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For more |nformat|on contact:
enqu|r|es@greenpeace.org
Lead Author:
Gary Oook, Greenpeace
Co-Authors:
Tom Dowda||, Greenpeace
Dav|d Pomerantz, Greenpeace
Y|fe| Wang, Greenpeace
Ed|tor:
Dav|d Pomerantz, Greenpeace
Creat|ve D|rect|on & Des|gn by:
Arc Oommun|cat|ons
Pub||shed |n Apr|| 2014 by
Greenpeace lnc.
702 H Street, NW
Su|te 300
Wash|ngton, D.O. 20001
n|ted States
greenpeace.org
Execut|ve Summary 5
Company Scorecard 7
C|oud Source 9
G|oba| Energy Snapshot 13
The C|oud's Next Stop: Ch|na 17
The Road Map to a Green Internet 19
Your On||ne Wor|d: Green IRL, or #d|rty? 25
Green Internet Leaders and Best Pract|ces 29
Where the C|oud Touches the Ground 35
-- Map: G|oba| Data Center Hot Spots 36
-- Map: US Data Center Hot Spots 38
-- US Reg|ona| Prof||es 40
Append|x 1: Methodo|ogy 42
Append|x 2: Company Scores Exp|a|ned 44
Append|x 3: Company Data Center
Fac|||t|es and Est|mates of Power Demand 64
Notes 78
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Execut|ve
Summary
5
For the est|mated 2.5 b||||on peop|e around the
wor|d who are connected to the |nternet, |t |s
|mposs|b|e to |mag|ne ||fe w|thout |t. The |nternet
has rewoven the fabr|c of our da||y ||ves - how
we commun|cate w|th each other, work and
enterta|n ourse|ves - and become a foundat|on
of the g|oba| economy.
Seem|ng|y on a da||y bas|s, new bus|nesses that use
the |nternet as the|r foundat|on are d|srupt|ng and often
rep|ac|ng |ong-stand|ng bus|ness mode|s and |ndustr|es.
From mus|c and v|deo to commun|cat|ons and ma||, more
and more of our 'off||ne" wor|d |s mov|ng on||ne. We can
expect that trend to cont|nue and acce|erate as the g|oba|
on||ne popu|at|on reaches 50% of the wor|d`s projected
popu|at|on, mov|ng from 2.3 b||||on |n 2012 to an expected
3.6 b||||on peop|e by 2017.
1

Wh||e the on||ne wor|d appears to grow at the expense
of some trad|t|ona| bus|ness mode|s |n the off||ne wor|d,
|t |s rap|d|y creat|ng |ncreased demand for at |east one
off||ne product: e|ectr|c|ty. The rap|d growth of the c|oud
and our use of the |nternet have produced a co||ect|ve
e|ectr|c|ty demand that wou|d current|y rank |n the top s|x
|f compared a|ongs|de countr|es; that e|ectr|c|ty demand
|s expected to |ncrease by 60% or more by 2020 as the
on||ne popu|at|on and our re||ance on the |nternet stead||y
|ncrease.
2

