P O L I T I C A L L A W (Constitutional Law Reviewer & Memory Aid)

P O L I T I C A L L A W ( CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEWER & MEMORY AID) ATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2008 Carrie Bee, Aldrich, She,
Cayo
ARTICLE I THE NATIONAL TERRITORY The national territory of the Philippine !o"pri e # 1. #. *. 4. The Philippine ar hipela!" Wi$h all $he i%lan&% an& 'a$er% e()ra e& $herein An& all "$her $erri$"rie% "+er 'hi h $he Philippine% ha% %"+erei!n$, "r -.ri%&i $i"n Consisting of its a. ). . 5. Terre%$rial $l.+ial/ an& Aerial &"(ain% CO%E# T$A
Including its a. ). . &. e. Terri$"rial %ea The ea)e& The .)%"il The in%.lar %hel+e%/ an& The o$her %.)(arine area% CO%E# TSSIO
6.
The waters a. ). . &. Ar".n& Be$'een an& C"nne $in! The i%lan&% "0 $he ar hipela!" CO%E# ABCI "art of the I#T$R#A% &AT$RS of the 'hili""ines
Regardless of their breadth and di ensions !or %efinition of Ar!hipela&o
An ar hipela!" i% a )"&, "0 'a$er %$.&&e& 'i$h i%lan&%. The Philippine ar hipela!" i% $ha$ )"&, "0 'a$er %$.&&e& 'i$h i%lan&% 'hi h i% &elinea$e& in $he Trea$, "0 Pari% (1121)3 a% a(en&e& ), $he Trea$, "0 Wa%hin!$"n (1244) an& $he Trea$, "0 5rea$ 6ri$ain (12*4). %efinition of 'all other territorie o(er )hi!h the Philippine ha o(erei&nty or *+ri ,i!tion-
I$ in l.&e% an, $erri$"r, $ha$ pre%en$l, )el"n!% "r (i!h$ in $he 0.$.re )el"n! $" $he Philippine% $hr".!h an, "0 $he in$erna$i"nall, a ep$e& ("&e% "0 a 7.irin! $erri$"r,.
Ar!hipela&i! prin!iple Two elements: 1. #. The &e0ini$i"n "0 in$ernal 'a$er% (a% pr"+i&e& a)"+e)/ The straight baseline ethod "0 &elinea$in! $he $erri$"rial %ea 8 "n%i%$% "0 &ra'in! %$rai!h$ line% "nne $in! appr"pria$e p"in$% "n $he "a%$ 'i$h".$ &epar$in! $" an, appre ia)le e9$en$ 0r"( $he !eneral &ire $i"n "0 $he "a%$.
I"portant ,i tan!e )ith re pe!t to the )ater aro+n, the Philippine 1. Terri$"rial %ea #. C"n$i!.".% ;"ne *. E9 l.%i+e e "n"(i ;"ne : 1# na.$i al (ile% (n.(.) : : 1# n.(. 0r"( $he e&!e "0 $he $erri$"rial %ea #44 n.(. 0r"( $he )a%eline <in l.&e% (1) an& (#)=
ARTICLE II %ECLARATION O$ PRINCIPLES AN% STATE POLICIES
P O L I T I C A L L A W ( CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEWER & MEMORY AID) ATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2008 Carrie Bee, Aldrich, She, Cayo
Selected "rinci"les SEC ./ The Philippine i a ,e"o!rati! an, rep+0li!an State/ So(erei&nty re i,e in the people an, all &o(ern"ent a+thority e"anate fro" the"/ Ele"ent of a State 1for "+ni!ipal la) p+rpo e 2 CO%E# PTS3 1. #. *. >. A "((.ni$, "0 per%"n%3 ("re "r le%% n.(er".% (PEOPLE) Per(anen$l, " .p,in! a &e0ini$e p"r$i"n "0 $erri$"r, (TERRITORY)
In&epen&en$ "0 e9$ernal "n$r"l (SOVEREI5NTY) P"%%e%%in! an "r!ani;e& !"+ern(en$ $" 'hi h $he !rea$ )"&, "0 inha)i$an$% ren&er ha)i$.al ")e&ien e (3OVERNMENT) CO%E# CNCH
%efinition of 'People1. #. *. >. A C"((.ni$, "0 per%"n%/ S.00i ien$ in N.()er/
Capa)le "0 (ain$ainin! $he "n$in.e& e9i%$en e "0 $he "((.ni$,/ an& Hel& $"!e$her ), a "(("n )"n& "0 la'.
%efinition of 'So(erei&nty1. LEGAL sovereignty a. ). 2. The %.pre(e p"'er $" (a?e la'. I$ i% l"&!e& in $he pe"ple.
POLITICAL sovereignty a. ). The %.( $"$al "0 all $he in0l.en e% in a %$a$e3 Le!al an& n"n:le!al3
3.
. Whi h &e$er(ine $he ".r%e "0 la'. According to the Princi le o! A"TO#LI$ITATIO%: S"+erei!n$, i% $he pr"per$, "0 $he %$a$e:0"r e &.e $" 'hi h i$ ha% $he e9 l.%i+e apa i$, "0 le!al %el0:&e$er(ina$i"n an& %el0:re%$ri $i"n.
&.
I%TE'%AL sovereignty: P"'er "0 $he S$a$e $" "n$r"l i$% &"(e%$i a00air%
(.
E)TE'%AL sovereignty: P"'er "0 $he S$a$e $" &ire $ i$% rela$i"n% 'i$h "$her %$a$e%
%efinition of '3o(ern"ent1. #. *. >. @. Cla Tha$ in%$i$.$i"n "r a!!re!a$e "0 in%$i$.$i"n% ), 'hi h an in&epen&en$ %" ie$, (a?e% an& arrie% ".$ $h"%e r.le% "0 a $i"n 'hi h are ne e%%ar, $" ena)le (en $" li+e in a %" ial %$a$e "r 'hi h are i(p"%e& .p"n $he pe"ple 0"r(in! $ha$ %" ie$, ), $h"%e 'h" p"%%e%% $he p"'er "r a.$h"ri$, "0 pre% ri)in! $he(. ifi!ation of &o(ern"ent : "ne e%$a)li%he& ), $he a.$h"ri$, "0 $he le!i$i(a$e %"+erei!n : "ne e%$a)li%he& in &e0ian e "0 $he le!i$i(a$e %"+erei!n
1/ *e +,re #. *e !-cto Cla 1.
ifi!ation of de !-cto &o(ern"ent *e !-cto ro er a. ). Tha$ !"+ern(en$ $ha$ !e$% p"%%e%%i"n an& "n$r"l "0 "r .%.rp% ), 0"r e "r ), $he +"i e "0 (a-"ri$,
. &. 2. $he ri!h$0.l le!al !"+ern(en$ an& (ain$ain% i$%el0 a!ain%$ $he 'ill "0 $he la$$er.
Government o! -r-mo,nt !orce a. ). . Tha$ 'hi h i% e%$a)li%he& an& (ain$aine& ), (ili$ar, 0"r e% 'h" in+a&e an& " .p, a $erri$"r, "0 $he ene(,
in $he ".r%e "0 'ar.
3.
Th-t est-.lished -s -n inde endent government .y the inh-.it-nts o! - co,ntry who rise in ins,rrection -g-inst the -rent st-te.
%efinition of 'Rep+0li!an StateI$ i% "ne 'herein all !"+ern(en$ a.$h"ri$, e(ana$e% 0r"( $he pe"ple an& i% e9er i%e& ), repre%en$a$i+e% h"%en ), $he pe"ple. %efinition of %e"o!rati! State Thi% (erel, e(pha%i;e% $ha$ $he Philippine% ha% %"(e a%pe $% "0 &ire $ &e(" ra , %. h a% ini$ia$i+e an& re0eren&.(. SEC/ 2/ The Philippine reno+n!e )ar a an in tr+"ent of national poli!y4 a,opt the &enerally a!!epte, prin!iple of international la) a part of the la) of the lan, an, a,here to the poli!y of pea!e4 e5+ality4 *+ ti!e4 free,o"4 !ooperation4 an, a"ity )ith all nation / 6in, of )ar reno+n!e, 0y the Philippine The Philippine% "nl, ren".n e% A((R$SSI)$ war a% an in%$r.(en$ "0 na$i"nal p"li ,. I$ &"e% n"$ ren".n e &e0en%i+e 'ar. So"e 7&enerally a!!epte, prin!iple of international la)7 re!o&ni8e, 0y the Co+rt# 1. #. *. >. Ri!h$ "0 an alien $" )e relea%e& "n )ail 'hile a'ai$in! &ep"r$a$i"n 'hen hi% 0ail.re $" lea+e $he ".n$r, i% &.e $" $he 0a $ $ha$ n" ".n$r, 'ill a ep$ hi( (*e+off ,. -irector of 'risons3 24 Phil. A4) The ri!h$ "0 a ".n$r, $" e%$a)li%h (ili$ar, "((i%%i"n% $" $r, 'ar ri(inal% (.uroda ,. /alondoni, 1* Phil. 1A1) The Vienna C"n+en$i"n "n R"a& Si!n% an& Si!nal% (Agustin ,. $du, 11 SCRA 12@) D.$, $" pr"$e $ $he pre(i%e% "0 e()a%%ie% an& le!a$i"n%
A"ity )ith all nation Thi% &"e% n"$ (ean a.$"(a$i &ipl"(a$i re "!ni$i"n "0 all na$i"n%. Dipl"(a$i re "!ni$i"n re(ain% a (a$$er "0 e9e .$i+e &i% re$i"n. SEC 9/ Ci(ilian a+thority i 4 at all ti"e 4 +pre"e o(er the "ilitary/ The Ar"e, $or!e of the Philippine i the prote!tor of the people an, the State/ It &oal i to e!+re the o(erei&nty of the State an, the inte&rity of the national territory/ Ci(ilian a+thority: +pre"a!y !la+ e 1. 1. #.
t
enten!e2
Ci+ilian a.$h"ri$, %i(pl, (ean% $he %.pre(a , "0 $he la' )e a.%e a.$h"ri$,3 .n&er ".r "n%$i$.$i"nal %,%$e(3 an "nl, "(e 0r"( la'. Un&er $hi% la.%e3 $he %"l&ier ren".n e% p"li$i al a()i$i"n.
;ar< of o(erei&nty 12n, an, 9r, enten!e 2 1. #. P"%i$i+el,3 $hi% la.%e %in!le% ".$ $he (ili$ar, a% $he !.ar&ian "0 $he pe"ple an& "0 $he in$e!ri$, "0 $he na$i"nal $erri$"r, an& $here0"re .l$i(a$el, "0 $he (a-e%$, "0 $he la'. Ne!a$i+el,3 i$ i% an e9pre%%i"n "0 &i%appr"+al "0 (ili$ar, a).%e%.
SEC =/ The pri"e ,+ty of the 3o(ern"ent i to er(e an, prote!t the people/ The 3o(ern"ent "ay !all +pon the people to ,efen, the State an,4 in the f+lfill"ent thereof4 all !iti8en "ay 0e re5+ire,4 +n,er !on,ition pro(i,e, 0y la)4 to ren,er per onal4 "ilitary4 or !i(il er(i!e/ SEC/ >/ The "aintenan!e of pea!e an, or,er4 the prote!tion of life4 li0erty an, property4 an, the pro"otion of the &eneral )elfare are e ential for the en*oy"ent 0y all the people of the 0le in& of ,e"o!ra!y/ SEC/ ?/ The eparation of Ch+r!h an, State hall 0e in(iola0le/ Selected state "olicies
SEC/ @/ The State hall p+r +e an in,epen,ent forei&n poli!y/ In it relation )ith other tate 4 the para"o+nt !on i,eration hall 0e national o(erei&nty4 territorial inte&rity4 national intere t4 an, the ri&ht to elfA,eter"ination/ Para"o+nt !on i,eration in it relation )ith other tate # 1. #. *. >. Na$i"nal %"+erei!n$, Terri$"rial in$e!ri$, Na$i"nal in$ere%$ Ri!h$ $" %el0:&e$er(ina$i"n
SEC/ 8/ The Philippine 4 !on i tent )ith the national intere t4 a,opt an, p+r +e a poli!y of free,o" fro" n+!lear )eapon in it territory/ Policy o! !reedom !rom n,cle-r we- ons 0. The "olicy 'R12IBITS3 a. ). #. The p"%%e%%i"n3 "n$r"l an& (an.0a $.re "0 n. lear 'eap"n% N. lear ar(% $e%$%.
The p"li , &"e% NOT pr"hi)i$ $he pea e0.l .%e% "0 n. lear ener!,.
SEC/ .2/ The State re!o&ni8e the an!tity of fa"ily life an, hall prote!t an, tren&then the fa"ily a a 0a i! a+tono"o+ o!ial in tit+tion/ It hall e5+ally prote!t the life of the "other an, the life of the +n0orn fro" !on!eption/ et!/ 'rinci"le that the fa ily is not a creature of the state. Prote!tion for the +n0orn 1. #. *. I$ i% n"$ an a%%er$i"n $ha$ $he .n)"rn i% a le!al per%"n. I$ i% n"$ an a%%er$i"n $ha$ $he li0e "0 $he .n)"rn i% pla e& e9a $l, "n $he le+el "0 $he li0e "0 $he ("$her. Ben e3 'hen i$ i% ne e%%ar, $" %a+e $he li0e "0 $he ("$her3 $he li0e "0 $he .n)"rn (a, )e %a ri0i e&. Un&er $hi% pr"+i%i"n3 $he Roe ,. &ade &" $rine all"'in! a)"r$i"n .p $" $he C$h ("n$h "0 pre!nan , ann"$ )e a&"p$e& in $he Philippine% )e a.%e $he li0e "0 $he .n)"rn i% pr"$e $e& 0r"( $he $i(e "0 "n ep$i"n.
SEC/ .?/ The State hall prote!t an, a,(an!e the ri&ht of the people to a 0alan!e, an, healthf+l e!olo&y in a!!or, )ith the rhyth" an, har"ony of nat+re/ 1. While $he ri!h$ $" a )alan e& an& heal$h0.l e "l"!, i% 0".n& .n&er $he &e lara$i"n "0 Prin iple an& S$a$e P"li ie% an& n"$ .n&er $he 6ill "0 Ri!h$%3 i$ &"e% n"$ 0"ll"' $ha$ i$ i% le%% i(p"r$an$ $han an, "0 $he i+il an& p"li$i al ri!h$% en.(era$e& in $he la$$er. (Op"%a +. Da $"ran) The ri!h$ $" a )alan e& an& heal$h0.l e "l"!, arrie% 'i$h i$ $he "rrela$i+e &.$, $" re0rain 0r"( i(pairin! $he en+ir"n(en$. (Op"%a +. Da $"ran) to opport+nitie for p+0li! er(i!e4 an, prohi0it politi!al ,yna tie a
#.
SEC/ 2?/ The State hall &+arantee e5+al a!!e "ay 0e ,efine, 0y la)/
SEC/ 2@/ The State hall "aintain hone ty an, inte&rity in the p+0li! er(i!e an, ta<e po iti(e an, effe!ti(e "ea +re a&ain t &raft an, !orr+ption/ SEC/ 28/ S+0*e!t to rea ona0le !on,ition pre !ri0e, 0y la)4 the State a,opt an, i"ple"ent a poli!y of f+ll p+0li! ,i !lo +re of all it tran a!tion in(ol(in& p+0li! intere t/ ARTICLE III BILL O$ RI3HTS Se!tion ./ No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. %efinition of 'Poli!e Po)er-# 1) #) *) >) @) P"'er +e%$e& in $he le!i%la$.re 6, $he C"n%$i$.$i"n T" (a?e3 "r&ain3 an& e%$a)li%h All (anner "0 'h"le%"(e an& rea%"na)le la'%3 %$a$.$e%3 an& "r&inan e% Ei$her 'i$h penal$ie% "r 'i$h".$
>
C) A) N"$ rep.!nan$ $" $he "n%$i$.$i"n A% $he, %hall -.&!e $" )e 0"r $he !""& an& 'el0are "0 $he "(("n'eal$h an& "0 $he %.)-e $% "0 $he %a(e. -#
A pe!t of '%+e Pro!e 1. #.
Proced,r-l d,e rocess 8 re0er% $" $he ("&e "0 pr" e&.re 'hi h !"+ern(en$ a!en ie% (.%$ 0"ll"' in $he en0"r e(en$ an& appli a$i"n "0 la'%. /,.st-ntive d,e rocess 8 pr"hi)i$i"n a!ain%$ ar)i$rar, la'%.
Note# PROCE%BRAL %BE PROCESS# 1. #. *. A la' 'hi h hear% )e0"re i$ "n&e(n%. D.e pr" e%% "0 la' "n$e(pla$e% n"$i e an& "pp"r$.ni$, $" )e hear& )e0"re -.&!(en$ i% ren&ere& a00e $in! "neE% per%"n "r pr"per$, (L"pe; +. Dir. "0 Lan&%) D.e pr" e%% &epen&% "n ir .(%$an e%/ i$ +arie% 'i$h $he %.)-e $ (a$$er an& $he ne e%%i$ie% "0 $he %i$.a$i"n. #
Re5+i ite of PROCE%BRAL ,+e pro!e
$or CB%ICIAL pro!ee,in& # CO%E# C C N O H 1. #. *. >. A !".r$ "r $ri).nal l"$he& 'i$h -.&i ial p"'er $" hear an& &e$er(ine $he (a$$er )e0"re i$. C.ri%&i $i"n (.%$ )e la'0.ll, a 7.ire& "+er $he per%"n "0 $he &e0en&an$ "r "+er $he pr"per$, 'hi h i% $he %.)-e $ "0 $he pr" ee&in!%. The &e0en&an$ (.%$ )e !i+en n"$i e an& an opp"r$.ni$, $" )e hear&. F.&!(en$ (.%$ )e ren&ere& .p"n a la'0.l hearin!.
$or A%;INISTRATIDE pro!ee,in& # CO%E# H E % S H I P 1. #. *. >. @. C. A. The ri!h$ $" a hearin!3 'hi h in l.&e% $he ri!h$ $" pre%en$ "neE% a%e an& %.)(i$ e+i&en e in %.pp"r$ $here"0. The $ri).nal (.%$ "n%i&er $he e+i&en e pre%en$e&. The ,e i%i"n (.%$ ha+e %"(e$hin! $" %.pp"r$ i$%el0. E+i&en e %.pp"r$in! $he "n l.%i"n (.%$ )e .)%$an$ial. The &e i%i"n (.%$ )e )a%e& "n $he e+i&en e pre%en$e& a$ $he hearin! "r a$ lea%$ "n$aine& in $he re "r& an& &i% l"%e& $" $he par$ie% a00e $e&. The $ri).nal "r )"&, "r an, "0 i$% -.&!e% (.%$ a $ "n i$% "r hi% "'n in&epen&en$ "n%i&era$i"n "0 $he la' an& 0a $% "0 $he "n$r"+er%,3 an& n"$ %i(pl, a ep$ $he +ie'% "0 a %.)"r&ina$e in arri+in! a$ a &e i%i"n. The )"ar& "r )"&, %h".l&3 in all "n$r"+er%ial 7.e%$i"n%3 ren&er i$% &e i%i"n in %. h a (anner $ha$ $he par$ie% $" $he pr" ee&in! an ?n"' $he +ari".% i%%.e% in+"l+e& an& $he rea%"n% 0"r $he &e i%i"n ren&ere&.
Note# 1. #. *. >. Wha$ i% re7.ire& i% n"$ a $.al hearin!3 ).$ a real "pp"r$.ni$, $" )e hear&. The re7.ire(en$ "0 &.e pr" e%% an )e %a$i%0ie& ), %.)%e7.en$ &.e hearin!. Vi"la$i"n "0 &.e pr" e%%G 'hen %a(e per%"n re+ie'% hi% "'n &e i%i"n "n appeal. N"$i e an& hearin! are re7.ire& in -.&i ial an& 7.a%i:-.&i ial pr" ee&in!%3 ).$ n"$ in $he pr"(.l!a$i"n "0 !eneral r.le.
$or SCHOOL %ISCIPLINARY pro!ee,in& # CO%E# E A In A % P 1. #. *. >. The %$.&en$ (.%$ )e in0"r(e& in )ri$in! "0 $he na$.re an& a.%e "0 an, a .%a$i"n a!ain%$ $he(.
The %$.&en$ %hall ha+e $he ri!h$ $" an%'er $he har!e% a!ain%$ hi(3 'i$h $he a%%i%$an e "0 ".n%el i0 &e%ire&. The %$.&en$ ha% $he ri!h$ $" )e in0"r(e& "0 $he e+i&en e a!ain%$ hi(. The %$.&en$ ha% $he ri!h$ $" a&&. e e+i&en e in hi% "'n )ehal0.
@. C. The e+i&en e (.%$ )e ,.l, "n%i&ere& ), $he in+e%$i!a$in! "((i$$ee "r "00i ial &e%i!na$e& ), $he % h""l a.$h"ri$ie% $" hear an& &e i&e $he a%e. The penal$, i(p"%e& (.%$ )e pr"p"r$i"na$e $" $he "00en%e.
Note# 1. The % h""l ha% a "n$ra $.al ")li!a$i"n $" a00"r& i$% %$.&en$% a 0air "pp"r$.ni$, $" "(ple$e $he ".r%e a %$.&en$ ha% enr"lle& 0"r. 2. E0ce tions: a. Seri".% )rea h "0 &i% ipline/ "r ). Dail.re $" (ain$ain $he re7.ire& a a&e(i %$an&ar&. Pr" ee&in!% in %$.&en$ &i% iplinar, a%e% (a, )e %.((ar,/ r"%%:e9a(ina$i"n i% n"$ e%%en$ial ary#
*.
In tan!e )hen hearin& are NOT ne!e 1. #. *. >. @. C. A. 1. 2.
When a&(ini%$ra$i+e a!en ie% are e9er i%in! $heir 4uasi5legislati,e 0.n $i"n%. A)a$e(en$ "0 nuisance "er se. 5ran$in! ), ".r$% "0 "ro,isional re edies. Ca%e% "0 "re,enti,e sus"ension. Re o,al "0 $e(p"rar, e(pl",ee% in $he !"+ern(en$ %er+i e. I%%.an e "0 'arran$% "0 distraint and6or le,y by the BIR Co issioner.
Cancellation of the "ass"ort "0 a per%"n har!e& 'i$h a ri(e. I%%.an e "0 se4uestration orders ( "n%i&ere& a pr"+i%i"nal re(e&,). F.&i ial "r&er 'hi h pre+en$% an a ".r$E% -.ri%&i $i"n. .%e& 0r"( tra,elling abroad in "r&er $" (ain$ain $he e00e $i+i$, "0 $he
14. Sus"ension of a ban78s o"erations ), $he M"ne$ar, 6"ar& .p"n a pri(a 0a ie 0in&in! "0 li7.i&i$, pr")le(% in %. h )an?. Note# 1. #. The ri!h$ $" ".n%el i% a +er, )a%i re7.ire(en$ "0 %.)%$an$i+e &.e pr" e%% an& ha% $" )e ")%er+e& e+en in a&(ini%$ra$i+e an& 7.a%i:-.&i ial )"&ie%. The ri!h$ $" appeal i% a tat+tory pri(ile&e $ha$ (a, )e e9er i%e& "nl, in $he (anner in a "r&an e 'i$h la'3 eF!ept 0"r $he (ini(.( appella$e -.ri%&i $i"n "0 $he S.pre(e C".r$ pr"+i&e& in Ar$i le VIII Se $i"n @ "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n3 'hi h (a, n"$ )e in rea%e& "r re&. e& ), la'. # CO%E# I ;
Re5+i ite of SBBSTANTIDE ,+e pro!e 1. #.
The I#T$R$STS "0 $he p.)li !enerall,3 a% &i%$in!.i%he& 0r"( $h"%e "0 a par$i .lar la%%3 re7.ire% $he in$er0eren e ), $he !"+ern(en$ an& The *$A#S e(pl",e& are ne e%%ar, 0"r $he a in&i+i&.al%. "(pli%h(en$ "0 $he p.rp"%e an& n"$ .n&.l, "ppre%%i+e .p"n
Re5+ire"ent of a (ali, or,inan!e# 1. #. *. >. @. C. M.%$ n"$ "n$ra+ene $he C"n%$i$.$i"n "r an, %$a$.$e M.%$ n"$ )e .n0air "r "ppre%%i+e M.%$ n"$ )e par$ial "r &i% ri(ina$"r, M.%$ n"$ pr"hi)i$3 ).$ (a, re!.la$e $ra&e M.%$ )e !eneral an& "n%i%$en$ 'i$h p.)li p"li , M.%$ n"$ )e .nrea%"na)le
Ehen i a la) DA3BEG 1. #. *. When i$ la ?% COMPREBENSI6LE STANDARDS Tha$ (en "0 "r&inar, in$elli!en e (.%$ ne e%%aril, 5UESS a% $" i$% (eanin! An& &i00er a% $" i$% appli a$i"n
E5+al Prote!tion of the la) The e7.ali$, $ha$ i$ !.aran$ee% i% le!al e7.ali$, "r $he e7.ali$, "0 all per%"n% )e0"re $he la'. I$ &"e% n"$ &e(an& a)%"l.$e e7.ali$,. I$ (erel, re7.ire% $ha$ all per%"n% %hall )e $rea$e& ali?e3 .n&er li?e ir .(%$an e% an& "n&i$i"n% )"$h a% $" pri+ile!e% "n0erre& an& lia)ili$ie% en0"r e&. Re5+i ite for (ali, !la ifi!ation for p+rpo e of the e5+al prote!tion !la+ e The !la ifi!ation "+ t# CO%E# S3EE 1. #. *. >. Re%$ "n SU6STANTIAL DISTINCTIONS 6e 3ERMANE $" $he p.rp"%e% "0 $he la' NOT LIMITED TO EHISTIN5 CONDITIONS "nl, APPLY EIUALLY $" all (e()er% "0 $he SAME CLASS.
Se!tion 2/ The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized. 3eneral R+le# Sear h an& %ei;.re% are .nrea%"na)le UNLESS a.$h"ri;e& ), a +ali&l, i%%.e& %ear h 'arran$ "r 'arran$ "0 arre%$ Re5+i ite for a (ali, )arrant# 1. #. *. >. @. CO%E# P C E % One
I$ (.%$ )e i%%.e& .p"n PRO6A6LE CAUSE. The e9i%$en e "0 pr")a)le a.%e i% &e$er(ine& per%"nall, ), $he CB%3E. The -.&!e (.%$ EHAMINE UNDER OATB $he "(plainan$ an& $he 'i$ne%%e% he (a, pr"&. e. The 'arran$ (.%$ PARTICULARLY %ESCRI6E $he pla e $" )e %ear he& an& per%"n "r $hin!% $" )e %ei;e&. I$ (.%$ )e in "nne $i"n 'i$h One %pe i0i "00en%e.
%efinition of 'PROBABLE CABSE!or the issuance of a warrant of arrest3 Pr")a)le a.%e re0er% $" %. h 0a $% an& ir .(%$an e% 'hi h '".l& lea& a rea%"na)l, &i% ree$ an& pr.&en$ (an $" )elie+e $ha$ an "00en%e ha% )een "((i$$e& ), $he per%"n %".!h$ $" )e arre%$e&. !or the issuance of a search warrant3 Pr")a)le a.%e '".l& (ean %. h 0a $% an& ir .(%$an e% 'hi h '".l& lea& a rea%"na)l, &i% ree$ an& pr.&en$ (an $" )elie+e $ha$ an "00en%e ha% )een "((i$$e& an& $ha$ $he ")-e $% %".!h$ in "nne $i"n 'i$h $he "00en%e are in $he pla e $" )e %ear he&. Note# Pr")a)le a.%e 0"r $he i%%.an e "0 a %ear h 'arran$ &"e% NOT re7.ire $ha$ $he pr")a)le !.il$ "0 a %pe i0i "00en&er )e e%$a)li%he&3 .nli?e in $he a%e "0 a 'arran$ "0 arre%$. EFi ten!e of pro0a0le !a+ e '%ETER;INE% PERSONALLY BY THE CB%3EThe -.&!e i% NOT re7.ire& $" per%"nall, e9a(ine $he "(plainan$ an& hi% 'i$ne%%e%. Wha$ $he C"n%$i$.$i"n .n&er% "re% i% $he e9 l.%i+e an& per%"nal re%p"n%i)ili$, "0 $he i%%.in! -.&!e $" %a$i%0, hi(%el0 "0 $he e9i%$en e "0 pr")a)le a.%e ( Soli,en ,. *a7asiar3 1CA SCRA *2>). T" )e %.re3 $he F.&!e (.%$ !" )e,"n& $he pr"%e .$"rE% er$i0i a$i"n an& in+e%$i!a$i"n rep"r$ 'hene+er ne e%%ar, 9%i !eli:3 11A SCRA #2#). Pro!e,+re# 1. #. The -.&!e per%"nall, e+al.a$e% $he rep"r$ an& %.pp"r$in! &" .(en$% %.)(i$$e& ), $he 0i% al re!ar&in! $he e9i%$en e "0 pr")a)le a.%e an&3 "n $he )a%i% $here"03 i%%.e a 'arran$ "0 arre%$ "r I0 "n $he )a%i% $here"03 $he -.&!e 0in&% n" pr")a)le a.%e3 he (a, &i%re!ar& $he 0i% alE% rep"r$ an& re7.ire $he %.)(i%%i"n "0 %.pp"r$in! a00i&a+i$% "0 'i$ne%%e% $" ai& hi( in arri+in! a$ $he "n l.%i"n a% $" $he e9i%$en e "0 pr")a)le a.%e. ,.
EFa"ination 'BN%ER OATH OR A$$IR;ATION O$ THE CO;PLAINANT AN% EITNESSES1. The "a$h re7.ire& (.%$ re0er $" $he $r.$h "0 $he 0a $% 'i$hin $he per%"nal ?n"'le&!e "0 $he "(plainan$ "r hi% 'i$ne%%e% )e a.%e $he p.rp"%e i% $" "n+in e $he -.&!e "0 $he e9i%$en e "0 pr")a)le a.%e 9Al,are; ,. C!I3 C> Phil. **).
#. The $r.e $e%$ "0 %.00i ien , "0 an a00i&a+i$ $" 'arran$ $he i%%.an e "0 a %ear h 'arran$ i% 'he$her i$ ha% )een &ra'n in %. h a (anner $ha$ per-.r, ".l& )e har!e& $here"n an& a00ian$ )e hel& lia)le 0"r $he &a(a!e% a.%e& (Al,are; ,. C!I).
PARTICBLARITY O$ %ESCRIPTION 1SEARCH EARRANT2 1. #. *. A %ear h 'arran$ (a, )e %ai& $" par$i .larl, &e% ri)e $he $hin!% $" )e %ei;e& 'hen the ,e !ription therein i a a the !ir!+" tan!e )ill or,inarily allo) "r pe!ifi!
When the ,e !ription eFpre e a !on!l+ ion of fa!t 8 n"$ "0 la' 8 ), 'hi h $he 'arran$ "00i er (a, )e !.i&e& in (a?in! $he %ear h an& %ei;.re "r When the thin& ,e !ri0e, are li"ite, to tho e )hi!h 0ear a ,ire!t relation to the offen e 0"r 'hi h $he 'arran$ i% )ein! i%%.e& (Bache and Co. ,. Rui;3 *A SCRA 1#*).
COHN %OE EARRANT A JF"hn D"eK 'arran$ an %a$i%0, $he re7.ire(en$ "0 par$i .lari$, "0 &e% rip$i"n i0 i$ "n$ain% a descri"tio "ersonae %. h a% 'ill ena)le $he "00i er $" i&en$i0, $he a .%e& ('eo"le ,. )eloso3 >1 Phil. 1@2) 3ENERAL EARRANT A !eneral 'arran$ i% "ne $ha$ &"e% n"$ alle!e an, %pe i0i a $% "r "(i%%i"n% "n%$i$.$in! $he "00en%e har!e& in $he appli a$i"n 0"r $he i%%.an e "0 $he 'arran$. I$ "n$ra+ene% $he e9pli i$ &e(an& "0 $he 6ill "0 Ri!h$% $ha$ $he $hin!% $" )e %ei;e& )e par$i .larl, &e% ri)e&. DALI% EARRANTLESS SEARCH 1. /e-rch m-de -s -n incident to l-w!,l -rrest A. An officer i. ii. iii. i+. B. 2. a7ing an arrest ay ta7e fro the "erson arrested3
An, ("ne, "r pr"per$, 0".n& .p"n hi% per%"n 'hi h 'a% .%e& in $he "((i%%i"n "0 $he "00en%e "r Wa% $he 0r.i$ $here"0 "r Whi h (i!h$ 0.rni%h $he pri%"ner 'i$h $he (ean% "0 "((i$$in! +i"len e "r e% apin! "r Whi h (a, )e .%e& in e+i&en e in $he $rial "0 $he a%e ade si ultaneously with the arrest and it ay only be ade in the area within the reach of
The search ust be the "erson arrested
/e-rch o! moving vehicles A. 6. Thi% e9 ep$i"n i% )a%e& "n e9i!en ,. Th.%3 i0 $here i% $i(e $" ")$ain a 'arran$ in "r&er $" %ear h $he +ehi le3 a 'arran$ (.%$ 0ir%$ )e ")$aine&. The %ear h "0 a ("+in! +ehi le (.%$ )e )a%e& "n pr")a)le a.%e.
3.
/ei1,re o! goods conce-led to -void c,stoms d,ties2-,thori1ed ,nder the T-ri!!s -nd C,stoms Code A. 6. C. The Tari00% an& C.%$"(% C"&e a.$h"ri;e% per%"n% ha+in! p"li e a.$h"ri$, .n&er $he C"&e $" e00e $ %ear h an& %ei;.re% 'i$h".$ a %ear h 'arran$ $" en0"r e .%$"(% la'%. E0ce tion: A %ear h 'arran$ i% re7.ire& 0"r $he %ear h "0 a &'ellin! h".%e. Sear he% .n&er $hi% e9 ep$i"n in l.&e %ear he% a$ )"r&er% an& p"r$% "0 en$r,. Sear he% in $he%e area% &" n"$ re7.ire $he e9i%$en e "0 pr")a)le a.%e
&.
/ei1,re o! evidence in l-in view A. 6. T" )e a +ali& 'arran$le%% %ear h3 $he ar$i le% (.%$ )e "pen $" $he e,e an& han&. The pea e "00i er "(e% .p"n $he( ina&+er$en$l,3 an& he (.%$ ha+e a ri!h$ $" )e a$ $he pla e a$ $he $i(e 'hen he han e% .p"n $he ar$i le%.
(.
3-iver o! right A. 'e4,isites o! - v-lid w-iver: i. The ri!h$ e9i%$%. ii. 6. The per%"n ha& a $.al "r "n%$r. $i+e ?n"'le&!e "0 $he e9i%$en e "0 %. h ri!h$.
iii. There i% an a $.al in$en$i"n $" relin7.i%h %. h ri!h$. The ri!h$ a!ain%$ .nrea%"na)le %ear he% an& %ei;.re% i% a "ersonal right. Th.%3 "nl, $he per%"n )ein! %ear he& an 'ai+e $he %a(e.
C. D. 5. 8. Wai+er re7.ire% a p"%i$i+e a $ 0r"( $he per%"n. Mere a)%en e "0 "pp"%i$i"n i% n"$ a 'ai+er. The %ear h (a&e p.r%.an$ $" $he 'ai+er (.%$ )e (a&e 'i$hin $he % "pe "0 $he 'ai+er.
Armed Con!lict 6w-rtime7 Others a. Conduct of <Areal Target =one< and 9/-t,r-tion *rives9 in the e:ercise of ,s. -e )illa3 111 SCRA C#*) . Chec: oints ()al onte ,s. -e )illa3 1A1 SCRA #11) 1. A)n"r(al $i(e% #. Li(i$e& $" +i%.al Sear h *. Vehi le n"$ %ear he& >. Pa%%en!er% n"$ %.)-e $e& $" )"&, %ear h d. /to -nd ;ris: i. ii. e. E+en )e0"re an arre%$3 'hen an "00i er i% -.%$i0ie& in )elie+in! $ha$ $he in&i+i&.al 'h"%e %.%pi i".% )eha+i"r he i% in+e%$i!a$in! a$ l"%e ran!e i% pre%en$l, &an!er".%3 he (a, "n&. $ a li"ite, prote!ti(e ear!h/ The p.rp"%e "0 $hi% li(i$e& %ear h i% n"$ $" &i% "+er e+i&en e "0 a ri(e ).$ $" allo) the offi!er to p+r +e hi in(e ti&ation )itho+t ri < of (iolen!e/ ilitary "owers of the 'resident ((ua;on
REHBISITES#
E0igent -nd emergency circ,mst-nces )e%$ ill.%$ra$e& in Pe"ple +. De 5ra ia (#** SCRA A1C)3 'here a 'arran$le%% %ear h 'a% all"'e& 'here $here 'a% a pre+ailin! !eneral ha"% an& &i%"r&er )e a.%e "0 an "n!"in! ".p.
Note# 1. #. *. Che!<point # a% l"n! a% $he +ehi le i% nei$her %ear he& n"r i$% " .pan$% %.)-e $e& $" a )"&, %ear h an& $he in%pe $i"n "0 $he +ehi le i% li(i$e& $" a +i%.al %ear h L +ali& %ear h ()al onte ). -e )illa) Carroll r+le# 'arran$le%% %ear h "0 a +ehi le $ha$ an )e 7.i ?l, ("+e& ".$ "0 $he l" ali$, "r -.ri%&i $i"n The 121A C"n%$i$.$i"n ha% re$.rne& $" $he 12*@ r.le $ha$ 'arran$% (a, )e i%%.e& "nl, ), -.&!e%3 ).$ $he Co issioner of I igration ay order the arrest of an alien in order to carry out a !I#A% de"ortation order.
DALI% EARRANTLESS ARRESTS 1. #. *. When $he per%"n $" )e arre%$e& ha% "((i$$e&3 i% a $.all, "((i$$in!3 "r i% a)".$ $" "((i$ an "00en%e in $he pre%en e "0 $he arre%$in! "00i er. When an "00en%e ha% in 0a $ -.%$ )een "((i$$e& an& $he arre%$in! "00i er ha% pr")a)le a.%e $" )elie+e )a%e& "n per%"nal ?n"'le&!e "0 0a $% an& ir .(%$an e% in&i a$in! $ha$ $he per%"n $" )e arre%$e& ha% "((i$$e& i$. When $he per%"n $" )e arre%$e& i% a pri%"ner 'h" ha% e% ape& 0r"( a penal e%$a)li%h(en$ "r pla e 'here he i% %er+in! 0inal -.&!(en$ "r $e(p"raril, "n0ine& 'hile hi% a%e i% pen&in!3 "r ha% e% ape& 'hile )ein! $ran%0erre& 0r"( "ne "n0ine(en$ $" an"$her. Eai(er of an in(ali, arre t# When a per%"n 'h" i% &e$aine& applie% 0"r )ail3 he i% &ee(e& $" ha+e 'ai+e& an, irre!.lari$, 'hi h (a, ha+e " .rre& in rela$i"n $" hi% arre%$. 2owe,er, i0 $he a .%e& p.$% .p )ail 0efore he enter a plea3 he i% n"$ )arre& 0r"( la$er 7.e%$i"nin! $he le!ali$, "0 hi% arre%$. >/ Hot p+r +it A. The p.r%.i$ "0 $he "00en&er ), $he arre%$in! "00i er (.%$ )e "n$in.".% 0r"( $he $i(e "0 $he "((i%%i"n "0 $he "00en%e $" $he $i(e "0 $he arre%$. 6. There (.%$ )e n" %.per+enin! e+en$ 'hi h )rea?% $he "n$in.i$, "0 $he ha%e. ?/ Stop an, fri < When a p"li e(an ")%er+e% %.%pi i".% a $i+i$, 'hi h lea&% hi( $" )elie+e $ha$ a ri(e i% a)".$ $" )e "((i$$e&3 he an in+e%$i!a$e $he %.%pi i".% l""?in! per%"n an& (a, 0ri%? hi( 0"r 'eap"n% a% a (ea%.re "0 %el0:pr"$e $i"n. Sh".l& he 0in&3 h"'e+er3 a 'eap"n "n $he %.%pe $ 'hi h i% .nli en%e&3 he an arre%$ %. h per%"n $hen an& $here 0"r ha+in! "((i$$e& an "00en%e in $he "00i erE% pre%en e.
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Se!tion 9/ ( ! The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law. ("! #ny evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceedings. R/A/ =200 1AntiAEiretappin& A!t2 1. #. The law does not distinguish between a "arty to the "ri,ate co unication or a third "erson. Ben e3 )"$h a par$, an& a $hir& per%"n ".l& )e hel& lia)le .n&er R.A. >#44 i0 $he, "((i$ an, "0 $he pr"hi)i$e& a $% .n&er R.A. >#44 (Ra(ire; +. Ca) The use of a tele"hone e:tension to o,erhear a "ri,ate con,ersation i% n"$ a +i"la$i"n "0 R.A. >#44 )e a.%e i$ i% n"$ %i(ilar $" an, "0 $he pr"hi)i$e& &e+i e% .n&er $he la'. Al%"3 a $eleph"ne e9$en%i"n i% n"$ p.rp"%el, in%$alle& 0"r $he p.rp"%e "0 %e re$l, in$er ep$in! "r re "r&in! pri+a$e "((.ni a$i"n. (5aanan +. IAC3 1>@ SCRA 11#)
Type of !o""+ni!ation prote!te,# Le$$er%3 (e%%a!e%3 $eleph"ne all%3 $ele!ra(% an& $he li?e. EF!l+ ionary r+le# An, e+i&en e ")$aine& %hall )e ina&(i%%i)le 0"r an, p.rp"%e in an, pr" ee&in!. 2owe,er3 in $he a)%en e "0 !"+ern(en$al in$er0eren e3 $he pr"$e $i"n a!ain%$ .nrea%"na)le %ear h an& %ei;.re ann"$ )e e9$en&e& $" a $% "((i$$e& ), pri+a$e in&i+i&.al%. ('eo"le ,. *artin)
Se!tion =/ No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. Ehat are !on i,ere, prote!te, pee!h# Pr"$e $e& %pee h in l.&e% e+er, 0"r( "0 e9pre%%i"n3 'he$her "ral3 'ri$$en3 $ape "r &i% re "r&e&. I$ in l.&e% ("$i"n pi $.re% a% 'ell a% 'ha$ i% ?n"'n a% %,()"li %pee h %. h a% $he 'earin! "0 an ar()an& a% a %,()"l "0 pr"$e%$. Pea e0.l pi ?e$in! ha% al%" )een in l.&e& 'i$hin $he (eanin! "0 %pee h. Prohi0ition +n,er Se!tion = 1. #. Pr"hi)i$i"n a!ain%$ PRIOR RESTRAINT Pr"hi)i$i"n a!ain%$ SU6SEIUENT PUNISBMENT
Prohi0ition a&ain t prior re traint Prior re traint (ean% "00i ial !"+ern(en$al re%$ri $i"n% "n $he pre%% "r "$her 0"r(% "0 e9pre%%i"n in a&+an e "0 a $.al p.)li a$i"n "r &i%%e(ina$i"n. 0. $:a "les6for s of "rior restraint a. ). . &. ("+ie en%"r%hip -.&i ial pri"r re%$rain$ L in-.n $i"n a!ain%$ p.)li a$i"n li en%e $a9e% )a%e& "n !r"%% re eip$% 0"r $he ne'%paper pri+ile!e "0 en!a!in! in $he ).%ine%% "0 a&+er$i%in! in an,
0la$ li en%e 0ee% 0"r $he pri+ile!e "0 %ellin! reli!i".% )""?%
Ehen prohi0ition ,oe not apply a. ). D.rin! a 'ar. E9. 5"+ern(en$ an pre+en$ p.)li a$i"n a)".$ $he n.()erMl" a$i"n% "0 i$% $r""p% (Near +. Minne%"$a3 #*1 US C2A) O)% ene p.)li a$i"n%.
Stan,ar, for allo)a0le +0 e5+ent p+ni h"ent TEST 1. *-ngero,s Tendency Test #. Cle-r -nd Present *-nger Test CRITERION There %h".l& )e a RATIONAL CONNECTION )e$'een $he %pee h an& $he e+il apprehen&e&. There %h".l& )e a lear an& pre%en$ &an!er $ha$ $he '"r&% 'hen .%e& .n&er %. h ir .(%$an e% are "0 %. h a na$.re a% $" rea$e a CLEAR AND PRESENT DAN5ER $ha$ $he, 'ill )rin! a)".$ $he %.)%$an$i+e e+il% $ha$ $he S$a$e ha% a ri!h$ $" pre+en$.
14
*. <-l-ncing o! Interests Test The ".r$% %h".l& 6ALANCE $he PU6LIC INTEREST %er+e& ), le!i%la$i"n "n "ne han& an& $he DREEDOM OD SPEECB ("r an, "$her "n%$i$.$i"nal ri!h$) "n $he "$her. The ".r$% 'ill $hen &e i&e 'here $he !rea$er 'ei!h$ %h".l& )e pla e&.
$ree,o" of Spee!h The &" $rine "n 0ree&"( "0 %pee h 'a% 0"r(.la$e& pri(aril, 0"r $he pr"$e $i"n "0 >core? s"eech3 i.e. %pee h 'hi h "((.ni a$e% p"li$i al3 %" ial "r reli!i".% i&ea%. The%e en-", $he %a(e &e!ree "0 pr"$e $i"n. C"((er ial %pee h3 h"'e+er3 &"e% n"$. Co""er!ial Spee!h 1. 2. A "((.ni a$i"n 'hi h n" ("re $han pr"p"%e% a "((er ial $ran%a $i"n. To en+oy rotection: a. ). 3. I$ (.%$ n"$ )e 0al%e "r (i%lea&in!/ an& I$ %h".l& n"$ pr"p"%e an ille!al $ran%a $i"n.
Even tr,th!,l -nd l-w!,l commerci-l s eech m-y .e reg,l-ted i!: a. ). . 5"+ern(en$ ha% a %.)%$an$ial in$ere%$ $" pr"$e $/ The re!.la$i"n &ire $l, a&+an e% $ha$ in$ere%$/ an& I$ i% n"$ ("re e9$en%i+e $han i% ne e%%ar, $" pr"$e $ $ha$ in$ere%$. (Central 2udson (as and $lectric Cor". ,. 'ublic Ser,ice Co ission of #@, >>A US @@A)
Bnprote!te, Spee!h ./ LIBEL A. ;AI' CO$$E%T 9A.S. RuleB. The%e are %$a$e(en$% "0 OPINION3 n"$ "0 0a $3 an& are n"$ "n%i&ere& a $i"na)le3 e+en i0 $he '"r&% .%e& are nei$her (il& n"r $e(pera$e. &hat is i "ortant is that the o"inion is the true and honest o"inion of the "erson. The %$a$e(en$% are n"$ .%e& $" a$$a ? per%"nali$ie% ).$ $" !i+e "neE% "pini"n "n &e i%i"n% an& a $i"n%. OPI%IO%/. Wi$h re%pe $ $" p.)li per%"nali$ie% (p"li$i ian%3 a $"r%3 an,"ne 'i$h a "nne $i"n $" a ne'%'"r$h, e+en$)3 "pini"n% an )e aire& re!ar&in! $heir p.)li a $.a$i"n%. Co ent on their "ri,ate li,es, if not ger ane to their "ublic "ersonae, are not "rotected.
6.
2/
