EMERGENCY RESPONSE - DISASTER

Vitri Widyaningsih

Phases of Emergency Management

VCA
Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment

Definitions
Vulnerability: the state of being exposed or susceptible to harm or injury Vulnerability Assessment: ongoing, critical evaluation
identify potential risks and areas of weakness that could have adverse consequences for institutions and their systems

Hazards Assessment: focuses on general hazards to determine what hazards you might be prone to. Risk Analysis: focuses on risk levels and consequences

Hazard (bahaya)
potensi bahaya utama (main hazard) potensi bahaya ikutan (collateral hazard)

Vulnerability (Kerentanan)
keadaan atau sifat/perilaku manusia atau masyarakat

yang menyebabkan ketidakmampuan menghadapi bahaya atau ancaman

Kerentanan 1. Kerentanan Fisik 2. Kerentanan Ekonomi

3. Kerentanan Sosial
4. Kerentanan Lingkungan

Aim
assess risks and hazards facing communities and the

capacities they have for dealing with them; involve communities, local authorities and humanitarian and development organizations in the assessment from the outset; draw up action plans to prepare for and respond to the identified risks; identify risk-reduction activities to prevent or lessen the effects of expected hazards, risks and vulnerabilities.

VCA

Risk=

Analisis Risiko - Probabilitas

Skor Probabilitas

5
4

Pasti
Kemungkinan besar

hampir dipastikan 80 - 99%

60 80% terjadi tahun depan, atau sekali dalam 10 tahun mendatang

3
2 1

Kemungkinan terjadi
Kemungkinan Kecil Kemungkian sangat kecil

40-60% terjadi tahun depan, atau sekali dalam 100 tahun

20 40% dalam 100 tahun hingga 20%

Analisis Risiko - Dampak

jumlah korban;

kerugian harta benda;

kerusakan prasarana dan sarana; cakupan luas wilayah yang terkena bencana; dan dampak sosial ekonomi yang ditimbulkan,

Analisis Risiko - Dampak

Skor Dampak

5
4

Sangat Parah
Parah

3
2 1

Sedang
Ringan Sangat Ringan

80% - 99% wilayah hancur dan lumpuh total 60 80% wilayah hancur 40 - 60 % wilayah terkena rusak
20 40% wilayah yang rusak kurang dari 20% wilayah rusak

EXAMPLE

MATRIX

Conclusion
Ancaman dinilai tingkat bahayanya dengan skala (3-1)

- Bahaya/ancaman tinggi nilai 3 (merah)

- Bahaya/ancaman sedang nilai 2 - Bahaya/ancaman rendah nilai 1

DETAILED STEPS

Identify Emergencies
Review incident reports for past five years

Check statistics on incidents and emergencies at other

similar operations Review environmental aspects list for potential emergencies under abnormal operating conditions Gather a group of personnel representing each function in the organization to brainstorm possible incidents and emergencies

Useful resources
http://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countryc

ode=id&continue=y&lang=ID

PENCEGAHAN DAN MITIGASI

Mitigasi pasif
1. Penyusunan peraturan perundang-undangan

2. Pembuatan peta rawan bencana dan pemetaan

masalah. 3. Pembuatan pedoman/standar/prosedur 4. Pembuatan brosur/leaflet/poster 5. Penelitian / pengkajian karakteristik bencana 6. Pengkajian / analisis risiko bencana 7. Pembentukan organisasi atau satuan gugus tugas bencana

mitigasi aktif

1. Pembuatan dan penempatan tanda-tanda peringatan, bahaya, larangan memasuki daerah rawan bencana dsb. 2. Pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan berbagai peraturan tentang penataan ruang, ijin mendirikan bangunan (IMB), dan peraturan lain yang berkaitan dengan pencegahan bencana. 3. Pelatihan dasar kebencanaan bagi aparat dan masyarakat. 4. Pemindahan penduduk dari daerah yang rawan bencana ke daerah yang lebih aman. 5. Penyuluhan dan peningkatan kewaspadaan masyarakat 6. Perencanaan daerah penampungan sementara dan jalur-jalur evakuasi jika terjadi bencana. 7. Pembuatan bangunan struktur yang berfungsi untuk mencegah, mengamankan dan mengurangi dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh bencana, seperti: tanggul, dam, penahan erosi pantai, bangunan tahan gempa dan sejenisnya.