Wh||e sh|ft|ng bus|nesses to an on||ne mode| can create
s|gn|f|cant ga|ns |n energy eff|c|ency, the energy appet|te of
the |nternet cont|nues to outstr|p those ga|ns thanks to |ts
dramat|c growth. Or|t|ca||y, the |nternet`s grow|ng energy
footpr|nt has thus far been most|y concentrated |n p|aces
where energy |s the d|rt|est.
But there |s good news to report: s|nce our |ast report,
How O|ean |s Your O|oud? (Apr|| 2012},
3
|ead|ng data
center operators have taken key steps toward bu||d|ng
a green |nternet, part|cu|ar|y those compan|es that have
comm|tted to bu||d a 100% renewab|y powered p|atform.
These comm|tments are hav|ng a profound |mpact |n the
rea| wor|d, sh|ft|ng |nvestment from |egacy coa|, gas and
nuc|ear power p|ants to renewab|e energy techno|og|es,
and d|srupt|ng the status quo among major e|ectr|c ut|||t|es.
ln S states ||ke North Oaro||na, Nevada and lowa, these
compan|es` comm|tments to c|ean energy are resu|t|ng |n
|arge amounts of w|nd and so|ar power d|sp|ac|ng coa|, gas
and nuc|ear p|ants or prevent|ng them from be|ng bu||t, to
the tang|b|e benef|t of the g|oba| c||mate and commun|t|es
||v|ng |n those states.
The env|ronmenta| rat|ona|e for techno|ogy compan|es
to act has been c|ear for many years, as a rap|d sh|ft to
renewab|e energy |s necessary to stem the worst |mpacts
of c||mate change. Now, the bus|ness case |s becom|ng
more compe|||ng as we||: costs for renewab|e energy
cont|nue to drop, pr|ces for foss|| fue|-based e|ectr|c|ty are
r|s|ng, and |ead|ng compan|es are perce|v|ng those pr|ce
cues. They are a|so heed|ng customers who |ncreas|ng|y
va|ue susta|nab|||ty.
nfortunate|y, desp|te the |eadersh|p and |nnovat|on
demonstrated by green |nternet p|oneers, other compan|es
|ag far beh|nd, w|th ||tt|e sense of urgency, choos|ng to
paper over the|r grow|ng d|rty energy footpr|nts w|th status
quo so|ut|ons such as renewab|e energy cred|ts and
carbon offsets wh||e rap|d|y expand|ng the|r |nfrastructure.
Other |nternet compan|es have refused to pay even ||p
serv|ce to susta|nab|||ty, and are s|mp|y buy|ng d|rty energy
stra|ght from the gr|d. Those compan|es, most notab|y
Amazon Web Serv|ces, are choos|ng how to power the|r
|nfrastructure based so|e|y on |owest e|ectr|c|ty pr|ces,
w|thout cons|derat|on to the |mpact the|r grow|ng e|ectr|c|ty
footpr|nts have on human hea|th or the env|ronment.
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We w|tness on a da||y bas|s ev|dence that the foundat|on
of our off||ne wor|d, our p|anet, |s out of ba|ance as a
resu|t of c||mate change and other threats caused by
our re||ance on d|rty sources of energy. The sc|ent|f|c
commun|ty |s |ssu|ng warn|ngs, |ncreas|ng|y d|re |n nature,
that our cont|nued re||ance on the energy techno|og|es
of the past |s putt|ng our future |n grave danger. We need
to sh|ft at |nternet-||ke speed to a wor|d powered by
renewab|e sources of energy, d|srupt|ng the status quo
to wh|ch e|ectr|c ut|||t|es and other foss|| fue| prov|ders are
desperate|y c||ng|ng.
We cannot make the trans|t|on to a renewab|e powered
soc|ety fast enough un|ess the |nternet |s a p|atform |ead|ng
the wor|d toward a c|ean energy future, and not bu||d|ng a
new attachment to our d|rty energy past.
The press|ng need for the |nternet to dr|ve the c|ean
energy revo|ut|on |s perhaps most ev|dent |n Oh|na, wh|ch
w||| host much of the |nternet`s growth |n the decade to