OBSCENITY A. Test !or o.scenity (Miller +. Cali0"rnia) i. ii. iii. <. Whe$her $he a+era!e per%"n3 appl,in! "n$e(p"rar, "((.ni$, %$an&ar&% '".l& 0in& $ha$ $he '"r?3 $a?en a% a 'h"le3 appeal% $" $he pr.rien$ in$ere%$. Whe$her $he '"r? &epi $% "r &e% ri)e%3 in a pa$en$l, "00en%i+e 'a,3 %e9.al "n&. $3 %pe i0i all, &e0ine& ), la'. Whe$her $he '"r?3 $a?en a% a 'h"le3 la ?% %eri".% li$erar,3 ar$i%$i 3 p"li$i al "r % ien$i0i +al.e.
Proced,re !or sei1,re o! -llegedly o.scene ,.lic-tions i. ii. iii. i+. +. +i. A.$h"ri$ie% (.%$ appl, 0"r i%%.an e "0 %ear h 'arran$. C".r$ (.%$ )e "n+in e& $ha$ $he (a$erial% are ")% ene. Appl, lear an& pre%en$ &an!er $e%$. F.&!e 'ill &e$er(ine 'he$her $he, are in 0a $ J")% eneK. F.&!e 'ill i%%.e a %ear h 'arran$. Pr"per a $i"n %h".l& )e 0ile& .n&er Ar$. #41 "0 $he RPC. C"n+i $i"n i% %.)-e $ $" appeal.
Ri&ht of A 1. 2.
e"0ly an, Petition
The %$an&ar&% 0"r all"'a)le i(pair(en$ "0 %pee h an& pre%% al%" appl, $" $he ri!h$ "0 a%%e()l, an& pe$i$i"n. ',les on -ssem.ly in ,.lic l-ces: i. Appli an$ %h".l& in0"r( $he li en%in! a.$h"ri$, "0 $he &a$e3 $he p.)li pla e 'here an& $he $i(e 'hen $he a%%e()l, 'ill $a?e pla e.
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ii. The appli a$i"n %h".l& )e 0ile& ahea& "0 $i(e $" ena)le $he p.)li "00i ial "n erne& $" apprai%e 'he$her $here are +ali& ")-e $i"n% $" $he !ran$ "0 $he per(i$ "r $" i$% !ran$3 ).$ in an"$her p.)li pla e. The !ran$ "r re0.%al %h".l& )e )a%e& "n $he appli a$i"n "0 $he Clear an& Pre%en$ Dan!er Te%$. I0 $he p.)li a.$h"ri$, i% "0 $he +ie' $ha$ $here i% an i((inen$ an& !ra+e &an!er "0 a %.)%$an$i+e e+il3 $he appli an$% (.%$ )e hear& "n $he (a$$er. The &e i%i"n "0 $he p.)li a.$h"ri$,3 'he$her 0a+"ra)le "r a&+er%e3 (.%$ )e $ran%(i$$e& $" $he appli an$% a$ $he earlie%$ "pp"r$.ni$, %" $ha$ $he, (a,3 i0 $he, %" &e%ire3 ha+e re ".r%e $" $he pr"per -.&i ial a.$h"ri$,.
iii. i+. 3.
',les on -ssem.ly in riv-te ro erties: Onl, $he "n%en$ "0 $he "'ner "0 $he pr"per$, "r per%"n en$i$le& $" p"%%e%%i"n $here"0 i% re7.ire&.
Se!tion >. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Cla+ e +n,er Se!tion > 1. #. N"n:e%$a)li%h(en$ la.%e Dree e9er i%e "0 Reli!i"n = 9@= BS 2092
%i tin!tion 0et)een the !la+ e 1/chool *istrict v. /chem 1.
The nonAe ta0li h"ent !la+ e &"e% n"$ &epen& .p"n an, %h"'in! "0 &ire $ !"+ern(en$al "(p.l%i"n. I$ i% +i"la$e& ), $he ena $(en$ "0 la'% 'hi h e%$a)li%h an "00i ial reli!i"n 'he$her $h"%e la'% "pera$e &ire $l, $" "er e n"n:")%er+in! in&i+i&.al% "r n"$.
The test of co "liance with the non5establish ent clause can be stated as follows3 Wha$ are $he p.rp"%e% an& pri(ar, e00e $ "0 $he ena $(en$N I0 ei$her i% $he a&+an e(en$ "r inhi)i$i"n "0 reli!i"n3 $he la' +i"la$e% $he n"n:e%$a)li%h(en$ la.%e. Th.%3 in order for a law to co "ly with the non5establish ent clause, two re4uisites ust be et. !irst, i$ ha% a %e .lar le!i%la$i+e p.rp"%e. Second, i$% pri(ar, e00e $ nei$her a&+an e% n"r inhi)i$% reli!i"n. #. The free eFer!i e of reli&ion !la+ e 'i$h&ra'% 0r"( le!i%la$i+e p"'er $he e9er$i"n "0 an, re%$rain$ "n $he 0ree e9er i%e "0 reli!i"n. In "r&er $" %h"' a +i"la$i"n "0 $hi% la.%e3 $he per%"n a00e $e& (.%$ %h"' $he "er i+e e00e $ "0 $he le!i%la$i"n a% i$ "pera$e% a!ain%$ hi( in $he pra $i e "0 hi% reli!i"n. o ent such belief flows o,er into action, it beco es sub+ect
&hile the freedo to belie,e 9non5establish entB is absolute, the to go,ern ent regulation. Re5+i ite for &o(ern"ent ai, to 0e allo)a0le# 1. #. *. I$ (.%$ ha+e a %e .lar le!i%la$i+e p.rp"%e/
I$ (.%$ ha+e a pri(ar, e00e $ $ha$ nei$her a&+an e% n"r inhi)i$% reli!i"n/ I$ (.%$ n"$ re7.ire e9 e%%i+e en$an!le(en$ 'i$h re ipien$ in%$i$.$i"n%.
Se!tion ?/ The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety or public health, as may be provided by law. Ri&ht &+arantee, +n,er Se!tion ?# 1. #. Dree&"( $" h""%e an& han!e "neE% pla e "0 a)"&e. Dree&"( $" $ra+el 'i$hin $he ".n$r, an& ".$%i&e.
C+rtail"ent of ri&ht # RI3HT 1. Li.erty o! -.ode #. 'ight to tr-vel ;ANNER O$ CBRTAIL;ENT La'0.l "r&er "0 $he ".r$ an& 'i$hin $he li(i$% pre% ri)e& ), la'. Ma, )e .r$aile& e+en ), a&(ini%$ra$i+e "00i er% (e9. pa%%p"r$ "00i er%) in $he in$ere%$ "0 na$i"nal %e .ri$,3 p.)li %a0e$,3 "r p.)li heal$h3 a% (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), la'.
Note# The ri!h$ $" $ra+el an& $he li)er$, "0 a)"&e are &i%$in $ 0r"( $he ri!h$ $" re$.rn $" "neE% ".n$r,3 a% %h"'n ), $he 0a $ $ha$ $he De lara$i"n "0 B.(an Ri!h$% an& $he C"+enan$ "n B.(an Ri!h$% ha+e %epara$e !.aran$ee% 0"r $he%e. Ben e3 the right to return to one8s country is not co,ered by the s"ecific right to tra,el and liberty of abode. (*arcos ,. *angla"us) Se!tion @/ The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
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Ri&ht &+arantee, +n,er Se!tion @ 1. #. Ri!h$ $" in0"r(a$i"n "n (a$$er% "0 p.)li Ri!h$ "0 a "n ern
e%% $" "00i ial re "r&% an& &" .(en$% Onl, Dilipin" i$i;en%.
Per on entitle, to the a0o(e ri&ht # %i !retion of &o(ern"ent
The !"+ern(en$ ha% &i% re$i"n 'i$h re%pe $ $" $he a.$h"ri$, $" &e$er(ine 'ha$ (a$$er% are "0 p.)li &e$er(ine $he (anner "0 a e%% $" $he(. Re!o&ni8e, re tri!tion on the ri&ht of the people to infor"ation# 1. #. *. >. @. C. A. 1. Na$i"nal %e .ri$, (a$$er% In$elli!en e in0"r(a$i"n Tra&e %e re$% 6an?in! $ran%a $i"n% Dipl"(a$i "rre%p"n&en e
"n ern an& $he a.$h"ri$, $"
E9e .$i+e %e%%i"n% Cl"%e& &""r a)ine$ (ee$in!% S.pre(e C".r$ &eli)era$i"n%
Se!tion 8/ The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law, shall not be abridged/ The ri!h$ $" 0"r( a%%" ia$i"n% %hall n"$ )e i(paire& 'i$h".$ &.e pr" e%% "0 la' an& i% $h.% an a%pe $ "0 $he ri!h$ "0 li)er$,. I$ i% al%" an a%pe $ "0 $he 0ree&"( "0 "n$ra $. In a&&i$i"n3 in%"0ar a% $he a%%" ia$i"n% (a, ha+e 0"r $heir ")-e $ $he a&+an e(en$ "0 )elie0% an& i&ea%3 $he 0ree&"( "0 a%%" ia$i"n i% an a%pe $ "0 $he 0ree&"( "0 %pee h an& e9pre%%i"n3 %.)-e $ $" $he %a(e li(i$a$i"n. The ri!h$ al%" "+er% $he ri!h$ n"$ $" -"in an a%%" ia$i"n. 5"+ern(en$ e(pl",ee% ha+e $he ri!h$ $" 0"r( .ni"n%. The, al%" ha+e $he ri!h$ $" %$ri?e3 .nle%% $here i% a %$a$.$"r, )an "n $he(. Se!tion I/ $rivate property shall not be ta%en for public use without just compensation. Eho !an eFer!i e the po)er of e"inent ,o"ain# 1) The na$i"nal !"+ern(en$ a. ). #) *) C"n!re%% E9e .$i+e3 p.r%.an$ $" le!i%la$i"n ena $e& ), C"n!re%%
L" al !"+ern(en$ .ni$%3 p.r%.an$ $" an "r&inan e ena $e& ), $heir re%pe $i+e le!i%la$i+e )"&ie% (.n&er L5C) P.)li .$ili$ie%3 a% (a, )e &ele!a$e& ), la'. aryG
Ehen i the eFer!i e of the po)er of e"inent ,o"ain ne!e
It is only necessary when the owner does not want or o""oses the sale of his "ro"erty. Th.%3 i0 a +ali& "n$ra $ e9i%$% )e$'een $he !"+ern(en$ an& $he "'ner3 $he !"+ern(en$ ann"$ e9er i%e $he p"'er "0 e(inen$ &"(ain a% a %.)%$i$.$e $" $he en0"r e(en$ "0 $he "n$ra $. Ele"ent of the po)er of e"inent ,o"ain 1) #) *) There i% a TAOIN5 "0 pri+a$e pr"per$, Ta?in! i% 0"r PU6LIC USE Pa,(en$ "0 FUST COMPENSATION 9TA>I%G9 A. Ele"ent # CO%E# E P A P O
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1. #. *. >. @. The e9pr"pria$"r en$er% $he pr"per$, The en$ran e (.%$ n"$ )e 0"r a ("(en$ar, peri"&3 i.e.3 i$ (.%$ )e per(anen$ En$r, i% (a&e .n&er 'arran$ "r "l"r "0 le!al a.$h"ri$, Pr"per$, i% &e+"$e& $" p.)li .%e U$ili;a$i"n "0 $he pr"per$, (.%$ )e in %. h a 'a, a% $" o.%$ $he "'ner an& &epri+e hi( "0 $he )ene0i ial en-",(en$ "0 hi% pr"per$,.
6. Co "ensable ta7ing does not need to in,ol,e all the "ro"erty interests which for "art of the right of ownershi" . When "ne "r ("re "0 $he pr"per$, ri!h$% are appr"pria$e& an& applie& $" a p.)li p.rp"%e3 $here i% alrea&, a "(pen%a)le $a?in!3 e+en i0 )are $i$le %$ill re(ain% 'i$h $he "'ner. 9P"<LIC "/E9 1. #. P.)li .%e3 0"r p.rp"%e% "0 e9pr"pria$i"n3 i% %,n"n,(".% 'i$h p.)li 'el0are a% $he la$$er $er( i% .%e& in $he "n ep$ "0 p"li e p"'er. E9a(ple% "0 p.)li .%e in l.&e lan& re0"r( an& %" iali;e& h".%in!.
9?"/T CO$PE%/ATIO%9 1. #. Co "ensation is +ust if the owner recei,es a su e4ui,alent to the ar7et ,alue of his "ro"erty . Mar?e$ +al.e i% !enerall, &e0ine& a% $he 0air +al.e "0 $he pr"per$, a% )e$'een "ne 'h" &e%ire% $" p.r ha%e an& "ne 'h" &e%ire% $" %ell. The "oint of reference used in deter ining fair ,alue is the ,alue at the ti e the "ro"erty was ta7en . Th.%3 0.$.re p"$en$ial .%e "0 $he lan& i% n"$ "n%i&ere& in "(p.$in! -.%$ "(pen%a$i"n.
C+,i!ial re(ie) of the eFer!i e of the po)er of e"inent ,o"ain 1. #. *. T" &e$er(ine $he a&e7.a , "0 $he "(pen%a$i"n T" &e$er(ine $he ne e%%i$, "0 $he $a?in! T" &e$er(ine $he Pp.)li .%eP hara $er "0 $he $a?in!. 2owe,er, if the e:"ro"riation is "ursuant to a s"ecific law "assed by Congress, the courts cannot 4uestion the "ublic use character of the ta7ing.
Ehen "+ni!ipal property i ta<en 0y the State# Co "ensation is re4uired if the "ro"erty is a "atri onial "ro"erty 3 $ha$ i%3 pr"per$, a 7.ire& ), $he (.ni ipali$, 'i$h i$% pri+a$e 0.n&% in i$% "rp"ra$e "r pri+a$e apa i$,. 2owe,er3 i0 i$ i% an, "$her pr"per$, %. h a p.)li ).il&in!% "r le!.a "(.nal hel& ), $he (.ni ipali$, 0"r $he S$a$e in $r.%$ 0"r $he inha)i$an$%3 $he S$a$e i% 0ree $" &i%p"%e "0 i$ a$ 'ill. Point of referen!e for (al+atin& a pie!e of property# 3eneral r+le# The +al.e (.%$ )e $ha$ a% "0 $he $i(e "0 $he 0ilin! "0 $he "(plain$ 0"r e9pr"pria$i"n. EF!eption# When $he 0ilin! "0 $he a%e "(e% la$er $han $he $i(e "0 $a?in! an& (ean'hile $he +al.e "0 $he pr"per$, ha% in rea%e& )e a.%e "0 $he .%e $" 'hi h $he e9pr"pria$"r ha% p.$ i$3 $he +al.e i% $ha$ "0 $he $i(e "0 $he earlier $a?in!. 6UT i0 $he +al.e in rea%e& in&epen&en$l, "0 'ha$ $he e9pr"pria$"r &i&3 $hen $he +al.e i% $ha$ "0 $he la$$er 0ilin! "0 $he a%e. Se!tion .0/ No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. Ehen ,oe a la) i"pair the o0li&ation of !ontra!t # 1) #) *) I0 i$ han!e% $he $er(% an& "n&i$i"n% "0 a le!al "n$ra $ ei$her a% $" $he $i(e "r ("&e "0 per0"r(an e I0 i$ i(p"%e% ne' "n&i$i"n% "r &i%pen%e% 'i$h $h"%e e9pre%%e& I0 i$ a.$h"ri;e% 0"r i$% %a$i%0a $i"n %"(e$hin! &i00eren$ 0r"( $ha$ pr"+i&e& in i$% $er(%.
A (ere han!e in PROCEDURAL REMEDIES 'hi h &"e% n"$ han!e $he %.)%$an e "0 $he "n$ra $3 an& 'hi h %$ill lea+e% an e00i a i".% re(e&, 0"r en0"r e(en$ &"e% NOT i(pair $he ")li!a$i"n "0 "n$ra $%. A ,alid e:ercise of "olice "ower is su"erior to obligation of contracts. Se!tion ... &ree access to the courts and quasi'judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. Se!tion .2. (ights of person under investigation for the commission of an offense.
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Ri&ht of per on +n,er in(e ti&ation for the Co""i CO%E# SCISI 1) #) *) >) Ri!h$ $" re(ain ilen$ Ri!h$ $" ha+e !"(pe$en$ an& in&epen&en$ ".n%el3 pre0era)l, "0 hi% "'n h"i e Ri!h$ $" )e pr"+i&e& 'i$h $he er+i e% "0 ".n%el i0 he ann"$ a00"r& $he %er+i e% "0 "ne. Ri!h$ $" )e in0"r(e& "0 $he%e ri!h$%. ion of an offen e
Ehen ri&ht are a(aila0le# 1) #) *) >) ADTER a per%"n ha% )een $a?en in$" .%$"&, "r When a per%"n i% "$her'i%e &epri+e& "0 hi% 0ree&"( "0 a $i"n in an, %i!ni0i an$ 'a,. When $he in+e%$i!a$i"n i% )ein! "n&. $e& ), $he !"+ern(en$ (p"li e3 DOF3 N6I) 'i$h re%pe $ $" a ri(inal "00en%e. Si!nin! "0 arre%$ rep"r$% an& )""?in! %hee$%.
Ehen ri&ht are not a(aila0le# 1) D.rin! a p"li e line:.p.
$:ce"tion3 On e $here i% a ("+e a("n! $he in+e%$i!a$"r% $" eli i$ a&(i%%i"n% "r "n0e%%i"n% 0r"( $he %.%pe $. #) *) >) D.rin! a&(ini%$ra$i+e in+e%$i!a$i"n%. C"n0e%%i"n% (a&e ), an a in+e%$i!a$i"n. .%e& a$ $he $i(e he +"l.n$aril, %.rren&ere& $" $he p"li e "r ".$%i&e $he "n$e9$ "0 a 0"r(al
S$a$e(en$% (a&e $" a pri+a$e per%"n.
EF!l+ ionary r+le 1) #) An, "n0e%%i"n "r a&(i%%i"n ")$aine& in +i"la$i"n "0 $hi% %e $i"n %hall )e ina&(i%%i)le in e+i&en e a!ain%$ hi( ($he a .%e&). There0"re3 an, e+i&en e ")$aine& ), +ir$.e "0 an ille!all, ")$aine& "n0e%%i"n i% al%" ina&(i%%i)le3 )ein! $he 0r.i$ "0 a p"i%"n".% $ree.
Re5+i ite of (ali, )ai(er# 1) #) Wai+er %h".l& )e (a&e in WRITIN5 Wai+er %h".l& )e (a&e in $he PRESENCE OD COUNSEL.
Se!tion .9/ (ight to bail Eho are entitle, to 0ail# 1) #) *) All per%"n% ACTUALLY DETAINED %hall3 6EDORE CONVICTION 6e en$i$le& $" )ail.
Eho are not entitle, to 0ail# 1) #) *) Per%"n% har!e& 'i$h "00en%e% PUNISBA6LE ), RECLUSION PERPETUA "r DEATB3 'hen e+i&en e "0 !.il$ i% %$r"n! Per%"n% CONVICTED ), $he $rial ".r$. Bail is only discretionary "ending a""eal. Per%"n% 'h" are (e()er% "0 $he ADP 0a in! a ".r$ (ar$ial.
Other ri&ht in relation to 0ail/ 1) #) The ri!h$ $" )ail %hall NOT )e i(paire& e+en 'hen $he pri+ile!e "0 $he 'ri$ "0 ha)ea% "rp.% i% %.%pen&e&. E9 e%%i+e )ail %hall n"$ )e re7.ire&.
$a!tor !on i,ere, in ettin& the a"o+nt of 0ail# 1) #) *) A)ili$, $" p"%$ )ail Na$.re "0 $he "00en%e Penal$, i(p"%e& ), la'
1@
>) @) C) A) 1) 2) Chara $er an& rep.$a$i"n "0 $he a Beal$h "0 $he a .%e& S$ren!$h "0 $he e+i&en e Pr")a)ili$, "0 appearin! a$ $he $rial D"r0ei$.re "0 pre+i".% )ail )"n&% Whe$her a .%e& 'a% a 0.!i$i+e 0r"( -.%$i e 'hen arre%$e& .%e&
14) I0 a
.%e& i% .n&er )"n& in "$her a%e%
I"pli!it li"itation on the ri&ht to 0ail# 1. #. The per%"n lai(in! $he ri!h$ (.%$ )e in a $.al &e$en$i"n "r .%$"&, "0 $he la'. The "n%$i$.$i"nal ri!h$ i% a+aila)le "nl, in ri(inal a%e%3 n"$3 e.!. in &ep"r$a$i"n pr" ee&in!%.
Note# 1. #. Ri!h$ $" )ail i% n"$ a+aila)le in $he (ili$ar,. Apar$ 0r"( )ail3 a per%"n (a, a$$ain pr"+i%i"nal li)er$, $hr".!h re "!ni;an e3 'hi h i% an ")li!a$i"n "0 re "r& en$ere& in$" )e0"re a ".r$ !.aran$eein! $he appearan e "0 $he a .%e& 0"r $rial. I$ i% in $he na$.re "0 a "n$ra $ )e$'een $he %.re$, an& $he %$a$e.
Se!tion .=/ (ights of an accused Ri&ht of a per on !har&e, )ith a !ri"inal offen e 1. #. *. >. @. C. A. Ri!h$ $" &.e pr" e%% "0 la' Ri!h$ $" )e pre%.(e& inn" en$ Ri!h$ $" )e hear& ), hi(%el0 an& ".n%el Ri!h$ $" )e in0"r(e& "0 $he na$.re an& a.%e "0 $he a Ri!h$ $" ha+e a %pee&,3 i(par$ial an& p.)li $rial Ri!h$ $" (ee$ $he 'i$ne%%e% 0a e $" 0a e Ri!h$ $" ha+e "(p.l%"r, pr" e%% $" %e .re $he a$$en&an e "0 'i$ne%%e% an& $he pr"&. $i"n "0 e+i&en e in hi% )ehal0 .%a$i"n a!ain%$ hi(
@*"E P'OCE//A Thi% (ean% $ha$ $he a .%e& an "nl, )e "n+i $e& ), a $ri).nal 'hi h i% re7.ire& $" "(pl, 'i$h $he %$rin!en$ re7.ire(en$% "0 $he r.le% "0 ri(inal pr" e&.re. @P'E/"$PTIO% O; I%%OCE%CEA The C"n%$i$.$i"n &"e% n"$ pr"hi)i$ $he le!i%la$.re 0r"( pr"+i&in! $ha$ pr""0 "0 er$ain 0a $% lea&% $" a pri(a 0a ie pre%.(p$i"n "0 !.il$3 pr"+i&e& $ha$ $he 0a $% pr"+e& ha+e a rea%"na)le "nne $i"n $" $he .l$i(a$e 0a $ pre%.(e&. Pre%.(p$i"n "0 !.il$ %h".l& n"$ )e "n l.%i+e. @'IGBT TO <E BEA'* <C BI$/EL; A%* CO"%/ELA The ri&ht to 0e hear, in!l+,e the follo)in& ri&ht # 1. 'ight to .e resent -t the tri-l A. 6. The ri!h$ $" )e pre%en$ "+er% $he peri"& 0r"( ARRAI5NMENT $" PROMUL5ATION "0 %en$en e. A0$er arrai!n(en$3 $rial (a, pr" ee& n"$'i$h%$an&in! a)%en e "0 a (i) (ii) A .%e& ha% )een &.l, n"$i0ie&/ an& .%e&3 pr"+i&e& # re7.i%i$e% are (e$.
Bi% 0ail.re $" appear i% .n-.%$i0ia)le.
N"$e3 $ha$ trial in absentia is allowed only if the accused has been ,alidly arraigned. C. The a .%e& (a, 'ai+e $he ri!h$ $" )e pre%en$ a$ $he $rial ), n"$ %h"'in! .p. 2owe,er3 $he ".r$ an %$ill "(pel $he a$$en&an e "0 $he a .%e& i0 ne e%%ar, 0"r i&en$i0i a$i"n p.rp"%e%.
1C
EHCEPTIONG I0 $he a .%e&3 a0$er arrai!n(en$3 ha% %$ip.la$e& $ha$ he i% in&ee& $he per%"n har!e& 'i$h $he "00en%e an& na(e& in $he in0"r(a$i"n3 an& $ha$ an, $i(e a 'i$ne%% re0er% $" a na(e ), 'hi h he i% ?n"'n3 $he 'i$ne%% i% $" )e .n&er%$""& a% re0errin! $" hi(. D. While $he a .%e& i% en$i$le& $" )e pre%en$ &.rin! pr"(.l!a$i"n "0 -.&!e(en$3 $he a)%en e "0 hi% ".n%el &.rin! %. h pr"(.l!a$i"n &"e% n"$ a00e $ i$% +ali&i$,.
#. 'ight to co,nsel (a) Ri!h$ $" ".n%el (ean% $he ri!h$ $" EDDECTIVE REPRESENTATION. 9bB If the accused a""ears at arraign ent without counsel, the +udge (i) In0"r( $he a ust3
.%e& $ha$ he ha% a ri!h$ $" a ".n%el )e0"re arrai!n(en$
(ii) A%? $he a (iii) I0 $he a (i+) I0 $he a
.%e& i0 he &e%ire% $he ai& "0 ".n%el
.%e& &e%ire% ".n%el3 ).$ ann"$ a00"r& "ne3 a ".n%el de oficio (.%$ )e app"in$e& .%e& &e%ire% $" ")$ain hi% "'n ".n%el3 $he ".r$ (.%$ !i+e hi( a rea%"na)le $i(e $" !e$ "ne.
*. 'ight to -n im -rti-l +,dge >. 'ight o! con!ront-tion -nd cross#e0-min-tion @. 'ight to com ,lsory rocess to sec,re the -ttend-nce o! witnesses @'IGBT TO <E I%;O'$E* O; TBE %AT"'E A%* CA"/E O; ACC"/ATIO% AGAI%/T BI$A P+rpo e of the ri&ht# 1) #) *) T" 0.rni%h $he a .%e& 'i$h a &e% rip$i"n "0 $he har!e a!ain%$ hi( a% 'ill ena)le hi( $" (a?e hi% &e0en%e% T" a+ail hi(%el0 "0 hi% "n+i $i"n "r a 7.i$$al a!ain%$ a 0.r$her pr"%e .$i"n 0"r $he %a(e a.%e T" in0"r( $he ".r$ "0 $he 0a $% alle!e&.
If the infor ation fails to allege the aterial ele ents of the offense 3 $he a .%e& ann"$ )e "n+i $e& $here"0 e+en i0 $he pr"%e .$i"n i% a)le $" pre%en$ e+i&en e &.rin! $he $rial 'i$h re%pe $ $" %. h ele(en$%. The real nature of the cri e charged is deter ined fro the recital of facts in the infor ation . I$ i% n"$ &e$er(ine& )a%e& "n $he ap$i"n "r prea()le $here"0 n"r 0r"( $he %pe i0i a$i"n "0 $he pr"+i%i"n "0 la' alle!e&l, +i"la$e&. @'IGBT TO /PEE*C= I$PA'TIAL A%* P"<LIC T'IALA $a!tor + e, in ,eter"inin& )hether the ri&ht to a pee,y trial ha 0een (iolate, 1) #) *) >) @) Ti(e e9pire& 0r"( $he 0ilin! "0 $he in0"r(a$i"n Len!$h "0 &ela, in+"l+e& Rea%"n% 0"r $he &ela, A%%er$i"n "r n"n:a%%er$i"n "0 $he ri!h$ ), $he a Pre-.&i e a.%e& $" $he &e0en&an$. al 0a e, on the &ro+n, of (iolation of the a!!+ e,J ri&ht to pee,y trial double +eo"ardy . Thi% '".l& )e $he e00e $ .%e&
Effe!t of ,i "i
If the dis issal is ,alid, it a ounts to an ac4uittal and can be used as basis to clai e+en i0 $he &i%(i%%al 'a% (a&e 'i$h $he "n%en$ "0 $he a .%e& Re"e,y of the a!!+ e, if hi ri&ht to pee,y trial ha 0een (iolate, Be an ("+e 0"r $he &i%(i%%al "0 $he a%e. If he is detained3 he an 0ile a pe$i$i"n 0"r $he i%%.an e "0 'ri$ "0 ha)ea% "rp.%. %efinition of i"partial trial The a .%e& i% en$i$le& $" $he J "l& ne.$rali$, "0 an i(par$ial -.&!eK.
I$ i% an ele(en$ "0 &.e pr" e%%. %efinition of p+0li! trial The a$$en&an e a$ $he $rial i% "pen $" all irre%pe $i+e "0 $heir rela$i"n%hip $" $he a .%e&. 2owe,er3 i0 $he e+i&en e $" )e a&&. e& i% J"00en%i+e $" &e en , "r p.)li ("ral%K3 $he p.)li (a, )e e9 l.&e&.
1A
The ri!h$ "0 $he a .%e& $" a p.)li $rial i% n"$ +i"la$e& i0 $he hearin!% are "n&. $e& "n Sa$.r&a,%3 ei$her 'i$h $he "n%en$ "0 $he a .%e& "r i0 0aile& $" ")-e $ $here$". @'IGBT TO $EET 3IT%E// ;ACE TO ;ACEA P+rpo e of the ri&ht# 1. #. T" a00"r& $he a .%e& an "pp"r$.ni$, $" r"%%:e9a(ine $he 'i$ne%% T" all"' $he -.&!e $he "pp"r$.ni$, $" ")%er+e $he &ep"r$(en$ "0 $he 'i$ne%% AeFa"ine a )itne
$ail+re of the a!!+ e, to !ro
I0 $he 0ail.re "0 $he a .%e& $" r"%%:e9a(ine a 'i$ne%% i% &.e $" hi% "'n 0a.l$ "r 'a% n"$ &.e $" $he 0a.l$ "0 $he pr"%e .$i"n3 $he $e%$i("n, "0 $he 'i$ne%% %h".l& n"$ )e e9 l.&e&. Ehen the ri&ht to !ro AeFa"ine i ,e"an,a0le
I$ i% &e(an&a)le "nl, &.rin! $rial%. Th.%3 i$ ann"$ )e a+aile& "0 &.rin! preli(inar, in+e%$i!a$i"n%. Prin!ipal eF!eption to the ri&ht of !onfrontation 1. #. *. The a&(i%%i)ili$, "0 J&,in! &e lara$i"n%K Trial in a)%en$ia .n&er Se $i"n 1>(#) Wi$h re%pe $ $" hil& $e%$i("n,
Se!tion .?/ #ll persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi'judicial, or administrative bodies. %i tin!tion 0et)een Se!tion .= an, Se!tion .? While $he ri!h$% "0 an a .%e& "nl, appl, $" $he $rial pha%e "0 ri(inal a%e%3 $he ri!h$ $" a %pee&, &i%p"%i$i"n "0 a%e% "+er% ALL pha%e% "0 FUDICIAL3 IUASI:FUDICIAL "r ADMINISTRATIVE pr" ee&in!%. Se!tion .@/ No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Ehen i a 5+e tion in!ri"inatin&# A 7.e%$i"n $en&% $" in ri(ina$e 'hen $he an%'er "0 $he a .%e& "r $he 'i$ne%% '".l& e%$a)li%h a 0a $ 'hi h '".l& )e a ne e%%ar, lin? in a hain "0 e+i&en e $" pr"+e $he "((i%%i"n "0 a ri(e ), $he a .%e& "r $he 'i$ne%%. %i tin!tion 0et)een an a!!+ e, an, an or,inary )itne 1. #. An accused an re0.%e $" $a?e $he 'i$ne%% %$an& ), in+"?in! $he ri!h$ a!ain%$ %el0:in ri(ina$i"n. An ordinary witness ann"$ re0.%e $" $a?e $he %$an&. in ri(ina$e hi( in $he "((i%%i"n "0 an "00en%e. Be an "nl, re0.%e $" an%'er %pe i0i 7.e%$i"n% 'hi h '".l&
S!ope of ri&ht 1. #. Wha$ i% PROBI6ITED i% $he .%e "0 ph,%i al "r ("ral "(p.l%i"n $" e9$"r$ "((.ni a$i"n 0r"( $he 'i$ne%% "r $" "$her'i%e eli i$ e+i&en e 'hi h '".l& n"$ e9i%$ 'ere i$ n"$ 0"r $he a $i"n% "(pelle& 0r"( $he 'i$ne%%. The ri!h$ &"e% NOT PROBI6IT hi% )"&, a% ph,%i al e+i&en e. in ri(ina$i"n. $he e9a(ina$i"n "0 $he )"&, "0 $he a .%e& "r $he .%e "0 0in&in!% 'i$h re%pe $ $" 2ence3 $he 0in!erprin$in! "0 an a .%e& '".l& n"$ +i"la$e $he ri!h$ a!ain%$ %el0: .%e& '".l& +i"la$e $hi% ri!h$ i0 he i% har!e& 0"r 0al%i0i a$i"n.
2owe,er3 ")$ainin! a %a(ple "0 $he han&'ri$in! "0 $he a *.
The a .%e& ann"$ )e "(pelle& $" pr"&. e a pri+a$e &" .(en$ in hi% p"%%e%%i"n 'hi h (i!h$ $en& $" in ri(ina$e hi(. 2owe,er3 a $hir& per%"n in .%$"&, "0 $he &" .(en$ (a, )e "(pelle& $" pr"&. e i$.
Ehen the ri&ht !an 0e in(o<e,# 1. #. In ri(inal a%e% In a&(ini%$ra$i+e pr" ee&in!% i0 $he a .%e& i% lia)le $" a penal$, (E9. D"r0ei$.re "0 pr"per$,)
Eho !an in(o<e the ri&ht# Onl, na$.ral per%"n%. F.&i ial per%"n% are %.)-e $ $" $he +i%i$"rial p"'er% "0 $he %$a$e in "r&er $" &e$er(ine "(plian e 'i$h $he "n&i$i"n% "0 $he har$er !ran$e& $" $he(.
11
Se!tion .8/ (ight against involuntary servitude %efinition of in(ol+ntary er(it+,e I$ i% e+er, "n&i$i"n "0 en0"r e& "r "(p.l%"r, %er+i e "0 "ne $" an"$her n" (a$$er .n&er 'ha$ 0"r( %. h %er+i$.&e (a, )e &i%!.i%e&. EF!eption # 1. #. *. >. @. C. P.ni%h(en$ 0"r a ri(e 0"r 'hi h $he par$, ha% )een &.l, "n+i $e& Per%"nal (ili$ar, "r i+il %er+i e in $he in$ere%$ "0 na$i"nal &e0en%e In na+al enli%$(en$G a per%"n 'h" enli%$% in a (er han$ %hip (a, )e "(pelle& $" re(ain in %er+i e .n$il $he en& "0 $he +",a!e 'osse co itatus 0"r $he apprehen%i"n "0 ri(inal% Re$.rn $" '"r? "r&er i%%.e& ), $he DOLE Se re$ar, "r $he Pre%i&en$ Min"r% .n&er "atria "otestas are ")li!e& $" ")e, $heir paren$%.
Se!tion .I/ $rohibition against cruel, degrading and inhuman punishment Ehen i a penalty '!r+el4 ,e&ra,in& an, inh+"an-G 1. #. A penal$, i% r.el an& inh.(an i0 i$ in+"l+e% $"r$.re "r lin!erin! %.00erin!. E9. 6ein! &ra'n an& 7.ar$ere&. A penal$, i% &e!ra&in! i0 i$ e9p"%e% a per%"n $" p.)li $hr".!h".$ $"'n. h.(ilia$i"n. E9. 6ein! $arre& an& 0ea$here&3 $hen para&e&
Stan,ar, + e,# 1. #. *. >. The p.ni%h(en$ (.%$ n"$ )e %" %e+ere a% $" )e &e!ra&in! $" $he &i!ni$, "0 h.(an )ein!%. I$ (.%$ n"$ )e applie& ar)i$raril,. I$ (.%$ n"$ )e .na ep$a)le $" "n$e(p"rar, %" ie$,
I$ (.%$ n"$ )e e9 e%%i+e3 i.e. i$ (.%$ %er+e a penal p.rp"%e ("re e00e $i+el, $han a le%% %e+ere p.ni%h(en$ '".l&. i(e fine
EF!e
A 0ine i% e9 e%%i+e3 'hen .n&er an, ir .(%$an e3 i$ i% &i%pr"p"r$i"na$e $" $he "00en%e. Note# Dr. 6erna% %a,% $ha$ $he a .%e& ann"$ )e "n+i $e& "0 $he ri(e $" 'hi h $he p.ni%h(en$ i% a$$a he& i0 $he ".r$ 0in&% $ha$ $he p.ni%h(en$ i% r.el3 &e!ra&in! "r inh.(an. Reason3 Wi$h".$ a +ali& penal$,3 $he la' i% n"$ a penal la'. Se!tion 20/ No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non'payment of a poll tax. %efinition of ,e0t +n,er Se!tion 20 1) #) CB De)$ re0er% $" a CONTRACTUAL ")li!a$i"n3 'he$her e9pre%% "r i(plie&3 re%.l$in! in an, lia)ili$, $" pa, ("ne,. Th.%3 all "$her $,pe% "0 ")li!a$i"n% are n"$ 'i$hin $he % "pe "0 $hi% pr"hi)i$i"n. Th.%3 i0 an a .%e& 0ail% $" pa, $he 0ine i(p"%e& .p"n hi(3 $hi% (a, re%.l$ in hi% %.)%i&iar, i(pri%"n(en$ )e a.%e hi% lia)ili$, i% e: delicto an& not e: contractu. A !RAA-A%$#T debt A. 6. ay result in the i "rison ent of the debtor if3
The 0ra.&.len$ &e)$ "n%$i$.$e% a ri(e %. h a% e%$a0a an& The a .%e& ha% )een &.l, "n+i $e&.
Se!tion 2./ No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. )f an act punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act. Ehat are the TEO 6IN%S O$ CEOPAR%YG #. *. !irst Sentence3 N" per%"n %hall )e $'i e p.$ in -e"par&, "0 p.ni%h(en$ 0"r $he a"e offen e/ Second Sentence3 When an a $ i% p+ni he, 0y a la) an, an or,inan!e 3 "n+i $i"n "r a 7.i$$al .n&er ei$her %hall "n%$i$.$e a )ar $" an"$her pr"%e .$i"n 0"r $he a"e a!t/
12
Ander the first 7ind of +eo"ardy3 "n+i $i"n3 a 7.i$$al3 "r &i%(i%%al "0 $he a%e 'i$h".$ $he e9pre%% "n%en$ "0 $he a a %.)%e7.en$ pr"%e .$i"n. Ander the second 7ind of +eo"ardy3 "nl, "n+i $i"n "r a 7.i$$al 8 n"$ &i%(i%%al 'i$h".$ $he e9pre%% "n%en$ "0 $he a )ar a %.)%e7.en$ pr"%e .$i"n. Re5+i ite for a (ali, ,efen e of ,o+0le *eopar,y# CO%E# ATS 1) #) *) Dir%$ -e"par&, (.%$ ha+e attached pri"r $" $he %e "n&. The 0ir%$ -e"par&, (.%$ ha+e ter inated. The %e "n& -e"par&, (.%$ )e 0"r $he sa e offense, one that includes or is necessarily included in the first offense, or is an atte "t or frustration of the first, or is an ele ent thereof. .%e& 'ill )ar .%e& 8 'ill
Ehen ,oe *eopar,y ATTACH# 1. t re5+i ite2 CO%E# CICAD 1) #) *) >) @) A per%"n i% !har!e& Un&er a "(plain$ "r in0"r(a$i"n %.00i ien$ in 0"r( an& %.)%$an e $" %.%$ain a "n+i $i"n 6e0"re a !".r$ "0 "(pe$en$ -.ri%&i $i"n A0$er $he per%"n i% arrai!ne& S. h per%"n en$er% a (ali& plea.
Ehen ,oe *eopar,y NOT atta!h# 1) #) *) >) I0 in0"r(a$i"n &"e% n"$ har!e an, "00en%e I03 .p"n plea&in! !.il$,3 $he a .%e& pre%en$% e+i&en e "0 "(ple$e %el0:&e0en%e3 an& $he ".r$ $herea0$er a 7.i$% hi( 'i$h".$ en$erin! a ne' plea "0 n"$ !.il$, 0"r a .%e&. I0 $he in0"r(a$i"n 0"r an "00en%e "!ni;a)le ), $he RTC i% 0ile& 'i$h $he MTC. I0 a "(plain$ 0ile& 0"r preli(inar, in+e%$i!a$i"n i% &i%(i%%e&.
Ehen ,oe fir t *eopar,y TER;INATE# 12N% REHBISITE2 1) #) *) >) A 7.i$$al C"n+i $i"n Di%(i%%al WMO $he EHPRESS "n%en$ "0 $he a Di%(i%%al "n $he (eri$%. .%e&
EFa"ple of ter"ination of *eopar,y# 1) #) *) >) Di%(i%%al )a%e& "n +i"la$i"n "0 $he ri!h$ $" a %pee&, $rial. Thi% a(".n$% $" an a 7.i$$al. Di%(i%%al )a%e& "n a &e(.rrer $" e+i&en e. Thi% i% a &i%(i%%al "n $he (eri$%. Di%(i%%al "n ("$i"n "0 $he pr"%e .$i"n3 %.)%e7.en$ $" a ("$i"n 0"r rein+e%$i!a$i"n 0ile& ), $he a Di% har!e "0 an a .%e& $" )e a %$a$e 'i$ne%%. Thi% a(".n$% $" an a 7.i$$al. al# .%e&.
Ehen !an the PROSECBTION appeal fro" an or,er of ,i "i 1) I0 &i%(i%%al i% "n ("$i"n "0 $he a .%e&.
$:ce"tion3 I0 ("$i"n i% )a%e& "n +i"la$i"n "0 $he ri!h$ $" a %pee&, $rial "r "n a &e(.rrer $" e+i&en e. #) *) >) @) I0 &i%(i%%al &"e% NOT a(".n$ $" an a 7.i$$al "r &i%(i%%al "n $he (eri$% I0 $he 7.e%$i"n $" )e pa%%e& .p"n i% p.rel, le!al. I0 $he &i%(i%%al +i"la$e% $he ri!h$ "0 &.e pr" e%% "0 $he pr"%e .$i"n. I0 $he &i%(i%%al 'a% (a&e 'i$h !ra+e a).%e "0 &i% re$i"n.
t
Ehat are !on i,ere, to 0e the 'SA;E O$$ENSE-# 1+n,er the . 1) #)
enten!e of Se!tion 2.2
E9a $ i&en$i$, )e$'een $he "00en%e% har!e& in $he 0ir%$ an& %e "n& a%e%. One "00en%e i% an a$$e(p$ $" "((i$ "r a 0r.%$ra$i"n "0 $he "$her "00en%e.
#4
*) One "00en%e i% ne e%%aril, in l.&e& "r ne e%%ar, in l.&e% $he "$her. %ote: 'here a %in!le a $ re%.l$% in $he +i"la$i"n "0 &i00eren$ la'% "r &i00eren$ pr"+i%i"n% "0 $he %a(e la'3 $he pr"%e .$i"n 0"r "ne 'ill n"$ )ar $he "$her %" l"n! a% n"ne "0 $he e9 ep$i"n% appl,. %efinition of ,o+0le *eopar,y 12 n, enten!e of Se!/ 2.2 D".)le -e"par&, 'ill re%.l$ i0 $he a $ p.ni%ha)le .n&er $he la' an& $he "r&inan e are $he %a(e. D"r $here $" )e &".)le -e"par&,3 i$ i% n"$ ne e%%ar, $ha$ $he "00en%e )e $he %a(e. SBPERDENIN3 $ACTS 1) Un&er $he R.le% "0 C".r$3 a con,iction for an offense will not bar a "rosecution for an offense which necessarily includes the offense charged in the for er infor ation where3 A. 6. C. #) The !ra+er "00en%e &e+el"pe& &.e $" a %.per+enin! 0a $ ari%in! 0r"( $he %a(e a $ "r "(i%%i"n "n%$i$.$in! $he 0"r(er har!e. The 0a $% "n%$i$.$in! $he !ra+er "00en%e )e a(e ?n"'n "r 'ere &i% "+ere& "nl, a0$er $he 0ilin! "0 $he 0"r(er in0"r(a$i"n. The plea "0 !.il$, $" $he le%%er "00en%e 'a% (a&e 'i$h".$ $he "n%en$ "0 $he 0i% al an& $he "00en&e& par$,.
Ander 90B9bB3 i0 $he 0a $% ".l& ha+e )een &i% "+ere& ), $he pr"%e .$i"n ).$ 'ere n"$ &i% "+ere& )e a.%e "0 $he pr"%e .$i"nE% in "(pe$en e3 i$ '".l& n"$ )e "n%i&ere& a %.per+enin! e+en$.
Effe!t of appeal 0y the a!!+ e,# I0 $he a .%e& appeal% hi% "n+i $i"n3 he WAIVES hi% ri!h$ $" plea& &".)le -e"par&,. The 'h"le a%e 'ill )e "pen $" re+ie' ), $he appella$e ".r$. S. h ".r$ (a, e+en in rea%e $he penal$ie% i(p"%e& "n $he a .%e& ), $he $rial ".r$. Se!tion 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. %efinition of eFApo t fa!to la)/ 1) #) *) >) @) C) One 'hi h (a?e% an a $i"n &"ne )e0"re $he pa%%in! "0 $he la'3 an& 'hi h 'a% inn" en$ 'hen &"ne3 ri(inal3 an& p.ni%he% %. h a $i"n. One 'hi h a!!ra+a$e% $he ri(e "r (a?e% i$ !rea$er $han 'hen i$ 'a% "((i$$e&. One 'hi h han!e% $he p.ni%h(en$ an& in0li $% a !rea$er p.ni%h(en$ $han $ha$ 'hi h $he la' anne9e& $" $he ri(e 'hen i$ 'a% "((i$$e&. One 'hi h al$er% $he le!al r.le% "0 e+i&en e an& re ei+e% le%% $e%$i("n, $han $he la' re7.ire& a$ $he $i(e "0 $he "((i%%i"n "0 $he "00en%e in "r&er $" "n+i $ $he a .%e&. One 'hi h a%%.(e% $" re!.la$e i+il ri!h$% an& re(e&ie% "nl, 6UT3 in e00e $3 i(p"%e% a penal$, "r &epri+a$i"n "0 a ri!h$3 'hi h3 'hen &"ne3 'a% la'0.l. One 'hi h &epri+e% a per%"n a .%e& "0 a ri(e "0 %"(e la'0.l pr"$e $i"n $" 'hi h he ha% )e "(e en$i$le& %. h a% $he pr"$e $i"n "0 a 0"r(er "n+i $i"n "r a 7.i$$al3 "r a pr" la(a$i"n "0 a(ne%$,.
%ote: The "rohibition on e: "ost facto laws only a""lies to retros"ecti,e '$#A% laws. Chara!teri ti! of an EF Po t $a!to La) 1. #. *. Re0er% $" ri(inal (a$$er% Re$r"%pe $i+e Ca.%e% pre-.&i e $" $he a .%e&
%efinition of BILL O$ ATTAIN%ER 1) #) 37 A )ill "0 a$$ain&er i% a LE5ISLATIVE a $ 'hi h in0li $% p.ni%h(en$ WMO FUDICIAL $rial. The )ill "0 a$$ain&er &"e% n"$ nee& $" )e &ire $e& a$ a %pe i0i all, na(e& per%"n. I$ (a, al%" re0er $" ea%il, a% er$aina)le (e()er% "0 a !r".p in %. h a 'a, a% $" in0li $ p.ni%h(en$ "n $he( 'i$h".$ -.&i ial $rial. Elements o! the .ill o! -tt-inder A. 6. There (.%$ )e a LAW. The la' i(p"%e% a PENAL ).r&en "n a NAMED INVIDIDUALMEASILY ASCERTAINA6LE MEM6ERS "0 a 5ROUP.
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C. The penal ).r&en i% i(p"%e& DIRECTLY ), $he LAW WMO FUDICIAL $rial. ARTICLE ID CITIKENSHIP Eho are !iti8en of the Philippine G 1) #) *) >) Th"%e 'h" are i$i;en% "0 $he Philippine% a$ $he $i(e "0 $he a&"p$i"n "0 $he 121A C"n%$i$.$i"n Th"%e 'h"%e 0a$her% "r ("$her% are i$i;en% "0 $he Philippine%. Th"%e )"rn )e0"re Fan.ar, 1A3 12A* "0 Dilipin" ("$her%3 'h" ele $ Philippine i$i;en%hip .p"n rea hin! $he a!e "0 (a-"ri$,. Th"%e 'h" are na$.rali;e& in a "r&an e 'i$h la'.
