Chapter #34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War Big Picture Themes 1.

. When it became evident that both Japan and Germany were marching toward militarism, FDR (and Europe) made it clear they wanted peace. This effectively gave the dictators a go-ahead sign. 2. Events showed war as inevitable. Japan attacked China. Spain became a dictatorship, and Italy and Germany did as well. 3. After watching Hitler go on the move, he finally broke a pledge to not attack Poland. England and France went to war. The U.S. still wanted to stay out. 4. As the situation overseas deteriorated, the U.S. began to support England and France more openly with words and supplies. Finally, when Pearl Harbor was attacked, the U.S. entered WWII. IDENTIFICATIONS: Nuremburg Trials A series of court proceedings held after World War II in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity. Cordell Hull Secretary of State who had a part in the passing of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934. Winston Churchill Prime minister of Britain who led Great Britains lonely resistance to Hitler. Charles Lindbergh Leader of the America First organization and chief spokesman for U.S. isolationism. Good Neighbor Policy Stated that the U.S. will not use hostile forces to gain or help surrounding territories. Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act Amended the Hawley-Smoot Tariff by lowering rates by as much as half, provided that other countries would do the same toward the United States. Rome-Berlin Axis The alliance between Mussolini of Italy and Hitler of Germany. Nye Committee Formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers were pro-war. Neutrality Acts Series of laws by Congress in 1930s that attempted to prevent U.S. involvement in future overseas wars. Russo-German Nonaggression Pact This pact allowed Hitler to attack Poland without a fear that Russia would attack them. "cash and carry" The only way Europe could buy American war materials in WWII. They would have to transport the munitions in their own ships and pay for it with cash. America First Committee Advocated that the U.S. focus on continental defense and non-involvement with a European war.

Lend-Lease Act The U.S. would lend weapons to overseas countries and victims of aggression who would in turn finish the job of fighting and keep the war overseas. Atlantic Charter U.S. and British agreement to promote democracy and establish a new international organization for peace. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The London Conference Know: London Economic Conference 1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies? The conference adjourned accomplishing nothing, and furthermore strengthened American isolationism. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act 2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines? American sugar growers wanted to get rid of the Filipino sugar due to the competition they created. Becoming a Good Neighbor Know: Good Neighbor Policy 3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain. Yes, the U.S. lessened its influence in Cuba and Panama and Haiti in Latin America. Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain. It was a good idea because the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act started to reverse the high tariff trend to a low tariff trend that continued in the post- WWII period. Tariff rates were sometimes cut in half. Storm-Cellar Isolationism Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism 5. What were the reasons for American isolationism? America did not want to get involved in foreign affairs. It had its own problems like coming out of the depression. Congress Legislates Neutrality Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts 6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war? These acts stated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent. America Dooms Loyalist Spain Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War 7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII? The Spanish Civil War was a test for Hitler and his tanks and planes. Franco and his fascists won which helped the dictators. The U.S. did not set its military up for defense and let the navy get weaker. Appeasing Japan and Germany Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudetenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement 8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat? Hitler broke the Treaty of Versailles by making military service mandatory and marched troops into the Rhineland. He also killed 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. Japan also mistreated the Americans in China.

Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry 9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe? Americans were anti-Hitler and anti-Nazi and wanted Britain and France to win, but they would not permit themselves to be dragged into the war. The Fall of France Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill 10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France? Roosevelt ordered the buildup of armed forces. He also had Congress pass the first peacetime draft in American history. At the Havana Conference, the U.S. warned Germany that it could not take over American orphan colonies. Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress 11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's? There was a population influx and America was wary of threats made by Germany. Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940) Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal 12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940. Those who supported helping Britain formed the Committee to Defend America, while those who did not want to be entangled in the war were in the America First Committee. FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940) Know: Wendell Wilke 13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election. Wendell L. Willkie became the Republican against Democratic candidate FDR. Democrats felt that FDR was the only man qualified to be president, especially in so grave of a situation as was going on. Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law Know: Lend-Lease 14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease? It meant the abandonment of isolation and neutrality. German submarines started to fire upon U.S. ships. Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter Know: Atlantic Charter 15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union? The Atlantic Charter declared disarmament and a peace of security, as well as a new League of Nations. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash 16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war? The U.S. sent more than $50 billion to the Allies. The reason it brought us into war after taking an isolation stance was that America had a financial investment and needed the outcome to fall in favor of the country. America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent 17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain. Up until the day of the Pearl Harbor attack, most America still wanted to stay out of the war, but afterwards the event sparked such passion that it completely infuriated Americans into wanting to go to war. For most, it was sudden, but some Americans still did not want to go in to war.