come. Oh|na |s a|so the country w|th the wor|d`s |argest
carbon footpr|nt. As compan|es beg|n to bu||d the|r
|nternet |nfrastructure there, acceptance of status quo
d|rty energy wou|d be d|sastrous for efforts to wean Oh|na
off of po||ut|ng energy sources. lnnovat|ve approaches
to c|ean energy procurement, by contrast, cou|d be
transformat|ona| there.
Major brands are tak|ng mean|ngfu| steps to steer the|r
|nfrastructure |nvestments toward c|eaner energy, but the
sector as a who|e rema|ns focused on rap|d growth. Most
compan|es st||| are myop|c to the cr|t|ca| nature of the|r
energy cho|ces, focus|ng on|y on max|m|z|ng eff|c|ency.
The rep|acement of d|rty sources of e|ectr|c|ty w|th c|ean
renewab|e sources |s st||| the cruc|a| m|ss|ng ||nk |n the
sector`s susta|nab|||ty efforts.
W|th th|s year`s update, we have expanded our ana|ys|s to
exam|ne a tota| of 19 g|oba| lT compan|es that are |ead|ng
the sector`s move to the c|oud, |nc|ud|ng severa| major
co|ocat|on compan|es for the f|rst t|me. These compan|es,
wh||e |ess we||-known than branded g|ants ||ke Goog|e
or Amazon, operate the data centers beh|nd much of
the lnternet. As a funct|on of that expanded ana|ys|s, th|s
update now |nc|udes over 300 data centers |n our survey,
up from approx|mate|y 80 |n the prev|ous ed|t|on. We
have updated our eva|uat|on to account for how these
co|ocat|on compan|es are pursu|ng opportun|t|es to p|ay a
mean|ngfu| ro|e |n dr|v|ng renewab|e energy dep|oyment to
meet the |nternet`s energy needs.
G,@ B+*H+*0-
(1| S|x major c|oud brands - App|e, Box, Facebook,
Goog|e, Rackspace, and Sa|esforce - have comm|tted
to a goa| of power|ng data centers w|th 100 %
renewab|e energy and are prov|d|ng the ear|y s|gns
of the prom|se and potent|a| |mpact of a renewab|y
powered |nternet.
(2| A number of |ead|ng brands, most notab|y App|e and
Facebook, have made s|gn|f|cant |mprovements |n
the|r energy transparency, d|scard|ng the prev|ous
dogma w|th|n the sector of w|thho|d|ng energy data
due to compet|t|veness concerns. Transparency st|||
rema|ns weak overa|| among many brands, part|cu|ar|y
co|ocat|on prov|ders.
(3| Amazon Web Serv|ces (AWS}, wh|ch prov|des the
|nfrastructure for a s|gn|f|cant part of the |nternet,
rema|ns among the d|rt|est and |east transparent
compan|es |n the sector, far beh|nd |ts major
compet|tors, w|th zero report|ng of |ts energy or
env|ronmenta| footpr|nt to any source or stakeho|der.
Tw|tter |ags |n many of the same areas.
(4| As a resu|t of pressure by three major brands (App|e,
Facebook and Goog|e} |ocated |n North Oaro||na,
Duke Energy, the |argest ut|||ty |n the S, adopted a
Green Source R|der, open|ng the market to renewab|e
e|ectr|c|ty purchases for |arge customers |n North
Oaro||na.
(5| Goog|e ma|nta|ns |ts |eadersh|p |n bu||d|ng a renewab|y
powered |nternet, as |t s|gn|f|cant|y expands |ts
renewab|e energy purchas|ng and |nvestment both
|ndependent|y and through co||aborat|on w|th |ts ut|||ty
vendors.
(6| Facebook cont|nues to prove |ts comm|tment to bu||d a
green |nternet, w|th |ts dec|s|on to |ocate a data center
|n lowa dr|v|ng the |argest purchase of w|nd turb|nes |n
the wor|d.
(7| App|e |s the most |mproved company s|nce our |ast fu||
report, and has shown |tse|f to be the most |nnovat|ve
and most aggress|ve |n pursu|ng |ts comm|tment to be
100% renewab|y powered.