;o,e of a!5+irin& !iti8en hip# 1) #) *) ?,s /oli 8 a 7.i%i$i"n "0 i$i;en%hip "n $he )a%i% "0 pla e "0 )ir$h ?,s /-ng,inis 8 a 7.i%i$i"n "0 i$i;en%hip "n $he )a%i% "0 )l""& rela$i"n%hip %-t,r-li1-tion 8 $he le!al a $ "0 a&"p$in! an alien an& l"$hin! hi( 'i$h $he pri+ile!e "0 a na$i+e:)"rn i$i;en.
%ote: The 'hili""ines follows 9DB and 9CB Ele!tion of !iti8en hip +n,er the .I8@ Con tit+tion# Pri"r $" $he 12A* C"n%$i$.$i"n3 i0 a Dilipina (arrie& an alien3 %he l"%$ her Dilipin" i$i;en%hip. Ben e3 her hil& '".l& ha+e $" ele $ Dilipin" i$i;en%hip .p"n rea hin! $he a!e "0 (a-"ri$,. Un&er $he 12A* C"n%$i$.$i"n3 h"'e+er3 hil&ren )"rn "0 Dilipin" ("$her% 'ere alrea&, "n%i&ere& Dilipin"%. There0"re3 $he pr"+i%i"n "n ele $i"n "0 i$i;en%hip .n&er $he 121A C"n%$i$.$i"n "nl, applie% $" $h"%e per%"n% 'h" 'ere )"rn .n&er $he 12*@ C"n%$i$.$i"n. In "r&er 0"r $he hil&ren $" ele $ Dilipin" i$i;en%hip3 $he ("$her% (.%$ ha+e )een Dilipin"% a$ $he $i(e "0 $heir (arria!e. S"3 i0 ,".r ("$her 'a% a Dilipina 'h" (arrie& an alien .n&er $he 12*@ "n%$i$.$i"n an& ,". 'ere )"rn )e0"re Fan.ar, 1A3 12A*3 ,". an ele $ Dilipin" i$i;en%hip .p"n rea hin! $he a!e "0 (a-"ri$,. Ehen "+ t the ele!tion 0e "a,e# The ele $i"n (.%$ )e (a&e 'i$hin a rea%"na)le peri"& a0$er rea hin! $he a!e "0 (a-"ri$,. Effe!t of nat+rali8ationG 1) #) The le!i$i(a$e (in"r hil&ren "0 $he na$.rali;e& 0a$her )e "(e Dilipin"% a% 'ell. The 'i0e al%" )e "(e% a Dilipin" i$i;en3 pr"+i&e& $ha$ %he &"e% n"$ ha+e an, &i%7.ali0i a$i"n 'hi h '".l& )ar her 0r"( )ein! na$.rali;e&.
Nat+ralA0orn !iti8en # 1) #) Ci$i;en% "0 $he Philippine% 0r"( )ir$h 'h" &" n"$ nee& $" per0"r( an, a $ $" a 7.ire "r per0e $ $heir Philippine i$i;en%hip. Th"%e 'h" ele $ Philippine i$i;en%hip .n&er Ar$. IV3 Se . 1(*) "0 121A C"n%$i$.$i"n.
;arria&e of $ilipino )ith an alien# 1) #) Gener-l ',le: The Dilipin" RETAINS Philippine i$i;en%hip E0ce tion: I03 ), $heir a $ "r "(i%%i"n $he, are &ee(e&3 .n&er $he la'3 $" ha+e ren".n e& i$.
EFa"ple of ren+n!iation of Philippine !iti8en hip# 1) #) V"l.n$aril, ")$ainin! 0"rei!n pa%%p"r$ Ple&!in! alle!ian e $" an"$her ".n$r, (e9. ), )e "(in! a na$.rali;e& i$i;en "0 an"$her ".n$r,)
ReAa!5+i ition of !iti8en hip Na$.ral:)"rn Dilipin"% 'h" are &ee(e& $" ha+e l"%$ $heir i$i;en%hip (a, re:a 7.ire $he %a(e +ia repa$ria$i"n pr" ee&in!%. Thi% in+"l+e% $a?in! an "a$h "0 alle!ian e an& 0ilin! $he %a(e 'i$h $he i+il re!i%$r,. Ho) "ay one lo e !iti8en hip# 1. #. *. 6, na$.rali;a$i"n in a 0"rei!n ".n$r, 6, e9pre%% ren.n ia$i"n "0 i$i;en%hip 6, %.)% ri)in! "a$h "r alle!ian e $" a 0"rei!n C"n%$i$.$i"n
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>. @. 6, %er+in! in $he ar(e& 0"r e% "0 an ene(, ".n$r, 6, )ein! a &e%er$er "0 $he ar(e& 0"r e% "0 "neE% ".n$r,
Ho) "ay one rea!5+ire !iti8en hip# 1. #. *. 6, &ire $ a $ "0 C"n!re%% 6, na$.rali;a$i"n 6, repa$ria$i"n ARTICLE D SB$$RA3E H+alifi!ation # 1) #) *) >) @) Ci$i;en "0 $he Philippine% N"$ %i%7.ali0ie& ), la' A$ lea%$ .8 ,ear% "l& Re%i&en$ "0 $he Philippine% 0"r a$ lea%$ 1 ,ear Re%i&en$ "0 $he pla e 'herein heM%he pr"p"%e% $" +"$e 0"r a$ lea%$ C ("n$h% i((e&ia$el, pre e&in! $he ele $i"n. CO%E# C%.8RR
#ote3 NO li$era ,3 pr"per$, "r "$her %.)%$an$i+e re7.ire(en$ an )e i(p"%e& "n $he e9er i%e "0 %.00ra!e. Re i,en!y re5+ire"ent 'esidency= ,nder Article D h-s 2 senses: 1. *O$ICILE 8 Thi% i% in re0eren e $" $he 1 ,ear re%i&en , re7.ire(en$ in $he Philippine%. #. TE$PO'A'C 'E/I*E%CE 8 Thi% i% in re0eren e $" $he C ("n$h re%i&en , re7.ire(en$ in $he pla e 'here "ne 'an$% $" +"$e. In $hi% a%e3 re%i&en e an ei$her (ean &"(i ile "r $e(p"rar, re%i&en e. %i 5+alifi!ation # 1) #) *) An, per%"n %en$en e& ), 0inal -.&!(en$ $" i(pri%"n(en$ "0 n"$ le%% $han 1 ,ear3 'hi h &i%a)ili$, ha% n"$ )een re("+e& ), plenar, par&"n. An, per%"n a&-.&!e& ), 0inal -.&!(en$ "0 ha+in! +i"la$e& hi% alle!ian e $" $he Rep.)li "0 $he Philippine%. In%ane "r 0ee)le:(in&e& per%"n%.
%ote Un&er $he #n& &i%7.ali0i a$i"n3 $he ri!h$ $" +"$e i% a.$"(a$i all, re:a 7.ire& .p"n $he e9pira$i"n "0 @ ,ear% a0$er $he %er+i e "0 %en$en e.
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ARTICLE DI THE LE3ISLATIDE %EPART;ENT SEC/ ./ The legislative power shall be vested in the *ongress of the $hilippines, which shall consist of a +enate and a ,ouse of (epresentatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum. %efinition of Le&i lati(e Po)er# The a.$h"ri$, $" (a?e la'% an& $" al$er "r repeal $he(. Cla 1. D. *. >. ifi!ation of le&i lati(e po)er# 1O %e CO2 Original 8 P"%%e%%e& ), $he pe"ple in $heir %"+erei!n apa i$, *elegated E 'ossessed by Congress and other legislati,e bodies by ,irtue of the Constitution Constituent 8 The p"'er $" a(en& "r re+i%e $he C"n%$i$.$i"n Ordinary 8 The p"'er $" pa%% "r&inar, la'%
Note# The original legislati,e "ower of the "eo"le is e:ercised ,ia initiati,e and referendu . In $hi% (anner3 pe"ple an &ire $l, pr"p"%e an& ena $ la'%3 "r appr"+e "r re-e $ an, a $ "r la' pa%%e& ), C"n!re%% "r a l" al !"+ern(en$ .ni$. Li"it on the le&i lati(e po)er of Con&re 1. #. #
/,.st-ntive 8 li(i$a$i"n% "n $he "n$en$ "0 la'%. E.!. n" la' %hall )e pa%%e& e%$a)li%hin! a %$a$e reli!i"n. Proced,r-l 8 li(i$a$i"n% "n $he (anner "0 pa%%in! la'%. E.!. !enerall, a )ill (.%$ !" $hr".!h $hree rea&in!% "n $hree %epara$e &a,%. 'ro,ided that these two li itations are not e:ceeded, Congress8 legislati,e "ower is "lenary.
Note# Corollarie of le&i lati(e po)er# 1. #. Congress cannot "ass irre"ealable laws. Sin e C"n!re%%E p"'er% are plenar,3 an& li(i$e& "nl, ), $he C"n%$i$.$i"n3 an, a$$e(p$ $" li(i$ $he p"'er% "0 0.$.re C"n!re%%e% +ia an irrepeala)le la' i% n"$ all"'e&. Congress, as a general rule, cannot delegate its legislati,e "ower . Sin e $he pe"ple ha+e alrea&, &ele!a$e& le!i%la$i+e p"'er $" C"n!re%%3 $he la$$er ann"$ &ele!a$e i$ an, 0.r$her.
ELCEPTIONS# 1. #. Dele!a$i"n "0 le!i%la$i+e p"'er $" l" al !"+ern(en$ .ni$%/ In%$an e% 'hen $he C"n%$i$.$i"n i$%el0 all"'% 0"r %. h &ele!a$i"n <%ee Ar$. VI Se . #*(#)= ,ele&ate#
Ehat "ay Con&re
C"n!re%% an "nl, &ele!a$e3 .%.all, $" a&(ini%$ra$i+e a!en ie%3 RULE:MAOIN5 POWER "r LAW EHECUTION. This in,ol,es either of two tas7s for the ad inistrati,e agencies3 1. #. JDillin! .p $he &e$ail%K "n an "$her'i%e "(ple$e %$a$.$e/ "r A% er$ainin! $he 0a $% ne e%%ar, $" )rin! a J "n$in!en$K la' "r pr"+i%i"n in$" a $.al "pera$i"n. Se!tion 2A=/ SENATE Co"po ition #> %ena$"r% 'h" %hall )e ele $e& a$ lar!e ), $he 7.ali0ie& +"$er% "0 $he Philippine%3 a% (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), la'. H+alifi!ation 1. #. Na$.ral:)"rn i$i;en/ A$ lea%$ *@ ,ear% "l& "n $he &a, "0 ele $i"n/
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*. >. @. A)le $" rea& an& 'ri$e/ A re!i%$ere& +"$er/ an& Philippine re%i&en$ 0"r a$ lea%$ # ,ear% i((e&ia$el, pre e&in! $he &a, "0 $he ele $i"n.
Note# The 7.ali0i a$i"n% "0 )"$h Sena$"r% an& Me()er% "0 $he B".%e are li(i$e& $" $h"%e pr"+i&e& ), $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. Congress cannot, by law, add or subtract fro these 4ualifications. Ter" of Offi!e# C ,ear%3 "((en in! (.nle%% "$her'i%e pr"+i&e& ), la') a$ n""n3 *4 F.ne ne9$ 0"ll"'in! $heir ele $i"n. Ter" Li"itation # 1. #. N" Sena$"r %hall %er+e 0"r ("re $han # "n%e .$i+e $er(%. V"l.n$ar, ren.n ia$i"n "0 "00i e 0"r an, len!$h "0 $i(e %hall n"$ )e "n%i&ere& a% an in$err.p$i"n in $he "n$in.i$, "0 hi% %er+i e 0"r $he 0.ll $er( 0"r 'hi h he 'a% ele $e&. Se!tion >A@/ HOBSE O$ REPRESENTATIDES Co"po ition# 1. #. N"$ ("re $han #@4 (e()er%3 .nle%% "$her'i%e 0i9e& ), la'/ an& Par$,:li%$ Repre%en$a$i+e%
Ele!tion of 2>0 "e"0er 1. D. The, %hall )e ele $e& 0r"( le!i%la$i+e &i%$ri $% app"r$i"ne& a("n! $he pr"+in e%3 i$ie% an& $he Me$r"p"li$an Manila area. %egislati,e districts are a""ortioned in accordance with the nu ber of inhabitants of each area and on the basis of a unifor and "rogressi,e ratio. a. ). . &. Ea h &i%$ri $ %hall "(pri%e3 a% 0ar a% pra $i a)le3 "n$i!.".%3 "(pa $ an& a&-a en$ $erri$"r,/ Ea h i$, 'i$h a$ lea%$ #@43444 inha)i$an$% 'ill )e en$i$le& $" a$ lea%$ "ne repre%en$a$i+e. Ea h pr"+in e 'ill ha+e a$ lea%$ "ne repre%en$a$i+e. Le!i%la$i+e &i%$ri $% %hall )e re:app"r$i"ne& ), C"n!re%% 'i$hin * ,ear% a0$er $he re$.rn "0 ea h en%.%.
A "r&in! $" Fa ?3 h"'e+er3 'hile $he app"r$i"n(en$ "0 &i%$ri $% i% NOT a p"li$i al 7.e%$i"n3 $he -.&i iar, CANNOT "(pel C"n!re%% $" &" $hi%. e. The %$an&ar&% .%e& $" &e$er(ine $he app"r$i"n(en$ "0 le!i%la$i+e &i%$ri $% i% (ean$ $" pre+en$ Q!err,(an&erin!E3 'hi h i% $he 0"r(a$i"n "0 a le!i%la$i+e &i%$ri $ ".$ "0 %epara$e $erri$"rie% %" a% $" 0a+"r a par$i .lar an&i&a$e "r par$,.
H+alifi!ation 1. #. *. >. @. Na$.ral )"rn i$i;en "0 $he Philippine%/ A$ lea%$ #@ ,ear% "l& "n $he &a, "0 $he ele $i"n/ A)le $" rea& an& 'ri$e/ Re!i%$ere& +"$er in $he &i%$ri $ he %ee?% $" repre%en$/ an& A re%i&en$ "0 %. h &i%$ri $ 0"r a$ lea%$ "ne ,ear i((e&ia$el, pre e&in! $he &a, "0 $he ele $i"n.
Ter" of Offi!e 1. #. Ea h (e()er "0 $he B".%e %hall )e ele $e& 0"r a $er( "0 $hree (*) ,ear% 'hi h %hall "((en e (.nle%% "$her'i%e pr"+i&e& 0"r ), la') a$ n""n "n *4 F.ne ne9$ 0"ll"'in! $heir ele $i"n. V"l.n$ar, ren.n ia$i"n "0 "00i e 0"r an, len!$h "0 $i(e %hall n"$ )e "n%i&ere& a% an in$err.p$i"n in $he "n$in.i$, "0 hi% %er+i e 0"r $he 0.ll $er( 0"r 'hi h he 'a% ele $e&.
Ter" Li"itation N" (e()er "0 $he B".%e "0 Repre%en$a$i+e% %hall %er+e 0"r ("re $han $hree (*) "n%e .$i+e $er(%. %i tin!tion 0et)een Ter" an, Ten+re 1. *e!inition
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a. ). 2. Terms (ean% $he peri"& &.rin! 'hi h $he ele $e& "00i er i% le!all, a.$h"ri;e& $" a%%.(e hi% "00i e an& e9er i%e $he p"'er% $here"0. Ten,re i% $he a $.al peri"& &.rin! 'hi h %. h "00i er a $.all, h"l&% hi% p"%i$i"n.
Limit-tion2Possi.le 'ed,ction a. ). Term CANNOT )e re&. e&. Ten,re MAY3 ), la'3 )e li(i$e&. Th.%3 a pr"+i%i"n 'hi h "n%i&er% an ele $i+e "00i e a.$"(a$i all, +a a$e& 'hen $he h"l&er $here"0 0ile% a er$i0i a$e "0 an&i&a , 0"r an"$her ele $i+e "00i e (e9 ep$ Pre%i&en$ an& Vi e:Pre%i&en$) i% +ali&3 a% i$ "nl, a00e $% $he "00i erE% $en.re an& NOT hi% "n%$i$.$i"nal $er(. (Thi% i% n" l"n!er $r.e .n&er $he Dair Ele $i"n A $)
PartyALi t Repre entati(e 1. #. C"n%$i$.$e #4R "0 $he $"$al n.()er "0 repre%en$a$i+e%3 in l.&in! $h"%e .n&er $he par$,:li%$ %,%$e( ($h.% a (a9i(.( "0 @4 par$,:li%$ (e()er% "0 $he B".%e) B"'e+er3 0"r * "n%e .$i+e $er(% 0r"( # De)r.ar, 121A (i.e.3 $he 121A:2#3 2#:2@ an& 2@:21 $er(%)3 #@ %ea$% %hall )e all"$$e& $" %e $"ral repre%en$a$i+e%. Un&er Ar$. HVIII3 Se . A3 $he %e $"ral repre%en$a$i+e% are $" )e app"in$e& ), $he Pre%i&en$ .n$il le!i%la$i"n "$her'i%e pr"+i&e%. $ech-nics o! the -rty#list system: a. ). . &. Re!i%$ere& "r!ani;a$i"n% %.)(i$ a li%$ "0 an&i&a$e% in "r&er "0 pri"ri$,. D.rin! $he ele $i"n%3 $he%e "r!ani;a$i"n% are +"$e& 0"r a$ lar!e. The n.()er "0 %ea$% $ha$ ea h "r!ani;a$i"n !e$% ".$ "0 $he #4R all"$$e& $" $he %,%$e( &epen&% "n $he n.()er "0 +"$e% $he, !e$.
3.
E,-li!ic-tions a. ). . Na$.ral )"rn i$i;en "0 $he Philippine% A$ lea%$ #@ ,ear% "0 a!e "n $he &a, "0 $he ele $i"n A)le $" rea& an& 'ri$e
SEC/ I/ )n case of vacancy in the +enate or in the ,ouse of (epresentatives, a +$-*)#. -.-*T)/N may be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the +enator or 0ember of the ,ouse of (epresentatives thus elected shall serve only for the unexpired term. SEC/ .0/ +alaries of +enators and 0embers of the ,ouse %eter"ination of Salarie # Salarie% "0 Sena$"r% an& Me()er% "0 $he B".%e "0 Repre%en$a$i+e% %hall )e &e$er(ine& ), la'. R+le on in!rea e in alarie # N" in rea%e in $heir %alarie% %hall $a?e e00e $ .n$il a0$er $he EHPIRATION OD TBE DULL TERM (NOT TENURE) OD ALL TBE MEM6ERS OD TBE SENATE AND TBE BOUSE OD REPRESENTATIVES APPROVIN5 SUCB INCREASE. Note# Sin e $he C"n%$i$.$i"n Qpr"+i&e% 0"r r.le% "n J%alarie%K an& n"$ "n Qe("l.(en$%3E ".r &i%$in!.i%he& le!i%la$"r% appr"pria$e 0"r $he(%el+e% "$her %.(% "0 ("ne, %. h a% $ra+el all"'an e%3 a% 'ell a% "$her %i&e Q)ene0i$%.E SEC/ ..# CON3RESSIONAL I;;BNITIES ./2 I""+nity fro" arre t# a. ). . Le!i%la$"r% are pri+ile!e& 0r"( arre%$ 'hile C"n!re%% i% Jin %e%%i"nK 'i$h re%pe $ $" "00en%e% p.ni%ha)le ), .p $" C ,ear% "0 i(pri%"n(en$. Th.%3 'he$her C"n!re%% i% in re!.lar "r %pe ial %e%%i"n3 $he i((.ni$, 0r"( arre%$ applie%. I0 C"n!re%% i% in re e%%3 (e()er% $here"0 (a, )e arre%$e&. The i((.ni$, i% "nl, 'i$h re%pe $ $" arre%$% an& NOT $" pr"%e .$i"n 0"r ri(inal "00en%e%. an
2/2 Le&i lati(e pri(ile&e# a. .. N" (e()er %hall )e 7.e%$i"ne& "r hel& lia)le in an, 0"r.( "$her $han hi%Mher re%pe $i+e C"n!re%%i"nal )"&, 0"r an, &e)a$e "r %pee h in $he C"n!re%% "r in an, C"((i$$ee $here"0. Limit-tion on the rivilege:
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(i) (ii) 'rotection is only against foru other than Congress itself . Th.% 0"r in0la((a$"r, re(ar?% 'hi h are "$her'i%e pri+ile!e&3 a (e()er (a, )e %an $i"ne& ), ei$her $he Sena$e "r $he B".%e a% $he a%e (a, )e. The Q%pee h "r &e)a$eE (.%$ )e (a&e in per0"r(an e "0 $heir &.$ie% a% (e()er% "0 C"n!re%%. Thi% in l.&e% %pee he% &eli+ere&3 %$a$e(en$% (a&e3 +"$e% a%$3 a% 'ell a% )ill% in$r"&. e&3 an& "$her a $i+i$ie% &"ne in per0"r(an e "0 $heir "00i ial &.$ie%. C"n!re%% nee& NOT )e in %e%%i"n 'hen $he .$$eran e i% (a&e3 a% l"n! a% i$ 0"r(% par$ "0 Qle!i%la$i+e a $i"n3E i.e. par$ "0 $he &eli)era$i+e an& "((.ni a$i+e pr" e%% .%e& $" par$i ipa$e in le!i%la$i+e pr" ee&in!% in "n%i&era$i"n "0 pr"p"%e& le!i%la$i"n "r 'i$h re%pe $ $" "$her (a$$er% 'i$h C"n!re%%E -.ri%&i $i"n.
(iii)
SEC/ .2/ #ll 0embers of the +enate and the ,ouse of (epresentatives shall, upon assumption of office, ma%e a full disclosure of their financial and business interests. They shall notify the ,ouse concerned of a potential conflict of interest that may arise from the filing of a proposed legislation of which they are authors. SEC/ .9A.=# CON3RESSIONAL %ISHBALI$ICATIONS# %i 5+alifi!ation # %ISHBALI$ICATION 1. Sena$"rMMe()er "0 $he B".%e ann"$ h"l& an, "$her "00i e "r e(pl",(en$ in $he 5"+ern(en$ "r an, %.)&i+i%i"n3 a!en , "r In%$r.(en$ali$, $here"03 in l.&in! 5OCCS "r $heir %.)%i&iarie%. EHEN APPLICABLE D.rin! hi% $er(. I0 he &"e% %"3 he 0"r0ei$% hi% %ea$.
#. Le!i%la$"r% ann"$ )e app"in$e& $" an, "00i e.
ID $he "00i e 'a% rea$e& "r $he e("l.(en$% $here"0 in rea%e& &.rin! $he $er( 0"r 'hi h he 'a% ele $e&.
*.
Le!i%la$"r% ann"$ per%"nall, appear a% ".n%el )e0"re an, ".r$ "0 -.%$i e3 ele $"ral $ri).nal3 7.a%i:-.&i ial an& a&(ini%$ra$i+e )"&ie%.
D.rin! hi% $er( "0 "00i e.
>. Le!i%la$"r% ann"$ )e 0inan iall, in$ere%$e& &ire $l, "r in&ire $l, in an, "n$ra $ 'i$h "r in an, 0ran hi%e3 "r %pe ial pri+ile!e !ran$e& ), $he 5"+ern(en$3 "r an, %.)&i+i%i"n3 a!en , "r in%$r.(en$ali$, $here"03 in l.&in! an, 5OCC "r i$% %.)%i&iar,. @. Le!i%la$"r% ann"$ in$er+ene in an, (a$$er )e0"re an, "00i e "0 $he !"+ern(en$.
D.rin! hi% $er( "0 "00i e.
When i$ i% 0"r hi% pe .niar, )ene0i$ "r 'here he (a, )e alle& .p"n $" a $ "n a ".n$ "0 hi% "00i e.
SEC/ .># RE3BLAR AN% SPECIAL SESSIONS Re&+lar Se ion #
1.) C"n!re%% "n+ene% "n e e+er, ,ear "n $he >$h M"n&a, "0 F.l, (.nle%% "$her'i%e pr"+i&e& 0"r ), la') #.) C"n$in.e% in %e%%i"n 0"r a% l"n! a% i$ %ee% 0i$3 .n$il *4 &a,% )e0"re $he "penin! "0 $he ne9$ re!.lar %e%%i"n3 e9 l.&in! Sa$.r&a,%3 S.n&a,%3 an& le!al h"li&a,%. Spe!ial Se ion #
Calle& ), $he Pre%i&en$ a$ an, $i(e 'hen C"n!re%% i% n"$ in %e%%i"n. SEC/ .?/ Offi!er # 1.) Sena$e Pre%i&en$/ #.) Spea?er "0 $he B".%e/ an& *.) Ea h B".%e (a, h""%e %. h "$her "00i er% a% i$ (a, &ee( ne e%%ar,. Ele!tion of Offi!er
#A
6, a (a-"ri$, +"$e "0 all re%pe $i+e (e()er%. H+or+" to ,o 0+ ine 1. #. *. #
Ma-"ri$, "0 ea h B".%e %hall "n%$i$.$e a 7."r.(. A %(aller n.()er (a, a&-".rn 0r"( &a, $" &a, an& (a, "(pel $he a$$en&an e "0 a)%en$ (e()er%. In "(p.$in! a 7."r.(3 (e()er% 'h" are ".$%i&e $he ".n$r, an& $h.% ".$%i&e "0 ea h B".%eE% "er i+e -.ri%&i $i"n are n"$ in l.&e&.
Internal R+le # 1. #. *. Ea h B".%e %hall &e$er(ine i$% "'n pr" e&.ral r.le%. Sin e $hi% i% a p"'er +e%$e& in C"n!re%% a% par$ "0 i$% inheren$ p"'er%3 .n&er $he prin iple "0 %epara$i"n "0 p"'er%3 $he ".r$% ann"$ in$er+ene in $he i(ple(en$a$i"n "0 $he%e r.le% in%"0ar a% $he, a00e $ $he (e()er% "0 C"n!re%%. Al%"3 %in e C"n!re%% ha% $he p"'er $" (a?e $he%e r.le%3 i$ al%" ha% $he p"'er $" i!n"re $he( 'hen ir .(%$an e% %" re7.ire.
%i !ipline# 1.7 /,s ension a. C"n .rren e "0 #M* "0 ALL i$% (e()er% an& ). Shall n"$ e9 ee& C4 &a,%. 2.7 E0 ,lsion a. C"n .rren e "0 #M* "0 ALL i$% (e()er%. Con&re ional Co+rnal an, Re!or, #
1.) The F".rnal i% "n l.%i+e .p"n $he ".r$%. #.) 6UT an enr"lle& )ill pre+ail% "+er $he "n$en$% "0 $he F".rnal. *.) An enrolled bill is the official co"y of a""ro,ed legislation and bears the certifications of the "residing officers of each 2ouse. Th.% 'here $he er$i0i a$i"n% are +ali& an& are n"$ 'i$h&ra'n3 $he "n$en$% "0 $he enr"lle& )ill are "n l.%i+e .p"n $he ".r$% a% re!ar&% $he pr"+i%i"n "0 $ha$ par$i .lar )ill. A,*o+rn"ent # 1.) Nei$her B".%e an a&-".rn 0"r ("re $han * &a,% &.rin! $he $i(e C"n!re%% i% in %e%%i"n 'i$h".$ $he "n%en$ "0 $he "$her B".%e. #.) Nei$her an $he, a&-".rn $" an, "$her pla e $han $ha$ 'here $he $'" h".%e% are %i$$in!3 'i$h".$ $he "n%en$ "0 $he "$her. Se!tion .@# THE ELECTORAL TRIBBNAL The Senate an, the Ho+ e hall ea!h ha(e an Ele!toral Tri0+nal )hi!h hall 0e !o"po e, of# 1. #. * S.pre(e C".r$ F.%$i e% $" )e &e%i!na$e& ), $he Chie0 F.%$i e/ & C Me()er% "0 $he Sena$e "r B".%e3 a% $he a%e (a, )e.
The senior /ustice in the $lectoral Tribunal shall be its Chair an. NoteG The "n!re%%i"nal (e()er% "0 $he ETE% %hall )e h"%en "n $he )a%i% "0 pr"p"r$i"nal repre%en$a$i"n 0r"( $he p"li$i al par$ie% an& par$,:li%$ "r!ani;a$i"n%. C+ri ,i!tion# 1.) Ea h ET %hall )e $he %"le -.&!e "0 all CONTESTS rela$in! $" $he ele $i"n3 re$.rn%3 an& 7.ali0i a$i"n% "0 $heir re%pe $i+e (e()er%. Thi% in l.&e% &e$er(inin! $he +ali&i$, "r in+ali&i$, "0 a pr" la(a$i"n &e larin! a par$i .lar an&i&a$e a% $he 'inner. #.) An Felection contestG i% "ne 'here a &e0ea$e& an&i&a$e hallen!e% $he 7.ali0i a$i"n an& lai(% 0"r hi(%el0 $he %ea$ "0 a pr" lai(e& 'inner. *.) In the absence of an election contest, the $T is without +urisdiction. B"'e+er3 $he p"'er "0 ea h B".%e $" e9pel i$% "'n (e()er% "r e+en $" &e0er $heir "a$h:$a?in! .n$il $heir 7.ali0i a$i"n% are &e$er(ine& (a, %$ill )e e9er i%e& e+en 'i$h".$ an ele $i"n "n$e%$. I +e re&ar,in& the Ele!toral Tri0+nal #
#1
1.) Sin e $he ETE% are in&epen&en$ "n%$i$.$i"nal )"&ie%3 in&epen&en$ e+en "0 $he B".%e 0r"( 'hi h $he (e()er% are re%pe $i+el, $a?en3 neither Congress nor the Courts ay interfere with "rocedural atters relating to the functions of the $T8s, %. h a% $he %e$$in! "0 &ea&line% "r 0ilin! $heir ele $i"n "n$e%$% 'i$h $he re%pe $i+e ET%. #.) The ET% )ein! in&epen&en$ )"&ie%3 its e bers ay not be arbitrarily re o,ed fro their "ositions in the tribunal by the "arties which they re"resent. Nei$her (a, $he, )e re("+e& 0"r n"$ +"$in! a "r&in! $" par$, line%3 %in e $he, are a $in! in&epen&en$l, "0 C"n!re%%. *.) The (ere 0a $ $ha$ $he (e()er% "0 ei$her $he Sena$e "r $he B".%e %i$$in! "n $he ET are $h"%e 'hi h are %".!h$ $" )e &i%7.ali0ie& &.e $" $he 0ilin! "0 an ele $i"n "n$e%$ a!ain%$ $he( &"e% n"$ 'arran$ all "0 $he( 0r"( )ein! &i%7.ali0ie& 0r"( %i$$in! in $he ET. The C"n%$i$.$i"n i% 7.i$e lear $ha$ $he ET (.%$ a $ 'i$h )"$h (e()er% 0r"( $he SC an& 0r"( $he Sena$e "r $he B".%e. I0 all $he le!i%la$"r:(e()er% "0 $he ET 'ere $" )e &i%7.ali0ie&3 $he ET '".l& n"$ )e a)le $" 0.l0ill i$% "n%$i$.$i"nal 0.n $i"n%. 4.B /udicial re,iew of decisions of the $Ts ay be had with the SC only insofar as the decision or resolution was rendered without or in e:cess of +urisdiction or with gra,e abuse of discretion constituting denial of due "rocess. Se!tion .8# THE CO;;ISSION ON APPOINT;ENTS Co"po ition# 1.) Sena$e Pre%i&en$ a% e:5officio hair(an/ #.) 1# Sena$"r%/ an& *.) 1# Me()er% "0 $he B".%e. Note# The 1# Sena$"r% an& 1# Repre%en$a$i+e% are ele $e& "n $he )a%i% "0 pr"p"r$i"nal repre%en$a$i"n 0r"( $he p"li$i al par$ie% an& par$,:li%$ "r!ani;a$i"n%. Dotin&:A!tion 1.) The hair(an %hall "nl, +"$e in a%e "0 a $ie. #.) The CA %hall a $ "n all app"in$(en$% 'i$hin *4 %e%%i"n &a,% 0r"( $heir %.)(i%%i"n $" C"n!re%%. *.) The C"((i%%i"n %hall r.le ), a (a-"ri$, +"$e "0 all $he Me()er%. C+ri ,i!tion 0.B CA shall confir a. ). . &. the a""oint ents by the 'resident with res"ect to the following "ositions3
Bea&% "0 $he E9e .$i+e Depar$(en$% (e9 ep$ i0 i$ i% $he Vi e:Pre%i&en$ 'h" i% app"in$e& $" $he p"%$). A()a%%a&"r%3 "$her p.)li (ini%$er% "r "n%.l%. O00i er% "0 $he ADP 0r"( $he ran? "0 C"l"nel "r Na+al Cap$ainG an& O$her "00i er% 'h"%e app"in$(en$% are +e%$e& in hi( ), $he C"n%$i$.$i"n (e.!. COMELEC (e()er%).
D.B Congress CA##1T by law "rescribe that the a""oint ent of a "erson to an office created by such law shall be sub+ect to confir ation by the CA. *.) App"in$(en$% e9$en&e& ), $he Pre%i&en$ $" $he a)"+e:(en$i"ne& p"%i$i"n% 'hile C"n!re%% i% n"$ in %e%%i"n %hall "nl, )e e00e $i+e .n$il &i%appr"+al ), $he CA "r .n$il $he ne9$ a&-".rn(en$ "0 C"n!re%%. ;eetin& of the CA 1.) CA (ee$% "nl, 'hile C"n!re%% i% in %e%%i"n. #.) Mee$in!% are hel& ei$her a$ $he all "0 $he Chair(an "r a (a-"ri$, "0 all i$% (e()er%. *.) Sin e $he CA i% al%" an in&epen&en$ "n%$i$.$i"nal )"&,3 i$% r.le% "0 pr" e&.re are al%" ".$%i&e $he % "pe "0 "n!re%%i"nal p"'er% a% 'ell a% $ha$ "0 $he -.&i iar,. Note# The ET an& $he CA %hall )e "n%$i$.$e& 'i$hin *4 &a,% a0$er $he Sena$e an& $he B".%e "0 Repre%en$a$i+e %hall ha+e )een "r!ani;e& 'i$h $he ele $i"n "0 $he Pre%i&en$ an& $he Spea?er. Se!tion 2.A22# LE3ISLATIDE INHBIRIES S!ope# 1. #. Ei$her B".%e "r an, "0 $heir "((i$$ee% (a, "n&. $ in7.ire% Fin aid of legislation8. @In -id o! legisl-tionA &"e% n"$ (ean $ha$ $here i% pen&in! le!i%la$i"n re!ar&in! $he %.)-e $ "0 $he in7.ir,. In 0a $3 in+e%$i!a$i"n (a, )e nee&e& 0"r p.rp"%e% "0 pr"p"%in! 0.$.re le!i%la$i"n.
#2
*. I0 $he %$a$e& p.rp"%e "0 $he in+e%$i!a$i"n i% $" &e$er(ine $he e9i%$en e "0 +i"la$i"n% "0 $he la'3 $he in+e%$i!a$i"n i% n" l"n!er Qin ai& "0 le!i%la$i"nE ).$ Qin ai& "0 pr"%e .$i"nE. Thi% +i"la$e% $he prin iple "0 %epara$i"n "0 p"'er% an& i% )e,"n& $he % "pe "0 "n!re%%i"nal p"'er%.
Enfor!e"ent# 1. #. Sin e e9perien e ha% %h"'n $ha$ (ere re7.e%$% 0"r in0"r(a$i"n &"e% n"$ .%.all, '"r?3 Congress has the inherent "ower to "unish recalcitrant witnesses for conte "t, and ay ha,e the incarcerated until such ti e that they agree to testify. The continuance of such incarceration only subsists for the lifeti e, or ter , of such body . On e $he )"&, ea%e% $" e9i%$ a0$er i$% 0inal a&-".rn(en$3 $he p"'er $" in ar era$e ea%e% $" e9i%$ a% 'ell.
Th.%3 ea h QC"n!re%%E "0 $he B".%e la%$% 0"r "nl, * ,ear%. 6.$ i0 "ne i% in ar era$e& ), $he Sena$e3 i$ i% in&e0ini$e )e a.%e $he Sena$e3 'i$h i$% %$a!!ere& $er(%3 i% a "n$in.in! )"&,. *. >. @. BAT, in order for a witness to be sub+ect to this incarceration, $he pri(ar, re7.ire(en$ i% $ha$ $he in7.ir, i% 'i$hin $he % "pe "0 C"n!re%%E p"'er%. i.e. i$ i% in ai& "0 le!i%la$i"n. The (a$eriali$, "0 a 7.e%$i"n i% &e$er(ine& n"$ ), i$% "nne $i"n $" an, a $.all, pen&in! le!i%la$i"n3 ).$ ), i$% "nne $i"n $" $he !eneral % "pe "0 $he in7.ir,. The "ower to "unish for conte "t is inherent in Congress and this "ower is sui generis.
I$ ann"$ )e e9er i%e& ), l" al !"+ern(en$ .ni$% .nle%% $he, are e9pre%%l, a.$h"ri;e& $" &" %". Li"itation # 1. #. The in7.ir, (.%$ )e "n&. $e& in a in7.ir,/ an& "r&an e 'i$h $he Q&.l, p.)li%he& r.le% "0 pr" e&.reE "0 $he B".%e "n&. $in! $he
The ri!h$% "0 per%"n% appearin! in "r a00e $e& ), %. h in7.irie% %hall )e re%pe $e&.
E9. The ri!h$ a!ain%$ %el0:in ri(ina$i"n.
Appearan!e 0y ,epart"ent hea, 0efore Con&re 1.
Sin e (e()er% "0 $he e9e .$i+e &epar$(en$ are ":e7.al% 'i$h $h"%e "0 $he le!i%la$i+e &epar$(en$3 .n&er $he prin iple "0 %epara$i"n "0 p"'er%3 &epar$(en$ hea&% ann"$ )e "(pelle& $" appear )e0"re C"n!re%%. Nei$her (a, $he &epar$(en$ hea&% i(p"%e $heir appearan e .p"n C"n!re%%. *e -rtment he-ds m-y a. ). e-r .e!ore Congress in the !ollowing inst-nces:
2.
Up"n $heir "'n ini$ia$i+e3 'i$h $he "n%en$ "0 $he Pre%i&en$ (an& $ha$ "0 $he B".%e "n erne&)/ "r Up"n $he re7.e%$ "0 ei$her B".%e ('hi h ann"$ "(pel $he( $" a$$en&) e-r-nce will .e cond,cted in E)EC"TIDE /E//IO% when:
3.
The a. ).
Re7.ire& ), $he %e .ri$, "0 %$a$e "r re7.ire& ), p.)li in$ere%$/ an& When $he Pre%i&en$ %" %$a$e% in 'ri$in! Se!tion 29A2=/ %ECLARATION O$ EAR:E;ER3ENCY POEERS
Dote re5+ire"ent# 1to ,e!lare the eFi ten!e of a tate of )ar2 1. #. #M* "0 )"$h B".%e%3 in -"in$ %e%%i"n V"$in! %epara$el,
E"er&en!y po)er # 1. 2. -uring ti es of war or other national e ergency, Congress necessary and "ro"er to carry out a declared national "olicy. Limit-tions: a. ). 3. P"'er% 'ill )e e9er i%e& 0"r a li(i$e& peri"& "nl,/ an& P"'er% 'ill )e %.)-e $ $" re%$ri $i"n% pre% ri)e& ), C"n!re%% ay, B@ %A&, authori;e the 'resident to e:ercise "owers
E0 ir-tion o! emergency owers a. 6, re%"l.$i"n "0 C"n!re%% "r
*4
). Up"n $he ne9$ a&-".rn(en$ "0 C"n!re%% Se!tion 2=A2@4 90A9. LE3ISLATION Bill that "+ t ori&inate fro" the Ho+ e of Repre entati(e 1Se!tion 2=2 1. Appr"pria$i"n )ill% #. *. >. @. Re+en.e )ill% Tari00 )ill% 6ill% a.$h"ri;in! $he in rea%e "0 p+)li &e)$ 6ill% "0 lo al appli a$i"n ay, howe,er, "ro"ose or concur with a end ents.
C. Pri+a$e )ill% Note# The Senate Appropriation 0ill 1. #. *.
The pri(ar, an& %pe i0i ai( "0 an appr"pria$i"n )ill i% $" appr"pria$e a %.( "0 ("ne, 0r"( $he p.)li $rea%.r,. Th.%3 a )ill ena $in! $he ).&!e$ i% an appr"pria$i"n% )ill. BBT# A )ill rea$in! a ne' "00i e3 an& appr"pria$in! 0.n&% $here0"r i% NOT an appr"pria$i"n )ill.
Re(en+e Bill 1. #. A re+en.e )ill i% "ne %pe i0i all, &e%i!ne& $" rai%e ("ne, "r re+en.e $hr".!h i(p"%i$i"n "r le+,. Th.%3 a )ill in$r"&. in! a ne' $a9 i% a re+en.e )ill3 ).$ a pr"+i%i"n in3 0"r in%$an e3 $he Vi&e"!ra( Re!.la$"r, 6"ar& la' i(p"%in! a $a9 "n +i&e" ren$al% &"e% n"$ (a?e $he la' a re+en.e )ill.
Bill of lo!al appli!ation A bill of local a""lication3 %. h a% "ne a%?in! 0"r $he "n+er%i"n "0 a (.ni ipali$, in$" a i$,3 i% &ee(e& $" ha+e "ri!ina$e& 0r"( $he B".%e pr"+i&e& $ha$ $he )ill "0 $he B".%e 'a% 0ile& pri"r $" $he 0ilin! "0 $he )ill in $he Sena$e e+en i03 in $he en&3 $he Sena$e appr"+e& i$% "'n +er%i"n. Li"itation # 1. ;or a. ). . &. e. ro ri-tion .ills:
C"n!re%% ann"$ in rea%e $he appr"pria$i"n% re "((en&e& ), $he Pre%i&en$ 0"r $he "pera$i"n "0 $he 5"+ern(en$ a% %pe i0ie& in $he ).&!e$. Ea h pr"+i%i"n "r ena $(en$ in $he 5eneral Appr"pria$i"n% 6ill (.%$ rela$e %pe i0i all, $" %"(e par$i .lar appr"pria$i"n $herein an& an, %. h pr"+i%i"n "r ena $(en$ (.%$ )e li(i$e& in i$% "pera$i"n $" $he appr"pria$i"n $" 'hi h i$ rela$e%. The pr" e&.re in appr"+in! appr"pria$i"n% 0"r C"n!re%% %hall %$ri $l, 0"ll"' $he pr" e&.re 0"r appr"+in! appr"pria$i"n% 0"r "$her &epar$(en$% an& a!en ie%. A s"ecial a""ro"riations bill (.%$ %pe i0, $he p.rp"%e 0"r 'hi h i$ i% in$en&e& an& (.%$ )e %.pp"r$e& ), 0.n&% a $.all, a+aila)le a% er$i0ie& ), $he Na$i"nal Trea%.rer "r $" )e rai%e& ), a "rre%p"n&in! re+en.e pr"p"%al $herein. Tr-ns!er o! i. ii. ro ri-tions:
R+le# N" la' %hall )e pa%%e& a.$h"ri;in! an, $ran%0er "0 appr"pria$i"n% BAT the following ay, B@ %A&, be authori;ed to AA(*$#T any ite in the general a""ro"riations law for their res"ecti,e offices fro sa,ings in other ite s of their res"ecti,e a""ro"riations Pre%i&en$ Pre%i&en$ "0 $he Sena$e Spea?er "0 $he B".%e "0 Repre%en$a$i+e% Chie0 "0 F.%$i e "0 $he S.pre(e C".r$
!.
Bea&% "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"((i%%i"n% *iscretion-ry !,nds - ro ri-ted !or -rtic,l-r o!!ici-ls sh-ll .e: i. ii. Di%).r%e& "nl, 0"r p.)li p.rp"%e%/ Sh".l& )e %.pp"r$e& ), appr"pria$e +". her%/ an&
*1
iii. g. S.)-e $ $" !.i&eline% a% (a, )e pre% ri)e& ), la'. ro ri-tions <ill 6GA<7 .y the end o! -ny !isc-l ye-r: I! Congress !-ils to -ss Gener-l A
i. The 5A6 0"r $he pre+i".% ,ear i% &ee(e& reena $e& ii. I$ 'ill re(ain in 0.ll 0"r e an& e00e $ .n$il $he 5A6 i% pa%%e& ), C"n!re%%. 2. ;or l-w gr-nting t-0 e0em tion I$ %h".l& )e pa%%e& 'i$h $he "n .rren e "0 a MAFORITY "0 ALL $he (e()er% "0 C"n!re%%. 3. ;or .ills in gener-l -. Every .ill sh-ll em.r-ce only one 617 s,.+ect= -s e0 ressed in the title thereo! i. ii. A% a andatory re7.ire(en$
The title does not ha,e to be a co "lete catalogue of e,erything stated in the bill . I$ i% %.00i ien$ i0 $he $i$le e9pre%%e% $he !eneral %.)-e $ "0 $he )ill an& all $he pr"+i%i"n% "0 $he %$a$.$e are !er(ane $" $ha$ !eneral %.)-e $. A )ill 'hi h repeal% le!i%la$i"n re!ar&in! $he %.)-e $ (a$$er nee& n"$ %$a$e in $he $i$le $ha$ i$ i% repealin! $he la$$er. Th.%3 a repealin! la.%e in $he )ill i% "n%i&ere& !er(ane $" $he %.)-e $ (a$$er "0 $he )ill.
iii. ..
'e-dings 1. #. *. >. In "r&er $" )e "(e a la'3 ea h )ill (.%$ pa%% $hree (*) rea&in!% in )"$h B".%e%. 3eneral r+le# Ea h rea&in! %hall )e hel& "n %epara$e &a,% & prin$e& "pie% $here"0 in i$% 0inal 0"r( %hall )e &i%$ri).$e& $" i$% Me()er% $hree (*) &a,% )e0"re i$% pa%%a!e. EF!eption# I0 a )ill i% er$i0ie& a% .r!en$ ), $he Pre%i&en$ a% $" $he ne e%%i$, "0 i$% i((e&ia$e ena $(en$ $" (ee$ a p.)li ala(i$, "r e(er!en ,3 $he * rea&in!% an )e hel& "n $he %a(e &a,. ;irst re-ding 8 "nl, $he $i$le i% rea&/ $he )ill i% pa%%e& $" $he pr"per "((i$$ee /econd re-ding 8 En$ire $e9$ i% rea& an& &e)a$e% are hel&3 an& a(en&(en$% in$r"&. e&. Third re-ding 8 "nl, $he $i$le i% rea&3 n" a(en&(en$% are all"'e&. V"$e %hall )e $a?en i((e&ia$el, $herea0$er an& $he yeas an& nays en$ere& in $he -".rnal.
Deto po)er of Pre i,ent# 1. #. *. >. @. 5. E+er, )ill3 in "r&er $" )e "(e a la'3 (.%$ )e pre%en$e& $" an& %i!ne& ), $he Pre%i&en$. If the 'resident does not a""ro,e of the bill, he shall ,eto the sa e and return it with his ob+ections to the 2ouse fro which it originated. The B".%e %hall en$er $he ")-e $i"n% in $he F".rnal an& pr" ee& $" re "n%i&er i$. The 'resident ust co unicate his decision to ,eto within CG days fro $he )ill %hall )e "(e a la' a% i0 he %i!ne& i$. the date of recei"t thereof . I0 he 0ail% $" &" %"3