Kesiapsiagaan
1. Pengaktifan pos-pos siaga bencana dengan segenap unsur pendukungnya. 2. Pelatihan siaga / simulasi / gladi / teknis bagi setiap sektor Penanggulangan bencana (SAR, sosial, kesehatan, prasarana dan pekerjaan umum). 3. Inventarisasi sumber daya pendukung kedaruratan 4. Penyiapan dukungan dan mobilisasi sumberdaya/logistik. 5. Penyiapan sistem informasi dan komunikasi yang cepat dan terpadu guna mendukung tugas kebencanaan. 6. Penyiapan dan pemasangan instrumen sistem peringatan dini

(early warning)
7. Penyusunan rencana kontinjensi (contingency plan) 8. Mobilisasi sumber daya (personil dan prasarana/sarana peralatan)

Tanggap Darurat
1. pengkajian secara cepat dan tepat terhadap lokasi,

kerusakan, kerugian, dan sumber daya;

2. penentuan status keadaan darurat bencana 3. penyelamatan dan evakuasi masyarakat terkena

bencana; 4. pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar; 5. perlindungan terhadap kelompok rentan; dan 6. pemulihan dengan segera prasarana dan sarana vital.

Pemulihan - Rehabilitasi
1. perbaikan lingkungan daerah bencana;

2. perbaikan prasarana dan sarana umum;

3. pemberian bantuan perbaikan rumah masyarakat; 4. pemulihan sosial psikologis; 5. pelayanan kesehatan; 6. rekonsiliasi dan resolusi konflik; 7. pemulihan sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya; 8. pemulihan keamanan dan ketertiban; 9. pemulihan fungsi pemerintahan; dan 10. pemulihan fungsi pelayanan publik

Pemulihan Rekonstruksi
1. pembangunan kembali prasarana dan sarana;

2. pembangunan kembali sarana sosial masyarakat;

3. pembangkitan kembali kehidupan sosial budaya

masyarakat 4. penerapan rancang bangun yang tepat dan penggunaan peralatan yang lebih baik dan tahan bencana; 5. partisipasi dan peran serta lembaga dan organisasi kemasyarakatan, dunia usaha dan masyarakat; 6. peningkatan kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya; 7. peningkatan fungsi pelayanan publik; atau 8. peningkatan pelayanan utama dalam masyarakat.

EARTHQUAKE
Case study

Definitions
An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the ground

caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth's surface. This shaking can cause buildings and bridges to collapse; disrupt gas, electric, and phone service; and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and huge, destructive ocean waves (tsunamis). Earthquakes can occur at any time of the year.

Hazard
Deaths and injuries and extensive property damage.

Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the

direct cause of death or injury. Most earthquake-related injuries result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects as a result of the ground shaking, or people trying to move more than a few feet during the shaking. Much of the damage in earthquakes is predictable and preventable.

Aftershocks
Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that follow the main

shock and can cause further damage to weakened buildings. After-shocks can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even months after the quake.
Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks,

and a larger earthquake might occur.

Review?
Main hazard?

Collateral hazard?

Emergency Action
Pick "safe places". A safe place could be under a sturdy table or desk or against an interior wall away from windows and bookcases, or tall furniture that could fall on you. The shorter the distance to move to safety, the less likely you will be injured. Injury statistics show that people moving as little as 10 feet during an earthquake's shaking are most likely to be injured. Practice drop, cover, and hold-on in each safe place. Drop under a sturdy desk or table and hold on to one leg of the table or desk. Protect your eyes by keeping your head down. Practice these actions so that they become an automatic response.

