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AUTO POWER SUPPLY CONTROL FROM FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES SOLAR, MAINS, INVERTER & GENRATOR WITHOUT BREAK
IN POWER
CHAPTER 1.
ABSTRACT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
AUTO POWER SUPPLY CONTROL FROM FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES SOLAR, MAINS, INVERTER & GENRATOR WITHOUT BREAK IN POWER
ABSTRACT
The project is designed to provide uninterrupted AC mains supply i.e., 230 volt to a single phase load. This is achieved by automatic changeover of the load from the missing phase to the next available phase in a 3 phase system. It is often noticed that power interruption in distribution system is about 70% for single phase faults while other two phases are in normal condition. Thus, in any commercial or domestic power supply system where 3 phase is available, it is advisable to have an automatic changeover system for uninterrupted power to critical loads in the event of missing phase. In this system auto selection is achieved by using a set of relays interconnected in such a way that if one of the relay feeding to the load remains energized always. Under the phase failure condition the corresponding step down transformer secondary delivers zero voltage which is duly rectified to DC and then fed to the logic gates comprising of AND & OR to switch on the next relay that delivers the power to the load. It also has a provision of connecting to an inverter source which delivers uninterrupted power to the load incase all the 3 phases go missing. The project is supplied with three transformers connected to the 3 phases supply. Further the project can be enhanced by incorporating power semiconductor devices such as thyristors/IGBTs for instantaneous changeover to the next available phase.
CHAPTER 2.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
In todays world there is a wide use of electricity for different purposes such as industrial, residential, traction, commercial and agriculture for development of the nation. As the demand of electricity are expanding the more power to be required. Due to continuous and excessive use of electricity the conventional sources are reduces Also the problem of load sheding goes on rapidly increasing. So as to overcome this problems we use both conventional and non-conventional sources in our project AUTO POWER SUPPLY CONTROL FROM FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES SOLAR, MAINS, INVERTER & GENERATOR WITHOUT BREAK IN POWER. The outline of the project is selection of supply from mains, generator, and inverter and solar automatically by using microcontroller concept. The main objective of this project is to provide uninterrupted power supply to a load, by selecting the supply from any source out of 4 such as mains, generator, and inverter and solar automatically in the absence of any of the source. The demand for electricity is increasing every day and frequent power cuts is causing many problems invarious areas like industries, hospitals and houses. An alternative arrangement for power source is a must
CHAPTER 3.
BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
M I C R O C O N T R O L L E R
LCD
Mains Opamp Generator
Load
Relay
Solar Opamp Inverter
4 different sources Relay Driver
Power Supply
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