Thi% r.le eli(ina$e% $he F"oc7et ,eto8 'here), $he Pre%i&en$ '".l& %i(pl, re0.%e $" a $ "n $he )ill. To ODE''I*E the veto3 a$ lea%$ #M* "0 ALL $he (e()er% "0 ea h B".%e (.%$ a!ree $" pa%% $he )ill. +e$" i% "+erri&en an& )e "(e% a la' 'i$h".$ nee& "0 pre%i&en$ial appr"+al. Item veto a. ). . The Pre%i&en$ (a, +e$" par$i .lar i$e(% in an appr"pria$i"n3 re+en.e "r $ari00 )ill. Thi% +e$" 'ill n"$ a00e $ i$e(% $" 'hi h he &"e% n"$ ")-e $. De0ini$i"n "0 i$e( TYPE O$ BILL 1. Re+en.eM$a9 )ill #. Appr"pria$i"n% )ill d. Deto o! 'I*E' 1. A rider i% a pr"+i%i"n 'hi h &"e% n"$ rela$e $" a par$i .lar appr"pria$i"n %$a$e& in $he )ill. ITE; S.)-e $ "0 $he $a9 an& $he $a9 ra$e i(p"%e& $here"n In&i+i%i)le %.( &e&i a$e& $" a %$a$e& p.rp"%e In %. h a%e3 $he
*#
#. Sin e i$ i% an in+ali& pr"+i%i"n .n&er Se $i"n #@(#)3 $he Pre%i&en$ (a, +e$" i$ a% an i$e(.
Spe!ifi! li"itation on le&i lation 1. #. N" la' %hall )e ena $e& in rea%in! $he S.pre(e C".r$E% appella$e -.ri%&i $i"n 'i$h".$ $he SCE% a&+i e an& "n .rren e. N" la' %hall )e ena $e& !ran$in! $i$le% "0 r",al$, "r n")ili$,. Se!tion 28/ POEER TO TAL Li"itation # 1) #) *) >) @) The r.le "0 $a9a$i"n %h".l& )e UNIDORM I$ %h".l& )e EIUITA6LE C"n!re%% %h".l& e+"l+e a PRO5RESSIVE %,%$e( "0 $a9a$i"n. The p"'er $" $a9 (.%$ )e e9er i%e& 0"r a p.)li p.rp"%e )e a.%e $he p"'er e9i%$% 0"r $he !eneral 'el0are The &.e pr" e%% an& e7.al pr"$e $i"n la.%e% "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n %h".l& )e ")%er+e&.
%ele&ation of po)er to fiF rate 0B Congress m-y= <C LA3= -,thori1e the President to !i0 the !ollowing: a) )) ) &) Tari00 ra$e% I(p"r$ an& E9p"r$ I."$a% T"nna!e an& 'har0a!e &.e% O$her &.$ie% an& i(p"%$% of the (o,ern ent
&ithin the fra ewor7 of the national de,elo" ent "rogra DB
The e:ercise of such "ower by the 'resident shall be within the s"ecified li its fi:ed by Congress and sub+ect to such li itations and restrictions as it ay i "ose.
Con tit+tional taF eFe"ption # 0B The !ollowing ro erties -re e0em t !rom 'EAL P'OPE'TC t-0es 1CO%E# Cha Ch+ ;A CA2 a) )) ) &) e) Chari$a)le in%$i$.$i"n% Ch.r he%3 an& par%"na!e% "r "n+en$% app.r$enan$ $here$" M"%7.e% N"n:pr"0i$ e(e$erie%/ an& All lan&%3 ).il&in!% an& i(pr"+e(en$% a $.all,3 &ire $l, an& e9 l.%i+el, .%e& 0"r reli!i".%3 e&. a$i"nal p.rp"%e%. hari$a)le3 "r
#)
All re,enues and assets of #1#5ST1C. #1#5'R1!IT $-ACATI1#A% institutions are e:e "t fro ta:es and duties 'R1)I-$- that such re,enues and assets are actually, directly and e:clusi,ely used for educational "ur"oses . (Ar$. HIV Se > (*)) (rants, endow ents, donations or contributions used actually, directly and e:clusi,ely for educational "ur"oses shall be e:e "t fro ta:. This is sub+ect to conditions "rescribed by law. (Ar$. HIV. Se > (>)) Se!tion 2I/ Po)er of the P+r e
*)
17
%o money sh-ll .e -id o,t o! the %-tion-l Tre-s,ry E)CEPT in ,rs,-nce o! -n a) )) Thi% pla e% $he "n$r"l "0 p.)li 0.n&% in $he han&% "0 C"n!re%%.
ro ri-tion m-de .y l-w.
BBT# Thi% r.le &"e% n"$ pr"hi)i$ "n$in.in! appr"pria$i"n%. e.!. 0"r &e)$ %er+i in!. Thi% i% )e a.%e $he r.le &"e% n"$ re7.ire ,earl,3 "r ann.al appr"pria$i"n.
22
Li"itation / a) Appr"pria$i"n% (.%$ )e 0"r a PU6LIC PURPOSE
**
.7 C-nnot (i) (ii) ro ri-te ,.lic !,nds or ro erty= directly or indirectly= in !-vor o!
An, %e $3 h.r h3 &en"(ina$i"n3 "r %e $arian in%$i$.$i"n "r %,%$e( "0 reli!i"n "r An, prie%$3 prea her3 (ini%$er3 "r "$her reli!i".% $ea her "r &i!ni$ar, a% %. h. E)CEPT i! the riest= etc is -ssigned to: $he Ar(e& D"r e%/ "r an, penal in%$i$.$i"n/ "r !"+ern(en$ "rphana!e/ "r lepr"%ari.(
BAT the go,ern ent is not "rohibited fro a""ro"riating oney for a ,alid secular "ur"ose, e,en if it incidentally benefits a religion3 e.!. appr"pria$i"n% 0"r a na$i"nal p"li e 0"r e i% +ali& e+en i0 $he p"li e al%" pr"$e $% $he %a0e$, "0 ler!,(en. A%S1, the te "orary use of "ublic "ro"erty for religious "ur"oses is ,alid, as long as the "ro"erty is a,ailable for all religions
dB 37
/ eci-l ;,nds a) )) M"ne, "lle $e& "n a $a9 le+ie& 0"r a %pe ial p.rp"%e %hall )e $rea$e& a% a %pe ial 0.n& an& pai& ".$ 0"r %. h p.rp"%e "nl,. On e $he %pe ial p.rp"%e i% 0.l0ille& "r a)an&"ne&3 an, )alan e %hall )e $ran%0erre& $" $he !eneral 0.n&% "0 $he 5"+ern(en$ Se!tion 92/ INITIATIDE AN% RE$EREN%B;
1) 22
Thr".!h $he %,%$e( "0 ini$ia$i+e an& re0eren&.(3 $he pe"ple an &ire $l, pr"p"%e an& ena $ la'% "r appr"+e "r re-e $ an, a $ "r la' "r par$ $here"0 pa%%e& ), $he C"n!re%% "r l" al le!i%la$i+e )"&,. Re5+ire, Petition a) )) ) Sh".l& )e %i!ne& ), a$ lea%$ 14R "0 $he $"$al n.()er "0 re!i%$ere& +"$er% E+er, le!i%la$i+e &i%$ri $ %h".l& )e repre%en$e& ), a$ lea%$ *R "0 $he re!i%$ere& +"$er% Pe$i$i"n %h".l& )e re!i%$ere&
ARTICLE DII/ THE ELECBTIDE %EPART;ENT Se!tion ./ ELECBTIDE POEER S!ope# 0B #) $:ecuti,e "ower is ,ested in the 'resident of the 'hili""ines. The % "pe "0 $hi% p"'er i% %e$ 0"r$h in Ar$. VII "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. 6.$ $hi% p"'er i% n"$ li(i$e& $" $h"%e %e$ 0"r$h $herein.
The SC3 in *arcos ,. *angla"us3 re0erre& $" $he RESIDUAL p"'er% "0 $he Pre%i&en$ a% $he Chie0 E9e .$i+e "0 $he ".n$r,3 'hi h p"'er% in l.&e "$her% n"$ %e$ 0"r$h in $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. EHAMPLEG The Pre%i&en$ i% i((.ne 0r"( %.i$ an& ri(inal pr"%e .$i"n 'hile he i% in "00i e. *) 4B 'ri,ilege of i unity fro suit is "ersonal to the 'resident and Pre%i&en$3 a% 'hen he hi(%el0 0ile% %.i$. ay be in,o7ed by hi alone . I$ (a, al%" )e 'ai+e& ), $he
BAT The 'resident CA##1T dis"ose of state "ro"erty unless authori;ed by law.
Se!tion 2/ HBALI$ICATIONS
*>
1) #) *) >) @) Na$.ral:)"rn i$i;en "0 $he Philippine% Re!i%$ere& +"$er/ A)le $" rea& an& 'ri$e/ A$ lea%$ >4 ,ear% "l& "n $he &a, "0 ele $i"n Philippine re%i&en$ 0"r a$ lea%$ 14 ,ear% i((e&ia$el, pre e&in! %. h ele $i"n.
Note# The Vi e:Pre%i&en$ ha% $he %a(e 7.ali0i a$i"n% & $er( "0 "00i e a% $he Pre%i&en$. Be i% ele $e& 'i$h & in $he %a(e (anner a% $he Pre%i&en$. Be (a, )e re("+e& 0r"( "00i e in $he %a(e (anner a% $he Pre%i&en$. Se!tion =/ ;ANNER O$ ELECTION: TER; O$ O$$ICE ;anner of Ele!tion 1) #) *) >) @) C) A) The Pre%i&en$ an& Vi e:Pre%i&en$ %hall )e ele $e& ), &ire $ +"$e "0 $he pe"ple. Ele $i"n re$.rn% 0"r Pre%i&en$ an& Vi e:Pre%i&en$3 a% &.l, er$i0ie& ), $he pr"per 6"ar& "0 Can+a%%er% %hall )e 0"r'ar&e& $" C"n!re%%3 &ire $e& $" $he Sena$e Pre%i&en$. N"$ la$er $han *4 &a,% a0$er $he &a, "0 $he ele $i"n3 $he er$i0i a$e% %hall )e "pene& in $he pre%en e "0 )"$h h".%e% "0 C"n!re%%3 a%%e()le& in -"in$ p.)li %e%%i"n. The C"n!re%%3 a0$er &e$er(inin! $he a.$hen$i i$, an& &.e e9e .$i"n "0 $he er$i0i a$e%3 %hall an+a%% $he +"$e%. The per%"n re ei+in! $he hi!he%$ n.()er "0 +"$e% %hall )e pr" lai(e& ele $e&. In a%e "0 a $ie )e$'een # "r ("re an&i&a$e%3 "ne %hall )e h"%en ), a (a-"ri$, "0 ALL $he (e()er% "0 )"$h B".%e%3 +"$in! %epara$el,. In a%e $hi% re%.l$% in a &ea&l" ?3 $he Sena$e Pre%i&en$ %hall )e $he a $in! Pre%i&en$ .n$il $he &ea&l" ? i% )r"?en. The S.pre(e C".r$ en banc %hall a $ a% $he %"le -.&!e "+er all "n$e%$% rela$in! $" $he ele $i"n3 re$.rn%3 an& 7.ali0i a$i"n% "0 $he Pre%i&en$ "r Vi e:Pre%i&en$ an& (a, pr"(.l!a$e i$% r.le% 0"r $he p.rp"%e.
Ter" of Offi!e .2 Pre i,ent a) )) cB 22 C ,ear% )e!innin! a$ n""n "n *4 F.ne i((e&ia$el, 0"ll"'in! $he ele $i"n an& en&in! a$ n""n "n $he %a(e &a, C ,ear% la$er. Term limit-tion: Sin!le $er( "nl,/ n"$ eli!i)le 0"r an, reele $i"n. Any "erson who has succeeded as 'resident, and ser,ed as such for election to the sa e office at any ti e. ore than 4 years shall #1T be 4ualified for
Di!eAPre i,ent# a) )) cB C ,ear%3 %$ar$in! an& en&in! $he %a(e $i(e a% $he Pre%i&en$. Term limit-tion: # %. e%%i+e $er(%.
)oluntary renunciation of the office for any length of ti e is #1T an interru"tion in the continuity of ser,ice for the full ter for which the )ice5'resident was elected.
Se!tion ?/ SALARIES AN% E;OLB;ENTS 1) #) *) >) O00i ial %alarie% are &e$er(ine& ), la'. Salarie% ann"$ )e &e rea%e& &.rin! $he TENURE "0 $he Pre%i&en$ an& $he Vi e:Pre%i&en$. In rea%e% $a?e e00e $ "nl, a0$er $he e9pira$i"n "0 $he TERM "0 $he in .()en$ &.rin! 'hi h $he in rea%e 'a% appr"+e&. Pr"hi)i$e& 0r"( re ei+in! an, "$her e("l.(en$ 0r"( $he !"+ern(en$ "r an, "$her %".r e &.rin! $heir TENURE
Se!tion @A.24 PRESI%ENTIAL SBCCESSION ./ Da!an!ie at the 0e&innin& of the ter" DACANCY 'resident5elect fails to 4ualify or to be chosen SBCCESSOR VP:ele $ 'ill )e A $in! Pre%i&en$ .n$il %"(e"ne i% 7.ali0ie&M h"%en a% Pre%i&en$.
*@
'resident5elect dies or is "er anently disabled. Both 'resident and )'5elect are not chosen or do not 4ualify or both die, or both beco e "er anently disabled. VP )e "(e% Pre%i&en$. 1. #. Sena$e Pre%i&en$ "r In a%e "0 hi% ina)ili$,3 $he Spea?er "0 $he B".%e %hall a $ a% Pre%i&en$ .n$il a Pre%i&en$ "r a VP %hall ha+e )een h"%en an& 7.ali0ie&.
In a%e "0 &ea$h "r &i%a)ili$, "0 (1) an& (#)3 C"n!re%% %hall &e$er(ine3 ), la'3 'h" 'ill )e $he a $in! Pre%i&en$. 9/ Da!an!ie after the offi!e i initially fille,# DACANCY Pre%i&en$ &ie%3 i% per(anen$l, i(pea he&3 "r re%i!n%. &i%a)le&3 i% SBCCESSOR Vi e:Pre%i&en$ )e "(e% Pre%i&en$ 0"r $he .ne9pire& $er(. 1. #. Sena$e Pre%i&en$ "r In a%e "0 hi% ina)ili$,3 $he Spea?er "0 $he B".%e %hall a $ a% Pre%i&en$ .n$il $he Pre%i&en$ "r VP %hall ha+e )een ele $e& an& 7.ali0ie&.
6"$h Pre%i&en$ an& Vi e:Pre%i&en$ &ie3 )e "(e per(anen$l, &i%a)le&3 are i(pea he&3 "r re%i!n.
37
D-c-ncy in o!!ice o! Dice#President d,ring the term !or which he w-s elected: a) )) Pre%i&en$ 'ill n"(ina$e ne' VP 0r"( an, (e()er "0 ei$her B".%e "0 C"n!re%%. N"(inee %hall a%%.(e "00i e .p"n "n0ir(a$i"n ), (a-"ri$, +"$e "0 ALL (e()er% "0 )"$h B".%e%3 +"$in! %epara$el,. (N"(inee 0"r0ei$% %ea$ in C"n!re%%)
&7
Election o! President -nd Dice#President -!ter v-c-ncy d,ring tem a) )) ) &) e) C"n!re%% %hall "n+ene * &a,% a0$er $he +a an , in $he "00i e "0 )"$h $he Pre%i&en$ an& $he VP3 'i$h".$ nee& "0 a all. The "n+enin! "0 C"n!re%% ann"$ )e %.%pen&e&. Wi$hin A &a,% a0$er "n+enin!3 C"n!re%% %hall ena $ a la' allin! 0"r a %pe ial ele $i"n $" ele $ a Pre%i&en$ an& a VP. The %pe ial ele $i"n ann"$ )e p"%$p"ne&. The %pe ial ele $i"n %hall )e hel& n"$ earlier $han >@ &a,% n"$ la$er $han C4 &a,% 0r"( $he $i(e "0 $he ena $(en$ "0 $he la'. The * rea&in!% 0"r $he %pe ial la' nee& n"$ )e hel& "n %epara$e &a,%. The la' %hall )e &ee(e& ena $e& .p"n i$% appr"+al "n $hir& rea&in!. onths before the date of the ne:t "residential
BBT# #o s"ecial election shall be called if the ,acancy occurs within 0H election. >2 Te"porary ,i a0ility of the Pre i,ent#
The tem or-ry in-.ility o! the President to disch-rge his d,ties m-y .e r-ised in either o! two w-ys: a) By the 'resident hi self 3 'hen he %en&% a 'ri$$en &e lara$i"n $" $he Sena$e Pre%i&en$ an& $he Spea?er "0 $he B".%e.
In this case3 $he Vi e:Pre%i&en$ 'ill )e A $in! Pre%i&en$ .n$il $he Pre%i&en$ $ran%(i$% a 'ri$$en &e lara$i"n $" $he "n$rar,. bB &hen a a+ority of the Cabinet declaration. (i) (ii) (iii) e bers trans it to the Senate 'resident and the S"ea7er their written
The VP 'ill i((e&ia$el, )e A $in! Pre%i&en$. <"T: I0 $he Pre%i&en$ $ran%(i$% a 'ri$$en &e lara$i"n $ha$ he i% n"$ &i%a)le&3 he rea%%.(e% hi% p"%i$i"n I0 'i$hin @ &a,% a0$er $he Pre%i&en$ re:a%%.(e% hi% p"%i$i"n3 $he (a-"ri$, "0 $he Ca)ine$ re$ran%(i$% $heir 'ri$$en &e lara$i"n3 C"n!re%% %hall &e i&e $he i%%.e. In $hi% e+en$3 C"n!re%% %hall re "n+ene 'i$hin >1 h".r% i0 i$ i% n"$ in %e%%i"n3 'i$h".$ nee& "0 a all. Wi$hin 14 &a,% a0$er C"n!re%% i% re7.ire& $" a%%e()le3 "r 1# &a,% i0 C"n!re%% i% n"$ in %e%%i"n3 a #M* (a-"ri$, "0 )"$h B".%e%3 +"$in! %epara$el,3 i% nee&e& $" 0in& $he Pre%i&en$ $e(p"raril, &i%a)le&3 in 'hi h a%e3 $he VP 'ill )e A $in! Pre%i&en$. #
(i+)
?2
Pre i,ential Illne a)
If the 'resident is seriously ill3 $he p.)li (.%$ )e in0"r(e& $here"0.
*C
)) E+en &.rin! %. h illne%%3 $he Na$i"nal Se .ri$, A&+i%er3 $he Se re$ar, "0 D"rei!n A00air%3 an& $he Chie0 "0 S$a00 "0 $he ADP are en$i$le& $" a e%% $" $he Pre%i&en$ SBBCECT 'resident, )ice5'resident, Cabinet *e bers, -e"uties or Assistants of Cabinet *e bers Se!tion .9/ %ISHBALI$ICATIONS SOBRCE O$ %ISHBALI$ICATION Prohi.ited !rom: 1. B"l&in! an, "00i e "r e(pl",(en$ &.rin! $heir $en.re3 UNLESSG a. ). "$her'i%e pr"+i&e& in $he C"n%$i$.$i"n (e.!. VP an )e app"in$e& a Ca)ine$ Me()er3 Se . "0 F.%$i e %i$% "n F.&i ial an& 6ar C".n il)/ "r $he p"%i$i"n% are e9:"00i i" an& $he, &" n"$ re ei+e an, %alar, "r "$her e("l.(en$% $here0"r (e.!. Se . "0 Dinan e i% hea& "0 M"ne$ar, 6"ar&). Pra $i in!3 &ire $l, "r in&ire $l,3 an, "$her pr"0e%%i"n &.rin! $heir $en.re/ Par$i ipa$in! in an, ).%ine%%/ 6ein! 0inan iall, in$ere%$e& in an, "n$ra $ 'i$h3 "r in an, 0ran hi%e3 "r %pe ial pri+ile!e !ran$e& ), $he !"+ern(en$ "r an, %.)&i+i%i"n3 a!en , "r in%$r.(en$ali$, $here"03 in l.&in! 5OCCS% "r $heir %.)%i&iarie%.
#. *. >.
N/B/ The r.le "n &i%7.ali0i a$i"n% 0"r $he Pre%i&en$ an& hi% Ca)ine$ are %$ri $er $han $he n"r(al r.le% appli a)le $" app"in$i+e an& ele $i+e "00i er% .n&er Ar$. IH:63 Se . A. S"ouses and 4th degree relati,es of the 'resident 9consanguinity or affinityB Cannot be a""ointed during 'resident8s tenure as3 1. #. *. >. @. Me()er% "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"((i%%i"n%/ O00i e "0 $he O().&%(an/ Depar$(en$ Se re$arie%/ Depar$(en$ .n&er:%e re$arie%/ Chair(an "r hea&% "0 ).rea.% "r "00i e% in l.&in! 5OCCE% an& $heir %.)%i&iarie%.
N/B/ a. I0 $he %p".%e3 e$ .3 'a% alrea&, in an, "0 $he a)"+e "00i e% a$ $he $i(e )e0"re hi%Mher %p".%e )e a(e Pre%i&en$3 heM%he (a, "n$in.e in "00i e. Wha$ i% pr"hi)i$e& i% app"in$(en$ an& reapp"in$(en$3 NOT "n$in.a$i"n in "00i e. ). Sp".%e%3 e$ .3 can be a""ointed to the +udiciary and as a bassadors and consuls. Se!tion .=A.?/ POEER TO APPOINT
Prin!iple # 1) #) Sin e $he p"'er $" app"in$ i% e9e .$i+e in na$.re3 C"n!re%% ann"$ .%.rp $hi% 0.n $i"n. While C"n!re%% (an& $he C"n%$i$.$i"n in er$ain a%e%) (a, pre% ri)e $he 7.ali0i a$i"n% 0"r par$i .lar "00i e%3 $he &e$er(ina$i"n "0 'h" a("n! $h"%e 'h" are 7.ali0ie& 'ill )e app"in$e& i% $he Pre%i&en$E% prer"!a$i+e.
S!ope# The President sh-ll 1) #) *) >) oint the !ollowing:
Bea&% "0 e9e .$i+e &epar$(en$% (CA confir ation needed)G A()a%%a&"r%3 "$her p.)li (ini%$er%3 an& "n%.l% (CA confir ation needed). O00i er% "0 ADP 0r"( ran? "0 "l"nel "r na+al ap$ain (CA confir ation needed). O$her "00i er% 'h"%e app"in$(en$ i% +e%$e& in hi( ), $he C"n%$i$.$i"n (CA confir ation needed)3 %. h a%G a) )) ) &) Chair(en an& (e()er% "0 $he COMELEC3 COA an& CSC. Re!.lar (e()er% "0 $he F.&i ial an& 6ar C".n il. The O().&%(an an& hi% &ep.$ie%/ Se $"ral repre%en$a$i+e% in C"n!re%%. N/B/ Pre%i&en$ al%" app"in$% (e()er% "0 $he S.pre(e C".r$ an& -.&!e% "0 $he l"'er a""oint ents do not need CA confir ation. ".r$%3 but these
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5B All other officers whose a""oint ents are not otherwise "ro,ided for by lawI and those who to a""oint. a) bB ) &) he ay be authori;ed by law
Thi% in l.&e% $he Chair(an an& (e()er% "0 $he C"((i%%i"n "n B.(an Ri!h$%3 'h"%e app"in$(en$% are pr"+i&e& 0"r ), la' NOT ), $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. Congress ay, by law, ,est the a""oint ent of other officers lower in ran7 in the 'resident alone or in the courts, or in the heads of de"art ents, agencies, boards or co issions. BBT: Congress cannot, by law, re4uire CA confir ation of the a""oint ent of other officers for offices created subse4uent to the 0JHK Constitution (e.!. NLRC C"((i%%i"ner%3 6an!?" Sen$ral 5"+ern"r). ALSO# )oluntary sub ission by the 'resident to the CA for confir ation of an a""oint ent which is not re4uired to be confir ed does not ,est the CA with +urisdiction. The Pre%i&en$ ann"$ e9$en& $he % "pe "0 $he CAE% p"'er a% pr"+i&e& 0"r in $he C"n%$i$.$i"n.
Pro!e,+re# 17 CA con!irm-tion needed: a) )) ) &) N"(ina$i"n ), Pre%i&en$ C"n0ir(a$i"n ), CA App"in$(en$ ), Pre%i&en$/ an& A ep$an e ), app"in$ee.
Note# A$ an, $i(e )e0"re all 0".r %$ep% ha+e )een "(plie& 'i$h3 $he Pre%i&en$ an 'i$h&ra' $he n"(ina$i"nMapp"in$(en$. 27 %o CA con!irm-tion: a) )) App"in$(en$/ an& A ep$an e. ep$%3 Pre%i&en$ an n" l"n!er 'i$h&ra' $he app"in$(en$.
Note# On e app"in$ee a A,Ainteri" appoint"ent # 1) #) *)
When C"n!re%% i% in re e%%3 $he Pre%i&en$ (a, %$ill app"in$ "00i er% $" p"%i$i"n% %.)-e $ $" CA "n0ir(a$i"n. The%e app"in$(en$% are e00e $i+e i((e&ia$el,3 ).$ are "nl, e00e $i+e .n$il $he, are &i%appr"+e& ), $he CA "r .n$il $he ne9$ a&-".rn(en$ "0 C"n!re%%. App"in$(en$% $" 0ill an "00i e in an Qa $in!E apa i$, are NOT a&:in$eri( in na$.re an& nee& n" CA appr"+al.
Appoint"ent 0y an A!tin& Pre i,ent# The%e %hall re(ain e00e $i+e UNLESS re+"?e& ), $he ele $e& Pre%i&en$ 'i$hin 24 &a,% 0r"( hi% a%%.(p$i"n "r re:a%%.(p$i"n "0 "00i e. Li"itation 1) 27 D onths i ediately before the ne:t 'residential elections, and u" to the end of his ter , the 'resident or Acting 'resident S2A%% #1T a7e a""oint ents. Thi% i% $" pre+en$ $he pra $i e "0 Q(i&ni!h$ app"in$(en$%.K E)CEPTIO%: a) )) ) Can (a?e TEMPORARY APPOINTMENTS T" 0ill EHECUTIVE POSITIONS/ I0 "n$in.e& +a an ie% $herein 'ill pre-.&i e p.)li %er+i e "r en&an!er p.)li %a0e$,. Se!tion .@/ Po)er of Control an, S+per(i ion Po)er of Control# The p"'er "0 an "00i er $" al$er3 ("&i0,3 "r %e$ a%i&e 'ha$ a %.)"r&ina$e "00i er ha% &"ne in $he per0"r(an e "0 hi% &.$ie%3 an& $" %.)%$i$.$e $he -.&!(en$ "0 $he "00i er 0"r $ha$ "0 hi% %.)"r&ina$e. Th.%3 $he Pre%i&en$ e9er i%e% "n$r"l "+er all $he e9e .$i+e &epar$(en$%3 ).rea.%3 an& "00i e%. The Pre%i&en$E% p"'er "+er !"+ern(en$:"'ne& "rp"ra$i"n% "(e% n"$ 0r"( $he C"n%$i$.$i"n ).$ 0r"( %$a$.$e. 2ence, it be ta7en away by statute. ay
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H+alifie, Politi!al A&en!y# 1) #) *) >) @) Sin e all e9e .$i+e an& a&(ini%$ra$i+e "r!ani;a$i"n% are a&-.n $% "0 $he E9e .$i+e Depar$(en$3 $he hea&% "0 %. h &epar$(en$%3 e$ . are a%%i%$an$% an& a!en$% "0 $he Pre%i&en$. Th.%3 !enerall, $he acts of these de"art ent heads, etc, which are "erfor ed and "ro ulgated in the regular course of business, are "resu "ti,ely the acts of the 'resident. E0ce tion: I0 $he a $% are &i%appr"+e& "r repr")a$e& ), $he Pre%i&en$. Ander Ad inistrati,e %aw, &e i%i"n% "0 Depar$(en$ Se re$arie% nee& n"$ )e appeale& $" $he Pre%i&en$ in "r&er $" "(pl, 'i$h $he re7.ire(en$ "0 e9ha.%$i"n "0 a&(ini%$ra$i+e re(e&ie%. Lualified "olitical agency does #1T a""ly if the 'resident is re4uired to act in "erson by law or by the Constitution.
E9a(pleG The p"'er $" !ran$ par&"n% (.%$ )e e9er i%e& per%"nall, ), $he Pre%i&en$. %i !iplinary Po)er # 1) #) The p"'er "0 $he Pre%i&en$ $" &i% ipline "00i er% 0l"'% 0r"( $he p"'er $" app"in$ $he "00i er3 an& NOT 0r"( $he p"'er $" "n$r"l. 6UT While $he Pre%i&en$ (a, re("+e 0r"( "00i e $h"%e 'h" are n"$ en$i$le& $" %e .ri$, "0 $en.re3 "r $h"%e "00i er% 'i$h n" %e$ $er(%3 %. h a% Depar$(en$ Bea&%3 $he "00i er%3 an& e(pl",ee% en$i$le& $" %e .ri$, "0 $en.re ann"$ )e %.((aril, re("+e& 0r"( "00i e.
Po)er of S+per(i ion# 1) #) *) >) Thi% i% $he p"'er "0 a %.peri"r "00i er $" en%.re $ha$ $he la'% are 0ai$h0.ll, e9e .$e& ), %.)"r&ina$e%. The p"'er "0 $he pre%i&en$ "+er l" al !"+ern(en$ .ni$% i% "nl, "0 !eneral %.per+i%i"n. Th.%3 he an "nl, in$er0ere 'i$h $he a $i"n% "0 $heir e9e .$i+e hea&% i0 $he%e are "n$rar, $" la'. The e9e .$i"n "0 la'% i% an O6LI5ATION "0 $he Pre%i&en$. Be ann"$ %.%pen& $he "pera$i"n "0 la'%. The p"'er "0 %.per+i%i"n &"e% n"$ in l.&e $he p"'er "0 "n$r"l/ ).$ $he p"'er "0 "n$r"l ne e%%aril, in l.&e% $he p"'er "0 %.per+i%i"n.
Se!tion .8/ CO;;AN%ERAINACHIE$ POEERS S!ope# 1) 27 The Pre%i&en$ i% $he C"((an&er:in:Chie0 "0 $he Ar(e& D"r e%. 3henever necess-ry= the President m-y c-ll o,t the A;P to P'EDE%T or /"PP'E//: a) )) ) 37 La'le%% +i"len e/ In+a%i"n/ "r Re)elli"n.
The President m-y -lso: a) )) S.%pen& $he pri+ile!e "0 $he 'ri$ "0 ha)ea% "rp.%/ an& Pr" lai( a %$a$e "0 (ar$ial la'.
S+ pen ion of the pri(ile&e of the )rit of ha0ea !orp+ an, ,e!larin& "artial la)M ./ 3ro+n, a. ). . #. 9/ In+a%i"n "r Re)elli"n/ an& P.)li %a0e$, re7.ire% i$. ust be ACTAA% an& n"$ (erel, i((inen$.
The in,asion or rebellion Li"itation # a. ).
S.%pen%i"n "r pr" la(a$i"n i% e00e $i+e 0"r "nl, C4 &a,%. Wi$hin >1 h".r% 0r"( $he &e lara$i"n "r %.%pen%i"n3 $he Pre%i&en$ (.%$ %.)(i$ a rep"r$ $" C"n!re%%.
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. &. C"n!re%%3 ), (a-"ri$, +"$e an& +"$in! -"in$l,3 (a, re+"?e $he %a(e3 an& $he Pre%i&en$ ann"$ %e$ a%i&e $he re+" a$i"n. In $he %a(e (anner3 a$ $he Pre%i&en$E% ini$ia$i+e3 C"n!re%% an e9$en& $he %a(e 0"r a peri"& &e$er(ine& ), C"n!re%% i0G i. In+a%i"n "r re)elli"n per%i%$ an& ii. P.)li %a0e$, re7.ire% i$. %OTE: C"n!re%% CANNOT e9$en& $he peri"& e. /, reme Co,rt review: i. The appr"pria$e pr" ee&in! an )e 0ile& ), an, i$i;en. ii. The SC an re+ie' $he DACTUAL 6ASIS "0 $he pr" la(a$i"n "r %.%pen%i"n. iii. De i%i"n i% pr"(.l!a$e& 'i$hin *4 &a,% 0r"( 0ilin!. !. $-rti-l L-w does %OT: i. S.%pen& $he "pera$i"n "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. ii. S.pplan$ $he 0.n $i"nin! "0 $he i+il ".r$% "r le!i%la$i+e a%%e()lie%. iii. A.$h"ri;e "n0er(en$ "0 -.ri%&i $i"n "n (ili$ar, ".r$% "+er i+ilian% 'here i+il ".r$% are a)le $" 0.n $i"n an& i+. A.$"(a$i all, %.%pen& $he pri+ile!e "0 $he 'ri$. g. /,s ension o! rivilege o! the writ: i. Applie% ONLY $" per%"n% -.&i iall, har!e& 0"r re)elli"n "r "00en%e% inheren$ in "r &ire $l, "nne $e& 'i$h in+a%i"n. ii. An,"ne arre%$e& "r &e$aine& &.rin! %.%pen%i"n (.%$ )e har!e& 'i$hin * &a,%. O$her'i%e he %h".l& )e relea%e&. Note# &hile the sus"ension of the "ri,ilege of writ and the "rocla ation of artial law is sub+ect to +udicial re,iew, the actual use by the 'resident of the ar ed forces is not. Th.%3 $r""p &epl",(en$% in $i(e% "0 'ar i% %.)-e $ $" $he Pre%i&en$E% -.&!(en$ an& &i% re$i"n. Se!tion .I# ELECBTIDE CLE;ENCY S!ope# 1.) The President m-y gr-nt the !ollowing: N Pa R C ReO a. ). . &. D.B These Par&"n% ( "n&i$i"nal "r plenar,) Reprie+e% C"((.$a$i"n% Re(i$$an e "0 0ine% an& 0"r0ei$.re% ay only be granted A!T$R con,iction by final +udg ent. otu "ro"io.
*.) ALSO# The p"'er $" !ran$ le(en , in l.&e% a%e% in+"l+in! a&(ini%$ra$i+e penal$ie%. 4.B &here a conditional "ardon is granted, the deter ination of whether it has been ,iolated rests with the 'resident. Li"itation # 1.7 As to sco e: Cannot 0e &rante,# a.) 6e0"re "n+i $i"n ).) In a%e% "0 i(pea h(en$ .) D"r +i"la$i"n% "0 ele $i"n la'%3 r.le%3 an& re!.la$i"n 'i$h".$ $he 0a+"ra)le re "((en&a$i"n "0 $he COMELEC &.) In a%e% "0 i+il "r le!i%la$i+e "n$e(p$ 2.7 As to e!!ect:
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a.) D"e% n"$ a)%"l+e i+il lia)ili$ie% 0"r an "00en%e. ).) D"e% n"$ re%$"re p.)li "00i e% alrea&, 0"r0ei$e&3 al$h".!h eli!i)ili$, 0"r $he %a(e (a, )e re%$"re&. A"ne ty# 1.) An a $ "0 !ra e "n .rre& in ), C"n!re%%3 .%.all, e9$en&e& $" !r".p% "0 per%"n% 'h" "((i$ p"li$i al "00en%e%3 'hi h p.$% in$" ")li+i"n $he "00en%e i$%el0. #.) 'resident alone CA##1T grant a nesty. A(ne%$, nee&% "n .rren e ), a (a-"ri$, "0 all $he (e()er% "0 C"n!re%%. *.) When a per%"n applie% 0"r a(ne%$,3 he (.%$ a&(i$ hi% !.il$ "0 $he "00en%e 'hi h i% %.)-e $ $" %. h a(ne%$,. I0 hi% appli a$i"n i% &enie&3 he an )e "n+i $e& )a%e& "n $hi% a&(i%%i"n "0 !.il$. =/2 A"ne ty D/ Par,on A;NESTY A&&re%%e& $" POLITICAL "00en%e% 5ran$e& $" a CLASS "0 per%"n% Nee& n"$ )e a ep$e& "0 (a-"ri$, "0 all PAR%ON A&&re%%e& $" ORDINARY "00en%e% 5ran$e& $" INDIVIDUALS M.%$ )e a ep$e&
Re7.ire% "n .rren e (e()er% "0 C"n!re%%
N" nee& 0"r C"n!re%%i"nal "n .rren e Pri+a$e a $ "0 Pre%i&en$. I$ (.%$ )e pr"+e&. Onl, penal$ie% are e9$in!.i%he&. Ma, "r (a, n"$ re%$"re p"li$i al ri!h$%. A)%"l.$e par&"n re%$"re%. C"n&i$i"nal &"e% n"$. Ci+il in&e(ni$, i% n"$ e9$in!.i%he&. Onl, !ran$e& a0$er "n+i $i"n ), 0inal -.&!e(en$
A p.)li a $. S.)-e $ $" -.&i ial n"$i e E9$in!.i%he% $he "00en%e i$%el0
Ma, )e !ran$e& )e0"re "r a0$er "n+i $i"n
Se!tion 20/ Po)er to Contra!t or 3+arantee $orei&n Loan Li"itation # (1) The Pre%i&en$ (a, "n$ra $ "r !.aran$ee 0"rei!n l"an% "n )ehal0 "0 $he Rep.)li "0 $he Philippine% 'i$h $he pri"r "n .rren e "0 $he M"ne$ar, 6"ar&/ an& (#) S.)-e $ $" %. h li(i$a$i"n% a% (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), la'. Se!tion 2./ $orei&n Relation Po)er in!l+,e# (1) Power to negoti-te tre-ties -nd other intern-tion-l -greements (a) BBT# Such treaty of international agree ent ,alid and effecti,e in our country. ust be concurred in by at least D6C of all Senators in order to be rov-l:
()) O tions o! /en-te when - tre-ty is s,.mitted !or its (i) (ii) (iii) Appr"+e 'i$h #M* (a-"ri$,/ Di%appr"+e ".$ri!h$/ "r
Appr"+e "n&i$i"nall,3 'i$h %.!!e%$e& a(en&(en$%.
( ) If treaty is not re5negotiated3 n" $rea$, (&) If treaty is re5negotiated and the Senate8s suggestions are incor"orated 3 $he $rea$, 'ill !" in$" e00e $ 'i$h".$ nee& "0 0.r$her Sena$e appr"+al. Note# &hile our unici"al law a7es a distinction between international agree ents and e:ecuti,e agree ents, with the for er re4uiring Senate a""ro,al and the latter not needing the sa e, under international law, there is no such distinction. Note# The 'resident cannot, by e:ecuti,e agree ent, underta7e an obligation which indirectly circu ,ents a legal "rohibition. (e) Con!lict .etween tre-ty -nd m,nici -l l-w. (i) 'hili""ine court3 The la$er ena $(en$ 'ill pre+ail3 )e i$ $rea$, "r la'3 a% i$ i% $he la$e%$ e9pre%%i"n "0 $he S$a$eE% 'ill.
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(ii) International tribunal Trea$, 'ill al'a,% pre+ail. A S$a$e ann"$ plea& i$% (.ni ipal la' $" -.%$i0, n"n "(plian e 'i$h an in$erna$i"nal ")li!a$i"n. (#) Power to oint -m.-ss-dors= other ,.lic ministers= -nd cons,ls. ines.
(*) Power to receive -m.-ss-dors -nd other ,.lic ministers -ccredited to the Phili (>) Power to contr-ct -nd g,-r-ntee !oreign lo-ns on .eh-l! o! the 'e ,.lic (@) Power to de ort -liens
(a) Thi% p"'er i% +e%$e& in $he Pre%i&en$ ), +ir$.e "0 hi% "00i e3 %.)-e $ "nl, $" re%$ri $i"n% a% (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), le!i%la$i"n a% re!ar&% $he !r".n&% 0"r &ep"r$a$i"n. ()) In $he a)%en e "0 an, le!i%la$i+e re%$ri $i"n $" a.$h"ri$,3 $he Pre%i&en$ (a, %$ill e9er i%e $hi% p"'er. ( ) The p"'er $" &ep"r$ alien% i% li(i$e& ), $he re7.ire(en$% "0 &.e pr" e%%3 'hi h en$i$le% $he alien $" a 0.ll an& 0air hearin!. BBT# The alien is not entitled to bail as a atter of right.
ARTICLE DIII/ THE CB%ICIAL %EPART;ENT SEC/ ./ CB%ICIAL POEER S!ope# 1. F.&i ial p"'er i% $he a.$h"ri$, $" %e$$le -.%$i ia)le "n$r"+er%ie% "r &i%p.$e% in+"l+in! ri!h$% $ha$ are en0"r ea)le an& &e(an&a)le )e0"re $he ".r$% "0 -.%$i e "r $he re&re%% "0 'r"n!% 0"r +i"la$i"n% "0 %. h ri!h$%. #. Ve%$e& in $he S.pre(e C".r$ an& %. h l"'er ".r$% a% (a, )e e%$a)li%he& ), la'. >. Sin e $he ".r$% are !i+en Q-.&i ial p"'erE an& n"$hin! ("re3 ".r$% (a, nei$her a$$e(p$ $" a%%.(e "r )e "(pelle& $" per0"r( n"n:-.&i ial 0.n $i"n%.
The, (a, n"$ )e har!e& 'i$h a&(ini%$ra$i+e 0.n $i"n% e9 ep$ 'hen rea%"na)l, in i&en$al $" $he 0.l0ill(en$ "0 $heir &.$ie%. >. In order th-t co,rts m-y e0ercise this ower= there m,st e0ist the !ollowing: a. ). . An a $.al "n$r"+er%, 'i$h le!all, &e(an&a)le an& en0"r ea)le ri!h$%/ In+"l+in! real par$ie% in in$ere%$/ The e9er i%e "0 %. h p"'er 'ill )in& $he par$ie% ), +ir$.e "0 $he ".r$E% appli a$i"n "0 e9i%$in! la'%.
@. F.&i ial p"'er ann"$ )e e9er i%e& in +a ..(. Wi$h".$ an, la'% 0r"( 'hi h ri!h$% ari%e an& 'hi h are +i"la$e&3 $here an )e n" re ".r%e $" $he ".r$%. C. The ".r$% ann"$ )e a%?e& 0"r a&+i%"r, "pini"n%.
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A. C+,i!ial po)er in!l+,e # a. ). The d,ty o! the co,rts to settle -ct,-l controversies involving rights which -re leg-lly dem-nd-.le -nd en!orce-.le/ an& To determine whether or not there h-s .een - gr-ve -.,se o! discretion -mo,nting to l-c: or e0cess o! +,risdiction on the -rt o! -ny .r-nch or instr,ment-lity o! the government .
Politi!al H+e tion # 1. A F olitic-l 4,estionG i% "ne $he re%"l.$i"n "0 'hi h ha% )een +e%$e& ), $he C"n%$i$.$i"n e9 l.%i+el, in ei$her $he pe"ple3 in $he e9er i%e "0 $heir %"+erei!n apa i$,3 "r in 'hi h 0.ll &i% re$i"nar, a.$h"ri$, ha% )een &ele!a$e& $" a ":e7.al )ran h "0 $he 5"+ern(en$. #. Th.%3 while courts can deter ine 4uestions of legality with res"ect to go,ern ental action, they cannot re,iew go,ern ent "olicy and the wisdo thereof, for these 4uestions ha,e been ,ested by the Constitution in the $:ecuti,e and %egislati,e -e"art ents. SEC/ 2/ ROLES O$ CON3RESS 1. De0inin! en0"r ea)le an& &e(an&a)le ri!h$% an& pre% ri)in! re(e&ie% 0"r +i"la$i"n% "0 %. h ri!h$%/ an& #. De$er(inin! $he ".r$ 'i$h -.ri%&i $i"n $" hear an& &e i&e "n$r"+er%ie% "r &i%p.$e% ari%in! 0r"( le!al ri!h$%. *. Th.%3 C"n!re%% ha% $he p"'er $" &e0ine3 pre% ri)e an& app"r$i"n $he -.ri%&i $i"n "0 +ari".% ".r$%. @. 5. BBT3 Congress cannot de"ri,e the Su"re e Court of its +urisdiction o,er cases "ro,ided for in the Constitution. Cre-tion -nd -.olition o! co,rts: a. ). . The p"'er $" rea$e ".r$% i(plie% $he p"'er $" a)"li%h an& e+en re:"r!ani;e ".r$%. 6UT $hi% p"'er -.&i iar,. ann"$ )e e9er i%e& in a (anner 'hi h '".l& .n&er(ine $he %e .ri$, "0 $en.re "0 $he
I0 $he a)"li$i"nMre:"r!ani;a$i"n i% &"ne in !""& 0ai$h an& n"$ 0"r p"li$i al "r per%"nal rea%"n%3 $hen i$ i% VALID. (%a(e r.le applie% 0"r i+il %er+an$%) SEC/ 9/ $ISCAL ABTONO;Y
1. #. *.
The en$ire -.&i iar, %hall en-", 0i% al a.$"n"(,. Ann.al appr"pria$i"n% 0"r $he -.&i iar, ann"$ )e re&. e& )el"' $he a(".n$ appr"pria$e& 0"r $he pre+i".% ,ear. On e appr"+e&3 appr"pria$i"n% %hall )e a.$"(a$i all, an& re!.larl, relea%e&. SECS/ =A@M .2 CB%ICIARY
Co"po ition of the S+pre"e Co+rt# 1. #. Chie0 F.%$i e an& 1> A%%" ia$e F.%$i e%
Note# *e bers of the Su"re e Court and of other courts established by law shall not be designated to any agency "erfor ing 4uasi5+udicial or ad inistrati,e functions. H+alifi!ation of "e"0er of the SC# 1. Na$.ral )"rn i$i;en "0 $he Philippine% #. A$ lea%$ >4 ,ear% "l& *. A$ lea%$ 1@ ,ear% "0 e9perien e a% a -.&!e "r in $he pra $i e "0 la' in $he Philippine% >. Per%"n "0 pr"+en "(pe$en e3 in$e!ri$,3 pr")i$, an& in&epen&en e. H+alifi!ation of "e"0er of lo)er !olle&iate !o+rt 1CA4 CTA4 San,i&an0ayan2 1. Na$.ral )"rn i$i;en "0 $he Philippine% #. Me()er "0 $he Philippine )ar *. P"%%e%%e% "$her 7.ali0i a$i"n% pre% ri)e& ), C"n!re%%
