IEEE ISIE 2006, July 9-12, 2006, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Distance Relay Over-Reaching due to Installation of TCSC on Next Line

S. Jamali, A. Kazemi, H. Shateri Iran University of Science and Technology sjamaligiust. ac.ir, kazemigiust. ac.ir, shaterigiust.ac. ir

enhance the stability of power systems by means of increasing the transmission capacity of the lines and provide the optimum utilization of the system capability. This is done by pushing the power systems to their limits [4]. It is well documented in the literature that the introduction of FACTS devices in a power system has a great influence on its dynamics. Therefore, it is essential to study effects of FACTS devices on protective systems, especially the distance protection. It is well-known that in the presence of series capacitors on the transmission lines, they would cause the over-reaching of the distance relays which are located on the adjacent lines. This is true for both fixed and controllable series capacitors. The probability of over-reaching due to presence of TCSC at the I. INTRODUCTION near end of the next line is mentioned in [5]-[6]. In [5]-[6] only The distance protection operates based on the measured the probability of over-reaching is discussed by means of the impedance at the relaying point. There are several factors simulations and no equations are presented. Here the measured affecting the measured impedance at the relaying point in the impedance in the case of the presence of TCSC at the near end case of first or other zones. Some of these factors are related to of the next line is presented assuming that the protective the power system parameters prior to the fault instance [1]-[3], system operates before the TCSC controlling system. which can be categorized into two groups. In the case of the This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying first zone, the first group is the structural conditions of the line, point in the presence of TCSC at the near end of the next line. represented by the short circuit levels at the transmission line In addition to TCSC compensation degree, the measured ends, whereas the second group is the pre-fault operational impedance depends on the structural and the operational conditions, represented by the line load angle and the voltage conditions of power system and especially the fault resistance. magnitude ratio at the line ends. In the case of second zone, II. TCSC MODEL two lines are present in the measured impedance evaluation. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is placed Therefore, the structural conditions should be presented in the form of short circuit levels at the three buses, and the in the group of thyristor based series connected FACTS operational conditions prior the fault are represented in the devices. As shown in Fig. 1, TCSC consists of a fixed form of the lines load angle and the voltage magnitude ratios. capacitor in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor [7]. In addition to the power system parameters, the fault resistance TCSC can be controlled by adjusting the conducting duration could greatly influence the measured impedance. In the case of of the reactor. TCSC can be modeled as a variable reactance, first zone, when the fault resistance is equal to zero, the power capacitive or inductive regarding the conducting duration of system parameters do not affect the measured impedance, i.e. the reactor, reactance of the reactor, and capacitance of the in the absence of the fault resistance the measured impedance capacitor. The reactance of TCSC is usually defined as the is equal to the actual value of the impedance of line section percentage of the positive sequence of the line which is given between the relaying and the fault points. But for the second as compensation degree, Kc, as below: zone, even in the absence of the fault resistance, the measured (1) ZTCSC -j KC XL impedance could greatly be deviated from its actual value. Therefore, in the case of the second zone and for the faults on the next line, the evaluation of the measured impedance is more complicated and more factors are included, in comparison with the case of first zone. In the recent years, FACTS devices are introduced to Fig. 1. TCSC circuit arrangement
1-4244-0497-5/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE

Abstract- This paper discusses the distance relay overreaching in the case of installation of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) which is categorized as a series connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device. This is done by presenting the measured impedance at the relaying point in the case of TCSC presence at the near end of the next line. Distance relay tripping characteristic is greatly influenced in the presence of TCSC on the transmission line or even in the case of installation of TCSC on the near end of the next line. Distance relay tripping characteristic depends on many factors including the power system structural conditions and the pre-fault loading, the ground fault resistance, and the TCSC compensation degree.

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III. MEASURED IMPEDANCE AT RELAYING POINT

EA

z/

z Z1LBC

-,

Z1SC

EC

Distance relay operates based on the measured impedar the relaying point. In the case of faults in the first zone a the absence of the fault resistance, the measured impedan a distance relay is the actual impedance of the line se between the fault and the relaying points. According to F this impedance is equal to PZ]L, where p is per unit leng the line section between the fault and the relaying points ZiL is the line positive sequence impedance in ohms. I n the case of a non-zero fault resistance, the measured impedarice at the relaying point is not equal to the mentioned value. hn this case, the structural and operational conditions of the ppower system affect the measured impedance at the relaying I The operational conditions prior to the fault instance csan be represented by the load angle of the line, 6, and the ratio ()f the magnitude of the line end voltages, h, or in ge neral EB EA = he i6. The structural conditions are evaluated by the short circuit levels at the line ends, SSA and SSB. The mea sured impedance at the relaying point can be expressed b2 y the following equation. More detailed calculations can be foumnd in [2].