 Practice drop, cover, and hold-on at least twice a year. Frequent practice will help reinforce safe behavior. When an earthquake or other disaster occurs, many people hesitate, trying to remember what they are supposed to do. Responding quickly and automatically may help protect you from injury Wait in your safe place until the shaking stops, then check

to see if you are hurt.

You will be better able to help others if you take care of yourself

first, then check the people around you. Move carefully and watch out for things that have fallen or broken, creating hazards. Be ready for aftershocks.

Emergency Action
Be on the lookout for fires. Fire is the most common earthquake-related hazard, due to broken gas lines, damaged electrical lines or appliances, and previously contained fires or sparks being released. If you must leave a building after the shaking stops, use the

stairs, not the elevator.

Earthquakes can cause fire alarms and fire sprinklers to go off. You will

not be certain whether there is a real threat of fire. As a precaution, use the stairs.
If you're outside in an earthquake, stay outside. Move away from buildings, trees, streetlights, and power lines. Crouch down and cover your head. Many injuries occur within 10 feet of the entrance to buildings. Bricks, roofing, and other materials can fall from buildings, injuring persons nearby. Trees, streetlights, and power lines may also fall, causing damage or injury.

Preparation needed
Inform workers of the plan. Everyone in your workplace should know what to do if an earthquake occurs. Get training. Take a first aid class from your local Red Cross chapter. Get training on how to use a fire extinguisher. Keep your training current. Training will help you to keep calm and know what to do when an earthquake occurs. Discuss earthquakes with workers. Everyone should know what to do. Discussing earthquakes ahead of time helps reduce fear and anxiety and lets everyone know how to respond.

WHAT TO DO NEXT?
Collapsed Structure

What safety and health resources are available during a collapsed structure response?
Once the Incident Command System is established at a

collapsed structure, the Incident Commander maintains accountability for all response personnel at the scene. \A Safety Officer may also be mobilized and report directly to the Incident Commander. The Safety Officer is responsible for monitoring and assessing the safety aspects of the responders during the collapsed structure event.

The Safety Officers responsibilities may include

Overseeing all safety and health aspects of response personnel Assuring that optimal safety and injury prevention is practiced Investigating and documenting all response team injuries and

illnesses Preparing and maintaining entry permits Ensuring that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is used Developing and implementing daily health and safety plans which address (1) sanitation, (2) hygiene, (3) PPE, (4) Decontamination, (5) work/rest cycles, (6) acute medical care, etc. Interviewing off-going shifts to assess developing hazards Assessing risk for the identified hazards; and Training in hazard awareness and use of PPE Assessing structural instabilities

What hazards may be encountered when entering a collapsed structure?

Water system breaks that may flood basement areas

Exposure to pathogens from sanitary sewer system breaks

Exposed and energized electrical wiring Exposure to airborne smoke and dust (asbestos, silica, etc.) Exposure to bloodborne pathogens Exposure to hazardous materials (ammonia, battery acid,

leaking fuel, etc.) Natural gas leaks creating flammable and toxic environment Structural instability Insufficient oxygen Confined spaces

What hazards may be encountered when entering a collapsed structure?

Slip, trip or fall hazards from holes, protruding rebar, etc

Being struck by a falling object

Fire Proximity to heavy machinery such as cranes Sharp objects such as glass and debris Secondary collapse from aftershock, vibration and

explosions Unfamiliar surroundings Adverse weather conditions Noise from equipment (generators/heavy machines)

EXERCISE (FOR UKD 3)

1. 2. 3. Nalye of 3 most critical risks in your respective local area (house) Reach consensus, based on formula, which one tio prioritize Develop actions for emergency situations

Further resources
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/ https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/ http://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countryc

ode=id&continue=y&lang=ID
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/risk_a

ssessment/en/index.html

THANK YOU