Digestive System

Obtain from ingested food the metabolites for growth and development; SSNCE

Sulcus Terminalis V shape groove Palatine portion anterior 2/3 Pharyngeal portion posterior 1/3 Filiform Papillae - SSCE Most numerous Fingerlike No taste buds

Except hard palate, gums and filiform - SSCE Oral Vestibule Cleft-like interval

Oral Cavity Proper Large cavity

Fungiform Papillae - SSNCE Mushroom like Tip of the tongue

Retromolar Space Only communication between OV and OCP

Folliate Papillae SSNCE Leaf-like Rudimentary in man

Lips
Skin: SSCE Submucosa: Labial Glands Mucosa: SSNCE *muco-cutaneous junction/vermillion border *no hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands

Circumvallate Papillae - SSNCE Largest Dome shape

Blandin and Nuhn Anterior lingual glands Mucoserous glands

Von-Ebners

Cheeks
Skin: SSCW Submucosa: Buccal Glands Mucosa: SSNCE *bucco-pharngeal fascia *buccinator muscle

Posterior Purely serous

Gums/Gingivae SSCE
Mucosa adherent to mucoperiostum(DCT)

Teeth
Temporary (20) 6th month to 6th year Permanent (32) 6th year to 25th year

Tongue
SSNCE except filiform

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Enamel Dentin Odontoblasts Hardest structure Ameloblasts 78% hydroapetite

Auerbachs Plexus (for peristalsis) Tunica Adventitia LCT Esophageal Glands Branched-coiled tubular glands Mucus, for lubrication Superficial found in LP Deep found in Submucosa

Cementum Cementocytes

Periodonta Membrane DCT

Stomach
Mucosa LE: Simple Columnar w/o goblet cells Most dilated portion Storage and digestion

Pulp cavity Blood vessels

*bone is 60% hydroxyapetite

LP: LCT/DCT MM: IC, OL

Esophagus/Gullet
Mucosa LE: SSNCE LP: LLT/LCT MM: 1 smooth muscle layer Submucosa DICT Meissners Plexus (for gastric secretion) Tunica Muscularis IC, OL Upper 1/3 skeletal muscle Middle 1/3 smooth/skeletal Lower 1/3 smooth

*gastric pits Submucosa LCT, no glands Meissners Plexus Tunica Muscularis IO, MC, OL Auerbachs Plexus Tunica Serosa LCT lined by mesotheliuem

Gastric glands Found in LP

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3 types of gastric glands Type Cardiac Simple Gland tubular gland Gastric pits Shallow Cells Few parietal and argentaffin cells All cells

Widest lumen:duodenum Narrowest lumen: ileocecal valve Mucosa LE: Simple columnar w/ goblet cells LP: LCT w DLT Crypts of Lieberkuhn MM: 2 smooth muscle layer Submucosa DCT, Meisnners Plexus Brunners Gland Tunica Muscularis IC, OL Auerbachs Plexus Tunica Serosa LCT Plica Circulares/Valves of Kerking For absorption, with microvilli

Fundic Gland

Simple branched tubular gland

Pyloric Gland

Occupy thickness of mucosa Simple Long and No branched deep; parietal tubular thickness cells gland except in pyloric sphincter

Parenchyma of stomach: Parietal cells Other names of cells: Chief/Principal/Zymogenic cells Parietal/Oxyntic cells Argentaffin/Endocrine/Entero-chromaffin cells

Intestinal Glands/Crypts of Lieberkuhn 4 cells in gastric glands Cells of small intestine Mucous neck cell Chief cell Columnar/cuboidal Parietal cell Pyramidal Argentaffin cell Shape Columnar Secretion Mucus Stratified Columnar cells Goblet cells Paneth cells Endocrine cells Intestinal absorptive Lubrication and protection Lysozyme EC serotonin ECL histamine D-cell - somatostatin Invaginations

Pepsinogen HCL & intrinsic factors Pyramidal/Flattened Serotonin Histamine Gastrin

Small Intestine
For absorption Length of 22 feet

Parenchyma of small intestine: Paneth cells VIP vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