z1
EB

Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit for single phase to ground fault, double line model

ZA +Z]LAB +Z1SB Z1AB =Z1SA + Z]LAB Z1AF Z1SA +Z1LAB +PZ1LBC

zA
A

Z]LBC + (Z1A + Z1LAB )Z1SB

(3)
(4) (5)
(6)

Z1C =(1-P)ZLBC + Z1SC

Z1CB Z1LBC
+ Z1SC

ZOSA +ZOLAB +ZOSB ZoC (- P)ZOLBC + ZOSC z =2 JA 1C + ZOAZOC

z Z1A +Z +IZ1C
CA 1C
-

ZOA

P ZOLBC + Z

(Z

+Z

+Z

)Z
Z

(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

z ZOA +ZOC

3Rf ZA =PZ]L +3R Cd + 2C1 + Co(+ 3KOL)

(2)

zic

(1 1)
(12)

The above equation shows that in the case of zero fault resistance, the measured impedance at the relaying poimt is equal to its actual value and otherwise it deviates fro]m its actual value depending on the fault resistance and the s)ystem conditions. As the fault resistance increases, the mea,sured impedance deviates more. As mentioned, the above equation presents the mea,sured impedance for the faults in the first zone. But for the s(2cond zone, the next line also should be considered, since this zone covers a part of the adjacent lines. Therefore, it is necessairy to 1yto modify the power system model shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 s,hows a power system model which consists of two lines, three Ibuses and three sources. According to Fig. 3, the measured impedance for the Ifaults on the next line can be evaluated. Here also it is necessa arynto determine the power system conditions for impe( evaluation. Similar to the case of single line model, stru4ctural conditions are represented by short circuit levels at three b)uses, SSA, SSB and Ssc. The pre-fault operational conditic expressed by the lines load angles, aB and ac, and the ratiios of the voltage magnitudes of the buses, hB and hc, or genm erally EB EA= hBe 15B and Ec /EA= hAe ;C
EA

CiA
C

ZSB Z1SA + Z1LAB + ZISB

CO CA -z
K

ZOA +ZOC zOSB o SA

+Z

ZOC

(13)
+Z O SB

OLAB

(14) (15) (16)

OLAB

_ ZOLAB -Z1LAB
3ZLAB
-

o KOLBC

_ z ZOLBC - z LBC

3Z1LBC K 15 - ZBC (1 -hB e

+

Z1BC[(- P)Z1LAB + ZAhB e 1j1B]

j) + Z1sB (1-hc e j c

Z1SB[Z1FC + Z]Ahce ej'c]

(17) (18) (19) (20)

C/dAB = (Z_ + 3Rf )K3 Z1BC (1 hB ej) + Z1sB (1-hc e jSc)

CLdA = (Z_ + 3Rf )K"

Z1BC [('1 P)ZLAB + ZIAhB eh j B + Z1SB[Z1FC +Z]Ahce-j- 3j

pZl

EB

ZA = Z1LAB + P Z1LBC CjdA + 2C (1- CIA) + + 3R1 P ZJLB!CLJ + 3KOLBC CB+ C1C1+ COA( l 3KOLAB2 1

(21)

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit for single phase to ground fault, single line model

CLdAB + 2CIAC + COACO (l +3KOLAB)

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It can be seen that for zero fault resistance, unlike the case of first zone, the measured impedance at the relaying point is not equal to the impedance of the line section between the relaying and the fault points. Here, the power system conditions even affect the measured impedance in the absence of the fault resistance. When a TCSC is installed at the near end of the second line, the above equations would be changed. This variation also depends on TCSC compensation degree. In the following subsection, TCSC is represented by its compensation degree or its

200U -U

,. .

..