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>. Per%"n "0 pr"+en "(pe$en e3 in$e!ri$,3 pr")i$, an& in&epen&en e. H+alifi!ation of *+,&e of lo)er nonA!olle&iate !o+rt # 1. Ci$i;en "0 $he Philippine% ((a, )e a na$.rali;e& i$i;en) #. Me()er "0 $he Philippine 6ar *. P"%%e%%e% "$her 7.ali0i a$i"n% pre% ri)e& ), C"n!re%% >. Per%"n "0 pr"+en "(pe$en e3 in$e!ri$,3 pr")i$, an& in&epen&en e. Se!tion 8/ CB%ICIAL AN% BAR COBNCIL 1. The /udicial and Bar Council is under the su"er,ision of the SC. A. I% .n&er $he %.per+i%i"n "0 $he S.pre(e C".r$ an& i% com osed o!: 1. #. *. >. @. C. A. Chie0 F.%$i e3 a% e9:"00i i" hair(an Se re$ar, "0 F.%$i e3 a% an e9:"00i i" (e()er Repre%en$a$i+e "0 C"n!re%%3 a% an e9:"00i i" (e()er Repre%en$a$i+e "0 $he In$e!ra$e& 6ar A pr"0e%%"r "0 la' A re$ire& (e()er "0 $he SC/ an& Pri+a$e %e $"r repre%en$a$i+e e bers are a""ointed by the 'resident with CA a""ro,al .
Note# The la%$ 0".r are $he re!.lar (e()er% "0 $he F6C. Regular Re!.lar (e()er% %er+e 0"r > ,ear%3 'i$h %$a!!ere& $er(%. 6. ;,nctions o! ?<C 1. #. C. A 1. #. *. >.
'rinci"al function3 re "((en& app"in$ee% $" $he F.&i iar, E9er i%e %. h "$her 0.n $i"n% a% $he SC (a, a%%i!n $" i$.
ointments to the ?,dici-ry Pre%i&en$ %hall app"in$ 0r"( a li%$ "0 a$ lea%$ * n"(inee% 0"r ea h +a an ,3 a% prepare& ), $he F6C. N" CA "n0ir(a$i"n i% nee&e& 0"r app"in$(en$% $" $he F.&i iar,. Va an ie% in SC %h".l& )e 0ille& 'i$hin 24 &a,% 0r"( $he " .rren e "0 $he +a an ,.
Va an ie% in l"'er ".r$% %h".l& )e 0ille& 'i$hin 24 &a,% 0r"( %.)(i%%i"n $" $he Pre%i&en$ "0 $he F6C li%$.
SEC/ .0/ SALARIES 1. Salarie% "0 SC F.%$i e% an& -.&!e% "0 l"'er ".r$% %hall )e 0i9e& ), la'. #. Cann"$ )e &e rea%e& &.rin! $heir "n$in.an e in "00i e3 ).$ an )e in rea%e&. *. Me()er% "0 $he F.&i iar, are NOT e9e(p$ 0r"( pa,(en$ "0 in "(e $a9.
SEC/ ../ TENBRE:%ISCIPLINARY POEERS O$ SC 1. *e bers of the SC and +udges of the lower courts hold office during good beha,ior until a. The a!e "0 A4 ,ear% "l&/ "r ). The, )e "(e in apa i$a$e& $" &i% har!e $heir &.$ie%. #. *isci lin-ry -ction -g-inst +,dges o! lower co,rts: a. Onl, $he SC en banc ha% -.ri%&i $i"n $" &i% ipline "r &i%(i%% -.&!e% "0 l"'er ".r$%. ). -isci"linary action6dis issal3 Ma-"ri$, +"$e "0 SC F.%$i e% 'h" $""? par$ in $he &eli)era$i"n% an& +"$e& $herein. *. 'emov-l o! /C ?,stices:
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a. Onl, ), IMPEACBMENT. ). Cann"$ )e &i%)arre& 'hile $he, h"l& "00i e. SECS/ =A?4 .9/ THE SBPRE;E COBRT Hearin& of !a e # 1. #. En )an / "r Di+i%i"n% "0 *3 @3 "r A.
Ca e re5+ire, to 0e hear, en 0an!# 1. All cases in,ol,ing constitutionality of a6an3 a. Trea$, ). In$erna$i"nal "r e9e .$i+e a!ree(en$ "r . La'. #. All cases re4uired to be heard en banc under the Rules of Court3 a. Appeal% 0r"( Sandiganbayan/ an& ). Dr"( $he C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"((i%%i"n% *. All cases in,ol,ing the constitutionality, a""lication or o"eration of a. Pre%i&en$ial &e ree% ). Pr" la(a$i"n% . Or&er% &. In%$r. $i"n% e. Or&inan e%/ an& 0. O$her re!.la$i"n%. >. Cases heard by a di,ision where re4uired 5. Cases where SC a+ority of C was not obtained.
odifies or re,erses a doctrine or "rinci"le of law laid down by the SC en banc or by a di,ision.
6. Ad inistrati,e cases to disci"line or dis iss +udges of lower courtsI and K. $lection contests for 'resident and )ice5'resident. Ca e hear, 0y ,i(i ion 1. M.%$ )e &e i&e& 'i$h $he "n .rren e "0 a (a-"ri$, "0 $he (e()er% 'h" $""? par$ in $he &eli)era$i"n% an& +"$e& $here"n. #. Ma-"ri$, +"$e in a &i+i%i"n %h".l& )e a$ lea%$ * (e()er%. Po)er of the SC 1. /C h-s O'IGI%AL +,risdiction over a. Cases affecting a bassadors, other "ublic inisters and consuls.
N"$eG Thi% re0er% $" 0"rei!n a()a%%a&"r%3 e$ .3 %$a$i"ne& in $he Philippine%. ). 'etitions for certiorari, "rohibiton, anda us, 4uo warranto, and habeas cor"us.
#. /C h-s APPELLATE +,risdiction over !in-l +,dgments -nd orders in the !ollowing: a. All cases in,ol,ing the constitutionality or ,alidity of any i. $rea$, ii. in$erna$i"nal "r e9e .$i+e a!ree(en$ iii. la' i+. pre%i&en$ial &e ree +. pr" la(a$i"n +i. "r&er +ii. in%$r. $i"n
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+iii. i9. "r&inan e3 "r re!.la$i"n/
). All cases in,ol,ing the legality of any i. $a9 ii. i(p"%$ iii. a%%e%%(en$ "r i+. $"ll "r +. an, penal$, i(p"%e& in rela$i"n $here$"/ . All cases in which the +urisdiction of any lower court is in issue d. Cri inal cases where the "enalty i "osed is reclusion "er"etua or higherI and e. All cases where 1#%@ errors or 4uestions of law are in,ol,ed. *. Tem or-rily -ssign lower co,rt +,dges to other st-tions in the ,.lic interest. Note# Te(p"rar, a%%i!n(en$ %hall n"$ e9 ee& C ("n$h% 'i$h".$ $he "n%en$ "0 $he -.&!e "n erne&. >. Order - ch-nge o! ven,e or l-ce o! tri-l to -void - misc-rri-ge o! +,stice. @. Prom,lg-te r,les concerning: a. The pr"$e $i"n an& en0"r e(en$ "0 "n%$i$.$i"nal ri!h$%/ ). Plea&in!3 pra $i e an& pr" e&.re in all ".r$%/ . A&(i%%i"n $" $he pra $i e "0 la'/ &. The In$e!ra$e& 6ar/ an& e. Le!al a%%i%$an e $" $he .n&erpri+ile!e&. Limit-tions on ',le $-:ing Power a. I$ %h".l& pr"+i&e a %i(pli0ie& an& ine9pen%i+e pr" e&.re 0"r $he %pee&, &i%p"%i$i"n "0 a%e%. ). I$ %h".l& )e .ni0"r( 0"r all ".r$% "0 $he %a(e !ra&e. . I$ %h".l& n"$ &i(ini%h3 in rea%e3 "r ("&i0, %.)%$an$i+e ri!h$%. C. A oint ALL o!!ici-ls -nd em loyees o! the ?,dici-ry= in -ccord-nce with Civil /ervice L-w .
A. E0ercise -dministr-tive s, ervision over ALL co,rts -nd the ersonnel thereo!. %e!i ion of the S+pre"e Co+rt# 1. Rea he& in "n%.l$a$i"n )e0"re )ein! a%%i!ne& $" a (e()er 0"r $he 'ri$in! "0 $he "pini"n. #. A er$i0i a$i"n $" $hi% e00e $ (.%$ )e %i!ne& ), $he Chie0 F.%$i e an& a$$a he& $" $he re "r& "0 $he a%e an& %er+e& .p"n $he par$ie%. *. Me()er% "0 $he SC 'h" $""? n" par$3 "r 'h" &i%%en$e& "r a)%$aine& (.%$ %$a$e $he rea%"n% $here0"re. Note# This "rocedure shall also be obser,ed by all lower collegiate courts 9CA, CTA, and the SandiganbayanB.
CB%ICIAL REDIEE %efinition 1. F.&i ial Re+ie' i% $he p"'er "0 $he SC $" &e lare a la'3 $rea$,3 "r&inan e e$ . .n "n%$i$.$i"nal. #. L"'er ".r$% (a, al%" e9er i%e $he p"'er "0 -.&i ial re+ie'3 %.)-e $ $" $he appella$e -.ri%&i $i"n "0 $he SC.
*. Onl, SC &e i%i"n% are pre e&en$3 an& $h.%3 "nl, SC &e i%i"n% are )in&in! "n all.
Re5+i ite
C"&eG
NA R S Co RO
1. An ACTUAL CASE allin! 0"r $he e9er i%e "0 -.&i ial p"'er #. The 7.e%$i"n in+"l+e& (.%$ )e RIPE DOR ADFUDICATION3 i.e. $he !"+ern(en$ a $ (.%$ ha+e ha& an a&+er%e e00e $ "n $he per%"n hallen!in! i$.
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*. The per%"n hallen!in! $he !"+ern(en$al a $ (.%$ ha+e Q STANDIN5E3 i.e. a per%"nal an& %.)%$an$ial in$ere%$ in $he a%e %. h $ha$ he ha% %.%$aine&3 "r 'ill %.%$ain3 &ire $ in-.r, a% a re%.l$ "0 i$% en0"r e(en$. >. The 7.e%$i"n "0 Con%$i$.$i"nali$, (.%$ )e rai%e& in $he 0ir%$ in%$an e3 "r a$ $he earlie%$ "pp"r$.ni$,. @. Re%"l.$i"n "0 $he i%%.e "0 "n%$i$.$i"nali$, i% .na+"i&a)le "r i% $he +er, lis Effe!t of a ,e!laration of +n!on tit+tionality# 1. Pri"r $" $he &e lara$i"n $ha$ a par$i .lar la' i% .n "n%$i$.$i"nal3 i$ i% "n%i&ere& a% an Q"pera$i+e 0a $E 'hi h a$ $ha$ $i(e ha& $" )e "(plie& 'i$h. #. Th.%3 +e%$e& ri!h$% (a, ha+e )een a 7.ire& .n&er %. h la' )e0"re i$ 'a% &e lare& .n "n%$i$.$i"nal. *. The%e ri!h$% are n"$ pre-.&i e& ), $he %.)%e7.en$ &e lara$i"n $ha$ $he la' i% .n "n%$i$.$i"nal. SEC/ .=/ %ECISIONS 1. -ecisions *AST state clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on which it is based. #. Re0.%al $" !i+e &.e ".r%e $" pe$i$i"n% 0"r re+ie' an& ("$i"n% 0"r re "n%i&era$i"n (.%$ %$a$e $he le!al )a%i% 0"r %. h re0.%al. *. Me("ran&.( &e i%i"n%3 'here $he appella$e ".r$ a&"p$% $he 0in&in!% "0 0a $ an& la' "0 $he l"'er ".r$3 are all"'e& a% l"n! a% $he &e i%i"n a&"p$e& ), re0eren e i% a$$a he& $" $he Me("ran&.( 0"r ea%, re0eren e. >. The%e r.le% "nl, appl, $" ".r$%. The, &" n"$ appl, $" 7.a%i:-.&i ial "r a&(ini%$ra$i+e )"&ie% n"r $" (ili$ar, $ri).nal%. ota.
ARTICLE IL THE CONSTITBTIONAL CO;;ISSIONS Se!tion ./ Con tit+tional Co""i In,epen,ent Con tit+tional Co""i 1) Ci+il Ser+i e C"((i%%i"n (CSC) #) C"((i%%i"n "n Ele $i"n% (COMELEC) *) C"((i%%i"n "n A.&i$ (COA) Ehy In,epen,entG The, per0"r( +i$al 0.n $i"n% "0 !"+ern(en$. Their integrity is rotected .y the !-ct th-t they: 1) Are "n%$i$.$i"nall, rea$e& (Se . 1) #) Ba+e in&epen&en$ p"'er% "0 app"in$(en$ (Se . >) *) Ea h C"((i%%i"n (a, pr"(.l!a$e i$% "'n pr" e&.ral r.le% (Se . C) >) Di% al a.$"n"(, (Se . @) @) Salarie% (a, n"$ )e &i(ini%he& &.rin! $heir "00i e (Se . *) C) C"((i%%i"ner% ha+e a 0i9e& $er( A) C"((i%%i"ner% are re("+a)le ), i(pea h(en$ "nl,. Se!tion 2/ %ISHBALI$ICATIONS *is4,-li!ic-tions: ;e"0er !annot4 ,+rin& their ten+re# 1) B"l& an, "$her "00i e "r e(pl",(en$/ #) En!a!e in $he pra $i e "0 an, pr"0e%%i"n/ *) En!a!e in $he a $i+e (ana!e(en$ "r "n$r"l "0 an, ).%ine%%3 'hi h3 in an, 'a,3 (a, )e a00e $e& ), $he 0.n $i"n% "0 $heir "00i e/ an& ion ion G
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>) 6e 0inan iall, in$ere%$e&3 &ire $ "r in&ire $3 in an, "n$ra $3 0ran hi%e3 pri+ile!e !ran$e& ), $he !"+ern(en$3 an, "0 i$% %.)&i+i%i"n%3 a!en ie%3 in%$r.(en$ali$ie%3 in l.&in! 5OCCS% an& $heir %.)%i&iarie%. %ote: The O().&%(an an& hi% &ep.$ie% are %.)-e $ $" $he %a(e 7.ali0i a$i"n%.
Se!tion 9/ SALARIES Salarie 1) Salarie% are 0i9e& ), la' an& %hall n"$ )e &e rea%e& &.rin! $heir TENURE. #) De rea%e% in %alarie% "nl, a00e $ $h"%e (e()er% app"in$e& ADTER in rea%e. *) In .()en$ (e()er% &" n"$ l"%e an, %alar,. >) In rea%e% $a?e e00e $ IMMEDIATELY. Se!tion ?/ RBLES O$ PROCE%BRE Pro!e,+re # 1) R+le # The C"((i%%i"n% (a, pr"(.l!a$e i$% "'n r.le% EN 6ANC. *) Li"itation# It shall not3 a) Di(ini%h3 )) In rea%e3 "r ) M"&i0, %.)%$an$i+e ri!h$%. *) Po)er of SC a). The SC (a, n"$3 .n&er Ar$. VIII Se . @(@)3 e9er i%e $he p"'er $" &i%appr"+e r.le% "0 P%pe ial ".r$% an& 7.a%i:-.&i ial )"&ie%.P )). In pr" ee&in!% )e0"re $he C"((i%%i"n%3 $he r.le% "0 $he C"((i%%i"n pre+ail. ). In pr" ee&in!% )e0"re a ".r$3 $he R.le% "0 C".r$ pre+ail. &). The SC (a,3 h"'e+er3 in appr"pria$e a%e%3 e9er i%e FUDICIAL REVIEW Se!tion @/ %ECISION ;A6IN3:APPEAL %e!i ionA;a<in&# 1) $ach co ission shall decide atter or cases by a a+ority ,ote of all the e bers within 6G days fro sub ission.
COMELEC (a, %i$ en banc "r in # &i+i%i"n%. Ele $i"n a%e%3 in l.&in! pre:pr" la(a$i"n "n$r"+er%ie% are &e i&e& in &i+i%i"n3 'i$h ("$i"n% 0"r re "n%i&era$i"n 0ile& $" $he COMELEC en banc. The SC ha% hel& $ha$ a (a-"ri$, &e i%i"n &e i&e& ), a &i+i%i"n "0 $he COMELEC i% a +ali& &e i%i"n. a%e 0"r $he en$ire
#) As C1%%$(IA% B1-I$S3 ea h "((i%%i"n (.%$ a $ a% "ne3 an& n" "ne (e()er an &e i&e a "((i%%i"n. (i.e. The Chair(an ann"$ ra$i0, a &e i%i"n 'hi h '".l& "$her'i%e ha+e )een +"i&). Appeal # 1) De i%i"n%3 "r&er% "r r.lin!% "0 $he COMELECMCOA (a, )e )r".!h$ "n er$i"rari $" $he SC .n&er R.le C@. #) De i%i"n%3 "r&er% "r r.lin! "0 $he CSC %h".l& )e appeale& $" $he CA .n&er R.le >*. Enfor!e"ent#
I$ ha% )een hel& $ha$ $he CSC an i%%.e a 'ri$ "0 e9e .$i"n $" en0"r e -.&!(en$% 'hi h are 0inal. THE CIDIL SERDICE CO;;ISSION
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Se!tion ./ CO;POSITION:HBALI$ICATIONS:TER; Co"po ition# 1) Chair(an #) C"((i%%i"ner% 8 # "((i%%i"ner% H+alifi!ation # 1) Na$.ral:)"rn i$i;en% "0 $he Philippine%/ #) A$ lea%$ *@ ,ear% "l& a$ $he $i(e "0 $heir app"in$(en$%/ *) Wi$h pr"+en apa i$, 0"r p.)li a&(ini%$ra$i"n/ an& >) NOT an&i&a$e% 0"r an, ele $i+e p"%i$i"n in $he ele $i"n% i((e&ia$el, pre e&in! $heir app"in$(en$. @) App"in$ee% ), $he Pre%i&en$ $" $he CSC nee& C"((i%%i"n "n App"in$(en$% (CA) "n0ir(a$i"n Ter"# 1) A ,ear% (e9 ep$ 0"r $he 1 %$ app"in$ee% 'here $he Chair(an ha% A ,ear%3 1 C"((i%%i"ner ha% @ ,ear% 'hile an"$her ha% * ,ear%) #) Limit-tion: %in!le $er( "nl,3 n" reapp"in$(en$ *) A ointment to v-c-ncy: "nl, 0"r .ne9pire& $er( "0 pre&e e%%"r
>) #o te "orary a""oint ents, or a""oint ents in acting ca"acity. Se!tion 2/ S!ope# The Civil /ervice em.r-ces -ll: A. )ran he%3 6. %.)&i+i%i"n%3 C. in%$r.(en$ali$ie%3 D. a!en ie% "0 $he !"+ern(en$3 E. in l.&in! 5OCC% 'i$h "ri!inal har$er%. 1.93ith Origin-l Ch-rter9 (ean% $ha$ $he 5OCC 'a% rea$e& ), %pe ial la'M), C"n!re%% #. If incor"orated under the Cor"oration Code3 i$ &"e% n"$ 0all 'i$hin $he Ci+il Ser+i e3 an& i% n"$ %.)-e $ $" $he CSC -.ri%&i $i"n. *. $,en if once go,ern ent5controlled, then beco es "ri,ati;ed, ceases to fall under CSC. >. /urisdiction i% &e$er(ine& a% "0 $he $i(e "0 0ilin! $he "(plain$.
Appoint"ent to !i(il er(i!e hall 0e# A. Com etitive ositions A "r&in! $" (eri$ an& 0i$ne%% $" )e &e$er(ine& ), "(pe$i$i+e e9a(ina$i"n%3 a% 0ar a% pra $i a)le e9 ep$ $" p"%i$i"n% 'hi h are "olicy5deter ining, "ri arily confidential, or highly technical. 6. %on#com etitive ositions 1). N" nee& 0"r "(pe$i$i+e e9a(ina$i"n%. #). 9 <in, a) Policy#determining : )) Prim-rily con!identi-l : ) Bighly technic-l : 0"r(.la$e a (e$h"& "0 a $i"n 0"r $he !"+S$ ("re $han "r&inar, "n0i&en e/ l"%e in$i(a , in%.re% 0ree&"( "0 in$er ".r%e 'i$h".$ )e$ra,al% "0 per%"nal $r.%$... re7.ire% $e hni al %?ill $" a %.peri"r &e!ree.
C. The TEST $" &e$er(ine 'he$her n"n: "(pe$i$i+e i% $he na$.re "0 $he re%p"n%i)ili$ie%3 NOT $he a&(ini%$ra$i+e "r le!i%la$i+e &e% rip$i"n !i+en $" i$.
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D. Both ty"es of "ositions are entitled to security of tenure. The, "nl, &i00er in $he MANNER in 'hi h $he, are 0ille&. E. 3ho m-y .e ointed:
1). RBLE# Wh"e+er 0.l0ill% all $he 7.ali0i a$i"n% pre% ri)e& ), la' 0"r a par$i .lar p"%i$i"n (a, )e app"in$e& $herein. #). The CSC ann"$ &i%appr"+e an app"in$(en$ -.%$ )e a.%e an"$her per%"n i% )e$$er 7.ali0ie&3 a% l"n! a% $he app"in$ee i% hi(%el0 7.ali0ie&. *). The CSC CANNOT a&& 7.ali0i a$i"n% "$her $han $h"%e pr"+i&e& ), la'. D. %e0t#In#'-n: ',le While a per%"n ne9$ in ran? i% en$i$le& $" pre0eren$ial "n%i&era$i"n3 i$ &"e% n"$ 0"ll"' $ha$ "nl, he3 an& n" "ne el%e3 an )e app"in$e&. S. h per%"n ha% n" +e%$e& ri!h$ $" $he p"%i$i"n an& $he app"in$in! a.$h"ri$, i% n"$ )".n& $" app"in$ $he per%"n ne9$ in ran?. Ten+re 1Cla ifi!ation of Po ition 2 NonACareer Ser(i!e 1. En$ran e "n )a%e% OTBER $han .%.al $e%$% "0 (eri$ an& 0i$ne%%. D. Tenure li ited to3 a) Peri"& %pe i0ie& ), la'3 )) C"$er(in".% 'i$h $he app"in$in! a.$h"ri$, "r %.)-e $ $" hi% plea%.re3 "r ) Li(i$e& $" $he &.ra$i"n "0 a par$i .lar pr"-e $ 0"r 'hi h p.rp"%e $he e(pl",(en$ 'a% (a&e.
Career Ser(i!e 1. En$ran e )a%e& "n (eri$ an& 0i$ne%% $" )e &e$er(ine& a% 0ar a% pra $i a)le ), "(pe$i$i+e e9a(ina$i"n% "r )a%e& "n hi!hl, $e hni al 7.ali0i a$i"n%. #. En$i$le& $" %e .ri$, "0 $en.re
*. Wi$h "pp"r$.ni$, 0"r a&+an e(en$ $" hi!her areer p"%i$i"n%. Se!+rity of Ten+re# 1) O00i er% "r e(pl",ee% "0 $he Ci+il Ser+i e ann"$ )e re("+e& "r %.%pen&e& EHCEPT 0"r guarantees both "rocedural and substanti,e due "rocess. #) $or 7LE3AL CABSE7 : Cause is3 a). rela$e& $" an& a00e $% $he a&(ini%$ra$i"n "0 "00i e3 an& )). (.%$ )e %.)%$an$ial (&ire $l, a00e $% $he ri!h$% & in$ere%$% "0 $he p.)li ) *) /ec,rity o! ten,re !or %on#com etitive ositions a). Pri(aril, "n0i&en$ial "00i er% an& e(pl",ee% h"l& "00i e "nl, 0"r %" l"n! a% "n0i&en e in $he( re(ain%. )). I0 $here i% 5ENUINE l"%% "0 "n0i&en e3 $here i% n" re("+al3 ).$ $he e9pira$i"n "0 $he $er( "0 "00i e ). N"n: areer %er+i e "00i er% an& e(pl",ee% &" n"$ en-", %e .ri$, "0 $en.re. &). P"li$i al app"in$ee% in $he 0"rei!n %er+i e p"%%e%% $en.re "$er(in".% 'i$h $ha$ "0 $he app"in$in! a.$h"ri$, "r %.)-e $ $" hi% plea%.re. >) 1ne ust be )A%I-%@ A''1I#T$- to en+oy security of tenure . Th.%3 "ne 'h" i% n"$ app"in$e& ), $he pr"per app"in$in! a.$h"ri$, &"e% n"$ a 7.ire %e .ri$, "0 $en.re. A0olition of Offi!e To .e v-lid= -.olition m,st .e m-de: (a) In !""& 0ai$h/ (!""& 0ai$h i% pre%.(e&) ()) N"$ 0"r p"li$i al "r per%"nal rea%"n%/ an& ( ) N"$ in +i"la$i"n "0 la'. Te"porary e"ployee are !o(ere, 0y the follo)in& r+le # 1). #ot "rotected by security of tenure : an )e re("+e& an,$i(e e+en 'i$h".$ a.%e #). If they are se"arated, this is considered an e:"iration of his ter . *). BBT# The, an "nl, )e re("+e& ), $he "ne 'h" app"in$e& $he(. >). En$i$le& "nl, $" %. h pr"$e $i"n a% (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), la'. a.%e pr"+i&e& ), la'. It
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No offi!er or e"ployee in the Ci(il Ser(i!e hall en&a&e in any ele!tioneerin& or in parti an politi!al a!ti(ity 1) Cann"$ %"li i$ +"$e% in 0a+"r "0 a par$i .lar an&i&a$e. #) Cann"$ !i+e a(pai!n "n$ri).$i"n% "r &i%$ri).$e a(pai!n (a$erial%. *) BBT# Allowed to e:"ress ,iews on "olitical issues, and to >) 'rohibition does not a""ly to de"art ent secretaries Ri&ht to or&ani8e The ri!h$ $" "r!ani;e &"e% NOT in l.&e $he ri!h$ $" %$ri?e Se!tion ?A@/ %ISHBALI$ICATIONS %i 5+alifi!ation 1) Losing c-ndid-tes in -ny election a). Cann"$ )e app"in$e& $" an, "00i e in $he !"+ern(en$ "r 5OCCS% "r $heir %.)%i&iarie% )). Period o! dis4,-li!ic-tion: One (1) ,ear a0$er %. h ele $i"n. #) Elective o!!ici-ls a). N"$ eli!i)le 0"r app"in$(en$ "r &e%i!na$i"n in ANY CAPACITY $" ANY PU6LIC ODDICE "r p"%i$i"n &.rin! $heir $en.re. )). E)CEPTIO%: Ma, h"l& e: officio p"%i$i"n%. $:a "les3 The Vi e Pre%i&en$ (a, )e app"in$e& a% a Ca)ine$ (e()er A C"n!re%%(an (a, %i$ in $he F.&i ial an& 6ar C".n il ). To be eligible to hold any other office, the elected official ust first resign his office ention the na es of the candidates who he su""orts.
&). E+en C"n!re%% ann"$3 ), la'3 a.$h"ri;e $he app"in$(en$ "0 an ele $i+e "00i ial. *). A ointive o!!ici-ls a). Cann"$ h"l& an, "$her "00i e "r e(pl",(en$ in $he !"+ern(en$3 an, %.)&i+i%i"n3 a!en ,3 in%$r.(en$ali$,3 in l.&in! 5OCCS% an& $heir %.)%i&iarie%. )). E)CEPTIO%: Unle%% "$her'i%e all"'e& ), la'3 "r ), $he pri(ar, 0.n $i"n% "0 hi% p"%i$i"n. ). Thi% e9 ep$i"n DOES NOT APPLY $" Ca)ine$ (e()er%3 an& $h"%e "00i er% (en$i"ne& in Ar$. VII3 Se . 1*. The, are !"+erne& ), $he %$ri $er pr"hi)i$i"n% "n$aine& $herein. Se!tion 8/ CO;PENSATION 1) Prohi.itions: applie% $" ele $e& "r app"in$e& "00i er% an& e(pl",ee% C-nnot receive: A. Additional 6. -ouble : C. Indirect Co "ensation #) ELCEPTION# Unle%% %pe i0i all, a.$h"ri;e& ), la' A. PSPECIDICALLY AUTBORITEDP (ean% a %pe i0i "n erne&. a.$h"ri$, par$i .larl, &ire $e& $" $he "00i er "r e(pl",ee : an e9$ra re'ar& !i+en 0"r $he %a(e "00i e i.e. )"n.% 'hen an "00i er i% !i+en # %e$% "0 "(pen%a$i"n 0"r # &i00eren$ "00i e% hel& "n .rren$l, ), 1 "00i er
6. BBT# per &ie(% an& all"'an e% !i+en a% REIM6URSEMENT 0"r e9pen%e% a $.all, in .rre& are n"$ pr"hi)i$e& *) Cann"$ a ep$ an, pre%en$3 e("l.(en$3 "00i e3 $i$le "0 an, ?in& 0r"( 0"rei!n !"+ern(en$% UNLESS 'i$h $he "n%en$ "0 C"n!re%%. >) 'ensions and gratuities are NOT "n%i&ere& a% a&&i$i"nal3 &".)le3 "r in&ire $ "(pen%a$i"n.
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THE CO;;ISSION ON ELECTIONS Se!tion ./ CO;POSITION:HBALI$ICATIONS:TER; Co"po ition# 1@2 1)Chair(an an& #)C"((i%%i"ner% (C) H+alifi!ation # 1) Na$.ral:)"rn i$i;en% "0 $he Philippine%/ #) A$ lea%$ *@ ,ear% "l& a$ $he $i(e "0 app"in$(en$ *) B"l&er% "0 "lle!e &e!ree%/ an& >) N"$ an&i&a$e% 0"r an, ele $i+e p"%i$i"n in $he i((e&ia$el, pre e&in! ele $i"n%. @) Ma-"ri$, "0 $he C"((i%%i"n3 in l.&in! $he Chair(an (.%$ )eG a). Me()er% "0 $he Philippine% 6ar )). En!a!e& in $he pra $i e "0 la' 0"r a$ lea%$ 14 ,ear%G Jan, a $i+i$, in "r ".$ "0 ".r$3 'hi h re7.ire% $he appli a$i"n "0 la'3 le!al pr" e&.re3 ?n"'le&!e3 $rainin! an& e9perien e.K C) App"in$(en$% %.)-e $ $" CA appr"+al Ter"# 1) A ,ear% (1%$ app"in$e&G Chair(an :A ,r%/ * Me()er% : A ,r%/ # Me()er% : @ ,r%/ 1 Me()er : * ,r%) #) LI$ITATIO%: Sin!le $er( "nl,G n" reapp"in$(en$ all"'e& *) A ointment to - v-c-ncy: "nl, 0"r .ne9pire& p"r$i"n "0 pre&e e%%"rE% $er(
>) #o te "orary a""oint ents, or a""oint ents in acting ca"acity a). Th.%3 $he Pre%i&en$ ann"$ &e%i!na$e an in .()en$ "((i%%i"ner a% a $in! Chair(an. )). The h"i e "0 $e(p"rar, hair(an 0all% .n&er $he COMELECE% &i% re$i"n.
Se!tion 2/ POEERS AN% $BNCTIONS Po)er # 1) En!orce -nd -dminister -ll l-ws -nd reg,l-tions rel-tive to the cond,ct o! -n election= re!erend,m= -nd rec-ll. (a) E9G COMELEC an en-"in "n%$r. $i"n "0 p.)li '"r?% 'i$hin >@ &a,% "0 an ele $i"n. &7 E0ercise: A. $:clusi,e original +urisdiction o,er all contests relating to the elections, returns, and 4ualifications of all electi,e 1. Re!i"nal3 #. Pr"+in ial3 an& *. Ci$, "00i ial% 6. A""ellate +urisdiction o,er all contests in,ol,ing3 1. Ele $i+e (.ni ipal "00i ial% &e i&e& ), $rial ".r$% "0 !eneral -.ri%&i $i"n #. Ele $i+e )aran!a, "00i ial% &e i&e& ), $rial ".r$% "0 li(i$e& -.ri%&i $i"n. C. -ecisions, final orders, or rulings of the Co ission on election contests in,ol,ing electi,e offices shall be final, e:ecutory, and not a""ealable. EF!eption# Appeala)le $" $he SC "n 7.e%$i"n% "0 la'. *. Contem t owers 1. C1*$%$C can e:ercise this "ower only in relation to its ad+udicatory or 4uasi5+udicial functions. unici"al and barangay le.iscite= initi-tive=
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I$ CANNOT e9er i%e $hi% in "nne $i"n 'i$h i$% p.rel, e9e .$i+e "r (ini%$erial 0.n $i"n%. #. I0 i$ i% a pre:pr" la(a$i"n "n$r"+er%,3 $he COMELEC e9er i%e% 7.a%i:-.&i ialMa&(ini%$ra$i+e p"'er%. *. I$% -.ri%&i $i"n "+er Q "n$e%$%E (a0$er pr" la(a$i"n)3 i% in e9er i%e "0 i$% -.&i ial 0.n $i"n%. E. The C1*$%$C ay issue writs of certiorari, "rohibition and i% n"$ an inheren$ p"'er. anda us in e:ercise of its a""ellate +urisdiction . Thi%
*) De i&e3 e9 ep$ $h"%e in+"l+in! $he ri!h$ $" +"$e3 all 7.e%$i"n% a00e $in! ele $i"n%3 in l.&in! &e$er(ina$i"n "0 $he n.()er an& l" a$i"n "0 p"llin! pla e%3 app"in$(en$ "0 ele $i"n "00i ial% an& in%pe $"r%3 an& re!i%$ra$i"n "0 +"$er%. %ote: I.e%$i"n% in+"l+in! $he ri!h$ $" +"$e 0all 'i$hin $he -.ri%&i $i"n "0 $he "r&inar, ".r$%. >) Dep.$i;e3 'i$h $he "n .rren e "0 $he Pre%i&en$3 la' en0"r e(en$ a!en ie% an& in%$r.(en$ali$ie% "0 $he 5"+ern(en$3 in l.&in! $he Ar(e& D"r e% "0 $he Philippine%3 0"r $he e9 l.%i+e p.rp"%e "0 en%.rin! 0ree3 "r&erl,3 h"ne%$3 pea e0.l3 an& re&i)le ele $i"n%. a). Thi% p"'er i% NOT li(i$e& $" $he ele $i"n peri"&. )). Applie% $" )"$h ri(inal an& a&(ini%$ra$i+e a%e%. @) Re!i%$ra$i"n "0 p"li$i al par$ie%3 "r!ani;a$i"n%3 "r "ali$i"n%Ma re&i$a$i"n "0 i$i;en%E ar(% "0 $he C"((i%%i"n "n Ele $i"n%.
a). The p"li$i al par$ie% e$ . (.%$ pre%en$ $heir pla$0"r( "r pr"!ra( "0 !"+ern(en$. )). There %h".l& )e %.00i ien$ p.)li a$i"n ). Gro, s which c-nnot .e registered: i. Reli!i".% &en"(ina$i"n%M%e $% ii. 5r".p% 'hi h %ee? $" a hie+e $heir !"al% $hr".!h +i"len e "r .nla'0.l (ean% iii. 5r".p% 'hi h re0.%e $" .ph"l& an& a&here $" $he C"n%$i$.$i"n i+. 5r".p% 'hi h are %.pp"r$e& ), an, 0"rei!n !"+ern(en$. &). BBT# 'olitical "arties with religious affiliation or which deri,e their "rinci"les fro religious beliefs are registerable.
e). !inancial contributions fro foreign go,ern ents and their agencies to "olitical "arties, organi;ations, coalitions, or candidates related to elections constitute interference in national affairs. I0 a ep$e&3 i$ i% an a&&i$i"nal !r".n& 0"r $he an ella$i"n "0 $heir re!i%$ra$i"n 'i$h $he C"((i%%i"n3 in a&&i$i"n $" "$her penal$ie% $ha$ (a, )e pre% ri)e& ), la'. C) Dile3 .p"n a +eri0ie& "(plain$3 "r "n i$% "'n ini$ia$i+e3 pe$i$i"n% in ".r$ 0"r in l.%i"n "0 e9 l.%i"n "0 +"$er%/ in+e%$i!a$e an&3 'here appr"pria$e3 pr"%e .$e a%e% "0 +i"la$i"n% "0 ele $i"n la'%3 in l.&in! a $% "r "(i%%i"n% "n%$i$.$in! ele $i"n% 0ra.&%3 "00en%e% an& (alpra $i e%. A. 6. C. A) COMELEC ha% e9 l.%i+e -.ri%&i $i"n $" in+e%$i!a$e an& pr"%e .$e a%e% 0"r +i"la$i"n% "0 ele $i"n la'%. COMELEC an &ep.$i;e pr"%e .$"r% 0"r $hi% p.rp"%e. The a $i"n% "0 $he pr"%e .$"r% are $he a $i"n% "0 $he COMELEC Preli(inar, in+e%$i!a$i"n "n&. $e& ), COMELEC i% +ali&.
Re "((en& $" $he C"n!re%% e00e $i+e (ea%.re% $" (ini(i;e ele $i"n %pen&in!3 in l.&in! li(i$a$i"n "0 pla e% 'here pr"pa!an&a (a$erial% %hall )e p"%$e&3 an& $" pre+en$ an& penali;e all 0"r(% "0 ele $i"n 0ra.&%3 "00en%e%3 (alpra $i e%3 an& n.i%an e an&i&a ie%. Re "((en& $" $he Pre%i&en$ $he re("+al "0 an, "00i er "r e(pl",ee i$ ha% &ep.$i;e&3 "r $he i(p"%i$i"n "0 an, "$her &i% iplinar, a $i"n3 0"r +i"la$i"n "r &i%re!ar& "03 "r &i%")e&ien e $" i$% &ire $i+e3 "r&er3 "r &e i%i"n. S.)(i$ $" $he Pre%i&en$ an& $he "n!re%% a "(prehen%i+e rep"r$ "n $he "n&. $ "0 ea h ele $i"n3 ple)i% i$e3 ini$ia$i+e3 re0eren&.(3 "r re all. Se!tion 9/ RBLES O$ PROCE%BRE:%ECISIONA;A6IN3
1) 2)
R+le of Pro!e,+re 1) #) COMELEC an %i$ en banc "r in $'" &i+i%i"n% I$ ha% $he p"'er $" pr"(.l!a$e i$% "'n r.le% "0 pr" e&.re in "r&er $" e9pe&i$e &i%p"%i$i"n "0 ele $i"n a%e%3 in l.&in! pre: ele $i"n "n$r"+er%ie%.
%e!i ionA;a<in& 1) Ele $i"n a%e% %h".l& )e hear& an& &e i&e& in &i+i%i"n. Pr"+i&e& $ha$3
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#) M"$i"n% 0"r re "n%i&era$i"n "0 &e i%i"n% %h".l& )e &e i&e& ), COMELEC en banc. *) KDe i%i"n%K (ean re%"l.$i"n% "n %.)%$an$i+e i%%.e%. 5B C) If a di,ision dis isses a case for failure of counsel to a""ear, the *otion for Reconsideration here di,ision. ELCEPTION# C1*$%$C en banc of results by Board of Can,assers. ay directly assu e +urisdiction o,er a "etition to correct ay be heard by the
anifest errors in the tallying
Se!tion =/ SBPERDISION:RE3BLATION O$ $RANCHISES : PER;ITS : 3RANTS : SPECIAL PRIDILE3ES : CONCESSIONS Re&+lation of fran!hi e A. 3h-t c-n CO$ELEC s, ervise or reg,l-te 1). The en-",(en$ "r .$ili;a$i"n "0 all 0ran hi%e% "r per(i$% 0"r $he "pera$i"n "0 $ran%p"r$a$i"n an& "$her p.)li .$ili$ie%3 (e&ia "0 "((.ni a$i"n "r in0"r(a$i"n. #). 5ran$%3 %pe ial pri+ile!e% "r "n e%%i"n% !ran$e& ), $he 5"+ern(en$ "r an, %.)&i+i%i"n3 a!en , "r in%$r.(en$ali$, $here"03 in l.&in! an, 5OCC "r i$% %.)%i&iar, 6. 3hen c-n CO$ELEC e0ercise this ower 1). D.rin! $he ele $i"n peri"& a). Un&er Ar$i le HI3 Se $i"n 23 the election "eriod co ends CG days thereafter. )). In s"ecial cases3 COMELEC an 0i9 a peri"&. #). A""lies not +ust to elections but also to "lebiscites and referenda. *). Ple0i !ite: S.)(i%%i"n "0 "n%$i$.$i"nal a(en&(en$% "r i(p"r$an$ le!i%la$i+e (ea%.re% $" $he pe"ple 0"r ra$i0i a$i"n >). Referen,+": p"'er "0 $he ele $"ra$e $" appr"+e "r re-e $ le!i%la$i"n $hr".!h an ele $i"n alle& 0"r $ha$ p.rp"%e. CO;ELEC an, the ;E%IA 1). C1*$%$C cannot co "el "rint edia to donate free s"ace to the C1*$%$C. It s"ace after "aying +ust co "ensation. ay, howe,er, co "el it to "ro,ide ences JG days before the day of the election and
#). 'ower of C1*$%$C is o,er franchises and "er its, #1T indi,iduals . D"r e9a(ple3 COMELEC (a, n"$ re!.la$e (e&ia pra $i$i"ner%3 0"r $hi% '".l& +i"la$e $he 0ree&"( "0 e9pre%%i"n. Se!tion >/ No pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence for violation of election laws, rules, and regulations shall be granted by the $resident without the favorable recommendation of the *ommission. Se!tion ? %efinition of Politi!al Party "r!ani;e& !r".p "0 per%"n% p.r%.in! $he %a(e p"li$i al i&eal% in a !"+ern(en$ an& in l.&e% i$% )ran he%3 an& &i+i%i"n% I"portan!e of re&i tration of a politi!al party 1) #) *) Re!i%$ra$i"n "n0er% -.ri&i al per%"nali$, "n $he par$,. I$ in0"r(% $he p.)li "0 $he par$,S% e9i%$en e an& i&eal%. I$ i&en$i0ie% $he par$, an& i$% "00i er% 0"r p.rp"%e% "0 re!.la$i"n ), $he COMELEC.
Se!tion @/ No votes cast in favor of a political party, organization, or coalition shall be valid, except for those registered under the party'list system as provided in this *onstitution/ Prohi0ition on 0lo!<A(otin& 1) 3eneral r+le# 6l" ? +"$in! NOT all"'e& #) ELCEPTION# $h"%e re!i%$ere& .n&er $he par$,:li%$ %,%$e(
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Se!tion 8/ PARTY LIST SYSTE; No Ri&ht to 0e Repre ente, in Dario+ Boar, 'olitical "arties, organi;ations, or coalitions registered under the "arty5list syste following3 1). V"$er%E re!i%$ra$i"n% )"ar&%3 #). 6"ar&% "0 ele $i"n in%pe $"r%3 *). 6"ar&% "0 an+a%%er%3 "r >). O$her %i(ilar )"&ie%. Poll Eat!her P"li$i al par$ie%3 e$ . are en$i$le& $" app"in$ p"ll 'a$ her% in a "r&an e 'i$h la'. shall #1T be re"resented in the
Se!tion .0/ 1ona fide candidates for any public office shall be free from any form of harassment and discrimination. Thi% %e $i"n &"e% n"$ !i+e an&i&a$e% i((.ni$, 0r"( %.i$. Di% ri(ina$i"n in l.&e% .ne7.al $rea$(en$ in $he a+ail(en$ "0 (e&ia 0a ili$ie%. Se!tion ../ $BN%IN3 Ho) pro(i,e, 1) #) D.n&% er$i0ie& ), $he COMELEC a% ne e%%ar, $" &e0ra, $he e9pen%e% 0"r h"l&in! re!.lar an& %pe ial ele $i"n%3 ple)i% i$e%3 ini$ia$i+e3 re0eren&a an& re all%3 %hall pr"+i&e& in $he re!.lar "r %pe ial appr"pria$i"n%. D.n&% %h".l& )e er$i0ie& ), $he COMELEC a% ne e%%ar,.
Relea e of f+n, On e appr"+e&3 0.n&% %h".l& )e relea%e& a.$"(a$i all, .p"n er$i0i a$i"n ), $he Chair(an "0 COMELEC.
THE CO;;ISSION ON AB%IT Se!tion ./ CO;POSITION:HBALI$ICATIONS Co"po ition# 1) #) Chair(an3 an& C"((i%%i"ner% (#).
H+alifi!ation # 1) #) CB Na$.ral:)"rn i$i;en% "0 $he Philippine% A$ lea%$ *@ ,ear% "l& a$ $he $i(e "0 $heir app"in$(en$/ $ither3 a). CPAE% 'i$h a$ lea%$ 14 ,ear% a.&i$in! e9perien e/ "r )). Me()er% "0 Phil. 6ar 'i$h 14 ,ear% "0 pra $i e. >) @) C) Me()er% ann"$ all )el"n! $" $he %a(e pr"0e%%i"n. S.)-e $ $" "n0ir(a$i"n "0 $he CA. M.%$ n"$ ha+e )een an&i&a$e% 0"r an, ele $i+e p"%i$i"n in $he ele $i"n% i((e&ia$el, pre e&in! $heir app"in$(en$.
Ter"# 1) #) CB A ,ear% (1%$ app"in$ee%) Chair(an:A,r%/ C"((i%%i"ner1:@,r%/ C"((i%%i"ner#:* ,r%) LI$ITATIO%: : Sin!le $er(% "nl,/ n" re:app"in$(en$ all"'e& A""oint ents to any ,acancy shall only be for the une:"ired "ortion of "redecessor8s ter
Se!tion 2/ POEERS 17 E0-mine= -,dit= -nd settle -cco,nts ert-ining to:
@@
A. 6. Re+en.e an& re eip$% "0 0.n&% "r pr"per$,/ "r E9pen&i$.re% an& .%e% "0 0.n&% "r pr"per$,
1wned or held in trust by, or "ertain to3 A. 6. 27 The 5"+ern(en$/ An, "0 i$% %.)&i+i%i"n%3 a!en ie% "r in%$r.(en$ali$ie%/
