QT [p.u]
1 0.96 0 -1 -2 10
m
0.95
20
30
40
Time
0.94 10
20
30
40
Time
Mag (% of Fundamental)
Mag (% of Fundamental)
150
-0.5 -0.6
100 80
0.98
12Hz
0.97
10Hz
100
0.96
40
50
FFT
0.95
20
40
60
43
43.5
44
20
40
60
43
43.5
44
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
-(PT, QT) y (m ) conforme la compensacin aumenta. -La resonancia aparece a 43s con compensacin de l 83%. -La frecuencia natural de la red (10)Hz es prxima al modo mecnico de la turbina a 12Hz.
IECON 2011, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA 21
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P T / QT [p.u]
0.956
m
Time
0 -1 -2 10 20 30 40
20
30
40
Time
Mag (% of Fundamental)
Mag (% of Fundamental)
20
11Hz
80 60
0.954
11Hz
-0.6 -0.7
15 10
2.2Hz FFT
40 20 0 0
2.2Hz
FFT
-0.8 -0.9 43
5 0 0.951 43
20
40
60
44
45
20
40
60
44
45
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
-(PT, QT) y (m ) conforme la compensacin aumenta. -La resonancia no aparece aun tras compensacin del 83%.
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http://www.etsmtl.ca
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Gracias.
Preguntas??.....
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INTRODUCTION
Manufacturer
Table I shows how fast wind industry evolves and changes: -Although their business volume has increased, all major traditional manufacturers (Vestas, GE, Gamesa, etc.) have lost market share. -In less than 5 years 4 Chinese companies made the top 10 of turbine manufacturers.
6.Suzlon
7.Dongfang 8.Gamesa 9.Siemens 10. United Power
India
China Spain Den./Germ. China
6.9
6.7 6.6 5.9 4.2
7.5
N/A 15.5 7.1 N/A
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INTRODUCTION
Yaw system 9.5 Power 7.3 Converter Pitch system 3.9 Control 3.7 panel Transformer 3.6
Generator
Rotor hub
Source: Industry Canada:: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/wei-iee.nsf/eng/00166.html
3.4
3.0
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Interesting facts:
-Over its lifetime this turbine will offset the need to dispel 724,000 tons of CO2 into the earths atmosphere and displace the use of 2 million oil barrels (the world consumes 75 million barrels a day) -Prototype Scheduled to be deployed in 2012. The Queen of England (Crown Estate) has commanded one. The Crown Estate controls the seas up to 14 miles off the British coast.
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
- Concept: Lightweight, designed for both fixed seabed and floating installations
-Rotor diameter 145m -Sway was established with the sole purpouse of developing a cost effective 10 MW wind turbine. -Prototype Scheduled to be operational before 2015
(Source http://www.swayturbine.no)
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INTRODUCTION
-Wind speed varies directly with height. Hub heights of more than 100m are customary in modern wind turbines in the MWs range. -Wind speeds are much higher and more consistent over water. As a result energy density is larger. -Wind prospecting tools and risk assessment methodologies are essential in the viability analysis of a wind farm project. 33
(Source www.3tier.com)
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INTRODUCTION
Specs: -781.5 MW installed capacity (average production of 25%-30% or 195-235MW) -Mitsubishy, Siemmens and GE Turbines (ratings 1-2.3MW) -Cost: US $1 billion. Wind farm covers 400 square km (Up to 400 indivisual land owners are involved in the land lease contract)
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(Source http://www.roscoewind.org/)
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INTRODUCTION
Specs: -300 MW installed capacity (average production of 35%-40% or 105-120MW) -100 Vestas V90-3MW turbines (variable speed/DFIG-based/90m rotor diameter /independent pitch control/1:100 gearbox/15m/s rated windspeed). -Siemens offshore (33kv/132kv) and inshore (SVC) substations/ -Cost: US $1.2-1.4 billion. Wind farm covers 35 square km.
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(Source http://www.vattenfall.co.uk/en/thanet-offshore-wind-farm.htm)
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INTRODUCTION
Integration Of Wind Energy Exploitation and Tourism: The Eye of The Wind
-First fully functional 1.5MW wind turbine to have an observation pod (viewPOD). -Conceived as a landmark for the city of Vancouver in CANADA. -Its 65m tower includes an elevator to the viewPOD.
Source: http://www.grousemountain.com/eye-of-the-wind/blog
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INTRODUCTION
Source: http://www.bahrainwtc.com
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INTRODUCTION
Source: http://www.bahrainwtc.com
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
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