Microcontroller: It is a low power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory ROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51. Instruction set and pin out. The on chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed insystem or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, it provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution so many embedded control applications. Op-amp: The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks etc. RELAY: The relay is a device by means of which an electrical circuit can be controlled (opened or closed) by sensing a change in the circuit in which it is connected. In this circuit the electromagnetic relay is used for make and break between load connected with it.
It works on the principle of electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic induction.
LCD: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
Power Supply: Initial stage of every electronic circuit is power supply system that provides required power to drive the whole system. The specification of power supply depends on the power requirement and this requirement is determined by its rating.
Chapter 4.
Component Description
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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:
POWER SUPPLY: Power supply block consists of following units: Step down transformer Bridge rectifier circuit Input filter Voltage regulators Output filter Indicator unit Step down transformer: The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply voltage of 230v ac from mains to lower values, as the various ICs used in this project require reduced voltages. The transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary core. The outputs from the secondary coil which is center tapped are the ac values of 0v, 15v and 15v. The conversion of these ac values to dc values to dc values is done using the full wave rectifier unit. Rectifier Unit: A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge circuit. That provides the polarity of output voltage of any polarity of the input voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of alternating current (A.C) input into
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direct current (D.C) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. The diagram describes a diode-bridge design known as a full wave rectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase A.C. when no transformer center tap is available. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally. For both positive and negative swings of the transformer, there is a forward path through the diode bridge. Both conduction paths cause current to flow in the same direction through the load resister, accomplishing full-wave rectification. While one set of diodes is forward biased, the other set is reversing biased and effectively eliminated from the circuit. Input Filter: Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the dc voltages are removed and pure dc voltage is obtained. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the ac voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. Therefore, it allows only ac voltage and does not allow the dc voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Capacitors used here are of the value 470uF Regulator unit: Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value. The output voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input dc voltage. Whenever there are any ac voltage fluctuations, the dc voltage also changes, and to avoid this regulators are used.
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Regulators can be classified as: Positive regulator, which voltage(7805,7812)
regulates
the
positive
1. > input pin 2. > ground pin 3. > output pin Regulators used in this application are: 7805 that provides 5v dc Output Filter: This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Capacitors used here are of value 10F.
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MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Downloadable Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable watchdog timer, two Data Pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the
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RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. The Downloadable Flash can be changed a single byte at a time and is accessible through the SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active forces the SPI bus into a serial programming interface and allows the program memory to be written to or read from unless Lock Bit 2 has been activated. Features Compatible with MCS-51Products 8K bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Downloadable Flash Memory SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 256 x 8 bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16 bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power Down Mode
Advantages Less power consumption Low cost Less space required High speed
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ULN 2003(relay driver ): Feature; Seven darlingtons per package output current 500ma per driver(600ma peak) output voltage 50v integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads outputs can be paralleled for higher current ttl/cmos/pmos/dtlcompatible inputs inputs pinned opposite outputs to Simplifylayout
DESCRIPTION The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004Aare high voltage,high current darlington arrays each containing seven open collector darlington pairs with common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mAand can withstand peak currents of 600mA. Suppression diodes are included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout. LM358 The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp circuits that now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. In the linear mode, the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the output voltage can swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply voltage.
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Advantage The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated. The input bias current is also temperature compensated. Two internally compensated op amps Eliminates need for dual supplies Allows direct sensing near GND and VOUT also goes to GND Compatible with all forms of logic Power drain suitable for battery operation Features Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package Internally frequency compensated for unity gain Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated) Wide power supply range: o Single supply: 3V to 32V o or dual supplies: 1.5V to 16V Very low supply current drain (500 A)essentially independent of supply voltage Low input offset voltage: 2 mV Input common-mode voltage range includes ground Differential input voltage range equal to the power
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LCD DISPLAY LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD, each character is displayed in 5x7-pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
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RELAYS: The relay is a device by means of which an electrical circuit can be controlled (opened or closed) by sensing a change in the circuit in which it is connected. The relays can be either electromagnetic or electronic. In this circuit, the electromagnetic relay is used to connect or disconnect the supply to the appliance to be controlled. It works on the principle of electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic induction. These relays can be actuated by AC or DC quantities. In these relays, there are one or more coils, movable elements, contact systems etc.
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CHAPTER 5.
WORKING
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WORKING