C. In l.&in! 5OCCE% 'i$h "ri!inal har$er%. Cond,ct ost#-,dit with res ect to the !ollowing: A. 6. C. D. C"n%$i$.$i"nal )"&ie%3 "((i%%i"n%3 an& "00i e% !ran$e& 0i% al a.$"n"(,/ A.$"n"(".% %$a$e "lle!e% an& .ni+er%i$ie%/ 5OCCE% an& $heir %.)%i&iarie% in "rp"ra$e& .n&er $he C"rp"ra$i"n C"&e. N"n:!"+ern(en$al en$i$ie% re ei+in! %.)%i&ie% "r e7.i$,3 &ire $l, "r in&ire $l,3 0r"( "r $hr".!h $he !"+ern(en$3 'hi h are re7.ire& ), la' "0 $he !ran$in! "0 in%$i$.$i"n $" %.)(i$ $" %. h a.&i$.
*) >) @) C)
If C1A finds internal control syste of audited agencies as inade4uate 3 COA (a, a&"p$ (ea%.re%3 in l.&in! $e(p"rar, "r %pe ial pre:a.&i$3 a% (a, )e ne e%%ar,. Oeep $he !eneral a ".n$% "0 $he !"+ern(en$3 pre%er+in! +". her% an& "$her %.pp"r$in! paper% per$ainin! $here$".
E9 l.%i+e a.$h"ri$, $" &e0ine $he % "pe "0 COAE% a.&i$ an& e9a(ina$i"n an& $" e%$a)li%h $he $e hni7.e% an& (e$h"&% re7.ire& $here0"r. 'ro ulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations. A. 6. In l.&in! $h"%e 0"r $he pre+en$i"n "r &i%all"'an e "0 irre!.lar3 .nne e%%ar,3 e9 e%%i+e3 e9$ra+a!an$3 "r .n "n% i"na)le e9pen&i$.re% "r .%e% "0 !"+ern(en$ 0.n&% an& pr"per$ie%. Dail.re $" "(pl, 'i$h $he%e r.le% an )e a !r".n& 0"r &i%appr"+in! $he pa,(en$ "0 a pr"p"%e& e9pen&i$.re.
%ote: 17 The !,nctions o! COA c-n .e cl-ssi!ied -s: A. 6. C. D. E. #) *) E9a(ine an& a.&i$ all 0"r(% "0 !"+ern(en$ re+en.e%/ E9a(ine an& a.&i$ all 0"r(% "0 !"+E$ e9pen&i$.re% Se$$le !"+E$ a Pr"(.l!a$e a ".n$% ".n$in! an& a.&i$in! r.le% (in l.&in! $h"%e 0"r $he pre+en$i"n "0 irre!.larUe9pen&i$.re%).
T" &e i&e a&(ini%$ra$i+e a%e% in+"l+in! e9pen&i$.re% "0 p.)li 0.n&%. ".n$% 'hi h (a, )e a&-.%$e& %i(pl, ), ari$h(e$i pr" e%%.
COA an %e$$le "nl, LIIUIDATED ACCOUNTS "r $h"%e a
COA ha% a.$h"ri$, n"$ -.%$ "+er a ".n$a)le "00i er% ).$ al%" "+er "$her "00i er% 'h" per0"r( 0.n $i"n% rela$e& $" a ".n$in! %. h a% +eri0i a$i"n "0 e+al.a$i"n% an& "(p.$a$i"n "0 0ee% "lle $i)le3 an& $he a&"p$i"n "0 in$ernal r.le% "0 "n$r"l. COA &"e% n"$ ha+e $he p"'er $" 0i9 $he a(".n$ "0 an .n0i9e& "r .n&e$er(ine& &e)$. 3here the !ollowing re4,irements -re com lied with= it .ecomes the ministeri-l d,ty o! the COA to -ss in -,dit vo,chers !or -yment: A. 6. C. D. There i% a la' appr"pria$in! 0.n&% 0"r a par$i .lar p.rp"%e/ There i% a "n$ra $3 (a&e ), $he pr"per "00i er3 en$ere& in$" in "n0"r(i$, 'i$h $he a)"+e:(en$i"ne& la'/ The !""&% "r %er+i e% "+ere& ), %. h "n$ra $ ha+e )een &eli+ere& "r ren&ere& in p.r%.an e $" %. h "n$ra $3 a% a$$e%$e& ), $he pr"per "00i er/ an& Pa,(en$ ha% )een a.$h"ri;e& ), "00i ial% "0 $he "rre%p"n&in! &epar$(en$ "r ).rea.. rove -nd
>) (7
C) A)
Pr"%e .$"r% (a, %$ill re+ie' a ".n$% alrea&, %e$$le& an& appr"+e& ), COA 0"r $he p.rp"%e "0 &e$er(inin! p"%%i)le ri(inal lia)ili$,. Thi% i% )e a.%e COAE% in$ere%$ in %. h a ".n$% i% (erel, a&(ini%$ra$i+e. COA ha% $he p"'er $" &e$er(ine $he (eanin! "0 Qp.)li )i&&in!E an& 'ha$ "n%$i$.$e% 0ail.re 'hen re!.la$i"n% re7.ire p.)li )i&&in! 0"r $he %ale "0 !"+ern(en$ pr"per$,.
Se!tion 9/ No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the 2overnment or its subsidiary in any guise whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the jurisdiction of the *ommission on #udit.
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ARTICLE L# LOCAL 3ODERN;ENT Se!tion ./ TERRITORIAL:POLITICAL SBB%IDISIONS O$ THE REPBBLIC O$ THE PHILIPPINES ARE THE# Co"po ition# 1) #) *) >) Pr"+in e% Ci$ie%/ M.ni ipali$ie%/ an& 6aran!a,%
There hall 0e A+tono"o+ re&ion in# 1) #) M.%li( Min&ana"3 an& C"r&illera% <A$ pre%en$3 i$ i% "nl, $he C"r&illera ADMINISTRATIVE re!i"n=
%ote# 1) A $hir& a.$"n"(".% re!i"n '".l& re7.ire a "n%$i$.$i"nal a(en&(en$. #) The%e p"li$i al %.)&i+i%i"n%3 rea$e& ), $he C"n%$i$.$i"n an )e repla e& ), AMENDMENT3 an& n"$ ), la'. *) While C"n!re%% an a)"li%h "r era&i a$e in&i+i&.al .ni$%3 i$ ann"$ a)"li%h an en$ire la%% "0 L5U% Se!tion 2/ Lo!al A+tono"y 1) DB All p"li$i al %.)&i+i%i"n% %hall en-", l" al a.$"n"(, This does not A. 6. ean that the %(As are co "letely free fro the central go,ern ent.
F.&i iar, (a, %$ill pa%% "n L5U a $i"n% Pre%i&en$ (a, e9er i%e &i% iplinar, p"'er "+er L5U "00i ial%.
SEC/ 9/ *ongress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of the local units. Se!tion =/ PRESI%ENTIAL SBPERDISION O$ L3BS S+per(i ion of Pre i,ent 1) #) The Pre%i&en$ e9er i%e% gener-l s, ervision over -ll LG"s The Pre%i&en$ e9er i%e% *I'ECT s, ervision over A. 6. C. *) >) @) 6B KB Pr"+in e% A.$"n"(".% re!i"n% an& In&epen&en$ i$ie%.
This "ower is li ited to ensuring that lower officers e:ercise their functions in accordance with law. The "resident cannot substitute his +udg ent for that of an %(A official .nle%% $he la$$er i% a $in! "n$rar, $" la'. The Pre%i&en$ (a,3 h"'e+er3 i(p"%e a&(ini%$ra$i+e %an $i"n% a!ain%$ L5U "00i ial%3 %. h a% %.%pen%i"n 0"r 1#4 &a,%3 an& (a, e+en re("+e $he( 0r"( $heir p"%$%3 in a "r&an e 'i$h la'. 'ro,inces e:ercise direct su"er,ision o,er co "onent cities and Cities and unici"alities.
unici"alities e:ercise direct su"er,ision o,er co "onent barangays.
Se!tion >/ EACH LOCAL 3ODERN;ENT SHALL HADE THE POEER TO CREATE OEN SOBRCES O$ REDENBE:LEDY TALES4 $EES AN% CHAR3ES ETC/
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Li"itation on Po)er 1) #) I$ i% %.)-e $ $" %. h !.i&eline% an& li(i$a$i"n% a% C"n!re%% (a, pr"+i&e. See L" al 5"+ern(en$ C"&e 0"r e9a(ple%. The !.i&eline% %e$ ), C"n!re%% %h".l& )e "n%i%$en$ 'i$h $he )a%i p"li , "0 l" al a.$"n"(,.
A!!r+al of taFe 4 fee 4 !har&e The $a9e%3 0ee% an& har!e% %hall a r.e e9 l.%i+el, $" $he l" al !"+ern(en$%.
Se!tion ?/ L3B SHALL HADE A CBST SHARE IN NATIONAL TALES4 AS %ETER;INE% BY LAE4 EHICH SHALL BE ABTO;ATICALLY RELEASE% TO THE; Internal Re(en+e Allot"ent 1IRA2 1) #) *) >) (7 Share "0 L5U% in na$i"nal $a9e% i% li(i$e& $" $he in$ernal re+en.e $a9e%. The %hare "0 ea h L5U %h".l& )e relea%e&3 'i$h".$ nee& "0 an, 0.r$her a $i"n3 &ire $l, $" $he pr"+in ial3 i$,3 (.ni ipal "r )aran!a, $rea%.rer. Relea%e i% (a&e "n a 7.ar$erl, )a%i% 'i$hin @ &a,% a0$er $he en& "0 ea h 7.ar$er. The %hare "0 ea h L5U %h".l& n"$ )e %.)-e $ $" an, lien "r h"l&)a ? $ha$ (a, )e i(p"%e& ), $he na$i"nal !"+ern(en$ 0"r 'ha$e+er p.rp"%e. Ea h L5U %h".l& appr"pria$e in i$% ann.al ).&!e$ a$ lea%$ #4R "0 i$% ann.al IRA 0"r &e+el"p(en$ pr"-e $%. Ad+,stments in I'A A. B. Gro,nd: Un(ana!ea)le p.)li %e $i"n &e0i i$ 'resident can 1. #. *. C) a7e the necessary ad+ust ents in the IRA u"on the reco endation of the following3
Depar$(en$ "0 Dinan e Se re$ar, DIL5 Se re$ar, D6M Se re$ar,
IRA "n%i&ere& 0"r p.rp"%e% "0 "n+er%i"n 0r"( "ne p"li$i al %.)&i+i%i"n $" $he ne9$. (Al+are; +. 5.in!"na)
Se!tion @/ SHARE O$ L3BS IN NATIONAL EEALTH Share of L3B in national )ealth 1) #) L5U% are en$i$le& $" an e7.i$a)le %hare in $he pr" ee&% "0 $he .$ili;a$i"n an& &e+el"p(en$ "0 $he na$i"nal 'eal$h 'i$hin $heir re%pe $i+e area% in $he (anner pr"+i&e& ), la'. Thi% in l.&e% %harin! $he %a(e 'i$h $he inha)i$an$% ), 'a, "0 &ire $ )ene0i$%.
Bn,er the L3C 0B %(As ha,e a share of 4GM of the gross collection deri,ed by the national go,ern ent fro A. 6. C. D. E. the "receding fiscal year fro
Minin! $a9e% R",al$ie% D"re%$r, an& 0i%her, har!e% O$her $a9e%3 0ee% an& har!e% Share in an, ":pr"&. $i"n3 -"in$ +en$.re "r pr"&. $i"n %harin! a!ree(en$ in $he .$ili;a$i"n an& &e+el"p(en$ "0 $he na$i"nal 'eal$h 'Min $heir $erri$"rial -.ri%&i $i"n
SEC/ 8/ TER; O$ O$$ICE Ter" of Offi!e Ele $i+e l" al "00i ial%3 n"' in l.&in! )aran!a, "00i ial% ha+e a $er( "0 * ,ear%. Li"itation # 1) #) N" ele $i+e "00i ial %hall %er+e 0"r ("re $han * "n%e .$i+e $er(% V"l.n$ar, ren.n ia$i"n "0 "00i e 0"r an, len!$h "0 $i(e %hall n"$ )e "n%i&ere& a% an in$err.p$i"n in $he "n$in.i$, "0 hi% %er+i e 0"r $he 0.ll $er( 0"r 'hi h he 'a% ele $e&.
SEC/ I/ SECTORAL REPRESENTATION IN L3BS Le&i lati(e 0o,ie of the lo!al &o(ern"ent la) There should be re"resentati,es fro 3 hall ha(e Se!toral Repre entation 1+n,er the L3C2 a "ay 0e pro(i,e, 0y
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1) #) *) The '"(enE% %e $"r The '"r?er% Thir& %e A) 6) C) D) $"r ( an h""%e 0r"( an, "0 $he 0"ll"'in!) Ur)an p""r In&i!en".% .l$.ral "((.ni$ie% Di%a)le& per%"n% An, "$her %e $"r a% (a, )e &e$er(ine& ), $he %an!!.nian
Ele!tion of Se!tor Repre entati(e SEC/ .0/ Creation4 a0olition an, ,i(i ion of L3BJ 17 'e4,isites A. 6. #) *) C"(plian e 'i$h $he re7.ire(en$% "0 $he L" al 5"+ern(en$ C"&e/ an& Appr"+e& ), a (a-"ri$, "0 $he +"$e% a%$ in a ple)i% i$e hel& in $he p"li$i al .ni$% DIRECTLY a00e $e&.
Th.%3 a pr"+in e i% %.pp"%e& $" )e &i+i&e& in$" # %epara$e pr"+in e%3 ple)i% i$e 'ill in l.&e +"$er% "0 $he ENTIRE pr"+in e3 an& n"$ -.%$ $he area $" "(pri%e $he ne' pr"+in e. L5C re7.ire(en$% rela$e $" (a$$er% %. h a% p"p.la$i"n3 re+en.e3 an& area re7.ire(en$%.
Se!/ ../ ;etropolitan politi!al +0,i(i ion Creation# 1) #) C"n!re%% (a, rea$e %pe ial (e$r"p"li$an p"li$i al %.)&i+i%i"n% ), la'. I$ i% %.)-e $ $" a ple)i% i$e
C+ri ,i!tion of ;etropolitan a+thority I$ i% li(i$e& $" )a%i %er+i e% re7.irin! ""r&ina$i"n. Ba i! A+tono"y of Co"ponent Citie an, ;+ni!ipalitie 1) #) The "(p"nen$ i$ie% an& (.ni ipali$ie% re$ain $heir )a%i a.$"n"(, The, %hall )e en$i$le& $" $heir "'n l" al e9e .$i+e an& le!i%la$i+e a%%e()lie%.
SEC/ .2/ CITIES Cla 1) #) *) ifi!ation of Citie # Bi!hl, .r)ani;e& (a% &e$er(ine& ), la') C"(p"nen$ i$ie% ( i$ie% %$ill .n&er pr"+in ial "n$r"l)/ an& In&epen&en$ "(p"nen$ i$ie% (n"n:hi!hl, .r)ani;e& i$ie% 'h"%e +"$er% are pr"hi)i$e& ), $he i$, har$er 0r"( +"$in! in pr"+in ial ele $i"n%)
In,epen,en!e fro" the Pro(in!e 1) #) 2ighly urbani;ed cities and inde"endent co "onent cities are in&epen&en$ "0 $he pr"+in e. Co "onent cities 'h"%e har$er "n$ain n" %. h pr"hi)i$i"n are %$ill .n&er $he "n$r"l "0 $he pr"+in e an& i$% +"$er% (a, %$ill +"$e 0"r ele $i+e pr"+in ial "00i ial%.
Se!tion .9/ Coor,ination a"on& L3BS Con oli,ation an, Coor,ination of Effort 4 Ser(i!e an, Re o+r!e 1) #) I$ i% "p$i"nal "n $he par$ "0 L5U% a% %h"'n ), $he .%e "0 $he '"r& J(a,K I$ an )e &"ne 0"r p.rp"%e% "(("nl, )ene0i ial $" $he( in a "r&an e 'i$h $he la'.
Bn,er L3C 1Se!tion 992 1) #) C"n%"li&a$i"n an& ""r&ina$i"n (a, )e &"ne $hr".!h appr"pria$e "r&inan e%. A p.)li hearin! %h".l& )e "n&. $e& an& $he appr"+al "0 $he %an!!.nian ")$aine&.
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37 An LG" c-n: A. 6. C"n$ri).$e 0.n&%3 real e%$a$e3 e7.ip(en$ an& "$her ?in&% "0 pr"per$, App"in$Ma%%i!n per%"nnel .n&er %. h $er(% an& "n&i$i"n% a% (a, )e a!ree& .p"n ), $he par$i ipa$in! L5U% $hr".!h Me("ran&a "0 A!ree(en$.
Se!tion .=/ RE3IONAL %EDELOP;ENT COBNCILS Eho !an pro(i,e for R%C The Pre%i&en$ %hall pr"+i&e 0"r RDC "r "$her %i(ilar )"&ie% "(p"%e& "0G Co"po ition 1) #) *) L" al !"+ern(en$ "00i ial% Re!i"nal hea&% "0 &epar$(en$% an& "$her !"+ern(en$ "00i e% Repre%en$a$i+e% "0 N5OS 'i$hin $he re!i"n%
$or P+rpo e of 1) #) *) A&(ini%$ra$i+e &e en$rali;a$i"n T" %$ren!$hen l" al a.$"n"(, T" a elera$e $he e "n"(i an& %" ial !r"'$h an& &e+el"p(en$ "0 $he .ni$% in $he re!i"n
Se!tion .>/ ABTONO;OBS RE3IONS Ehere# 1) #) M.%li( Min&ana" C"r&illera re!i"n
$a!tor # 1) #) *) 4B Bi%$"ri al heri$a!e C.l$.ral heri$a!e E "n"(i an& %" ial %$r. $.re%3 1ther rele,ant characteristics within3 A. The 0ra(e'"r? "0 $he "n%$i$.$i"n 6. Na$i"nal %"+erei!n$, C. Terri$"rial in$e!ri$,.
Creation# 1) #) *) >) @) Pr"+i&e& ), la'. EDDECTIVITY "0 %. h rea$i"n " $he "n%$i$.en$ .ni$%. .r% "nl, 'hen i$ i% appr"+e& ), a (a-"ri$, "0 $he +"$e% a%$ in a ple)i% i$e hel& a("n!
Onl, $h"%e Pr"+in e%3 Ci$ie%3 an& 5e"!raphi al Area% +"$in! 0a+"ra)l, in %. h ple)i% i$e %hall 0"r( par$ "0 $he a.$"n"(".% re!i"n. I0 "nl, 1 pr"+in e appr"+e& $he la'3 NO AUTONOMOUS RE5ION i% rea$e&3 %in e $he "n%$i$.$i"n re7.ire% ("re $han "ne pr"+in e $" "n%$i$.$e "ne (li?e 'ha$ happene& in $he C"r&illera ple)i% i$e) The 7.e%$i"n "0 'hi h L5U% %hall "n%$i$.$e an a.$"n"(".% re!i"n i% "ne 'hi h i% e9 l.%i+el, 0"r C"n!re%% $" &e i&e.
Se!tion .?/ 3ENERAL SBPERDISION ODER ABTONO;OBS RE3IONS By Eho"# P+rpo e# The Pre%i&en$ T" en%.re $ha$ $he la'% are 0ai$h0.ll, e9e .$e&.
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SEC/ .@/ #ll powers, functions and responsibilities not granted by this *onstitution or by law to the autonomous region shall be vested in the National 2overnment. $:a "les3 1) D"rei!n rela$i"n%3 #) Na$i"nal &e0en%e an& Se .ri$, *) M"ne$ar, A00air% Se!tion 20/ LE3ISLATIDE POEERS The Or&ani! A!t of A+tono"o+ Re&ion hall pro(i,e for le&i lati(e po)er o(er# 1) #) *) >) @) C) A) 1) 2) A&(ini%$ra$i+e "r!ani;a$i"n/ Crea$i"n "0 %".r e% "0 re+en.e%/ An e%$ral &"(ain an& na$.ral re%".r e% Per%"nal3 0a(il, an& pr"per$, rela$i"n% Re!i"nal3 .r)an3 an& r.ral plannin! &e+el"p(en$/ E "n"(i 3 %" ial3 an& $".ri%( &e+el"p(en$/ E&. a$i"nal p"li ie%/ Pre%er+a$i"n an& &e+el"p(en$ "0 $he .l$.ral heri$a!e/ an& S. h "$her (a$$er% a% (a, )e a.$h"ri;e& ), la' 0"r $he pr"("$i"n "0 $he !eneral 'el0are "0 $he pe"ple "0 $he re!i"n.
Li"itation # 1) #) S.)-e $ $" $he pr"+i%i"n% "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n an& na$i"nal la'% T" )e e9er i%e& 'i$hin i$% $erri$"rial -.ri%&i $i"n
Se!tion 2./ PRESERDATION O$ PEACE AN% OR%ER:%E$ENSE AN% SECBRITY Pea!e an, Or,er I$ %hall )e $he re%p"n%i)ili$, "0 $he l" al p"li e a!en ie%. %efen e an, Se!+rity I$ %hall )e $he re%p"n%i)ili$, "0 $he na$i"nal !"+ern(en$.
ARTICLE LI# ACCOBNTABILITY O$ PBBLIC O$$ICERS Se!tion .# PBBLIC O$$ICE AS A PBBLIC TRBST $ublic officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice and lead modest lives. Se!tion 2# I;PEACH;ENT:RE;ODAL $RO; O$$ICE I"pea!h"ent# 1a "ean of re"o(al fro" offi!e2 ./ Eho "ay 0e i"pea!he,# Pre%i&en$ VP SC F.%$i e% C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"((i%%i"n (e()er% O().&%(an 2/ 3ro+n,
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C.lpa)le +i"la$i"n "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n $rea%"n )ri)er, !ra0$ an& "rr.p$i"n "$her hi!h ri(e% "r )e$ra,al "0 p.)li $r.%$ Note# It is an e:clusi,e list. C"n!re%% ann"$3 ), la'3 a&& $" $he li%$ "0 i(pea ha)le "00en%e%. C. >. 5. C. These officers cannot be charged in court with offenses that ha,e re o,al fro office as "enalty.
A SC F.%$i e ann"$ )e &i%)arre& )e a.%e $hi% '".l& &i%7.ali0, hi( 0r"( hi% p"%i$i"n. BAT A!T$R an official has been i "eached, he can be charged with the a""ro"riate offense. Re%i!na$i"n ), an i(pea ha)le "00i ial &"e% n"$ pla e hi( )e,"n& $he rea h "0 i(pea h(en$ pr" ee&in!%/ he an %$ill )e i(pea he&.
All Other P+0li! Offi!er an, E"ployee 1. The, (a, )e re("+e& 0r"( "00i e a% pr"+i&e& ), la' #/ BBT# NOT ), i(pea h(en$ Se!tion 9# PROCE%BRE $OR I;PEACH;ENT EF!l+ i(e Po)er of Ho+ e of Repre entati(e The B".%e "0 Repre%en$a$i+e% ha% e9 l.%i+e p"'er $" INITIATE all a%e% "0 i(pea h(en$. Pro!e,+re# 1. Dillin! "0 +eri0ie& "(plain$ a. Can be filed by3 1. #. *. #.) *.) >.) An, (e()er "0 $he B".%e "0 Repre%en$a$i+e% "r An, i$i;en .p"n a re%"l.$i"n "0 en&"r%e(en$ ), an, Me()er "0 $he B".%e "r 6, a$ lea%$ 1M* "0 all $he Me()er% "0 $he B".%e "0 Repre%en$a$i+e%
In l.%i"n "0 "(plain$ in $he "r&er "0 ).%ine%% 'i$h 14 %e%%i"n &a,% Re0erral $" pr"per C"((i$$ee 'i$hin * %e%%i"n &a,% $herea0$er S.)(i%%i"n "0 C"((i$$ee rep"r$ $" $he B".%e $"!e$her 'i$h "rre%p"n&in! re%"l.$i"n a. There %h".l& )e a hearin! ). . There %h".l& )e a (a-"ri$, +"$e "0 $he (e()er% The rep"r$ %h".l& )e %.)(i$$e& 'i$hin C4 &a,% 0r"( re0erral3 a0$er hearin!3 an& ), a (a-"ri$, +"$e "0 ALL i$% (e()er%.
@.) 6.B
Calen&arin! "0 re%"l.$i"n 0"r "n%i&era$i"n ), $he B".%e Sh".l& )e &"ne 'i$hin 14 %e%%i"n &a,% 0r"( re eip$ $here"0 )ote of at least 06C of all *e bers of the 2ouse necessary to3 a. ). A00ir( a 0a+"ra)le re%"l.$i"n 'i$h $he Ar$i le% "0 I(pea h(en$ "0 $he C"((i$$ee "r T" "+erri&e i$% "n$rar, re%"l.$i"n
Note# I0 $he +eri0ie& "(plain$ "r re%"l.$i"n "0 i(pea h(en$ 'a% 0ile& ), a$ lea%$ 1M* "0 all $he Me()er% "0 $he B".%e3 i$ %hall "n%$i$.$e $he Ar$i le% "0 I(pea h(en$. Trial in $he Sena$e %hall pr" ee&. A.) Trial in the Senate A. 6. Sena$e ha% $he %"le p"'er $" $r, an& &e i&e all a%e% "0 i(pea h(en$ D"r $hi% p.rp"%e3 $he Sena$"r% %hall )e .n&er "a$h "r a00ir(a$i"n
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a. 1.) When $he Pre%i&en$ "0 $he Philippine% i% "n $rial3 $he CF "0 $he S.pre(e C".r$ pre%i&e%. B"'e+er3 heM%he 'ill n"$ +"$e.
F.&!(en$ "0 C"n+i $i"n
This re4uires the concurrence of D6C of all the *e bers of the Senate 2.) $ffect of the I "each ent a. ). . Re("+al 0r"( "00i e "0 $he "00i ial "n erne& Di%7.ali0i a$i"n $" h"l& an, "00i e .n&er $he Rep.)li "0 $he Philippine% O00i er %$ill lia)le $" pr"%e .$i"n3 $rial3 an& p.ni%h(en$ i0 $he i(pea ha)le "00en%e "((i$$e& al%" "n%$i$.$e% a 0el"n, "r ri(e. Se!tion =# SAN%I3ANBAYAN San&i!an)a,an L $he an$i:!ra0$ ".r$
Se!tion >A?4 8A.=# O$$ICE O$ THE O;BB%S;AN Co"po ition# 1.) #.) *.) >.) O().&%(anMTan"&)a,an O+erall &ep.$, A$ lea%$ "ne Dep.$, ea h 0"r L.;"n3 Vi%a,a% an& Min&ana" Dep.$, 0"r (ili$ar, e%$a)li%h(en$ (a, )e app"in$e&
H+alifi!ation # 1O"0+, "an an, hi ,ep+tie 2 1.) #.) *.) >.) @.) C.) Na$.ral )"rn i$i;en "0 $he Philippine% A$ lea%$ >4 ,ear% "l& a$ $i(e "0 app"in$(en$ O0 re "!ni;e& pr")i$, an& in&epen&en e Me()er "0 $he Philippine )ar M.%$ n"$ ha+e )een an&i&a$e 0"r an, ele $i+e "00i e in $he i((e&ia$el, pre e&in! ele $i"n D"r O().&%(anG 2e a. ). A -.&!e "r En!a!e in $he pra $i e "0 la' in $he Philippine% ust ha,e been for ten years or ore
%i 5+alifi!ation :Prohi0ition 1+n,er Arti!le IL4 Se!tion 22 1.) Cann"$ h"l& an, "$her "00i e "r e(pl",(en$ &.rin! hi% $en.re #.) Cann"$ en!a!e in $he pra $i e "0 an, pr"0e%%i"n "r in $he a $i+e (ana!e(en$ "r "n$r"l "0 an, ).%ine%% 'hi h (a, )e a00e $e& ), $he 0.n $i"n% "0 hi% "00i e *.) Cann"$ )e 0inan iall, in$ere%$e&3 &ire $l, "r in&ire $l,3 in an, "n$ra $ 'i$h "r in an, 0ran hi%e "r pri+ile!e !ran$e& ), $he 5"+ern(en$3 an, "0 i$% %.)&i+i%i"n%3 a!en ie% "r in%$r.(en$ali$ie%3 in l.&in! 5OCC% "r $heir %.)%i&iarie% Appoint"ent 1. 1f 1 buds an and de"uties a. ). . 6, $he pre%i&en$ 0r"( a li%$ "0 a$ lea%$ C n"(inee% prepare& ), $he F.&i ial an& 6ar C".n il. Va an ie% 'ill )e 0ille& 0r"( a li%$ "0 * n"(inee% App"in$(en$% &" NOT re7.ire "n0ir(a$i"n All +a an ie% %hall )e 0ille& 'i$hin * ("n$h% a0$er $he, " .r.
#. 1f other officials and e "loyees of the 1ffice of the 1 buds an &. 6, $he O().&%(an
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e. In a "r&an e 'i$h Ci+il Ser+i e La' Ter"# 1O"0+, "an an, ,ep+tie 2 1. A ,ear% 'i$h reapp"in$(en$ #. The, are NOT 7.ali0ie& $" r.n 0"r an, "00i e in $he ele $i"n i((e&ia$el, %. Ran<:Salarie # 1. The O().&%(an ha% $he ran? "0 Chair(an "0 a C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"((i%%i"n #. The Me()er% ha+e $he ran? "0 (e()er% "0 a C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"((i%%i"n *. Their %alarie% ann"$ )e &e rea%e& &.rin! $heir $er( "0 "00i e. Po)er 4 $+n!tion an, %+tie of the Offi!e of the O"0+, "an 1. In,estigate on its own, or on co "laint by any "erson, any act or o ission of any "ublic official, e "loyee, office or agency, when such act or o ission a""ears to be illegal, un+ust, i "ro"er, or inefficient. a. ). . &. e. 0. !. h. The SC hel& $ha$ $he p"'er $" in+e%$i!a$e an& pr"%e .$e a%e% in+"l+in! p.)li "00i er% an& e(pl",ee% ha% )een $ran%0erre& $" $he O().&%(an. The O().&%(an (a, al'a,% &ele!a$e hi% p"'er $" in+e%$i!a$e. The p"'er $" in+e%$i!a$e in l.&e% $he p"'er $" i(p"%e pre+en$i+e %.%pen%i"n. Thi% pre+en$i+e %.%pen%i"n i% n"$ a penal$,. JINVESTI5ATEK &"e% n"$ (ean preli(inar, in+e%$i!a$i"n. The "(plain$ nee& n"$ )e &ra'n .p in $he .%.al 0"r(. The JILLE5ALK a $ "r "(i%%i"n nee& n"$ )e in "nne $i"n 'i$h $he &.$ie% "0 $he p.)li "00i er "r e(pl",ee "n erne&. ANY ille!al a $ (a, )e in+e%$i!a$e& ), $he O().&%(an. In $hi% re!ar&3 $he O().&%(anE% -.ri%&i $i"n i% CONCURRENT 'i$h $ha$ "0 $he re!.lar pr"%e .$"r%. ee&in! $heir e%%a$i"n 0r"( "00i e
#. -irect, u"on co "laint or at its own instance, any "ublic official or e "loyee of the go,ern ent, or any subdi,ision, agency or instru entality thereof, as well as of any go,ern ent5owned or controlled cor"oration with original charter, to "erfor and e:"edite any act of duty re4uired by law, or to sto", "re,ent, and correct any abuse or i "ro"riety in the "erfor ance of duties. a. b. The O().&%(an ha% PERSUASIVE POWER3 an& (a, re7.ire $ha$ pr"per le!al %$ep% are $a?en ), $he "00i er% "n erne&. The "ublic official or e "loyee (I). (II). (III). . ust be e "loyed in3
The 5"+ern(en$ An, %.)&i+i%i"n3 a!en ,3 "r in%$r.(en$ali$, $here"0/ "r 5OCCE% 'i$h "ri!inal har$er% .%e& "0 !ra0$ an& end his
The SC ha% hel& $ha$ $he SP (a, pr"%e .$e )e0"re $he San&i!an)a,an -.&!e% a "rr.p$i"n3 e+en i0 $he, are .n&er $he S.pre(e C".r$.
*.) -irect the officer concerned to ta7e the a""ro"riate action against a "ublic official or e "loyee at fault, and reco re o,al, sus"ension, de otion, fine, censure, or "rosecution, and ensure co "liance therewith. a. ). . The O().&%(an &"e% NOT hi(%el0 pr"%e .$e a%e% a!ain%$ p.)li "00i er% "r e(pl",ee%. Dinal %a, $" pr"%e .$e %$ill re%$% in $he e9e .$i+e &epar$(en$. The O().&%(an "r Tan"&)a,an (a, .%e (an&a(.% $" "(pel $he 0i% al $" pr"%e .$e.
>.) -irect the officer concerned, in any a""ro"riate case, and sub+ect to such li itations as ay be "ro,ided by law to furnish it with co"ies of docu ents relating to contracts or transactions entered into by his office in,ol,ing the disburse ent or use of "ublic funds of "ro"erties, and re"ort any irregularity to C1A for a""ro"riate action. @.) Re4uest any go,ern ent agency for assistance and infor ation necessary in the discharge of its res"onsibilities, and to e:a ine, if necessary, "ertinent records and docu ents. C.) 'ublic atters co,ered by its in,estigation when circu stances so warrant and with due "rocess a7e
A.) -eter ine the cause of inefficiency, red ta"e, is anage ent, fraud and corru"tion in the go,ern ent and reco endations for their eli ination and the obser,ance of high standards of ethics and efficiency
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1.) 'ro ulgate its rules of "rocedure and e:ercise such other "owers or "erfor law such functions or duties as ay be "ro,ided by
%ote# The O00i e "0 $he O().&%(an al%" ha% $he &.$, $" a $ pr"(p$l, "n "(plain$% 0ile& in an, 0"r( "r (anner a!ain%$ p.)li "00i ial% "r e(pl",ee% "0 $he !"+ern(en$3 "r an, %.)&i+i%i"n3 a!en , "r in%$r.(en$ali$, in l.&in! 5OCC% an& $heir %.)%i&iarie%. In appr"pria$e a%e%3 i$ %h".l& n"$i0, $he "(plainan$% "0 $he a $i"n $a?en an& $he re%.l$ $here"0. $i !al A+tono"y# The O00i e "0 $he O().&%(an en-",% 0i% al a.$"n"(,. re!.larl, relea%e&. Se!tion @# O$$ICE O$ THE SPECIAL PROCECBTOR 1. Un&er $he 121A C"n%$i$.$i"n3 $he e9i%$in! T-nod.-y-n )e a(e $he O00i e "0 $he Spe ial Pr"%e .$"r #. Powers a. ). I$ 'ill "n$in.e $" 0.n $i"n an& e9er i%e i$% p"'er% a% n"' "r herea0$er (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), la' E0ce tion: P"'er% "n0erre& "n $he O00i e "0 $he O().&%(an I$% appr"+e& ann.al appr"pria$i"n% %h".l& )e a.$"(a$i all, an&
*. The 1ffice of the S"ecial 'rosecutor is subordinate to and acts under the orders of the 1 buds an %ote# A "r&in! $" Fa ?3 $he SC 'a% 'r"n! )e a.%e $he C"nC"( in$en&e& $ha$ $he SP 'a% $" pr"%e .$e an$i:!ra0$ a%e%.
Se!tion .># RECODERY O$ ILLA3OTTEN EEALTH Pre !ription4 La!he 4 E toppel The ri!h$ "0 $he S$a$e $" re "+er pr"per$ie% .nla'0.ll, a 7.ire& ), p.)li "00i ial% an& e(pl",ee% 0r"( $he( "r 0r"( $heir n"(inee% "r $ran%0eree% %hall NOT )e )arre& ), pre% rip$i"n3 la he% "r e%$"ppel. Their ri!h$ $" pr"%e .$e ri(inall, $he%e "00i ial% an& e(pl",ee% (a, pre% ri)e.
Se!tion .?# PROHIBITION ON CERTAIN $INANCIAL TRANSACTIONS Co(era&e# This rohi.ition - lies to: 1.) Pre%i&en$ #.) Vi e:Pre%i&en$ *.) Me()er% "0 $he Ca)ine$ >.) Me()er% "0 C"n!re%% @.) Me()er% "0 S.pre(e C".r$ C.) Me()er% "0 C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"((i%%i"n% A.) O().&%(an 1.) An, 0ir( "r en$i$, in 'hi h $he, ha+e "n$r"llin! in$ere%$ Ehen prohi0ition applie # Pr"hi)i$i"n applie% &.rin! $heir TENURE. S!ope of prohi0ition# 0.B The abo,e a. ). . entioned officials cannot obtain, directly or indirectly for BASI#$SS 'AR'1S$S3
L"an% 5.aran$ee% O$her 0"r(% "0 0inan ial a Dr"(G 1. #. "(("&a$i"n
5"+ern(en$ "'ne& "r "n$r"lle& )an?%/ "r 5"+ern(en$ "'ne& "r "n$r"lle& 0inan ial in%$i$.$i"n%.
D.B
If the loan, etc, is #1T for business "ur"ose, e.g. a housing loan, the "rohibition does not a""ly.
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Se!tion .@# State"ent of a Ehen +0"itte,# P.)li "00i er an& e(pl",ee %hall %.)(i$ a &e lara$i"n .n&er "a$h "0 hi% a%%e$%3 lia)ili$ie% an& ne$ '"r$h .p"n a%%.(p$i"n "0 "00i e an& a% "0$en a% re7.ire& .n&er $he la'. Ehen ,e!laration hall 0e ,i !lo e, to the p+0li!# These declarations shall be disclosed to the "ublic in a anner "ro,ided by law in the case of3 1.) Pre%i&en$ #.) Vi e:Pre%i&en$ *.) Me()er% "0 $he Ca)ine$ >.) Me()er% "0 C"n!re%% @.) F.%$i e% "0 $he S.pre(e C".r$ C.) Me()er% "0 C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"((i%%i"n% A.) O$her "n%$i$.$i"nal "00i e% 1.) O00i er% "0 $he ar(e& 0"r e% 'i$h !eneral "r 0la! ran? Se!tion .8# Alle&ian!e of p+0li! offi!er an, e"ployee Allegiance to the State and to the Constitution Change in Citi;enshi"6I igrant Status 0.B Incu bent "ublic officers and e "loyees who see7 either3 a. ). Chan!e hi% i$i;en%hip/ "r A 7.ire i((i!ran$ %$a$.% in an"$her ".n$r, et 4 lia0ilitie an, net )orth
Shall be dealt with by law. D.B *.) If 'hili""ine citi;enshi" is one of the 4ualifications to the office, the loss of such citi;enshi" by the incu bent. eans the loss of the office
The Ele $i"n C"&e pr"+i&e% $he r.le% 'i$h re%pe $ $" n"n:in .()en$%3 i.e. per%"n% r.nnin! 0"r ele $i+e "00i e%. a. The C"&e pr"+i&e% $ha$ "er anent residents of or i igrant to a foreign country cannot file certificates of candidacy .nle%% $he, e9pre%%l, 'ai+e $heir %$a$.% a% %. h
Thi% ren.n ia$i"n (.%$ )e %"(e "$her $han3 an& pri"r $"3 $he 0illin! "0 $he er$i0i a$e "0 an&i&a ,. ARTICLE LII NATIONAL ECONO;Y AN% PATRI;ONY SEC/ ./ 3OALS O$ THE NATIONAL ECONO;Y ThreeAfol, &oal# 1. M"re e7.i$a)le &i%$ri).$i"n "0 "pp"r$.ni$ie%3 in "(e an& 'eal$h/ #. S.%$aine& in rea%e in $he a(".n$ "0 !""&% an& %er+i e% pr"&. e& ), $he na$i"n 0"r $he )ene0i$ "0 $he pe"ple/ an& *. E9pan&in! pr"&. $i+i$,3 a% $he ?e, $" rai%in! $he 7.ali$, "0 li0e 0"r all. The State hall pro"ote in,+ triali8ation an, f+ll e"ploy"ent 1. I$ %h".l& )e )a%e& "n %".n& a!ri .l$.ral &e+el"p(en$ an& a!rarian re0"r( #. I$ %h".l& )e $hr".!h in&.%$rie% $ha$ (a?e 0.ll an& e00i ien$ .%e "0 h.(an an& na$.ral re%".r e%. In&.%$rie% %h".l& al%" )e "(pe$i$i+e in )"$h &"(e%$i an& 0"rei!n (ar?e$%. Prote!tion of $ilipino enterpri e The S$a$e %hall pr"$e $ Dilipin" en$erpri%e% a!ain%$ .n0air 0"rei!n "(pe$i$i"n an& $ra&e pra $i e%. Role of Pri(ate Enterpri e Pri+a$e en$erpri%e%3 in l.&in! "rp"ra$i"n%3 )r"a&en $he )a%e "0 $heir "'ner%hip. ""pera$i+e%3 an& %i(ilar "lle $i+e "r!ani;a$i"n%3 %hall )e en ".ra!e& $"
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Se!tion 2/ RE3ALIAN %OCTRINE %i tin!tion 0et)een I"peri+" an, %o"ini+" 1. I"peri+" 5"+ern(en$ a.$h"ri$, p"%%e%%e& ), $he S$a$e 'hi h i% appr"pria$el, e()ra e& in %"+erei!n$,. #. %o"ini+" a. ). S!ope# The !ollowing -re owned .y the /t-te: 1. %ands of the "ublic do ain3 Wa$er% Mineral%3 "al%3 pe$r"le.(3 an& "$her (ineral "il%/ All %".r e% "0 p"$en$ial ener!,/ Di%herie%/ D"re%$% "r $i()er/ Wil&li0e/ Dl"ra an& 0a.na/ an& O$her na$.ral re%".r e%. Alienation of Nat+ral Re o+r!e 1. 3eneral R+le# All na$.ral re%".r e% CANNOT )e aliena$e& #. E0ce tion: A!ri .l$.ral lan&% EFploration4 %e(elop"ent an, Btili8ation of Nat+ral Re o+r!e 1. Shall be under the full control and su"er,ision of the State #. $e-ns A. The %$a$e (a, DIRECTLY UNDERTAOE %. h a $i+i$ie% 6. The state ay enter into C15'R1-ACTI1#, /1I#T )$#TAR$ 1R 'R1-ACTI1#5S2ARI#( arrange ents with 1. #. *. Limit-tions: A. Period: I$ %h".l& n"$ e9 ee& #@ ,ear%3 rene'a)le 0"r n"$ ("re $han #@ ,ear% 6. Un&er $er(% an& "n&i$i"n% a% (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), la'. >. In a%e "0 'a$er ri!h$%M'a$er %.ppl,M0i%herie%Min&.%$rial .%e% "$her $han $he &e+el"p(en$ "0 'a$er p"'er The )ene0i ial .%e (a, )e $he (ea%.re an& li(i$ "0 $he !ran$. S"allA !ale Btili8ation of Nat+ral Re o+r!e 1. C"n!re%% (a,3 ), la'3 a.$h"ri;e %(all:% ale .$ili;a$i"n "0 na$.ral re%".r e% ), Dilipin" i$i;en% #. C"n!re%% (a, al%" a.$h"ri;e ""pera$i+e 0i%h 0ar(in! 'i$h pri"ri$, !i+en $" %.)%i%$en e 0i%her(en an& 0i%h'"r?er% in $he ri+er%3 la?e%3 )a,% an& la!""n%. Lar&eAS!ale EFploration4 %e(elop"ent an, Btili8ation of ;ineral :Petrole+":Other ;ineral Oil 1. The Pre%i&en$ (a, en$er in$" a!ree(en$% 'i$h 0"rei!n "'ne& "rp"ra$i"n% in+"l+in! $e hni al "r 0inan ial a%%i%$an e 0"r lar!e:% ale e9pl"ra$i"n e$ . "0 (ineral%3 pe$r"le.(3 an& "$her (ineral "il%. The%e a!ree(en$% %h".l& )e in a "r&an e 'i$h $he !eneral $er(% an& "n&i$i"n% pr"+i&e& ), la'. Dilipin" i$i;en "r C"rp"ra$i"n "r a%%" ia$i"n a$ lea%$ C4R "0 'h"%e api$al i% "'ne& ), %. h i$i;en% The apa i$, "0 $he S$a$e $" "'n an& a 7.ire pr"per$,. I$ re0er% $" lan&% hel& ), $he !"+ern(en$ in a pr"prie$ar, hara $erG an pr"+i&e 0"r $he e9pl"i$a$i"n an& .%e "0 lan&% an& "$her na$.ral re%".r e%.
#. The, %h".l& )e )a%e& "n $he real "n$ri).$i"n% $" e "n"(i !r"'$h an& !eneral 'el0are "0 $he ".n$r,. *. In $he a!ree(en$%3 $he S$a$e %h".l& pr"("$e $he &e+el"p(en$ an& .%e "0 l" al % ien$i0i an& $e hni al re%".r e%.
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>. The Pre%i&en$ %h".l& n"$i0, C"n!re%% "0 e+er, "n$ra $ .n&er $hi% pr"+i%i"n 'i$hin *4 &a,% 0r"( i$% e9e .$i"n. @. Mana!e(en$ an& %er+i e "n$ra $% are n"$ all"'e& .n&er $hi% r.le. Prote!tion of ;arine Eealth 1. The State shall "rotect its Ar hipela!i 'a$er% Terri$"rial %ea & EET #. The State shall reser,e its use and en+oy ent e:clusi,ely to !ili"ino citi;ens. Se!tion 9/ LAN%S O$ THE PBBLIC %O;AIN ARE CLASSI$IE% INTO 1. A!ri .l$.ral #. D"re%$M$i()er *. Mineral lan&% & >. Na$i"nal Par?% %ote: 1. Re la%%i0i a$i"n "0 p.)li ((ineral an& a!ri .l$.ral) lan&% i% an e9 l.%i+e prer"!a$i+e "0 $he E9e .$i+e Depar$(en$ $hr".!h $he O00i e "0 $he Pre%i&en$3 .p"n re "((en&a$i"n ), $he DENR. 6.$ a% $" 0"re%$ an& na$i"nal par?%3 i$ i% $he C"n!re%% 'hi h ha% $he %"le p"'er $" re la%%i0,. #. Cla%%i0i a$i"n i% &e% rip$i+e "0 $he le!al na$.re "0 $he lan& an& NOT 'ha$ i$ l""?% li?e. Th.%3 $he 0a $ $ha$ 0"re%$ lan& i% &en.&e& &"e% n"$ (ean i$ i% n" l"n!er 0"re%$ lan&. Aliena0le lan, of p+0li! ,o"ain 1. Onl, a!ri .l$.ral lan&% are aliena)le. #. A!ri .l$.ral lan&% (a, )e 0.r$her la%%i0ie& ), la' a "r&in! $" $he .%e% $" 'hi h $he, (a, )e &e+"$e&. arine wealth in its