180

160-

impedance, ZTCST.

between 0 and 200 ohms and the fault point variation from Bus B up to Bus C. The characteristic impedances of Lines AB and ZOA ZTCSC +PZOLBC+ (ZOSA + ZOLAB )ZOSB BC are shown in Fig. 4 to make it possible to observe the ZOSA + ZOLAB + ZOSB impedance deviation, especially in the absence of fault + + resistance. The quadrilateral characteristic is also plotted in ZA =Z1LAB ZTCSC P Z1LBC 4 Fig. to show that in the absence TCSC, in spite of measured Cld+ 2C(1 -CIA)+ impedance deviation, distance relay would not over-reach its (P Z1LBC + ZTCSC O+BC (26) setting point. In this figure, short circuit levels are 10, 1, and 20 GVA at the Buses A, B, and C, respectively. The ratios of the voltage magnitudes are 0.98 and 0.96. The load angels are + 3Rf -3ZTCSC COKOLBC equal to 160 and 320 for Lines AB and BC, respectively. The CldAB + 2C1AC1 + COACO (1 + 3KOLAB) quadrilateral characteristic is set to 80% of Line AB. Fig. 5 shows the effect of the variation of the TCSC It can be seen that in this case also for zero fault resistance, the measured impedance at the relaying point is not equal to compensation degree on the measured impedance at the the impedance of the line section between the relaying and the relaying point, in both inductive and capacitive modes. Here fault points. Here, the measured impedance deviates more than the compensation degree takes the values -0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, the pervious case in such a way that the distance relay might be and 0.3. It can be seen that as the compensation degree increases, subjected to over-reaching. from inductive to capacitive mode, the tripping characteristic IV. IMPACT OF TCSC ON DISTANCE RELAY TRIPPING shifts downward. The measured resistance decreases as well as CHARACTERISTIC AND OVER-REACHING PROBLEM the measured reactance. In the case of the compensation degree of 0.1, the lower The impacts of the presence of a TCSC on the near end of the next line, which might lead to over-reaching, have been boundary of the tripping characteristic approaches the upper tested for a test system. Two 400 kV transmission lines, AB boundary of the quadrilateral characteristic, and even enters the and BC, with the lengths of 200 and 300 km have been used in characteristic. In the case of the compensation degrees of 0.2 this study. By utilizing the Electro-Magnetic Transient and 0.3, the lower boundary of the tripping characteristic Program (EMTP) [8] various sequence impedances of these 200 lines are evaluated according to their physical dimensions. The 180 (- 0.1 ) ( 0.0 ) calculated impedances of various sequences of the lines are as 160 ( 0.1 )

Z1SA + ZLAB + Z1SB ZJAF =Z1SA + Z]LAB + ZTCSC + P Z1LBC ZCB =ZTCSC + Z1LBC + Z1SC

ZIA ZTcsc +P ZLBC + (Z1SA + Z1LAB )Z1SB

(22)
(23)

50

Resistance, R (Ohms)

100

150

200

250

Fig. 4. Distance relay tripping characteristic, in absence of TCSC

(24)

follow: RiLAB =0.0201 Q/km XILAB =0.2868 Q/km ROLAB =0.1064 Q/km XOLAB =0.8670 Q/km R]LBC =0.0113 Q/km XILBC =0.3037 Q/km ROLBC=0.1535 Q/km XOLBC = 1.1478 Q/km In the absence of TCSC, Fig. 4 shows the measured impedance at the relaying point for the fault resistances

140 E 120 0

(0.2)

(0.3)

100 8 i80
60

50

Fig. 5. Distance relay tripping characteristic, in presence of TCSC

Resistance, R (Ohms)

100

150

200

250

300

1956

locates in the quadrilateral characteristic, for the low fault resistances. In this case, the distance relay of Line AB at the Bus A would over-reach and operate when the fault occurs on Line BC. This line is in second protective zone of relay A, and this relay is the backup protection and it should only operate when the main protection fails. It can be seen that as the compensation degree increases, the tripping characteristic shifts more downward and the tripping characteristic and the quadrilateral characteristic overlapping increases. Therefore the probability of over-reaching becomes more. So the higher compensation degree leads to higher risk of over-reaching. In the following the variation of the tripping characteristic due to the power system conditions is studied in the case of the compensation degree of 0.3, in capacitive mode. As mentioned, when power system conditions change, the tripping characteristic also varies. Usually load angle and voltage ratio have a close relation with each other, since the former determines the active load and the latter shows the reactive power flow of a transmission line, knowing power factor is usually constant. Here, the effect of these factors on the tripping characteristic is discussed separately. In addition to the operational conditions, the structural conditions are also considered. A. LoadAngle When the load level of a transmission line increases, the load angle also increases, and vice versa. If power flow direction in a transmission line reverses, the sign of the load angle would inversed. Fig. 6 shows the effect of the variation of the load angle of Line BC on the tripping characteristic. All other parameters are the same as Fig. 4. Here the phase angle of Bus C takes the values 0, 80, 160 240, and 320. The load angles for these phase angles are equal to -160, -80, 00, 80, and 160, respectively. It can be seen that as the load angle decreases, the tripping characteristic expands and both the measured resistance and reactance increase. As the load angle increases, the overlapping region between the tripping characteristic and the quadrilateral characteristic also increases. Therefore the risk of overreaching becomes greater. Fig. 7 shows the effect of the variation of the load angle of Line AB on the tripping characteristic. All other parameters are