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Brunners gland A cells G cells L cells S cells I cells Branched coiled tubular gland Viscous & alkaline fluid Against erosive effect of acid Found in submucosa Enteric glucagons Gastrin Glucagon-like Secretin Cholecystokinin Intestinal Villi Leaflike Goblet cells Few

Taenia Coli Haustra Tunica Serosa Appendices epiplocae

Appendix
Mucosa LE: Simple columnar w/ goblet cells LP: DCT, NLT MM: smooth muscle layer Submucosa Vermiform tubular Cecum to ileoceval valve

Duodenum Jejenum Ileum

10 inc/25 cm 8 ft/2.5 m 12 ft/3.5 m

Fingerlike Numerous Club Most shaped numerous

Duodenum Widest Jejenum Ileum

Nonmovable Narrower Movable Narrowest Movable

Lymphatic nodules Tunica Muscularis IC, OL Tunica Serosa

*Duodenum has brunners gland but no mesentry

Peritoneal lined by mesothelium

Large Instestine
Mucosa LE: Simple columnar with goblet cells LP: LCT, Goblet cells MM: smooth muscle layer Submucosa DCT Tunica Muscularis
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5-6 feet No villi Plica semilunaris

Rectum
Mucosa LE: Simple columnar w/ goblet cells LP: Plicae Transversalis recti MM: Smooth muscle layer Submucosa DCT Sigmoid colon to pelvic diaphragm 12 cms Rectal ampulla (dilated)

Tunica Muscularis IC, OL Tunica Serosa Found in posterior wall Buccal Labial Lingual Palatine Parotid Submandibular Sublingual Von-Ebers

Small

Big

Serous

Mucous

Mix

Open to OV

Open to OCP

* *

Anal Canal
1.5 inches

Upper half Simple Columnar w/ goblet cells Anal columns of Morgagni Internal anal sphincter *Submandibular is predominantly serous *Sublingual is predominantly mucous Intercalated Duct Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Striated Duct Simple Columnar Epithelium Interlobular Duct Simple Columnar Epithelium w/o basal striations

Lower half Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium Valves of Morgagni Hemmorrhoidal plexuses of veins External anal sphincter

Salivary Glands
Branched tubule-alveolar glands

Parotid gland Largest salivary gland Stensens duct Purely serous

Liver
Largest glandular organ Secretion of bile Hepatocytes

Submandibular gland Demilunes of Gianuzzi Whartons duct Predominantly serous

Glissons capsule DCT Hepatic lobule Anatomical unit Bile Canaliculi - Intercellular channels Canals of Herring - Smallest bile duct

Sublingual gland No fibrous capsule Major ducts of Bartholin Minor ducts of Rivinus Predominantly mucous

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Luschka Ducts Perisinusoidal / Disses space Narrow space Abberant duct-like structure

Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Annular band of smooth muscle Terminal portion of bile duct Pancreatic duct Space between ducts Ampulla

Central Vein Smallest radicles of hepatic veins

Liver acinus Tissue suplied

Sphincter choledochus Sphincter pancreaticus Fasciculus longitudinalis Sphincter ampullae

Hepatic sinusoid cells Endothelial cells Non-phagocytic Flattened

Pancreas
Second largest gland in GIT

Von-Kupffer cells Phagocytic cells Stellate, from monocyte

Pancreatic Acine (exocrine) Supranuclear acidophilic Infranuclear basophilic

Fat storing/ Ito cells Lipid droplets Lipocytes

Islets of Langerhans (endocrine) Masses of epithelial cells 20%, periphery 60% central Guinea pigs Opossum islets Uncinate process of canine pancreas Also in exocrine part Glucagon Insulin Somatostatin

Hepatic artery: Simple squamous Bile duct: Cuboidal cells Portal vein: Simple squamous

Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells C cells E cells F cells

