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Section of a seed: edible fruit, almost without exception seeds of the Graminae family.

Following pollination and fertilization, two major developmental steps occur in the life cycle of seed plants which do not occur in the mosses or ferns. One is the development of the seed and the other is the development of the fruit. The seed development consists of a conversion of the integument of the ovule into a resistant seed coat, the development of the endosperm, and the development of the embryo. ll these events ta!e place within the original ovary. "#amine the slides of the ovary of the dicotyledon Capsella bursapastoris. This plant is a common $anito%a weed !nown as &hepherd's purse. These slides show several seeds in different stages of development. Before you e#amine the slides, refer to Figures () * ((. fter fertilization, the zygote divides mitotically. The product of this repeated nuclear division and cell multiplication is an embryo. "#amine the slides of the developing em%ryo +,-./-01. section through a nearly mature seed will reveal an em%ryo consisting of two large cotyledons with a small epicotyl %etween them attached the hypocotyl +&lide ,-21. $ost or all of the endosperm has %een a%sor%ed %y the cotyledons and the integuments of the ovule have grown into a seed coat. The %asal portion of the em%ryo is termed the radicle. The epicotyl develops into the a%ove ground structures of the plant +stem, leaves, flowers1. The radicle develops into the true root system while the hypocotyl develops into the transition zone %etween root and stem.

Figure () 3 &eed 4evelopment

Figure (( // "m%ryo 4evelopment in Capsella sp.

O%tain a %ean seed from the Instructor. &ection the seed along the plane indicated in Figure (5. 6ocate the seed coat, cotyledons and embryo in the seed.

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$ichael $uller's Bios 100 Summer 2005 site +9niv. Ill. at :hicago1. Sclerotesta: the middle, fi%rous layer of the integument in some seeds. Image from 4unn et al. +5))51 showing cross sections of a Rhynchosperma quinii seed from the late $ississippian +&erpu!hovian;1 of r!ansas. Secondary growth: growth in width initiated and maintained %y the vascular cam%ium and cor! cam%ium. See cambium. The vascular cam%ium surrounds the core of the stem, %ranch, or root. It creates xylem medially and phloem radially. If present, the cor! cam%ium, a second, outer layer of cam%ium, creates a new outer layer +typically %ar!1 radially. There is a really good e#planation of secondary growth at Stem - Secondary Growth. Secondary phloem: phloem produced %y the vascular cam%ium. See phloem, cambium, secondary growth.

<er!ecam%ahan di atas tanah +epigeal1 yaitu 3 ji!a pada per!ecam%ahan !arena pem%entangan ruas %atang di %awah daun lem%aga, daun lem%aganya terang!at !e atas muncul di atas tanah.

7"=$I8 &I >?<O7" 6

?aitu 3 per!ecam%ahan di %awah tanah, %ila daun lem%aga tetap tinggal dalam !ulit %iji dan tetap di dalam tanah.