2000
1800 1600-

1400

O 1200 1000
800 600-

400
200

0
-1000 -500

Fig. 7. Effect of line AB load angle variation, Kc

Resistance, R (Ohms)

500

1000
=

0.3

similar to Fig. 4. Here the phase angles of Buses B and C vary in such a way that Line BC load angle remains equal to 160. Here, Bus B phase angle takes the values -16, -8, 00, 80, and 160 while Bus C phase angle is equal to 00, 80, 160, 240, and 320. It can be seen that as the load angle decreases, the tripping characteristic also expands and both measured resistance and reactance increase. As the load angle increases, the overlapping region between the tripping characteristic and the quadrilateral characteristic also increases. Therefore the risk of overreaching becomes greater, like the previous case. B. Voltage Ratio Variation of the voltages ratio of transmission line affects the reactive power flow through the line. If this factor is low (lower than 1) the amount of the reactive power flowing through the line increases. If this ratio is higher than 1, it means that the reactive power flow direction is inversed. In order to show the impact of voltage ratios, with the similar parameters of Fig. 4, the voltage ratio of Bus C takes the magnitudes 0.931, 0.98, and 1.029 in Fig 8. In this case the ratio of the voltage magnitude of Bus C to Bus B is 0.95, 1, and 1.05. It can be seen that as the voltage ratio increases, the measured resistance decreases slightly, while the measured reactance decreases considerably. As the voltage ratio increases, the overlapping region between the tripping
160

140120V)

E
_/

100 10

80 (0931) 6040 0 Uj= 0 100 J(32)()4)

LL I' I' 4

Ct

090)
109)

20
01000

200

300

Fig. 6. Effect of line BC load angle variation, Kc

500 600 700 Resistance, R (Ohms)

400

800

900
=

50

100

150

200

250
=

0.3

Fig. 8. Effect of line BC voltage ratio variation, Kc

Resistance, R (Ohms)

0.3

1957

decreases, the tripping characteristic extracts and the measured resistance decreases, while the measured reactance increases. As the short circuit level at Bus C decreases, the overlapping region between the tripping characteristic and the quadrilateral characteristic also decreases. Therefore the risk of overreaching decreases. Fig. 11 shows the effect of the variation of the tripping characteristic due to changes in the short circuit level of Bus B. Here, the short circuit level of Bus B is assumed to be 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1 and 0.001 GVA. It can be seen that as the short circuit level at Bus B varies, the tripping characteristic greatly changes. As the short circuit 0 50 100 150 200 250 level at Bus B increases, the tripping characteristic expands Resistance, R (Ohms) Fig. 9. Effect of line AB voltage ratio variation, KC= 0.3 and the characteristic shifts somehow to the right. The measured resistance increases, while the measured reactance characteristic and the quadrilateral characteristic also increases, varies in complicated form. The Measured reactance increases includes in higher risk of over-reaching. in some cases, while it decreases in some other cases. Even in Fig. 9 shows the impact of voltage ratio of Line AB, with the some cases, the measured reactance becomes capacitive. As the similar parameters of Fig. 4. Here, the voltage ratio of Bus B short circuit level at Bus B increases, at first the overlapping takes the magnitudes 0.95, 1, and 1.05. As mentioned the other region between the tripping characteristic and the quadrilateral parameters are constant, therefore for a fixed ratio of 0.9796 characteristic also increases, but as the short circuit level between Buses B and C, the voltage ratio of Bus C is assumed increases more, due to its shift to the right, this region to be 0.9306, 0.9796, and 1.0287, respectively. decreases and in the case of very high short circuit level, two It can be seen that as the voltage ratio increases, the characteristics do not have any over-lap. In the latter case due measured180 resistance increases slightly, while the measured to great deviation, the relay could not provide the backup reactance decreases considerably. As the voltage ratio protection. increases, the overlapping region between the tripping The other aspect of the short circuit levels is their characteristic and the quadrilateral characteristic also increases, magnitudes. In order to study this case, in Fig. 12 short circuit which leads to higher risk of over-reaching. levels are (100, 10, 200), (10, 1, 20), and (1, 0.1, 2) GVA, with the same operational conditions as mentioned previously. C. Structural Conditions It can be seen that as the magnitude of short circuit levels at As mentioned, structural conditions of the power system are the buses varies, the tripping characteristic greatly changes. As governed by the short circuit levels at the buses. There are two the short circuit levels increases, the tripping characteristic aspects about the short circuit levels at the buses: first their ratio and second their magnitude. In order to study the effect of changes complicatedly. At first the measured resistance the short circuit levels ratio at the buses, here the short circuit decreases, and then it increases, while the measured reactance level of Bus C is changed, while the other parameters are varies in more complicated form. The Measured reactance similar to Fig. 4. Fig. 10 shows the effect ofthe variation ofthe increases in some cases, while it decreases in some other cases. tripping characteristic as the short circuit level of Bus C is Even in some cases, the measured reactance becomes capacitive. As the short circuit levels magnitude increases, the equal to 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1 and 0.001 GVA. It can be seen that as the short circuit level at Bus C overlapping region also increases, which leads to the higher risk of over-reaching.
200 150

