NAMING COMPOUNDS

Chemical Formula indicates the relative number of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound. Identify the number of atoms in each of the following compounds:
1. KCl= _____________________ 2. C6H12O6=__________________ 3. NH3=__________________

Finding the number of atoms in a compound with polyatomic ions

Compound 1. MgCO3 What does it look like expanded? Numbers of atoms

2. Al(ClO4)3

Compound

What does it look like expanded?

Numbers of atoms

3. Zn3(PO4)2

4. (NH4)2S

Law of Definite Proportions

Law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight.
For example: H2O, will always have the same percent by weight, ex. 11.2% H and 88.8% O

Molecular Formula
Represents the number and kind of atoms in a molecule (not necessarily the smallest whole number ratio).

Structural Formula
structural formula indicates twodimensional arrangement of the bonds and lone pairs of electrons in a molecule.

Empirical Formula for Molecules (have covalent bonds)

The chemical formula that represents the simplest (lowest) atomic ratio in which elements can combine. Formulas for molecular compounds are NOT NECESSARILY the empirical formula
Empirical Formula

Molecular Formula

C2H6 C6H12O6 C4H8 C3H8 C6H10 C4H6 C2H4 C5H10

Empirical Formula for Ionic Compounds

ALWAYS WRITTEN IN EMPIRICAL FORM
The chemical formula that represents the simplest (lowest) atomic ratio in which elements can combine. Formulas for ionic compounds are the empirical formula because they are ALWAYS written in the expressed as the lowest possible ratios.

Empirical Form Ca2O2 Fe2O2 Pb2O4 Mg2O2

Empirical Formula for Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Empirical Form Fe2(CO3)2 Fe2(HSO4)2 Zn2(SO4)2 Pb2(SO3)2

Empirical or Molecular Formula

If written in molecular formula what is the empirical formula?

Type of Bond

C6H12O6 LiNO3 H2O2 C11H22O11

OXIDATION NUMBER

To determine how many atoms combine with one another in a compound we must determine each elements OXIDATION NUMBER.

Predicting Ionic Charges

Group 1: H+ Li+ Na+ K+

Predicting Ionic Charges

Group 2:

Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+

Predicting Ionic Charges

Group 13: B3+ Al3+ Ga3+

Predicting Ionic Charges

Group 14:

Predicting Ionic Charges

N3- Nitride P3- Phosphide As3- Arsenide Group 15:

Predicting Ionic Charges

O2- Oxide S2- Sulfide Se2- Selenide Group 16:

Predicting Ionic Charges

N3- Nitride P3- Phosphide As3- Arsenide Group 15:

Predicting Ionic Charges

O2- Oxide S2- Sulfide Se2- Selenide Group 16:

F1- Fluoride

Predicting Ionic Charges

Br1- Bromide I1- Iodide Group 17:

Cl1-Chloride

Predicting Ionic Charges

Group 18:

Groups 3 - 11: Many transition elements have multiple oxidation states.

Iron(II) = Iron(III) =

Predicting Ionic Charges

Groups 3 - 11: Some metals have only one possible oxidation state.
Silver = Ag+ Zinc = Zn2+

Predicting Ionic Charges

Rules for assigning Oxidation Numbers

1. 2. 3. 4. The atoms in a pure element have an oxidation number of zero. Alkali metals always have an oxidation number of +1; alkaline earth metals always have an oxidation number of +2. Fluorine always has an oxidation number of -1. Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 in almost all compounds. Exceptions are in compounds with a halogen, when it has an oxidation number of +2, and in peroxides (H2O2), when it has an oxidation number of -1. Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in almost all compounds except when combined with a metal when it has an oxidation number of -1. The sum of all the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is zero. The sum of all the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.

5. 6. 7.

ASSIGNING OXIDATION NUMBERS

A compound has a total charge of ZERO so set your equation equal to ZERO. Assign the variable X to your unknown oxidation number.

Given a compound, find the oxidation number of every element you know for certain. Then solve for others using algebra. a. KMnO4

b.

CaCO3

What is in common with the elements in the compound?