Gallblader
Pear shaped organ Site of concentration and storage of bile Pp cells

Protein polypeptides

LE: Simple columnar LP: Rokitansky-aschoff sinuses *Centro acinar cells

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Urinary System
Functions: 1. Eliminate nitrogenous waste thru urine 2. Regulate blood pressure and blood volume 3. Regulate salt and water balance 4. Secrete erythropoietin and rennin (Endocrine) 5. Passage of semen in urethra

2 divisions of renal cortex Pars Convoluta Renal corpuscles PCT DCT Arched collecting tubules Pars Recta Descending lop of Henle Ascending loop of Henle Thin loop of Henle Straight collecting tubules

Histological differences of Medulla and Cortex Cortex Contain renal corpuscle Prominent alterations Acidophili and brighter Medulla Absent No alterations; All straight parts Lighter in staining; Has collecting tubules

Kidneys
Paired organs, 150 grams each Located retroperitoneally on posterior wall of abdominal cavity

2 poles of renal corpuscles Renal Hilus Concavity in medial border of kidney 1. 2. Urinary or Tubular Pole Continuous w/ lumen of PCT Vascular Pole Contains afferent and efferent arteriole

Renal Sinus Large cavity from hilus into kidney substance

Renal Pelvis Funnel shaped that sends into kidney substance

Afferent Arteriole Carries blood toward glomeruli

Efferent Arteriole Drains blood from glomeruli

Renal columns of Bertini Cortical tissue

Glomerulus Tuft of capillaries enclosed in Bowmans capsule

Medullary rays of Ferrein Thin radially directed striations in cortex

Bowmans capsule layers 1. 2. Outer parietal layer Simple squamous epithelium Inner visceral layer Formed by podocytes

Nephron Functional unit of kidney

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Proximal Convoluted Tubule Podocytes Stellate shaped sending primary processes Simple cuboidal w/ brush borders Longest, most convoluted part

Pedicles Secondary processes

Descending loop of Henle Thick segment same lining to PCT Thin segment single layer of flattened epithelial cells

Filtration/Slit pores System of intercellular cleft

Filtration barrier: Slit pores Basal lamina Endothelium of a glomerular capillary Ascending loop of Henle Simple cuboidal w/o brush border

Glomerular capillaries fenestrated capillary w/o diaphragm

Distal Convoluted Tubule Simple cuboidal w/o brush border

Intraglomerular mesengial cells: Stellate Phagocytic Embedded in mesangial matrix Collecting tubules composed of: 1. 2. Arched Collecting Tubules Simple cuboidal cells Straight collecting tubule Simple columnar epithelium (dark staining) - Located at pars radiate 3. Papillary ducts of Bertin - Simple tall columnar cells

Functions: 1. Provide structural support 2. Maintain the basal lamina 3. Dispodal and removal of filtration residues 4. Participate in the turnover of the deeper and older parts of basal lamina

Juxtamedullary cells Modified smooth muscle cell Secrets rennin To increase blood pressure

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Macula Densa Palisade layer of columnar cells

Tunica Adventitia LCT Histological characteristics: 1. No glands in LP 2. Transitional epithelium 3. Presence of irregular stellate shaped lumen 4. Three-muscle layer at the distal third

Lacis cells May produce erythropoietin

Mucosa inner coat Muscularis Externa muscular coat Tunica adventitia fibrous coat (LCT) Muscular layer: Outer circular Inner longitudinal *no basement membrane *no submucosa LP:

Urinary bladder
Hallow viscous organ for storage of urine Increase thickness of muscular coat DCT (superficial) LCT (deep) Inner longitudinal Middle circular (thickest) Outer longitudinal or outer oblique Tunica Adventita Fibro-elastic Connective Tissue

Ureter
Muscular tube that connects kidney to bladder Transitional epithelium

LP: DCT (superficial) LCT (deep) Upper 2/3: Inner longitudinal Outer circular Lower 1/3: Inner longitudinal Middle circular Outer longitudinal

Trigone Smooth triangular region of internal urinary bladder formed by the two urethral orifices and internal urethral orifice

Fusiform vesicles permeability barrier

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Male urethra
18-20 cm long w/ sigmoid curve