Li"itation re&ar,in& Aliena0le Lan, of the P+0li! %o"ain 1. ;or riv-te cor or-tions or -ssoci-tions A. The, an "nl, h"l& aliena)le lan&% "0 $he p.)li &"(ain 6Y LEASE 6. Period: Cann"$ e9 ee& #@ ,ear%3 rene'a)le 0"r n"$ ("re $han #@ ,ear% C. Area# Lea%e ann"$ e9 ee& 13444 he $are% %ote: A cor"oration sole i% $rea$e& li?e "$her pri+a$e "rp"ra$i"n% 0"r $he p.rp"%e "0 a 7.irin! p.)li lan&%. #. ;or ;ili ino citi1ens A. Can lea%e .p $" @44 he $are% 6. Can ACIUIRE n"$ ("re $han 1# he $are% ), p.r ha%e3 h"(e%$ea& "r !ran$ Ta?in! in$" a ".n$ $he re7.ire(en$% "0 "n%er+a$i"n3 e "l"!, an& &e+el"p(en$3 an& %.)-e $ $" $he re7.ire(en$% "0 a!rarian re0"r(3 C"n!re%% %hall &e$er(ine ), la' $he %i;e "0 $he lan&% "0 $he p.)li &"(ain 'hi h (a, )e a 7.ire&3 &e+el"pe&3 hel& "r lea%e& an& $he "n&i$i"n% $here0"re. ;ean 0y Ehi!h Lan, of the P+0li! %o"ain Be!o"e Pri(ate Lan, 1. A 7.ire& 0r"( !"+ern(en$ ), p.r ha%e "r !ran$/ #. Unin$err.p$e& p"%%e%%i"n ), $he " .pan$ an& hi% pre&e e%%"r%:in:in$ere%$ %in e $i(e i((e("rial/ an&
*. Open3 e9 l.%i+e3 an& .n&i%p.$e& p"%%e%%i"n "0 ALIENA6LE (a!ri .l$.ral) p.)li lan& 0"r a peri"& "0 *4 ,ear%. A. Up"n "(ple$i"n "0 $he re7.i%i$e peri"&3 $he lan& )e "(e% pri+a$e pr"per$, i"so +ure 'i$h".$ nee& "0 an, -.&i ial "r "$her %an $i"n. 6. P"%%e%%i"n %in e $i(e i((e("rial lea&% $" $he pre%.(p$i"n $ha$ $he lan& 'a% ne+er par$ "0 p.)li &"(ain.
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C. In "(p.$in! *4 ,ear%3 %$ar$ 0r"( 'hen lan& 'a% "n+er$e& $" aliena)le lan&3 n"$ 'hen i$ 'a% %$ill 0"re%$ lan& D. Pre%.(p$i"n i% al'a,% $ha$ lan& )el"n!% $" $he S$a$e.
Se!tion =/ *ongress shall, as soon as possible, determine by law, the specific limits of forest lands and national par%s, mar%ing clearly their boundaries on the ground. Thereafter, such forest lands and national par%s shall be conserved and may not be increased or diminished, -3*-$T by law. *ongress shall provide measures to prohibit logging in a. -ndangered forest and b. 4atershed areas for such period as it may determine. Se!tion >/ ANCESTRAL LAN%S Prote!tion of In,i&eno+ C+lt+ral Co""+nitie 1. The State "rotects the rights of indigenous cultural co A. S.)-e $ $" C"n%$i$.$i"nal pr"+i%i"n% 6. S.)-e $ $" na$i"nal &e+el"p(en$ p"li ie% an& pr"!ra(% #. In &e$er(inin! "'ner%hip an& e9$en$ "0 an e%$ral &"(ain3 C"n!re%% (a, .%e rela$i"n%. .%$"(ar, la'% "n pr"per$, ri!h$% an& unities to their ancestral lands
*. @A%CE/T'AL *O$AI%A A. I$ re0er% $" lan&% 'hi h are "n%i&ere& a% per$ainin! $" a .l$.ral re!i"n 6. Thi% in l.&e% lan&% n"$ ,e$ " Se!tion @/ PRIDATE LAN%S 3eneral r+le Priv-te l-nds CA% only .e tr-ns!erred or conveyed to: A. Dilipin" i$i;en% 6. C"rp"ra$i"n% "r a%%" ia$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in $he Philippine%3 a$ lea%$ C4R "0 'h"%e api$al i% "'ne& ), Dilipin" i$i;en% EF!eption A. In in$e%$a$e %. e%%i"n3 'here an alien heir "0 a Dilipin" i% $he $ran%0eree "0 pri+a$e lan&. .pie&3 %. h a% &eep 0"re%$%.
6. A na$.ral )"rn i$i;en "0 $he Philippine% 'h" ha% l"%$ hi% Philippine i$i;en%hip (a, )e a $ran%0eree "0 PRIVATE LAND3 %.)-e $ $" li(i$a$i"n pr"+i&e& ), la'. Ben e3 lan& an )e .%e& "nl, 0"r re%i&en$ial p.rp"%e%. In $hi% a%e3 he "nl, a 7.ire% &eri+a$i+e $i$le. C. D"rei!n %$a$e% (a, a 7.ire lan& ).$ "nl, 0"r e()a%%, an& %$a00 re%i&en e p.rp"%e%. *. !ili"ino citi;enshi" is only re4uired at the ti e the land is ac4uired . Th.%3 l"%% "0 i$i;en%hip a0$er a 7.irin! $he lan& &"e% n"$ &epri+e "'ner%hip. >. Restriction against aliens only a""lies to ac4uisition of ownershi". There0"reG A. Alien% (a, )e le%%ee% "r .%.0r. $.arie% "0 pri+a$e lan&% 6. Alien% (a, )e ("r$!a!ee% "0 lan&3 a% l"n! a% $he, &" n"$ ")$ain p"%%e%%i"n $here"0 an& &" n"$ )i& in $he 0"re l"%.re %ale. @. %and tenure is not indis"ensable to the free e:ercise of religious "rofession and worshi" . A reli!i".% "rp"ra$i"n "n$r"lle& ), n"n:Dilipin"% ann"$ a 7.ire an& "'n lan&3 e+en 0"r reli!i".% p.rp"%e%. Re"e,ie to re!o(er pri(ate lan, fro" ,i 5+alifie, alien # 1. E% hea$ pr" ee&in!%
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#. A $i"n 0"r re+er%i"n .n&er $he P.)li Lan& A $ *. An a $i"n ), $he 0"r(er Dilipin" "'ner $" re "+er $he lan& A. The 0"r(er in "ari delicto prin iple ha% )een a)an&"ne& 6. Alien %$ill ha% $he $i$le (&i&nE$ pa%% i$ "n $" "ne 'h" i% 7.ali0ie&) Se!tion .0/ NATIONAL ECONO;Y AN% PATRI;ONY:INDEST;ENTS Po)er of Con&re 1. C"n!re%%3 .p"n $he re "((en&a$i"n "0 NEDA3 an re%er+e $" Dilipin" i$i;en% "r $" "rp"ra$i"n% "r a%%" ia$i"n% a$ lea%$ C4R "0 'h"%e api$al i% "'ne& ), %. h i$i;en%3 "r %. h hi!her per en$a!e a% C"n!re%% (a, pre% ri)e3 er$ain area% "0 in+e%$(en$. Thi% (a, )e &"ne 'hen $he na$i"nal in$ere%$ &i $a$e%. #. C"n!re%% %hall al%" ena $ (ea%.re% $" en ".ra!e $he 0"r(a$i"n an& "pera$i"n "0 en$erpri%e% 'h"%e api$al i% 'h"ll, "'ne& ), Dilipin"%. National E!ono"y an, Patri"ony In $he !ran$ "0 ri!h$%3 pri+ile!e% an& "n e%%i"n% "+erin! $he na$i"nal e "n"(, an& pa$ri("n,3 $he S$a$e %hall !i+e pre0eren e $" IUALIDIED Dilipin"%. Se!tion ../ $RANCHISES $OR PBBLIC BTILITIES Po)er to &rant# 1. C"n!re%% (a, &ire $l, !ran$ a le!i%la$i+e 0ran hi%e/ "r #. P"'er $" !ran$ 0ran hi%e% (a, )e &ele!a$e& $" appr"pria$e re!.la$"r, a!en ie% an&M"r L5UE% P+0li! +tility 1. In "r&er $" )e "n%i&ere& a% a p.)li .$ili$,3 an& $h.% %.)-e $ $" $hi% pr"+i%i"n3 $he .n&er$a?in! (.%$ in+"l+e &ealin! &ire $l, 'i$h $he p.)li . #. Th.%3 a 6.il&:Opera$e:Tran%0er !ran$ee i% NOT a p.)li .$ili$,. The 6OT !ran$ee (erel, "n%$r. $% $he .$ili$,3 an& i$ lea%e% $he %a(e $" $he !"+ern(en$. I$ i% $he !"+ern(en$ 'hi h "pera$e% $he p.)li .$ili$, ("pera$i"n %epara$e 0r"( "'ner%hip). To )ho" &rante,# 1. Dilipin" i$i;en% "r #. C"rp"ra$i"n% "r a%%" ia$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in $he Philippine% an& a$ lea%$ C4R "0 $he api$al i% "'ne& ), Dilipin" i$i;en%. Ter" an, !on,ition # 1. *,r-tion: N"$ ("re $han @4 ,ear% #. Dran hi%e i% NOT e9 l.%i+e in hara $er *. Dran hi%e i% !ran$e& .n&er $he "n&i$i"n $ha$ i$ i% %.)-e $ $" a(en&(en$3 al$era$i"n3 "r repeal ), C"n!re%% 'hen $he "(("n !""& %" re7.ire%. Parti!ipation of $orei&n In(e tor 1. The par$i ipa$i"n "0 0"rei!n in+e%$"r% in $he !"+ernin! )"&, "0 an, p.)li .$ili$, en$erpri%e %hall )e li(i$e& $" $heir pr"p"r$i"na$e %hare in i$% api$al. #. D"rei!ner% ann"$ )e app"in$e& a% $he e9e .$i+e an& (ana!in! "00i er% )e a.%e $he%e p"%i$i"n% are re%er+e& 0"r Dilipin" i$i;en%. Se!tion .?/ $OR;ATION:OR3ANIKATION:RE3BLATION O$ CORPORATIONS 0. Priv-te cor or-tions C"n!re%% an "nl, pr"+i&e 0"r $he 0"r(a$i"n3 e$ "0 pri+a$e "rp"ra$i"n% $hr".!h a !eneral la'. D. GOCCGs They a. ). ay be created by3
Spe ial har$er% in $he in$ere%$ "0 $he "(("n !""& an& %.)-e $ $" $he $e%$ "0 e "n"(i +ia)ili$,. 6, in "rp"ra$i"n .n&er $he !eneral "rp"ra$i"n la'.
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Se!tion .8A.I/ SPECIAL ECONO;IC POEERS O$ THE 3ODERN;ENT 1. Tem or-ry t-:eover or direction o! o er-tions: A. Conditions i. Na$i"nal e(er!en , an& ii. When $he p.)li in$ere%$ re7.ire% 6. Ma, )e .%e& a!ain%$ pri+a$el, "'ne& p.)li .$ili$ie% "r ).%ine%%e% a00e $e& 'i$h p.)li in$ere%$. C. D.ra$i"n "0 $he $a?e"+erG peri"& "0 e(er!en , D. Ta?e"+er i% %.)-e $ $" rea%"na)le $er(% an& "n&i$i"n% E. N" nee& 0"r -.%$ "(pen%a$i"n )e a.%e i$ i% "nl, $e(p"rar,. #. %-tion-li1-tion o! vit-l ind,stries: A. E9er i%e& in $he in$ere%$ "0 na$i"nal 'el0are "r &e0en%e 6. In,ol,es either3 i. E%$a)li%h(en$ an& "pera$i"n "0 +i$al in&.%$rie%/ "r ii. Tran%0er $" p.)li "'ner%hip3 .p"n pa,(en$ "0 -.%$ en$erpri%e% $" )e "pera$e& ), $he !"+ern(en$. Se!tion .I/ ;ONOPOLIES 1. The C"n%$i$.$i"n &"e% NOT pr"hi)i$ $he e9i%$en e "0 ("n"p"lie%. #. The S$a$e (a, ei$her re!.la$e "r pr"hi)i$ ("n"p"lie%3 'hen p.)li in$ere%$ %" re7.ire%. *. C"()ina$i"n% in re%$rain$ "0 $ra&e "r .n0air "(pe$i$i"n are pr"hi)i$e&. $ilipino !iti8en hip or e5+ity re5+ire"ent # ACTIDITY REHBIRE;ENTS E0 loit-tion o! n-t,r-l reso,rces CITIKENSHIP AN%:OR EHBITY 1. Dilipin" i$i;en%/ "r #. C"rp"ra$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in RP3 'i$h C4R Dilipin" "'ner%hip O er-tion o! P,.lic "tilities 1. Dilipin" i$i;en%/ "r #. C"rp"ra$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in RP3 'i$h C4R Dilipin" "'ner%hip Ac4,isition o! -lien-.le l-nds o! the ,.lic dom-in 1. Dilipin" i$i;en%/ #. C"rp"ra$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in RP3 'i$h C4R Dilipin" "'ner%hip/ *. D"r(er na$.ral:)"rn i$i;en% "0 RP3 a% $ran%0eree%3 'i$h er$ain le!al re%$ri $i"n%/ an& >. Alien heir% a% $ran%0eree% in a%e "0 in$e%$a$e %. Pr-ctice o! ALL Pro!essions Dilipin" i$i;en% "nl, (na$.ral per%"n%) VC"n!re%% (a,3 ), la'3 "$her'i%e pre% ri)e $-ss $edi1. Dilipin" i$i;en%/ "r #. C"rp"ra$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in RP3 an& 144R Dilipin" "'ne& Advertising 1. Dilipin" i$i;en%/ "r #. C"rp"ra$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in RP3 an& A4R Dilipin" "'ne&. Ed,c-tion-l instit,tion 1. Dilipin" i$i;en%/ "r #. C"rp"ra$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in RP3 'i$h C4R Dilipin" "'ner%hip e%%i"n. "(pen%a$i"n3 p.)li .$ili$ie% an& "$her pri+a$e
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E)CEPT: S h""l% e%$a)li%he& ), reli!i".% !r".p% an& (i%%i"n )"ar&%. VC"n!re%% (a,3 ), la'3 in rea%e Dilipin" e7.i$, re7.ire(en$% 0"r ALL e&. a$i"nal in%$i$.$i"n%. Other economic -ctivities C"n!re%% (a,3 ), la'3 re%er+e $" Dilipin" i$i;en% "r $" "rp"ra$i"n% C4R Dilipin" "'ne& ("r e+en hi!her) er$ain in+e%$(en$ area%.
ARTICLE LIII SOCIAL CBSTICE AN% HB;AN RI3HTS So!ial C+ ti!e 1) #) S" ial -.%$i e in $he C"n%$i$.$i"n i% prin ipall, $he e()"&i(en$ "0 $he prin iple $ha$ $h"%e 'h" ha+e le%% in li0e %h".l& ha+e ("re in la'. The 121A C"n%$i$.$i"n a&+an e% )e,"n& 'ha$ 'a% in pre+i".% C"n%$i$.$i"n% in $ha$ i$ %ee?% n"$ "nl, e "n"(i %" ial -.%$i e ).$ al%" p"li$i al %" ial -.%$i e.
Princi -l -ctivities in order to -chieve soci-l +,stice 1) #) Crea$i"n "0 ("re e "n"(i "pp"r$.ni$ie% an& ("re 'eal$h/ an& Cl"%er re!.la$i"n "0 $he a 7.i%i$i"n3 "'ner%hip3 .%e an& &i%p"%i$i"n "0 pr"per$, in "r&er $" a hie+e a ("re e7.i$a)le &i%$ri).$i"n "0 'eal$h an& p"li$i al p"'er.
La0or Se $i"n * "0 Ar$i le HIII ela)"ra$e% "n $he pr"+i%i"n in Ar$i le II ), %pe i0,in! 'h" are pr"$e $e& ), $he C"n%$i$.$i"n3 'ha$ ri!h$% are !.aran$ee&3 an& 'ha$ p"%i$i+e (ea%.re% $he %$a$e %h".l& $a?e in "r&er $" enhan e $he 'el0are "0 la)"r. 'ight to org-ni1e -nd to hold e-ce!,l concerted -ctivities The ri!h$ $" "r!ani;e i% !i+en $" all ?in&% "0 '"r?er% 6OTB in $he PRIVATE an& PU6LIC %e $"r%. The '"r?er% ha+e a ri!h$ $" h"l& pea e0.l "n er$e& a $i+i$ie% e9 ep$ $he ri!h$ $" %$ri?e3 'hi h i% %.)-e $ $" li(i$a$i"n ), la'. 'ight to -rtici -te in the decision m-:ing rocess o! em loyers The '"r?er% ha+e $he ri!h$ $" par$i ipa$e "n (a$$er% a00e $in! $heir ri!h$% an& )ene0i$%3 Ja% (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), la'K. This "artici"ation can be through 1) #) *) >) "lle $i+e )ar!ainin! a!ree(en$%3 !rie+an e (a hinerie%3 +"l.n$ar, ("&e% "0 %e$$lin! &i%p.$e%3 an& "n ilia$i"n pr" ee&in!% (e&ia$e& ), !"+ern(en$.
A&rarian Refor" 3oal # Agrarian refor ust ai at
1) e00i ien$ pr"&. $i"n3 #) a ("re e7.i$a)le &i%$ri).$i"n "0 lan& 'hi h re "!ni;e% $he ri!h$ "0 0ar(er% an& re!.lar 0ar('"r?er% 'h" are lan&le%% $" "'n $he lan& $he, $ill3 an& *) a -.%$ %hare "0 "$her "r %ea%"nal 0ar('"r?er% in $he 0r.i$% "0 $he lan&. CARL a an eFer!i e of poli!e po)er an, po)er of e"inent ,o"ain T" $he e9$en$ $ha$ $he la' pre% ri)e% re$en$i"n li(i$% 0"r lan&"'ner%3 $here i% an e9er i%e "0 p"li e p"'er. 6.$ 'here i$ )e "(e% ne e%%ar, $" &epri+e "'ner% "0 $heir lan& in e9 e%% "0 $he (a9i(.( all"'e&3 $here i% "(pen%a)le $a?in! an& $here0"re $he e9er i%e "0 e(inen$ &"(ain. Rea!h of a&rarian refor" I$ e9$en&% n"$ "nl, $" pri+a$e a!ri .l$.ral lan&%3 ).$ al%" $" J"$her na$.ral re%".r e%3K e+en in l.&in! $he .%e an& en-",(en$ "0 J "((.nal (arine an& 0i%hin! re%".r e%K an& J"00%h"re 0i%hin! !r".n&%K.
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The Co""i Co"po ition# 1) #) Chair(an/ an& > (e()er% ion on H+"an Ri&ht
H+alifi!ation # 1) #) Na$.ral:)"rn i$i;en% "0 $he Philippine%/ Ma-"ri$, "0 $he C"((i%%i"n (.%$ )e (e()er% "0 $he Philippine 6ar/
*) Ter( "0 "00i e3 "$her 7.ali0i a$i"n% an& &i%a)ili$ie% %hall )e pr"+i&e& ), la'/ >) The app"in$(en$ "0 $he CBR (e()er% i% NOT %.)-e $ $" CA "n0ir(a$i"n/ an& @) The CBR i% n"$ "0 $he %a(e le+el a% $he COMELEC3 CSC3 "r COA. Po)er # 1) In,estigate all for s of hu an rights ,iolations in,ol,ing ci,il or "olitical rights A. Vi"la$i"n% (a, )e "((i$$e& ), p.)li "00i er% "r ), i+ilian% "r re)el%. 6. CBR ann"$ in+e%$i!a$e +i"la$i"n% "0 %" ial ri!h$%. C. CBR ha% NO a&-.&i a$"r, p"'er% "+er a%e% in+"l+in! h.(an ri!h$% +i"la$i"n%. D. The, ann"$ in+e%$i!a$e a%e% 'here n" ri!h$% are +i"la$e&. E. E9a(pleG There i% n" ri!h$ $" " ri!h$% +i"la$i"n. .p, !"+ern(en$ lan&3 i.e. %7.a$ $here"n. There0"re3 e+i $i"n $here0r"( i% NOT a h.(an
#) A&"p$ "pera$i"nal !.i&eline% an& r.le% "0 pr" e&.re. *) Ci$e 0"r "n$e(p$ 0"r +i"la$i"n% "0 i$% r.le%3 in a "r&an e 'i$h $he R.le% "0 C".r$.
>) Pr"+i&e appr"pria$e le!al (ea%.re% 0"r $he pr"$e $i"n "0 $he h.(an ri!h$% "0 all per%"n%3 'i$hin $he Philippine%3 a% 'ell a% Dilipin"% re%i&in! a)r"a&3 an& pr"+i&e 0"r pre+en$i+e (ea%.re% an& le!al ai& %er+i e% $" $he .n&erpri+ile!e& 'h"%e h.(an ri!h$% ha+e )een +i"la$e& "r nee& pr"$e $i"n. A. CBR an ini$ia$e ".r$ pr" ee&in!% "n )ehal0 "0 +i $i(% "0 h.(an ri!h$% +i"la$i"n%. 6. The, an re "((en& $he pr"%e .$i"n "0 h.(an ri!h$% +i"la$"r%3 ).$ i$ ann"$ i$%el0 pr"%e .$e $he%e a%e%. C. 6UTG The CBR ann"$ i%%.e re%$rainin! "r&er% "r in-.n $i"n% a!ain%$ alle!e& h.(an ri!h$% +i"la$"r%. The%e (.%$ )e ")$aine& 0r"( $he re!.lar ".r$%. @) E9er i%e +i%i$"rial p"'er% "+er -ail%3 pri%"n% an& "$her &e$en$i"n 0a ili$ie%. C) E%$a)li%h "n$in.in! pr"!ra(% 0"r re%ear h3 e&. a$i"n an& in0"r(a$i"n in "r&er $" enhan e re%pe $ 0"r $he pri(a , "0 h.(an ri!h$%. A) Re "((en& $" C"n!re%% e00e $i+e (ea%.re% $" pr"("$e h.(an ri!h$% an& $" pr"+i&e "(pen%a$i"n $" +i $i(% "0 h.(an ri!h$% +i"la$i"n% "r $heir 0a(ilie%. 1) M"ni$"r "(plian e ), $he !"+ern(en$ 'i$h in$erna$i"nal $rea$, ")li!a$i"n% "n h.(an ri!h$%. 2) 5ran$ i((.ni$, 0r"( pr"%e .$i"n $" an, per%"n 'h"%e $e%$i("n, "r 'h"%e p"%%e%%i"n "0 &" .(en$% "r "$her e+i&en e i% ne e%%ar, "r "n+enien$ $" &e$er(ine $he $r.$h in an, CBR in+e%$i!a$i"n. 14) Re7.e%$ a%%i%$an e 0r"( an, &epar$(en$3 ).rea.3 "00i e3 "r a!en , in $he per0"r(an e "0 i$% 0.n $i"n%. 11) App"in$ i$% "00i er% an& e(pl",er% in a "r&an e 'i$h la'.
1#) Per0"r( %. h "$her 0.n $i"n% an& &.$ie% a% (a, )e pr"+i&e& 0"r ), la'.
ARTICLE LID A E%BCATION4 SCIENCE AN% TECHNOLO3Y4 ARTS4 CBLTBRE4 AN% SPORTS E,+!ation 3oal of the State# The State shall "ro ote and "rotect3
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1) The ri!h$ $" 7.ali$, e&. a$i"n a$ all le+el%/ #) The ri!h$ $" a00"r&a)le an& a e%%i)le e&. a$i"n/ an&
*) E&. a$i"n $ha$ i% rele+an$ $" $he nee&% "0 pe"ple an& %" ie$,. Ri&ht to E,+!ation an, A!a,e"i! $ree,o" The ri!h$ $" e&. a$i"n (.%$ )e rea& in "n-.n $i"n 'i$h $he a a&e(i 0ree&"( "0 % h""l% $" re7.ire J0air3 rea%"na)le3 an& e7.i$a)le a&(i%%i"n re7.ire(en$%.K
Po)er to %i "i
St+,ent
1) S h""l% ha+e $he p"'er $" &i%(i%% %$.&en$%3 a0$er &.e pr" e%%3 0"r &i% iplinar, rea%"n%. #) Acts co itted outside the school ay also be a ground for disci"linary action if3
a) I$ in+"l+e% +i"la$i"n% "0 % h""l p"li ie% "nne $e& $" % h""l:%p"n%"re& a $i+i$ie%/ "r )) The (i% "n&. $ a00e $% $he %$.&en$E% %$a$.%3 "r $he !""& na(e "r rep.$a$i"n "0 $he % h""l. Re&+lation of Ri&ht to E,+!ation The ri!h$ $" e&. a$i"n in par$i .lar 0iel&% (a, )e re!.la$e& ), $he S$a$e in $he e9er i%e "0 i$% p"li e p"'er3 e.g. $he S$a$e (a, li(i$ $he ri!h$ $" en$er (e&i al % h""l ), re7.irin! $he appli an$% $" $a?e $he NMAT. $ree E,+!ation 1) The State shall aintain a syste of free education in3
a) Ele(en$ar, le+el3 an& )) Bi!h % h""l le+el. #) Ele(en$ar, e&. a$i"n i% "(p.l%"r, 0"r all hil&ren "0 % h""l a!e. B"'e+er3 $hi% i% a ("ral ra$her $han a le!al "(p.l%i"n. E,+!ational In tit+tion I. $ilipini8ation A. Ownershi : 1). Dilipin" i$i;en%3 "r #). C"rp"ra$i"n% in "rp"ra$e& in RP an& C4R Dilipin":"'ne&. E)CEPT: S h""l% e%$a)li%he& ), reli!i".% !r".p% an& (i%%i"n )"ar&%. *). C"n!re%% (a, in rea%e Dilipin" e7.i$, re7.ire(en$% in ALL e&. a$i"nal in%$i$.$i"n%. 6. Control -nd Administr-tion: 1). M.%$ )e +e%$e& in Dilipin" i$i;en% #). Re0er% $" line p"%i$i"n%3 %. h a% Pre%i&en$3 Dean3 Prin ipal3 an& Tr.%$ee% *). Da .l$, (e()er% (a, )e 0"rei!ner%. C. /t,dent Po ,l-tion: 1). 3ENERAL RBLE# Cann"$ e%$a)li%h % h""l e9 l.%i+el, 0"r alien%. Alien% an "nl, "(pri%e .p $" 1M* "0 $"$al enr"ll(en$. #). ELCEPTIONS# S h""l% e%$a)li%he& 0"r 0"rei!n &ipl"(a$i per%"nnel an& $heir &epen&en$%3 an& .nle%% "$her'i%e pr"+i&e& 0"r ), la' 0"r "$her 0"rei!n $e(p"rar, re%i&en$%. II. T-0 E0em tions A. #on5stoc7, non5"rofit educational institutions3 1) All re+en.e% an& a%%e$% a $.all,3 &ire $l, an& e9 l.%i+el, .%e& 0"r e&. a$i"nal p.rp"%e% are e9e(p$ 0r"( $a9e% an& &.$ie%. #) Thi% i% %el0:e9e .$"r,.
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6. 'ro"rietary educational institutions, including coo"erati,es3 1) En$i$le& $" e9e(p$i"n% a% (a, )e pr"+i&e& ), la'3 in l.&in! re%$ri $i"n% "n &i+i&en&% an& re:in+e%$(en$ #) Re7.ire% an ena)lin! %$a$.$e *) 5ran$%3 en&"'(en$%3 &"na$i"n% an& "n$ri).$i"n% a $.all,3 &ire $l, an& e9 l.%i+el, .%e& 0"r e&. a$i"nal p.rp"%e% are e9e(p$ 0r"( $a9e%3 %.)-e $ $" "n&i$i"n% pre% ri)e& ), la'. III. A!a,e"i! $ree,o" A. Ed,c-tion-l Instit,tions /chools h-ve the !reedom to determine: 1) Wh" (a, $ea h3 #) Wha$ (a, )e $a.!h$3 *) B"' i$ %hall )e $a.!h$3 an& >) Wh" (a, )e a&(i$$e& $" %$.&,. 6. ;-c,lty mem.ers 1) D.ll 0ree&"( in re%ear h an& in $he p.)li a$i"n "0 $he re%.l$%3 %.)-e $ $" $he a&e7.a$e per0"r(an e "0 $heir "$her a a&e(i &.$ie%. #) Dree&"( in $he la%%r""( in &i% .%%in! $heir %.)-e $%3 ).$ $he, %h".l& )e are0.l n"$ $" in$r"&. e in$" $heir $ea hin! "n$r"+er%ial (a$$er 'hi h ha% n" rela$i"n $" $heir %.)-e $%. *) When 0a .l$, (e()er% %pea? "r 'ri$e in $heir apa i$, a% i$i;en%3 $hen $he, are 0ree 0r"( in%$i$.$i"nal en%"r%hip "r &i% ipline. C. /t,dents The, ha+e $he ri!h$ $" en-", in % h""l $he !.aran$ee% "0 $he 6ill "0 Ri!h$%. D. Limit-tions 1) D"(inan$ p"li e p"'er "0 $he S$a$e #) S" ial in$ere%$ "0 $he "((.ni$, E. <,dget-ry Priority: 1). E&. a$i"n (.%$ )e a%%i!ne& $he hi!he%$ ).&!e$ar, pri"ri$,. #). 6UTG Thi% "((an& i% n"$ a)%"l.$e. C"n!re%% i% 0ree $" &e$er(ine 'ha$ %h".l& )e !i+en ).&!e$ar, pri"ri$, in "r&er $" ena)le i$ $" re%p"n& $" $he i(pera$i+e% "0 na$i"nal in$ere%$ an& 0"r $he a$$ain(en$ "0 "$her %$a$e p"li ie% "r ")-e $i+e%. Reli&io+ E,+!ation in P+0li! S!hool # 'eligion m-y .e t-,ght in ,.lic schools s,.+ect to the !ollowing re4,isites: 1) E9pre%% 'ri$$en "p$i"n ), paren$% an& !.ar&ian%/ #) Ta.!h$ 'i$hin re!.lar la%% h".r%/ *) In%$r. $"r% are &e%i!na$e& an& appr"+e& ), $he pr"per reli!i".% a.$h"ri$ie%/ an& >) WITBOUT ADDITIONAL COST TO TBE 5OVERNMENT. Se!tion ?/ Lan&+a&e 1) %-tion-l l-ng,-ge: Dilipin" #) O!!ici-l L-ng,-ges: Dilipin"3 an& .nle%% "$her'i%e pr"+i&e& ), la'3 En!li%h. *) Re!i"nal lan!.a!e% are a.9iliar, $" $he "00i ial lan!.a!e%. > (Spani%h an& Ara)i are pr"("$e& "nl, "n an "p$i"nal an& +"l.n$ar, )a%i%.
ARTICLE LDI A 3ENERAL PRODISIONS
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Se!tion .A2/ Sy"0ol of Nationality 1) $la& Re&3 'hi$e3 an& )l.e. Wi$h a %.n an& * %$ar% The &e%i!n (a, )e han!e& ), "n%$i$.$i"nal a(en&(en$. #) Congress m-y= .y l-w= -do t - new: (a) Na(e 0"r $he ".n$r,3 ()) Na$i"nal an$he(3 "r ( ) Na$i"nal %eal. Note# La' 'ill $a?e e00e $ .p"n ra$i0i a$i"n ), $he pe"ple in a NATIONAL REDERENDUM. Se!tion 9/ State I""+nity S+a0ility of State 1) The S$a$e ann"$ )e %.e& 'i$h".$ i$% "n%en$. #) 3hen considered - s,it -g-inst the /t-te a). The Rep.)li i% %.e& ), na(e/ )). S.i$% a!ain%$ an .n:in "rp"ra$e& !"+ern(en$ a!en ,/ ). S.i$ i% a!ain%$ a !"+ern(en$ "00i ial3 ).$ i% %. h $ha$ .l$i(a$e lia)ili$, %hall &e+"l+e "n $he !"+ern(en$ i. When a p.)li "00i er a $% in )a& 0ai$h3 "r )e,"n& $he % "pe "0 hi% a.$h"ri$,3 he an )e hel& per%"nall, lia)le 0"r &a(a!e%. ii. 6UTG I0 he a $e& p.r%.an$ $" hi% "00i ial &.$ie%3 'i$h".$ (ali e3 ne!li!en e3 "r )a& 0ai$h3 $he, are n"$ per%"nall, lia)le3 an& $he %.i$ i% reall, "ne a!ain%$ $he S$a$e. *) Thi% r.le applie% n"$ "nl, in 0a+"r "0 $he Philippine% ).$ al%" in 0a+"r "0 0"rei!n %$a$e%. >) The r.le li?e'i%e pr"hi)i$% a per%"n 0r"( 0ilin! 0"r in$erplea&er3 'i$h $he S$a$e a% "ne "0 $he &e0en&an$% )ein! "(pelle& $" in$erplea&. Con ent to 0e +e, A. E0 ress consent: 1). The la' e9pre%%l, !ran$% $he a.$h"ri$, $" %.e $he S$a$e "r an, "0 i$% a!en ie%. #). $:a "les3 a). A la' rea$in! a !"+ern(en$ )"&, e9pre%%l, pr"+i&in! $ha$ %. h )"&, J(a, %.e "r )e %.e&.K )). Ar$. #114 "0 $he Ci+il C"&e3 'hi h rea$e% lia)ili$, a!ain%$ $he S$a$e 'hen i$ a $% $hr".!h a %pe ial a!en$. 6. Im lied consent: 1). The State enters into a "ri,ate contract. a). The "n$ra $ (.%$ )e en$ere& in$" ), $he pr"per "00i er an& 'i$hin $he % "pe "0 hi% a.$h"ri$,. )). A#%$SS3 The "n$ra $ i% (erel, in i&en$al $" $he per0"r(an e "0 a !"+ern(en$al 0.n $i"n. #). The State enters into an o"eration that is essentially a business o"eration. a). A#%$SS3 %er+i e%) The "pera$i"n i% in i&en$al $" $he per0"r(an e "0 a !"+ern(en$al 0.n $i"n (e.!. arra%$re
)). Th.%3 'hen $he S$a$e "n&. $% ).%ine%% "pera$i"n% $hr".!h a 5OCC3 $he la$$er an !enerall, )e %.e&3 e+en i0 i$% har$er "n$ain% n" e9pre%% J%.e "r )e %.e&K la.%e. *). Suit against an incor"orated go,ern ent agency. a) Thi% i% )e a.%e $he, !enerall, "n&. $ pr"prie$ar, ).%ine%% "pera$i"n% an& ha+e har$er% 'hi h !ran$ $he( a %epara$e -.ri&i al per%"nali$,. >). The State files suit against a "ri,ate "arty.
AC
A#%$SS3 The %.i$ i% en$ere& in$" "nl, $" re%i%$ a lai(.
3arni h"ent of &o(ern"ent f+n, # 1) 3ENERAL RBLE# NO. Whe$her $he ("ne, i% &ep"%i$e& ), 'a, "0 !eneral "r %pe ial &ep"%i$3 $he, re(ain !"+ern(en$ 0.n&% an& are n"$ %.)-e $ $" !arni%h(en$. #) ELCEPTION# A la' "r "r&inan e ha% )een ena $e& appr"pria$in! a %pe i0i a(".n$ $" pa, a +ali& !"+ern(en$ ")li!a$i"n3 $hen $he ("ne, an )e !arni%he&. Con ent to 0e +e, i not e5+i(alent to !on ent to lia0ility# 1) The Da $ $ha$ $he S$a$e "n%en$e& $" )ein! %.e& &"e% n"$ (ean $ha$ $he S$a$e 'ill .l$i(a$el, )e hel& lia)le. #) E+en i0 $he a%e i% &e i&e& a!ain%$ $he S$a$e3 an a'ar& ann"$ )e %a$i%0ie& ), 'ri$% "0 e9e .$i"n "r !arni%h(en$ a!ain%$ p.)li 0.n&%. Rea%"nG N" ("ne, %hall )e pai& ".$ "0 $he p.)li $rea%.r, .nle%% p.r%.an$ $" an appr"pria$i"n (a&e ), la'. Se!tion =/ THE AR;E% $ORCES O$ THE PHILIPPINES Co"po ition# A i$i;en ar(e& 0"r e
Prohi0ition an, ,i 5+alifi!ation # 1) Mili$ar, (en ann"$ en!a!e3 &ire $l, "r in&ire $l,3 in an, par$i%an p"li$i al a $i+i$,3 e9 ep$ $" +"$e. #) Me()er% "0 $he ADP in a $i+e %er+i e ann"$ )e app"in$e& $" a i+ilian p"%i$i"n in $he !"+ern(en$3 in l.&in! 5OCC% "r $heir %.)%i&iarie%. The Chief of Staff# 1) To,r o! d,ty: N"$ e9 ee& $" $hree ,ear% #) ELCEPTION# In $i(e% "0 'ar "r "$her na$i"nal e(er!en , a% &e lare& ), C"n!re%%3 $he Pre%i&en$ (a, e9$en& %. h $".r "0 &.$,.
ARTICLE LDIIA A;EN%;ENTS OR REDISIONS %efinition # 1) A"en,"ent# an al$era$i"n "0 "ne "r a 0e' %pe i0i pr"+i%i"n% "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. I$% (ain p.rp"%e i% $" i(pr"+e %pe i0i pr"+i%i"n% "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. The han!e% )r".!h$ a)".$ ), a(en&(en$% 'ill n"$ a00e $ $he "$her pr"+i%i"n% "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. *) Re(i ion# An e9a(ina$i"n "0 $he en$ire C"n%$i$.$i"n $" &e$er(ine h"' an& $" 'ha$ e9$en$ i$ %h".l& )e al$ere&. A re+i%i"n i(plie% %.)%$an$i+e han!e3 a00e $in! $he C"n%$i$.$i"n a% a 'h"le. Con tit+ent po)er (/ Le&i lati(e po)er 1) Constituent "ower i% $he p"'er $" 0"r(.la$e a C"n%$i$.$i"n "r $" pr"p"%e a(en&(en$% $" "r re+i%i"n% "0 $he C"n%$i$.$i"n an& $" ra$i0, %. h pr"p"%al. %egislati,e "ower i% $he p"'er $" pa%%3 repeal "r a(en& "r&inar, la'% "r %$a$.$e% (a% "pp"%e& $" "r!ani la'). #) Constituent "ower i% e9er i%e& ), C"n!re%% (), %pe ial "n%$i$.$i"nal "n0er(en$)3 ), a C"n%$i$.$i"nal C"n+en$i"n "r C"((i%%i"n3 ), $he pe"ple $hr".!h ini$ia$i+e an& re0eren&.(3 an& .l$i(a$el, ), %"+erei!n ele $"ra$e3 'herea% legislati,e "ower i% an "r&inar, p"'er "0 C"n!re%% an& "0 $he pe"ple3 al%" $hr".!h ini$ia$i+e an& re0eren&.(. The e9er i%e "0 constituent "ower &"e% n"$ nee& $he appr"+al "0 $he Chie0 E9e .$i+e3 'herea% $he e9er i%e "0 legislati,e "ower "r&inaril, nee&% $he appr"+al "0 $he Chie0 E9e .$i+e3 e9 ep$ 'hen &"ne ), pe"ple $hr".!h ini$ia$i+e an& re0eren&.(. ary to &i(e effe!t to a"en,"ent an, re(i ion #
*)
Three 192 tep ne!e
1) Pr"p"%al "0 a(en&(en$% "r re+i%i"n% ), $he pr"per "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()l,/
AA
#) S.)(i%%i"n "0 $he pr"p"%e& a(en&(en$% "r re+i%i"n%/ an& *) Ra$i0i a$i"n. Propo al of a"en,"ent # Amendments m-y .e ro osed .y: A. Congress= -cting -s - constit,ent -ssem.ly= .y - 32& vote o! -ll its mem.ers. The p"'er "0 C"n!re%% $" pr"p"%e a(en&(en$% i% NOT par$ "0 i$% "r&inar, le!i%la$i+e p"'er. The "nl, rea%"n C"n!re%% an e9er i%e %. h p"'er i% $ha$ $he C"n%$i$.$i"n ha% !ran$e& i$ %. h p"'er.
6. Con tit+tional Con(ention# 1B 2ow a Constitutional Con,ention ay be called
a). C"n!re%% (a, all a C"nC"n ), a #M* +"$e "0 all i$% (e()er%/ "r )). 6, a (a-"ri$, +"$e "0 all i$% (e()er%3 C"n!re%% (a, %.)(i$ $" $he ele $"ra$e $he 7.e%$i"n "0 'he$her $" all a C"nC"n "r n"$. #) Ch"i e "0 'hi h "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()l, (ei$her C"n!re%% "r C"nC"n) %h".l& ini$ia$e a(en&(en$% an& re+i%i"n% i% le0$ $" $he &i% re$i"n "0 C"n!re%%. In "$her '"r&%3 i$ i% a p"li$i al 7.e%$i"n. *) 6UTG The (anner "0 allin! a C"nC"n i% %.)-e $ $" -.&i ial re+ie'3 )e a.%e $he C"n%$i$.$i"n ha% pr"+i&e& 0"r +"$in! re7.ire(en$%. >) I0 C"n!re%%3 a $in! a% a "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()l,3 all% 0"r a C"nC"n ).$ &"e% n"$ pr"+i&e $he &e$ail% 0"r $he allin! "0 %. h C"nC"n3 C"n!re%% : e9er i%in! i$% "r&inar, le!i%la$i+e p"'er : (a, %.ppl, %. h &e$ail%. 6.$ in %" &"in!3 C"n!re%% (a% le!i%la$.re) %h".l& n"$ $ran%!re%% $he re%"l.$i"n "0 C"n!re%% a $in! a% a "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()l,. @) C"n!re%%3 a% a "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()l, an& $he C"nC"n ha+e n" p"'er $" appr"pria$e ("ne, 0"r $heir e9pen%e%. M"ne, (a, )e %pen$ 0r"( $he $rea%.r, "nl, p.r%.an$ $" an appr"pria$i"n (a&e ), la'. C. Peo leGs Initi-tive 1) Pe$i$i"n $" pr"p"%e %. h a(en&(en$% (.%$ )e %i!ne& )e a$ lea%$ 1#R "0 ALL re!i%$ere& +"$er%. #) E+er, le!i%la$i+e &i%$ri $ repre%en$e& ), a$ lea%$ *R "0 $he re!i%$ere& +"$er% $herein. *) Limit-tion: I$ ann"$ )e e9er i%e& "0$ener $han "n e e+er, @ ,ear%. %ote: 1) #) CB While $he %.)%$an e "0 $he pr"p"%al% (a&e ), ea h $,pe "0 "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()l, i% n"$ %.)-e $ $" -.&i ial re+ie'3 $he (anner $he pr"p"%al% are (a&e i% %.)-e $ $" -.&i ial re+ie'. Sin e $he%e "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()lie% "'e $heir e9i%$en e $" $he C"n%$i$.$i"n3 $he ".r$% (a, &e$er(ine 'he$her $he a%%e()l, ha% a $e& in a "r&an e 'i$h $he C"n%$i$.$i"n. $:a "les of +usticiable issues3 a) )) Whe$her a pr"p"%al 'a% appr"+e& ), $he re7.ire& n.()er "0 +"$e% in C"n!re%% (a $in! a% a a%%e()l,). Whe$her $he appr"+e& pr"p"%al% 'ere pr"perl, %.)(i$$e& $" $he pe"ple 0"r ra$i0i a$i"n. "n%$i$.en$
Propo al of Re(i ion 1) #) 6, C"n!re%%3 .p"n a +"$e "0 *M> "0 i$% (e()er% 6, a "n%$i$.$i"nal "n+en$i"n
Ratifi!ation 17 Amendments -nd revisions ro osed .y Congress -nd2or .y - ConCon: a) )) 27 Vali& 'hen ra$i0ie& ), a MAFORITY "0 +"$e% a%$ in a ple)i% i$e. Ple)i% i$e i% hel& n"$ earlier $han C4 &a,% n"r la$er $han 24 &a,% 0r"( $he appr"+al "0 %. h a(en&(en$% "r re+i%i"n%.
Amendments ro osed .y the eo le vi- initi-tive:
A1
Vali& 'hen ra$i0ie& ), a MAFORITY "0 +"$e% a%$ in a ple)i% i$e. a) 37 Ple)i% i$e i% hel& n"$ earlier $han C4 &a,% n"r la$er $han 24 &a,% a0$er $he er$i0i a$i"n ), COMELEC "0 $he pe$i$i"nS% %.00i ien ,.
'e4,isites o! - v-lid r-ti!ic-tion: a) )) Bel& in a ple)i% i$e "n&. $e& .n&er $he ele $i"n la'/ S.per+i%e& ), $he COMELEC/ an&
&7
) Where "nl, 0ran hi%e& +"$er% (re!i%$ere&) +"$er% $a?e par$. Iss,es reg-rding r-ti!ic-tion: a) The C"n%$i$.$i"n &"e% n"$ re7.ire $ha$ a(en&(en$% an& re+i%i"n% )e %.)(i$$e& $" $he pe"ple in a %pe ial ele $i"n.
Th.%3 $he, (a, )e %.)(i$$e& 0"r ra$i0i a$i"n %i(.l$ane".%l, 'i$h a !eneral ele $i"n. )) The &e$er(ina$i"n "0 $he "n&i$i"n% .n&er 'hi h pr"p"%e& a(en&(en$%Mre+i%i"n% are %.)(i$$e& $" $he pe"ple 0all% 'i$hin $he le!i%la$i+e %phere.
Tha$ C"n!re%% ".l& ha+e &"ne )e$$er &"e% n"$ (a?e $he %$ep% $a?en .n "n%$i$.$i"nal. ) All $he pr"p"%e& a(en&(en$%Mre+i%i"n% (a&e ), $he "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()lie% (.%$ )e %.)(i$$e& 0"r ra$i0i a$i"n in "ne %in!le ple)i% i$e.
There ann"$ )e a pie e:(eal ra$i0i a$i"n "0 a(en&(en$%Mre+i%i"n%. &) Pre%i&en$ial pr" la(a$i"n i% NOT re7.ire& 0"r e00e $i+i$, "0 a(en&(en$%Mre+i%i"n%3 UNLESS $he pr"p"%e& a(en&(en$%Mre+i%i"n% %" pr"+i&e.
ARTICLE LDIII A TRANSITORY PRODISIONS Effe!ti(ity of the .I8@ Con tit+tion The 121A C"n%$i$.$i"n $""? e00e $ i((e&ia$el, .p"n i$% ra$i0i a$i"n. A "r&in! $" $he SC3 $hi% $""? pla e "n De)r.ar, #3 121A3 'hi h 'a% $he &a, $he pe"ple a%$ $heir +"$e% ra$i0,in! $he C"n%$i$.$i"n.
;ilitary 0a e a&ree"ent 1) #) *) Rene'al% "0 (ili$ar, )a%e% a!ree(en$% (.%$ )e $hr".!h a %$ri $ $rea$,. Ra$i0i a$i"n "0 $he a!ree(en$ in a ple)i% i$e i% ne e%%ar, "nl, 'hen C"n!re%% %" re7.ire%. Se $i"n #@ "0 Ar$i le HVIII all"'% p"%%i)le l" al &epl",(en$ "0 "nl, AMERICAN 0"r e%.
A2