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(a| O|ean Energy lndex and Ooa| lntens|ty are ca|cu|ated based on est|mates of power demand for eva|uated fac|||t|es. See Append|x lll: Fac|||t|es Tab|e.
(b| Akama|`s energy consumpt|on |s spread across 1,100 data centers around the wor|d, mak|ng |nd|v|dua| track|ng d|ff|cu|t. Reg|ona| demand and renewab|e energy data from Oarbon
D|sc|osure Project and |nformat|on prov|ded by company.
(c| Greenpeace prov|ded AWS and Tw|tter w|th respect|ve fac|||ty power demand est|mates to rev|ew. Both compan|es responded that the est|mates were not correct, but ne|ther
prov|ded a|ternat|ve data. s|ng conservat|ve ca|cu|at|ons, Greenpeace has used the best |nformat|on ava||ab|e to der|ve power demand. Greenpeace |nv|tes both AWS and Tw|tter to be
transparent and prov|de more accurate data forthe|r fac|||ty power demands.
* (d| There |s |nsuff|c|ent pub||c data to eva|uate ver|zon Terremark`s energy footpr|nt. Greenpeace encourages ver|zon Terremark to re|ease more data and w||| update our ana|ys|s |n
the future.
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Sect|on 01
C|oud Power
01
lnformat|on Techno|ogy (lT} compan|es have
a centra| ro|e to p|ay |n enab||ng a modern,
renewab|e-powered energy |nfrastructure.
An est|mated 2.5 b||||on peop|e are current|y
on||ne, and that number |s expected to |ncrease
by near|y 60% |n the next f|ve years.
4
lf the
rap|d growth of the d|g|ta| economy |s ||nked to
renewab|e energy sources, the lT sector has the
opportun|ty to cata|yze transformat|ve change
|n the consumpt|on and product|on of energy,
w|th the potent|a| to dr|ve a s|gn|f|cant reduct|on
|n the greenhouse gases (GHGs} that cause
c||mate change.
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Desp|te s|gn|f|cant |mprovement |n transparency from
some compan|es s|nce 2012, est|mates of the energy
demand of our grow|ng number of e|ectron|c dev|ces
and the on||ne wor|d to wh|ch they are connected have
var|ed w|de|y |n the|r methodo|ogy and scope. Many of
the ex|st|ng stud|es are based on country samp|es, annua|
surveys or |ndustry pred|ct|ons that are d|ff|cu|t to compare
due to var|ant methods and areas of focus between the
three d|fferent parts of the |nternet system: data centers,
commun|cat|on networks and end user dev|ces.
One of the most comprehens|ve and we|| recogn|zed
snapshots of the |nternet`s energy demand at the g|oba|
|eve| |s the SMART 2020 report (2008}, and the update |n
2012, the SMARTer 2020 report, wh|ch pegs lT-re|ated
em|ss|ons at approx|mate|y 2% of g|oba| em|ss|ons, on par
w|th em|ss|ons from the g|oba| av|at|on sector.
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The updated ana|ys|s of the SMARTer 2020 report shows
the re|at|ve sh|ft |n the energy footpr|nt of the lT sector from
dev|ces to data center and networks, track|ng the ongo|ng
growth of |nternet-based comput|ng and the sh|ft to th|n
c||ent dev|ces ||ke tab|ets. Data centers w||| be the fastest
grow|ng part of the g|oba| lT sector energy footpr|nt as our
on||ne wor|d rap|d|y expands; the|r energy demand w|||
|ncrease 81% by 2020.
Based on the est|mates conta|ned |n the SMARTer 2020
ana|ys|s, the aggregate e|ectr|c|ty demand of the c|oud
(|nc|ud|ng data centers and networks, but not dev|ces} |n
2011 was 684 b||||on kWh. lf compared w|th the e|ectr|c|ty
demand of countr|es |n the same year, the c|oud wou|d
rank 6th |n the wor|d, w|th demand expected to |ncrease
63% by 2020.
6
The S rema|ns the |argest consumer of data center
power g|oba||y, fo||owed by Japan, the K, Germany
and France. Emerg|ng markets |n |at|n Amer|ca, Oh|na,
Ma|ays|a, lndones|a, S|ngapore, Po|and and Turkey are
countr|es where power demand |s grow|ng above the
g|oba| average (See Oh|na " The O|oud`s Next Stop: Oh|na"
on page 17}. G|oba| power demand for data centers a|one
grew to an est|mated 40GW |n 2013, an |ncrease of 7%
over 2012.
7