Muscular coat: Inner longitudinal Outer circular Fibrous layer: Areolar connective tissue

Prostatic urethra 3-4 cm Transitional epithelium

*colliculus seminalis/vermontanum *prostatic utricle homologue of uterus

Female urethra
3-5 cm Transitional epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium

Membranous urethra 1-1.5 cm Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

First: Middle: Terminal:

Penile urethra 15 cm Pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium Inner longitudinal Outer circular *Lacunae of Morgagni * Littres gland LP: LCT Littres gland (mucus secreting) Urethra sphincter - voluntary *Middle/lower part- skeletal muscle that form urethral sphincter

*fossa navicularis enlarged portion, SSNCE

Lacunae of Morgagni deep irregular out-pocketings

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Male Reproductive System Testes

Male gonads Compound-tubular glands

Tubuli recti Straight tubule at apex of lobule

Rete testis Network of tubules found in mediastinum testis

Exocrine function: Formation of sperm cells Endocrine function: Secretes testosterone

Ductuli efferentes 2-15 convoluted tubules from rete testis

Testicular layers: Outer tunica vaginalis Middle tunica albuginea LE: Stratified epithelium Dense fibrous tissue Basement membrane Inner tunica vasculosa Capsule: Fibroelastic CT Network of blood vessels

Seminiferous tubules

Supporting/Sertoli/Nurse cells Scrotum

Homologue of labia majora Dartos muscle Mechanical support, nutrition and protection to germ cells Active role in release of spermatozoa Phagocytosis of cellular fragments Inhibition secretion blood-testis permeability barrier

Mediastinum testis Thick capsule at posterior border of testis

Blood-testis permeability barrier Isolates and protects the differentiating spermatogenic cells

Septuli testis Fibrous partitions that divide testis

Testicular lobules Pyramidal compartments One to four seminiferous tubules

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Spermatocytogenesis
Mitosis of spermatogonia to spermatocytes

Spermatogonia
Type A Type B Spherical nucleus Give rise to primary spermatocytes Oval nucleus with fine chromatin granules Mitotic divisions Give rise to other Type A and Type B

Meiosis
Maturation division of spermatocyte Reduces chromosome number by half Produces spermatids

Spermiogenesis
Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

Primary spermatocytes
Biggest of spermatogenic cells Undergo first meiotic division

Spermatogenesis
Entire sequence of events from spermatogonia to spermatozoa

Secondary spermatocytes
Undergo spermiogenesis to transform into mature germ cells

Spermatozoa
*85 million sperm per day per testicle *Between 200 and 600 million sperm cells are normally released in each ejaculation *Spermatogenesis takes place for 64 days Mature and actively motile; with a head, body and tail

Interstitial cells of Leydig

Found in between seminiferous tubules Secrete testosterone

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Tubuli recti Simple cuboidal epithelium Rete testis Simple cuboidal epithelium Ductuli efferentis Simple columnar epithelium Tall columnar ciliated Low columnar non-ciliated *Festooned appearance of lumen *sperm not mobile

Spermatic cord Vas deferens Artery Pampiniform plexus of veins

Cremaster muscle Muscle that covers the testis and the spermatic cord Encloses the cord

Ejaculatory ducts
Union of ampulla of vas deferens and excretory ducts of seminal vesicle

LE: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Ductus epididymis
Storage of spermatozoa, 6 meter Fertilizing capacity and maturation develops here

Seminal vesicle
Pair of convoluted sacs Secretes semen

LE: Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia *Halo cells intraepithelial lymphocytes

Semen consists of: Fructose Vitamin C Fibrinogen Prostaglandin Phosphorylcholine

Ductus/ Vas deferens

LE: Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia Tunica Muscularis Thickest layer IL, MC, OL Tunica Adventita Loose fibroelastic connective tissue

LE: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Tunica Muscularis IC, OL Tunica Adventitia DCT

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Prostate gland
Compound tubule-alveolar glabd Phosphatase Citric acid Amylase

