Wave hydrodynamics

Assignment 1
Material Derivative: A material Derivative is the Time derivative (rate of change) of a Property following a fluid particle. It is o tained y ta!ing a "agrangian time derivative of an #ulerian $uantity. %onsider an #ulerian $uantity& f ( x , t ) in a fluid flow where the velocity field is given v ( x, t) Ta!ing the lagrangian derivative o tain gives the material derivative of f ( x , t ) &
Df ( x , t ) df = Dt dt

fixed _ wrt _ P

= Limt 0

f ( x + v .t , t + t ) f ( x , t ) t

'()

Performing Taylor series e*pansion on f ( x , t ) gives& (+eglecting the higher order terms)

f ( x + v .t , t + t ) = f ( x , t ) + t
',)

f ( x , t ) + x .f ( x , t ) t
x we have the material derivative of f ( x , t ) t

%om ining e$ '() and e$ ',) and putting v =

Df ( x , t ) f = + ( v .) f Dt t
f Is the #ulerian derivative which corresponds to the local rate of change in f. t f +( v . ) f Is the convective component result due to the motion of the particle& t under consideration.

The above terms can be physically interpreted in the following example. -uppose a vessel initially near the e$uator started its voyage towards south with a cruise speed of ,. !nots. At the e$uator the density of the sea water is found to e (..,/ tons0m 1. -uppose the density of the sea water increases as one goes towards the south at a rate of (. 2/ tons0m1 per nautical mile.

Also due to some seasonal variation the water density glo ally is decreasing at a rate of 2,./e21 tons0m1 per day. +ow if the vessel reached a point on the same longitude due south after two days and o served the density at that location the density would e different from that at the e$uator. This difference can e calculated y using the concept of 3aterial or total derivative. %onsidering the ship to e a particle moving in a one dimensional field of density function 4(*&t) the rate of change of the density while the o server is following the vessel is given y the material derivative. D x = + Dt t x t 5ere& 3 = 2.5 10 ton0m1 per day. (The local rate of change in density with respect to time) t 5 = 10 ton0m1 per nautical mile. (The spatial change in the density along * direction) x x = 480 +autical miles per day (the velocity of the vessel) t x 5 = 480 10 ton0m1 per day x t (The convective rate of change of the density due to change in the location of the ship.) 5ence the net rate of change of the density o served following the vessel is given y D = ( 4.8 2.5) 10 3 = 2.3 10 3 ton0m1 per day. Dt The total variation in density at this rate for two days is given y& D t = 2.3 10 3 2 = 0.0046 ton0m1. Dt The density o served at this location is& '1)

b = a +

D t = 1.025 + 0.0046 = 1.0296 ton0m1. Dt