H2+1 O1-2 Mg1+2F2-1

Al2+3S3-2

Cu3+1P1-3

Ca1+2Cl2-1

Fe2+3O3-2

CRISS-CROSS METHOD to determine the chemical formula

1. 2. Write the symbols for the elements side by side. Write the oxidation states of each element to the top right of the symbol. When the nonmetal is combines with a metal, the oxidation state will always be the first number (the negative one) in the list of oxidation states. 3. Criss cross the charges DOWN and use the absolute values (-2 becomes 2). 4. Check to make sure the subscripts are the lowest ratio.

Practice Criss-Cross Method

1. Na and S

2. K and P

3. Al and S

4. Mg and Br

5. Al and O

Write down the only cations on Table E: (positively charges ions)

Write down the only polyatomic ions that end in ide.

Find the charge of the polyatomic ion using Table E Put parenthesis around the polyatomic ion.

1. PO4 2. CO3 3. SO3 4. NH4 5. ClO 6. ClO2

7. 8. 9.

HSO4 ClO4 CN

10. OH 11. S2O3 12. SCN

 If you see a group of atoms together with a charge it is a polyatomic ion from Table E. Put the polyatomic ion within Parenthesis. Find the charge of the polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross method to determine subscripts.

Na +1 CO3-2 How many atoms are present in the compound? NH4 +1 S-2 How many atoms are present in the compound?

Write the formula of the compound composed of the ions shown: a. Place all Polyatomic Ions in Parenthesis (Table E) b. Determine all oxidation numbers of elements and polyatomic ions c. Use Criss-Cross Method d. Reduce to Empirical Form if necessary

1. NH4 S 2. Na NO3

3. Cu Br

4. Al SO4

5. Fe CO3

6. Pb PO4

7. Ag ClO

8. Ca F

9. NH4 SO3

10. Cu OH

11. Ni I

12. Zn SO4

13. Pb ClO2

14. H I

15. Fe HSO4

16. Cu CO3

17. NH4 O

18. Ag S

19. Al ClO4

WELCOME BACK!!

HAPPY NEW YEAR!!!!

What is the topic we are learning?

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS

An Ionic compound can quickly be determined if a METAL is bonded to a NONMETAL. Naming Ionic compounds with metals that have only ONE oxidation state is fairly simple.

Of the following metals listed below, check off all the elements that have more than one oxidation state:
a. Mn___ b. Zn ___ c. K ____ e. Mg___ f. Au ___ g. Ag ___ i. Sn __ j. Li ____ k. U ____ d. Pb___ h. Ga ___ l. Cr ___

Naming Ionic Compounds that contain metals with only 1 oxidation state.
Binary Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds with only 2 different elements. Name the metal and end the nonmetal in ide.

For example: CaBr2 =

1. MgO= ________________________ 2. CaCl2 = _______________________ 3. AlBr3 = _______________________ 4. Ag3N = _______________________ 5. Al2O3 = ______________________

6. LiI = _________________________ 7. BaF2 = _______________________ 8. Zn2C = _______________________ 9. Ba3N2 = ______________________

Cadmium Oxide 10. CdO = _Cadnium oxide__________

11. Ga2S3 = _______________________ 12. K3N = ________________________ 13. SrO = ________________________

Name the following Polyatomic Ions: A. NO3- _________ d. SO42- ___________ B. ClO2- _________ e. S2O32- __________ C. CO32- _________ f. SCN- ____________

Ternary Ionic Compounds Ionic Compounds with 3 different elements. They usually contain Polyatomic Ions (Table E)

How to name Ternary Compounds:

Name the metal and then name the polyatomic ion. For example: KNO3 =

Name the following Ternary compounds:

1. NaC2H3O2 _____________________ 2. AgHCO3 _______________________ 3. LiNO2 _________________________ 4. Ga2(S2O3)3 ____________________ 5. Ca3(PO4)2 _____________________

6. ZnSO3 __________________________ 7. KClO3 ___________________________ 8. Al(OH)3 _________________________ 9. RbSCN __________________________ 10. SrCO3 _________________________

1. Determine the oxidation state of the metal in the compound. 2. Name the metal, put the oxidation state in ROMAN NUMERALS in parenthesis and end the nonmetal in ide.