LE: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium *Copora amylacea spherical concentrically lamellated bodies Cowpers / Bulbo-urethral glands Compound tubule-alveolar glands in urogenital diaphragm Secrets mucus (for lubrication)

LE: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Enlarge alveoli: flat cells Empty alveoli: cuboidal or columnar cells Penis Copulatory gland Corpora cavernosa (2) Corpora spongiosum (1)

*Trabeculae - partitions

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Female Reproductive System

Ovaries
Female gonads Attached to broad ligaments by mesovarium Attached to uterus by ovarian ligament

Mature graafian follicle Large primary oocyte with large nucleus in a thick zona pellucida

*Unilaminar single *Multilaminar stratified

Medula: LCT with elastic fibers and blood vessels Cortex: Ovarian follicles Germinal epithelium Simple squamous to cuboidal Mistaken belief - primordial follicles originated from it Tunica Albuginea DICT

Liquor folliculi clear fluid in antrum Antrum cavity Zona pellucida surround the plasma membrane of oocyte

Ovarian follicles
400,000 in both ovaries 500 ova in one reproductive life

Theca interna receptors for luteinizing hormone; production of androstenedione

Primordial/Unilaminar Follicles Primary oocyte with single layer of flattened follicular cells Respond to hormonal change

Theca Externa resembling fibroblasts, and contains collagen

*Both theca interna and externa are connective tissue derivatives

Primary follicles Large oocyte & cuboidal follicular cells

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Ovulation Process where follicle ruptures and sets free the ovum; females menstrual cycle

Indunfibulum Funnel shaped; fimbrae

Ampulla Longest and widest; fertilization happen

Corpus luteum Yellow body Secrete estrogen and progesterone Ruptured follicle if ovum is not fertilized

Isthmus Near the uterus; thick wall

Interstitial In the wall of uterus

Corpus hemorrhagicum Bloody body; central clot

LE: Simple columnar ciliated Tall with ciliated Peg shaped non-ciliated

Corpus albicans Whitening body; Degenerated form of corpus luteum

(nourish the uterus) ( parenchyma)

Lamina Propia Stigma first indication of impending ovulation; small oval area Fusiform cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and mast celss and reticular fibers Tunica Muscularis IC, OL w/o distinct boundary Peritoneal coat

Oviducts/Fallopian tubes
12-15 cm long; 6-8 mm in diameter Receives the ovum Fertilization of the ovum

Aerosol structure LCT

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Uterus
pear shaped muscular organ conduit for sperm transport prepares the embryo for implantation body, fundus and isthmus

Uterine/Endometrial glands Simple branched tubular glands Secrete seromucous fluid

Perimetrium simple squamous covers corpus and cervix

Functionalis: spiral artery (coiled) Basalis: basal artery (straight branches)

Myometrium thick muscular coat; 15 mm Longitudinal fibers Circular fibers Both circular and longitudinal Three stages endometrium passes through:

Stratum Inner subvasculare Stratum Middle vasculare Stratum Outer supravasculare

1. Proliferative/Follicular/Estrogenic Phase 4-14 day; end of menstrual flow

Endometrium Simple columnar ciliated Preparation for implantation Formation of maternal portion of placent

2. Luteal/Secretory/Progestational Phase 15-29 day; after ovulation

3. Menstrual Phase *Stratum functionalis Sloughed off during menstruation Undergoes changes Upper stratum compactum Lower stratum spongiosum 1-4; Fertilization fail to occur Ovarian hormones stimulation declines

*Stratum Basalis Unaffected

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Cervix
3 cm long

External genitalia Clitoris Two erectile corpora cavernosa

Endocervix Simple columnar mucus secreting Plica palmitae Nabothian cyst

Bartholins gland ( major vestibular gland) Tubule-alveolar type

*Cervical glands simple branched tubular; found in LP Exocervix (Portio Vaginalis) Stratified squamous non-cornified

Labia minora Stratified squamous non-cornified Blood vessels and sebaceous glands No hair

