Coral Bleaching

Kuliah-IPTK Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi

 Introduction 3.1.1 Early Bleaching Records (Pre-1982) 3.1.2 Bleaching Records from 1982 Onwards Global Patterns of Coral Bleaching 3.2.1 Temporal Patterns 3.2.2 Spatial Patterns in Bleaching

Relationships with El NioSouthern Oscillation Events

 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data for Understanding Thermal stress and Bleaching Patterns Worldwide 4.2.1 Century-Length Global SST Reconstructions from Instrumental and Paleoclimatic Data 4.2.2 Satellite Observations of SST and Thermal Stress 4.3 Tropical SST Trends Since the Nineteenth Century 4.3.1 Tropical SST and Global Temperature Trends 4.3.2 Regional Trends in Thermal Stress 4.3.3 Role of El NioSouthern Oscillation and Other Large-Scale Patterns 4.4 Other Local Environmental Variables

Coral Bleaching

 Coral bleaching is the term used to describe the loss by the coral animal of all or some of their symbiotic algae and photosynthetic pigments with the result that the white calcium carbonate skeleton becomes visible through the now translucent tissue layer.

Corals live in symbiosis with algae

Stress

Corals release their algae

Causes of Coral Bleaching

Many local problems can cause bleaching:
Freshwater from floods Pollution Disease Sediment

Cyanide fishing

Causes of Coral Bleaching But only one thing causes bleaching at a Regional or Global scale

Temperature !!!
When the water gets hot and stays hot,
corals will bleach

Thermal Stress Causes Mass Coral Bleaching

Thermal Stress Causes Mass Coral Bleaching

Thermal Stress Causes Mass Coral Bleaching and Mortality

What are the consequences?

Environmental impacts Loss of coral Changes in reef community Loss of biodiversity Economic impacts Decreased tourism appeal Fishery decline Loss of ecosystem services Subsistence fishing Recreation Cultural significance Shoreline protection

Apakah kenaikan temperature air laut menyebabkan zooxanthellae keluar dari karang?

Hasil penelitian dari Global Coral Reef Conservation Project

Karang mengeluarkan zooxanthellae pada suhu 27-28 oC lebih banyak dibandingkan pada suhu 32 oC Keluarnya zooxanthellae tidak lebih dari 1% pengusiran zooxanthellae oleh karang adalah hal normal dalam aktifitas fisiologi karang dan kaitan dengan pemutihan karang sangat kurang relevan

Perhatikanlah gambar berikut

Yang dikeluarkan tidak banyak lalu apa yang terjadi?

Teori bleaching
Naiknya temperature bukanlah penyebab utama bleaching akan tetapi KARANG itu sendiri. Karang seperti manusia memiliki pengalaman panas Selama merespon kenaikan suhu air laut karang akan mengeluarkan mucus yang berisi gula, protein dan ammonia. Dan itu merupakan makanan pokok bagi bakteri sehingga ada proses invasi bakteri kekarang dan membahayakan zooxanthellae Another theory under investigation is that bleaching is triggered by a decline in the photosynthetic ability of the zooxanthellae

Impact bacteria in coral

Apa yang terjadi pada karang setelah proses bleaching?

Previously, it was believed that coral would not recover until zooxanthellae returned from the seawater outside the coral, because there were almost no zooxanthellae left inside the bleached coral. However, while coral looks white in high-temperature waters, several tens of percent of zooxanthellae actually live healthily. Healthy corals typically consume nearly 80% of the organic matter produced by the zooxanthellae. The remaining 20% of this food is made up of cyanobacteria, icroorganisms and plankton (both plant and animal). Research shows that corals under these conditions consume bacteria (such as protein-rich varieties) and either pico-sized (under 2 micron) or nano-sized (220 micron) plankton, which propagate even in high water temperatures. The composition of this food supply is roughly 5060% cyanobacteria, 30% other microbes and 10% diatoms The corals use the mucus that they excrete to bind this food before consuming it.

Kesimpulan

Pengayaan

TUGAS
JUMLAH HAL 1197 I01= I02

I06
I07 I03 I04

I01 I02 I03 I04 I05 I06

1-200 201-400 401-600 601-800 801-1000 1001-1197

using satellite sea surface temperature to predict coral bleaching

What satellites do we use?

NOAAs polar-orbiting POES satellites view most of the earths surface every day.

Animation from the COMET Program (http://www.comet.ucar.edu/)

How do we measure the temperature of the ocean from 850km above the surface?
If you stand next to a fire, you can feel the heat on your skin.

Satellite uses this infrared radiation to feel how warm the ocean is.

Sea Surface Temperature

updates available FOR FREE at: coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly

Is todays temperature above or below average for this location at this time of year?

Bleaching Threshold Temp

Maximum monthly mean: Average temperature for the warmest month Bleaching Threshold: One degree above Maximum Monthly Mean (MMM + 1C) Varies with latitude and local conditions: Gulf of Oman: 33.5 Florida Keys: 30.3 Oahu, Hawaii: 28.0 Galapagos: 27.5

Coral Bleaching HotSpots

Is todays temperature above the average for the warmest month?

Degree Heating Weeks (DHW)

How much thermal stress has built up over the past three months?

Degree Heating Weeks (DHW)

Temperature and duration combined: C weeks 10 DHWs could be: 1 degree above MMM for 10 weeks

2 degrees above for 5 weeks

0.5 degrees above for 20 weeks How much thermal stress has built up over the past three months?

Use of DHW to predict coral bleaching

DHW = 0 No Thermal Stress DHW >= 4 Thermal Stress leading to significant bleaching DHW >= 8 Thermal Stress leading to wide spread bleaching and significant mortality

Education Resources
Online tutorial
Web pages: how we predict coral bleaching from satellite temperature data Hands-on exercises Made for coral reef managers Also appropriate for high-school students

Education Resources
Online tutorial
Coral Bleaching Remote Sensing Sea Surface Temperature Bleaching HotSpots What can be done?

References Online Resources

Education Resources
Lesson plans
Focused on satellite technology, coral biology, and coral reef conservation Fun, hands-on science activities engage students in learning 4th - 6th grade students

Education Resources
Lesson plans
Remote Sensing & Electromagnetic Spectrum Satellite Altimetry Phytoplankton and Ocean Color Coral Reefs: Symbiosis and Anatomy Temperature and Coral Bleaching Coral Reef Conservation

Education Resources
http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/education/

For all of NOAAs coral reef education resources:

http://coralreef.noaa.gov/outreach/welcome.html