Naming Ionic Compounds with Metals with Multiple oxidation states (multiple charges): STOCK SYSTEM

Criss-Cross Pb+4 O-2 Cu+2 (SO4) -2 Sn+2(CO3) -2

Find Empirical formula

Work Backwards and Start with the Empirical Formula to determine the Oxidation state of a Metal with Multiple Oxidation States
Empirical Formula Write in the oxidation number for the nonmetal or polyatomic ion you are sure of and criss-cross. Non-reduced form with Oxidation States

Fe1O1

Fe O

Fe1(SO4)1

Fe (SO4)

Cu1(SO4)1

Cu (SO4)

Work Backwards and Start with the Empirical Formula to determine the Oxidation state of a Metal with Multiple Oxidation States

Empirical Formula
Sn1(SO3)1

Write in the oxidation number for the nonmetal or polyatomic ion you are sure of and criss-cross.

Non-reduced form with Oxidation States

Sn (SO3)

Mn1(SO4)2

Mn (SO4)

Cr1(PO4)2

Cr (PO4)

Name the following compound using the Stock System:

1. Fe O ____________________________ 2. Fe Cl2 ___________________________ 3. Cu SO4 __________________________ 4. Pb Cl2 ___________________________

5. Pb O2 ___________________________ 6. Cu3(PO4)2 ________________________ 7. Cu2 S ___________________________ 8. Fe2(CrO4)3 ______________________ 19. Sn CO3 _________________________ 10. Sn F4 ___________________________

Name each of the following compounds, use Roman Numerals only when necessary.
Put a check next to every compound that begins with a metal with more than 1 oxidation state. Put parenthesis around all the polyatomic ions. 1. NH4 Cl _________________________ 2. Pb SO4 _________________________ 3. Co Cl3 __________________________

4. Ba (NO3)2 ______________________ 5. Co2 (SO3)3 _____________________ 6. KH ____________________________ 7. NH4 F _________________________ 8. K2Cr2O7 _______________________

9. Cu S __________________________ 10. Cu ClO2 ______________________ 11. Ag NO3 _______________________ 12. Fe Cl3 ________________________ 13. Cr F2 _________________________ 14. Na Cl _________________________

15. Fe PO4 ______________________ 16. Li F _________________________ 17. Fe F3 _______________________ 18. Al (OH)3 _____________________ 19. Mg I2 ________________________ 20. Fe Cl3 _______________________

Formula Writing for Ionic Compounds

1. All ionic compounds must be in empirical form. (Reduced Form) 2. If the compound ends in ide, most likely it is a binary compound. Except for cyanide and hydroxide. 3. If the substance ends in ate or ite it contains a polyatomic ion. Put the polyatomic ion in parenthesis before you criss-cross. 4. Put the oxidation states on top and criss-cross the numbers. For example: Aluminum Sulfide =

Write the formulas for each of the following compounds: Make sure you reduce it to empirical form. 1. Aluminum Chloride ___________________ 2. Silver Phosphate _____________________ 3. Lithium Hydride ______________________ 4. Magnesium Acetate __________________ 5. Potassium Sulfite _____________________

6. Zinc Thiosulfate ____________________

7. Strontium Nitride ____________________

8. Calcium Oxide _______________________

9. Gallium Oxalate ______________________

10. Ammonium Hydroxide ________________

Writing formulas for compounds with metals with more than one oxidations state: (Roman Numerals will be given)
1. If there are Roman Numerals with the name, the Roman Numeral is the charge of the metals. For example: Iron (II) Oxide= Fe+2O-2=Fe2O2=FeO 2. If the compound ends in ate or ite, most likely you should look on the polyatomic ion chart. 3. Write the metal, then look up the polyatomic ion and place it in parenthesis. Put the charges on top and criss-cross. Reduce if necessary. For example: Zinc Carbonate= Gold (III) Thiocyanate =

For each compound listed below, write the correct formula using the stock system.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Iron (II) Chloride _____________________ Lead (IV) Phosphide __________________ Tin (II) Oxide ________________________ Copper (I) Iodide _____________________ Nickel (III) Sulfide ____________________

6. Cobalt (II) Thiocyanate ______________

7. Manganese (IV) Oxide _________________

8. Titanium (IV) Chromate _________________

9. Iron (III) Sulfate _______________________

10. Lead (II) Nitrate ______________________

11. Tin (IV) Carbonate ______________

12. Copper (II) Acetate _____________

Naming Molecular Compounds

What types of bonds are in molecular compounds? _____________________ How can we tell if a formula has a covalent bond? ___________________________

Prefix System
Most nonmetals have more than 1 oxidation state, therefore you can use the Stock System (Roman Numerals) or the prefix system.
Molecular Prefix Number of Atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

HOW TO NAME MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS According to the number of atoms of each element, state the prefix for the number of each atom before the name of the element and end the nonmetal in ide. For example: P2O5 = CO2 = The prefix mono only need to be used for the second half of the compound NOT the first element.