Labia Majora Subcutaneous adipose tissue with hair

Vagina
Hymen Transverse semicircular membrane *perineal area softest part LE: Stratified squamous non-cornified Lamina Propia Homologous Organs LCT *no glands *Glycogen is broken down to lactic acid, making it acidic Tunica Muscularis IC, OL Tunica Adventitia DCT, Venous plexus, Nerves and collagen bundles Male Testis Penis Scrotum Spongy urethra Bulbourethral gland Glands of Littre Female Ovaries Clitoris Labia Majora Labia Minora Bartholins gland Minor vestibular gland Organ for copulation Birth canal *Sensory nerve endings: meissners corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles

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Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that are transport thru blood; elicits a specific response

Anterior pituitary/Adenohypophysis From oral ectoderm Compose of cells Posterior lobe Posterior lobe

Pars distalis Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia

Needed for survival: Parathyroid gland Pancreatic islets Adrenal gland (cortex) Pars distalis cells: 1. Chromophobe cells - No affinity to dyes 2. Chromophil cells Acidophils Growth hormone/STH Prolactin/LTH TSH FSH LH ICSH ACTH

Pituitary gland / Hypophysis

Pea size in bony cavity(sella tursica) of brain

Basophils

Posterior pituitary / Neurohypophysis From neural ectoderm Pars nervosa and infundibulum

Pars tuberalis Funnel shaped that surrounds infundibulum Highly vascularized

Pars nervosa Collect hormones and release when needed

Pars intermedia Rathkes cysts Synthesize melanocyte stimulating hormone

Herring bodies Neurosecretory end of axons Storage site of oxytocin and vasopressin

Pineal gland/Epiphysis
Near 3rd ventricle Pinealocytes and interstitial cells

Vasopressin supraoptic nucleus Oxytocin paraventricular nucleus

Brain sands/Corpora aranecea Calcified bodies Increases with age

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Parenchyma: Pinealocytes Hormone: Melatonin (Diurnal rhythms)

Islets of Langerhans of Pancreas

Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells Polygonal cells Arranged in cords Less At Glucagon numerous periphery Most At center Insulin numerous Least Somatostatin numerous

Thyroid gland
Two lobes united by isthmus Colloid: gelatinous substance Tetra-iodothyroxine Triiodothyroxine (stimulate metabolic rate) Calcitonin

Follicular cells

Parafollicular cells/ C cells

Adrenal gland/Suprarenal gland

Paired organs in superior poles of kidney Half moon shape Cover: DCT

Hyperthyroidism Excessive secretion of thormone Graves disease

Hypothyroidism Reduced secretion of thormone

Adrenal cortex Yellowish peripheral portion Closely packed cells Straight cords Irregular cords; Mineralocorticoids Gluccocorticoids 17 ketosteroids Gluccocorticoids 17 ketosteroids

Parathyroid gland
4 small glands Parathormone Dont secrete anything Stroma

Chief cell Oxyphil cells

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculate Zona reticularis

Adrenal medulla Hypercalcemia High calcium in blood Polyhedral epitheloid cells

Hormone: Chatecholamines Epinephrine Nor-epinephrine

Hypocalcemia Low calcium in blood

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Placenta
Deliver directly maternal blood Continuance of pregnancy syncitiotrophoblast Thyroid gland Triiodothyronine Follicular cells Tetraiodothyronine Follicular cells Calcitonin Parafollicular Stimulates osteoblasts cells Reduce blood calcium

Hormone: Human Chorionic Gonatotrophic

Summary
Horm one

Gland
adenohypophysis adenohypophysis adenohypophysis

Effect Stimulates Insulin-like growth factor Stimulates iodine absorption Stimulates corticosteroi d and androgen synthe sis Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules Stimulates ovulation Stimulates and testosterone synthesis Stimulates milk synthesis Stimulates melanin synthesis

Parathyroid gland Parathormone Chief cell Increrase blood calcium

GH TSH ACTH

FSH

adenohypophysis

LH

adenohypophysis

PRL MSH

adenohypophysis adenohypophysis

Oxytocin Vasopressin

Uterine contraction neurohypophysis Promotes water reabsorption and increasing blood volume
neurohypophysis

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