Chapter #35: America in World War II Big Picture Themes 1. The first goal of the U.S. in the war was to mobilize. This meant signing up thousands of troops, and switching the American economy over to war. For example, it was time to stop making sedans, and start building bombers. 2. The war affected all Americans. Men (of all races) went to war and women took the jobs the men had left. 3. In the Pacific, the U.S. island hopped over four years from Hawaii all the way to Okinawa and were knocking on Japans door. Finally, the atomic bomb drove Japan to surrender. 4. In Europe, the U.S. and her allies worked from North Africa up through Italy and toward the soft underbelly of Germany. Then, the massive D-Day invasion drove the Nazis back to Germany where Hitler committed suicide and his generals surrendered. IDENTIFICATIONS: A. Philip Randolph Black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during the war. George S. Patton "Blood 'n' Guts," commander who commanded lunges across France by American armed tank division. Albert Einstein A German born scientist who encouraged Roosevelt and America to build the first atomic bomb. Office of Price Administration FDR created this in order to prevent inflation in the economy during the war. Fair Employment Practice Commission Established to monitor compliance with executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries. D-Day First day of Normandy landings which started the invasion of Western Europe and liberated France from Germany. V-E Day Victory in Europe Day. The German government surrendered unconditionally on May 7th, 1945. Manhattan Project The project that took place in a Manhattan basement which secretly built the first atomic bombs in history. Braceros Mexican Americans who came to the United States to work and harvest crops. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Allies Trade Space for Time Know: Germany First 1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain. America had the hardship of preparing for war, since it had been in isolation for the preceding decades. The test would be whether or not it could mobilize quickly enough to stop Germany and make the world safe for democracy again.

The Shock of War Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S. 2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home? Many New Deal programs were wiped out, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration and the National Youth Administration. Building the War Machine Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board 3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor? In manufacturing, the war production board took over and stopped production of non-essential items. In agriculture, new equipment and fertilizers yielded record harvests. In labor, there were minimal labor strikes. Makers of America: The Japanese Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei 4. In what way can it be said that the reasons for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble? Their success made them more confident which only led to them being crushed by America. Manpower and Womanpower Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter 5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war? There were 216,000 women in the military. Women took war jobs such as building planes, artillery shells and tanks. After the war, women left the workplace because of the baby boom. Wartime Migrations Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots 6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities? African Americans served in segregated units in the military. Because of the newly invented cotton picking machines, blacks moved to the north or west. The black organizations increased in membership. Native Americans also fought in the war using their code language. Holding the Homefront 7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war? The gross national product more than doubled, as did corporate profits. In fact, when the war ended and price controls were lifted, inflation shot up. The Rising Sun in the Pacific Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March 8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor. After Pearl Harbor, Japan began to take island after island such as Guam, Wake Island, Philippines, Hong Kong, British Malaya, Burma, Dutch East Indies and much of coastal China. Japan's High Tide at Midway Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz 9. Why was Midway an important battle? America won and sunk four Japanese aircraft carriers. This battle proved to be the turning point in the expansion of Japanese, because it halted the expansion. American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam 10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese? The U.S. used the strategy of island hopping. It would take the weaker islands and build airbases on them instead of attacking the stronghold. The stronger islands would be invaded later by bombing or keeping resources from them.

The Allied Halting of Hitler Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad 11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain. At the Battle of El Alamein the British stopped the Germans. From there, the Allies pushed the Germans back. Russians also stopped Germans at Stalingrad. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily 12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa. The invasion was to open a second front against Germany so the Russian casualties would not be so heavy. Germans were pushed out and Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to seek the unconditional surrender of Germany. D-Day: June 6, 1944 Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton 13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war? The D-Day invasion was the largest amphibious assault in history which liberated Paris. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman 14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944? FDR had many overseas enemies. Therefore, it was very important for the vice president to not have any enemies. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Know: Fala 15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey? Because the war was going on, Americans thought that FDR was best-suited to keep on with his term. The Last Days of Hitler Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day 16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe. Germans made one last push at the Battle of the Bulge. The Allies started pushing towards Berlin and found out the horrors of the Holocaust. Eisenhower made German civilians march through the camps to see what they had done. Japan Dies Hard Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes 17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section. Japan was taken down, but in the hard way. It suffered many causalities and Iwo Jima was captured. The Atomic Bombs Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito 18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb? The bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan sued for peace on one condition: The Emperor Hirohito to be allowed to remain on the Japanese throne. The Allies Triumphant Know: George Marshall 19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain The number killed by disease and infections was very low thanks to new miracle drugs like penicillin. The success was partly due to the excellent army generals. Industry also put out a phenomenal amount of goods Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified? 20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer? There has been big controversy on whether or not the choice of dropping atomic bombs was justified.