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P O L I T I C A L L A W ( CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEWER & MEMORY AID) ATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2008 Carrie Bee, Aldrich, She,

Regardless of their breadth and di ensions !or %efinition of Ar!hipela&o

ARTICLE II %ECLARATION O$ PRINCIPLES AN% STATE POLICIES

%efinition of 'People1. #. *. >. A C"((.ni$, "0 per%"n%/ S.00i ien$ in N.()er/

1/ *e +,re #. *e !-cto Cla 1.

in $he ".r%e "0 'ar.

A pe!t of '%+e Pro!e 1. #.

Re5+i ite of PROCE%BRAL ,+e pro!e

In tan!e )hen hearin& are NOT ne!e 1. #. *. >. @. C. A. 1. 2.

Re5+i ite of SBBSTANTIDE ,+e pro!e 1. #.

The search ust be the "erson arrested

e"0ly an, Petition

%i tin!tion 0et)een the !la+ e 1/chool *istrict v. /chem 1.

Per on entitle, to the a0o(e ri&ht # %i !retion of &o(ern"ent

"n ern an& $he a.$h"ri$, $"

Ehen i the eFer!i e of the po)er of e"inent ,o"ain ne!e

Ehen ri&ht are not a(aila0le# 1) D.rin! a p"li e line:.p.

S$a$e(en$% (a&e $" a pri+a$e per%"n.

.%e& i% .n&er )"n& in "$her a%e%

Bi% 0ail.re $" appear i% .n-.%$i0ia)le.

.%e& $ha$ he ha% a ri!h$ $" a ".n%el )e0"re arrai!n(en$

(ii) A%? $he a (iii) I0 $he a (i+) I0 $he a

.%e& i0 he &e%ire% $he ai& "0 ".n%el

$ail+re of the a!!+ e, to !ro

2owe,er3 ")$ainin! a %a(ple "0 $he han&'ri$in! "0 $he a *.

Ehat are !on i,ere, to 0e the 'SA;E O$$ENSE-# 1+n,er the . 1) #)

enten!e of Se!tion 2.2

Ehat "ay Con&re

#. Le!i%la$"r% ann"$ )e app"in$e& $" an, "00i e.

D.rin! hi% $er( "0 "00i e.

D.rin! hi% $er( "0 "00i e.

SEC/ .># RE3BLAR AN% SPECIAL SESSIONS Re&+lar Se ion #

E9. The ri!h$ a!ain%$ %el0:in ri(ina$i"n.

Appearan!e 0y ,epart"ent hea, 0efore Con&re 1.

E0 ir-tion o! emergency owers a. 6, re%"l.$i"n "0 C"n!re%% "r

C. Pri+a$e )ill% Note# The Senate Appropriation 0ill 1. #. *.

&ithin the fra ewor7 of the national de,elo" ent "rogra DB

ro ri-tion m-de .y l-w.

Li"itation / a) Appr"pria$i"n% (.%$ )e 0"r a PU6LIC PURPOSE

Pre i,ential Illne a)

If the 'resident is seriously ill3 $he p.)li (.%$ )e in0"r(e& $here"0.

S!ope# The President sh-ll 1) #) *) >) oint the !ollowing:

Note# On e app"in$ee a A,Ainteri" appoint"ent # 1) #) *)

The in,asion or rebellion Li"itation # a. ).

Re7.ire% "n .rren e (e()er% "0 C"n!re%%

Ma, )e !ran$e& )e0"re "r a0$er "n+i $i"n

Appr"+e "n&i$i"nall,3 'i$h %.!!e%$e& a(en&(en$%.

anifest errors in the tallying

Se!tion 2/ POEERS 17 E0-mine= -,dit= -nd settle -cco,nts ert-ining to:

COA an %e$$le "nl, LIIUIDATED ACCOUNTS "r $h"%e a

unici"alities e:ercise direct su"er,ision o,er co "onent barangays.

Depar$(en$ "0 Dinan e Se re$ar, DIL5 Se re$ar, D6M Se re$ar,

Se!tion .>/ ABTONO;OBS RE3IONS Ehere# 1) #) M.%li( Min&ana" C"r&illera re!i"n

F.&!(en$ "0 C"n+i $i"n

L"an% 5.aran$ee% O$her 0"r(% "0 0inan ial a Dr"(G 1. #. "(("&a$i"n

A&rarian Refor" 3oal # Agrarian refor ust ai at

ARTICLE LDI A 3ENERAL PRODISIONS

Three 192 tep ne!e

1) Pr"p"%al "0 a(en&(en$% "r re+i%i"n% ), $he pr"per "n%$i$.en$ a%%e()l,/

6. Con tit+tional Con(ention# 1B 2ow a Constitutional Con,ention ay be called

Amendments ro osed .y the eo le vi- initi-tive:

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1/ e +,re #. e !-cto Cla 1.