Name the following covalent compounds:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CI4 ________________________________ PCl5 ______________________________ SI6 _______________________________ P2S6 ______________________________ N3O4 ______________________________

6. SO2 ____________________________ 7. N2O4 ___________________________ 8. CO _____________________________ 9. NF3 ____________________________ 10. ICl5 ___________________________ 11. H2S3 __________________________

12. N2O3 _________________________ 13. ClF7 __________________________ 14. SO3 ___________________________ 15. NI5 ___________________________ 16. BN2 __________________________ 17. P2O5 _________________________ 18. IF7 ___________________________

Many chemical compounds have common names: Example: Water Ammonia Table salt

Naming Acids
1. Elements that begin with hydrogen are normally acids. 2. Naming Binary Acids
a. Begin with the word HYDRO- and end with the non metal in IC b. Then add the word ACID For example: HCl= Hydrochloric acid

3. Naming Ternary Acids a. Cover the hydrogen and look up the polyatomic ion being used. b. If the polyatomic ion ends in ITE change the ending to OUS and add the word ACID. For example: HClO2 = chlorite = Chlorous Acid c. If the polyatomic ion ends in ATE change the ending to IC and add the word acid. For example: H SO = sulfate = Sulfuric Acid

Name the following acids:

1. HCl _______________________________

2. HBr _______________________________ 3. HF _______________________________ 4. H2S ______________________________ 5. H3P ______________________________

6. H2Se ___________________________ 7. HI ______________________________

8. H2CO3 __________________________ 9. H2C2O7 _________________________ 10. HNO2 __________________________

11. H3PO4 _________________________

12. H2SO3 _________________________

13. H2S2O3 ________________________

For each of the following acids below, write the correct formula.
1. Sulfuric Acid ________________________

2. Hydrochloric Acid ____________________ 3. Clorous Acid ________________________ 4. Cloric Acid __________________________ 5. Thiocyanic Acid _______________________

6. Acetic Acid _______________________ 7. Nitric Acid ___________________________ 8. Dichromic Acid _______________________ 9. HydroIodic Acid ______________________ 10. Nitrous Acid ________________________ How can you tell the difference between a binary acid and a ternary acid from its name?

Naming Ionic Compounds using the Formula

Determining subscripts of elements or polyatomic in ionic compounds Naming ionic compounds with metals with only 1 oxidation state Use Criss-cross method Example:

Binary Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds with only 2 different elements. Name the metal and end the nonmetal in ide. Ternary Ionic Compounds Ionic Compounds with 3 different elements. Name the metal and then name the polyatomic ion.

For example: CaBr2 = Calcium Bromide

For example: KNO3 = Potassium Nitrate

Naming ionic compounds with metals with multiple oxidation state

1. Determine the oxidation state of the metal in the compound. 2. Name the metal, put the oxidation state in ROMAN NUMERALS in parenthesis and end the nonmetal in ide.

Example: FeO= Iron (II) Oxide

Writing the Formula of Ionic Formulas using the name of the Ionic Compound
Formula Writing for Ionic Compounds
All ionic compounds must be in empirical form. (Reduced Form) If the compound ends in ide, most likely it is a binary compound. Except for cyanide and hydroxide. If the substance ends in ate or ite it contains a polyatomic ion. Put the polyatomic ion in parenthesis before you criss-cross. Put the oxidation states on top and crisscross the numbers. For example:
Zinc Carbonate= Zn+2(CO3) -2 = Zn2(CO3)2 =Zn(CO3) Gold (III) Thiocyanate = Au+3 (SCN) -1 = Au(SCN)3

Writing formulas for compounds with metals with more than one oxidations state: (Roman Numerals will be given)

If there are Roman Numerals with the name, the Roman Numeral is the charge of the metals. 2. If the compound ends in ate or ite, most likely you should look on the polyatomic ion chart. 3. Write the metal, then look up the polyatomic ion and place it in parenthesis. Put the charges on top and criss cross. Reduce if necessary.

For example: Iron (II) Oxide= Fe+2O-2=Fe2O2=FeO

THE END