A

atomy of d Flashligbt

Chapter Four

AnatomY
of a Flashlight

reading under the

T-! t.Ui.t',. u..ful for numerous tasks' of whichrwo
obuous'
F{ """eri a"a"r.sendine coded rnessases are onlv the moststage
cenrer
lir'...--." f'o;hold flashliSht can also takeas electricitvm an
tnown
.Ji"*ma
oiir'" -"gli"t
'.
usetul
't"n

pervasivelv
is an amazing phenomenon. manasinsro be
Elecricity "1.*-"ii"i.rr
pretend ro know
peopl
who
while remaining largely mvsrcrious' eveD ro

rnurt *..stl' *iih etectricitv anv'wav.Fortt,n"tetv, *. n.ed to unaerstand only a few basic concePts to comprenenq
how it's used inside computers.
foLrnd
o"..r'r'.'i-pr* "rectricar apprirnces
consists
ir
rind
,vpi."r n"'tiien'. ""d vo!'lr
" a switch. some metal
prcesi ano a P'a5N
^of a couple o{ batreries. a bulb.

r,^*-r. *".1".

s'J;;,rr"ld

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"?i;;iiii*i.;;;;i,'rv
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cas ro hold eventhing togetier.

-i;;.;;;;i;;:;w'n

e*..oith. b"tteri.s

no-rrills flasrrlig.hr bv disposins or everythins

preces or
,he lisbtbulb You ll also need some shon

iffiilil;;;il; il;'"r"i.' i"-ipp.a r"

"nd

to hold everything togethr'

*e

ends) and eno'gh hands

Notice the two loose ends o{ the wires at the right of the diagram. That's
our switch. A$uming that the baneries are good and the bulb isn't burned
out, touching these loose ends together will turn on the light.
what we've constructed here is a simple lctrical circuit, and the lirst

thins to notice is that a circ it ts a.b.Ie.'fl.eligl:'bulb wlll be lit onlv iI th

path from the batteries to the wire to the bulb to the switch and back to the
Latteries is continuous. Any break in this circuit will cause the bulb to go
out. The purpose oI the switch is to control this process.
The ciicular nature of the electrical circuit suggests that something is
moving around the circuit, perhaps like water flowing through pipes. Th
"watei and pipes" analogy is quite cornmon in explanations o{ how elecrricity works, but eventually it breaks down, as alt analogies must. Ele.tricitv
h like nothiag else in this universe, and we must confront it on its om tetms.
The prevailing scientific wisdom regarding the workings o{ electdcitv is
called rhe electron theory, which says that electricity derives fron the moveAs w know, all mafter-the stuff that we can see and feel (usuallv)-is
made up of extremely small things called atoms. Every atom is composed
of three types of particlesi these are called neutrons, protons, and electrons.
You can picture an atom as a little solar systcm, with the neutrons and prot,rns bound into a nucleus aod the elctroru spinning around the nucleus like
plrrnets around a sun:

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