100
20
O 50 0 -50 -100

50

Fig. 10. Effect of Bus C short circuit level variation, Kc = 0.3

Resistance, R (Ohms)

100

150

200

250

-150 0 50 100

Fig. 11. Effect of Bus B short circuit level variation, Kc

Resistance, R (Ohms)

150

200

250

300

350
=

0.3

1958

140 -200,10,100)

10

1 2080

20~~~~~~~~011
40

backup protection. It can be seen that in the presence of TCSC at the near end of the next line, the distance relay greatly is subjected to overreaching, and it is essential to consider this fact in setting the first and the second zones. Since the deviation of the measured impedance is not constant, because of the various including parameters, adaptive methods should be utilized.
200 250 300 350
=

short circuit level at Bus B is more effective than that of Bus C. In the case of the high short circuits at Bus B, the measured impedance greatly deviates in such a way that even in the absence of TCSC, the distance relay could not provide the

50

100

Fig. 12. Effect of short circuit level magnitudes variation, Kc

Resistance, R (Ohms)

150

REFERENCES

0.3

[1]

V. CONCLUSIONS

[2]

This paper evaluates the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of TCSC at the near end of the next line. In the absence of TCSC, the measured impedance for the faults on the next line does not locate in the first zone, but in the presence of TCSC the measured impedance might locate in the first zone, resulting over-reaching. The distance relay overreaching depends on many parameters: TCSC compensation degree, power system conditions and the fault resistance magnitude. The distance relay might over-reach only in the capacitive mode of TCSC. As mentioned the presence of a series capacitor is necessary for the distance relay over-reaching. But it is not the only affecting factor in over-reaching problem. Among the operational conditions, load angles are more effective than the voltage ratios. In the case of structural conditions, the higher short circuit levels, lead to higher risk of over-reaching. The

[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

Zhang Zhizhe, and C. Deshu, "An adaptive approach in digital distance protection", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 135-142, Jan. 1991. Y. Q. Xia, K. K. Li, and A. K. David, "Adaptive relay setting for standalone digital distance protection", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 480-491, Jan. 1994. S. Jamali, "A fast adaptive digital distance protection", in Proc. 2001 IEE 7th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, DPSP 2001, pp. 149-152. Khalil El-Arroudi, Geza Joos, and Donald. T. McGillis, "Operation of impedance protection relays with the STATCOM", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 381-387, April 2002. Wang Weiguo, Yin Xianggen, Yu Jiang, Duan Xianzhong, and Chen Deshu, "The Impact of TCSC on Distance Protection Relay", in Proc. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, POWERCON '98, vol. 1, pp. 382-388. M. Khederzadeh, "The Impact of FACTS Devices on Digital Multifunction Protective Relays", in Proc. 2002 IEEE Conference and Exhibition on Transmission and Distribution, Asia Pacific IEEEIPES, vol. 3, pp. 2043-2048. A. T. Johns, A. Ter-Gazarian, and D. F. Warne, Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), Padstow, Cornwall: TJ International Ltd., 1999. H. W. Dommel, "EMPT reference manual", Microtran Power System Analysis Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 1997.

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