The outline of this project is selection of supply from main, generator, inverter and solar automatically by using microcontroller concept. As it is not feasible to provide all 4 different sources of supply source with op-amp LM358 provide to get the same function. In this project, we are having op-amp connected with four different sources. When we select any one then op-amp output get high of respect input and apply to microcontroller. Here we are using 8051 family microcontroller as a input signal is given to the UNL 2003, this act as a relay driver. This can drive up to seven relays. The relay, which are used here, are 12V relay the output can observe using lamp which is getting uninterrupted power supply from other means if main supply is cut off. The power supply consist of step down transformer 230/12V which steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is converted to be using a bridge rectifier the ripple are removed using capacitive filter & it is then regulated 7805 which is required for the operation of microcontroller and other component.
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Software used: Express SCH Express SCH software used for Circuit designing. Steps for Designing: 1. Begin a new schematic by running ExpressSCH. You can launch ExpressSCH from your desktop by clicking on the icon. 2. Select New from the File menu. Then start designing a schematic diagram. 3. Take component from Components and Symbols manager as per required and it by using wire. 4. In this way we can make schematic diagram.
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PCB Artist INTRODUCTION TO PCB ARTIST Printed Circuit Boards Basics PCBs are the backbone of any electronic devices, and therefore knowledge of PCB layout tools can be a vital skill. Both analog and digital circuits used in PCBs depending on the application, and with different types of circuits, the designer must take into account certain design considerations. More Advance circuits like RF circuits or Power circuits take more thought in the layout and design because the circuit is more sensitive to component placement and the lengths of the connections between them. The process for PCB design is to first create a list of parts you will use in the circuit, and then take the footprint of the component from libraries available. After taking footprint, you have to connect that component by track. Then finally place all the components in this manner and connect them physically how you want them to be fabricated on the board.
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Keil uvision The Vision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The Vision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded programs that work. The Vision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment.
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CHAPTER 6.
SOLDERING
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SOLDERING
What is solder? Solder is an alloy (mixture) of tin and lead, typically 60% tin and 40% lead. It melts at a temperature of about 200C. Coating a surface with solder is called 'tinning' because of the tin content of solder. Lead is poisonous and you should always wash your hands after using solder.
Solder for electronics use contains tiny cores of flux, like the wires inside a mains flex. The flux is corrosive, like an acid, and it cleans the metal surfaces as the solder melts. This is why you must melt the solder actually on the joint, not on the iron tip. Without flux most joints would fail because metals quickly oxidise and the solder itself will not flow properly onto a dirty, oxidised, metal surface.
The best size of solder for electronics is 22swg (swg = standard wire gauge).
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Chapter 7.
Advantages & Disadvantages
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ADVANTAGES It gives continuous power supply. Problem of load shedding is reduced. Cheaper in cost.
DISADVANTAGES More components are required. Maintains cost is high.
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APPLICATION Any domestic & small industries Hospital :In hospital during operation of any patient, if main supply off then for these applicated condition we use it. In bank work Auto intensity control In emmergency condition
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CHAPTER 8.
FUTURE SCOPE
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FUTURE SCOPE
Today, electricity is basic need of modern life all modern activities are fully dependent on electrical power. However, it, electricity has critical infrastructure. Approximately,70% household & industrial task access to electricity. In future, require more & more power that causes get the uninterrupted power supply. Keeping all this in mind this system provide continuous power to the consumer to break in electricity .For more electricity required more fuel required to solve this insufficiency of fuel this system used both conventional & non-conventional sources& saves the fuel for future expansions.
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CHAPTER 9.
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
Electricity is most important need of modern life. No work done without electricity for providing this need without breakage we need more power. This is achieved by the system and we supply, control the power without ensure the power breakage and overcomes the problems of load shedding. Continuous supply of power gives the comfort of any environment will revolutionize our way of living.
The main objective of this project is to provide uninterrupted power supply to aload, by selecting the supply from any source out of 4 such as mains, generator, andinverter and solar automatically in the absence of any of the source. The demand for electricity is increasing every day and frequent power cuts is causing many problems invarious areas like industries, hospitals and houses
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CHAPTER 10.
REFERENCES
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REFERENCES Name of references book Sr.no Book name 1 2 3 Network analysis Circuit theory Microprocesser Auther name Van valken burg Chakravarthy B Ram
Sites of refference
1. http://www.boondog.com/tutorials/dtmf/dtmf.htm 2. http://electronics-diy.com/electronic_schematic.php?id=510 3. http://www.discovercircuits.com/D/dtmf.htm 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-tone_multifrequency_signaling 5. http://www.gaoresearch.com/products/telephony/other/dtmf.php 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_%28telecommunications %29 7. http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5459784.html 8. http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5459784/description.html
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CHAPTER 11.
LIST OF COMPONENT
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Sr. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
List of component Microcontroller IC AT89S52 Relay LED LCD JHD-162A Bridge rectifier Transformer Solar plate Resister Op-amp LM358 Printed ckt board (270*280) Relay driver IC UJN280 Crystal KDS11.65 Lamp Capacitor PCB Regulator L78051C Zener diode TOTAL
Quantity 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 29
Cost (Rs) 200*1=200 50*4=200 100*1=100 300*1=300 50*1=50 100*4=400 3500*1=3500 10*5=50 50*1=50 200*1=200 25*4=100 100*1=100 10*1=10 50*1=50 500*1=500 80*1=80 30*4=120 =6010
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CHAPTER 12.
PROJECT PHOTO
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AUTO POWER SUPPLY CONTROL FROM FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES SOLAR, MAINS, INVERTER & GENRATOR WITHOUT BREAK

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Mains Opamp Generator

Solar Opamp Inverter

4 different sources Relay Driver

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

It works on the principle of electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic induction.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Regulators can be classified as: Positive regulator, which voltage(7805,7812)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Advantages & Disadvantages

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DISADVANTAGES More components are required. Maintains cost is high.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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