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lnternet data w||| a|most tr|p|e from 2012-2017, grow|ng
from 44 to 121 exabytes.
8
Stream|ng v|deo and aud|o are
the b|ggest dr|vers of exp|os|ve data growth, a|ong w|th
a 50% |ncrease |n the number of |nternet users g|oba||y.
Netf||x and YouTube comb|ned represent more that 50%
of |nternet traff|c at peak t|mes |n North Amer|ca.
9
G|oba||y,
YouTube rema|ns the |argest s|ng|e source of data growth,
but soc|a| med|a serv|ces lnstagram, Tw|tter, and P|nterest
are a|so grow|ng rap|d|y.
11
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C||ck|ng C|ean:
How Compan|es
are Creat|ng the
Green Internet
Apr||2014
Greenpeace
USA
Sect|on 01
C|oud Power
E|ectr|c|ty |n B||||on kWh, 2011

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Sect|on 02
Energy Snapshot
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Renewab|e energy |s ava||ab|e to power the lnternet: the
trans|t|on to a c|ean energy economy |s underway, dr|ven
by the |ncreas|ng|y compet|t|ve pr|ce of renewab|e power
compared to foss|| fue|s. Germany |s |ead|ng the way w|th
25% of |ts e|ectr|c|ty com|ng from renewab|e sources,
and targets of 50% by 2030 and 80% by 2050. More and
more stud|es show how renewab|e energy can prov|de a||
future power needs for countr|es across the g|obe; |ndeed,
countr|es ||ke Scot|and, Denmark and the Ph|||pp|nes have
now set targets to be 100% renewab|e powered.
ln 2012, over ha|f of a|| new |nsta||ed e|ectr|c capac|ty
wor|dw|de came from renewab|e sources. ln the E
the share was a|most 70%, most|y due to so|ar and
w|nd power growth. The S added more capac|ty from
w|nd power than any other energy form |n 2012, and a||
renewab|e energy made up about ha|f of tota| e|ectr|c
capac|ty add|t|ons dur|ng the year.
10
So|ar |s boom|ng
|n the S as we||, fo||ow|ng |n w|nd energy`s footsteps; |n
2013, so|ar energy accounted for 29% of a|| new e|ectr|c
generat|on capac|ty, up from 10% |n 2012.
11

ln the S, there are now n|ne states that are gett|ng 10%
or more of the|r e|ectr|c|ty from w|nd power, w|th lowa
(25%} - a data center hub - topp|ng the ||st.
12
ln Oh|na,
w|nd energy produced 135TWh |n 2013 - 22% more
power than a|| of the country`s nuc|ear reactors.
13

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Wh||e penetrat|on of renewab|e energy techno|og|es
||ke w|nd and so|ar energy has grown rap|d|y |n the past
decade, |egacy energy generat|on from coa|, gas and
nuc|ear power rema|ns the status quo for most parts of
the wor|d. To prevent the most dangerous c||mate change
(brought on by g|oba| warm|ng of 2 O or more}, g|oba|
em|ss|ons must peak before 2020. The lnternat|ona|
Energy Agency (lEA} states that most proven reserves of
foss|| fue|s must stay |n the ground |n order to meet those
goa|s.
14

Ooa| |s the ch|ef cu|pr|t for g|oba| greenhouse gas (GHG}
po||ut|on.
15
A comb|nat|on of energy eff|c|ency, act|v|sm,
env|ronmenta| regu|at|ons and cheaper gas has started a
wave of coa| p|ant shutdowns |n the S |n recent years,
and caused a ha|t |n the construct|on of new coa|-f|red
power p|ants.
16
However, coa| |s st||| the source for
approx|mate|y 40 % of e|ectr|c|ty |n the S,
17
and |s st|||
burnt for e|ectr|c generat|on around the wor|d. lt shou|d be
the energy source most avo|ded by lT compan|es when
mak|ng dec|s|ons about how to power the|r data centers.
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Nuc|ear: Nuc|ear power p|ants create unacceptab|e
r|sk to the env|ronment and human hea|th and are an
expens|ve d|vers|on from the dep|oyment of renewab|e
energy and energy eff|c|ency requ|red to stave off the
worst |mpacts of g|oba| warm|ng. Efforts to rev|ve
the nuc|ear |ndustry |n the S have fa||ed due to the
|mposs|b|y h|gh costs of bu||d|ng and ma|nta|n|ng
nuc|ear power p|ants - that money |s best spent on
renewab|e sources of power.
20

Hydropower: Hydropower |s the most estab||shed
base|oad c|ean energy source. Sourc|ng energy for a
data center from ex|st|ng hydropower reduces carbon
em|ss|ons and |s more env|ronmenta||y fr|end|y than
power|ng from a predom|nant|y coa|, gas, or nuc|ear
powered gr|d. However, us|ng ex|st|ng hydropower
does not |ead to |nvestment |n new renewab|e energy
capac|ty, and |arge hydropower projects can have
detr|menta| effects on |oca| env|ronments. We||-
p|anned and managed sma||-sca|e or m|crohydro
power projects have much |ess |mpact on r|ver
ecosystems, and have the potent|a| to prov|de a
sca|ab|e base|oad power source for data centers.
Geotherma|: Geotherma| energy |s a cons|stent and
renewab|e source of power |n areas of the wor|d where
|t can be found. lt prov|des s|gn|f|cant and grow|ng
e|ectr|c generat|on |n countr|es ||ke the S, lce|and,
and lndones|a. ln 2013, 600MW of new geotherma|
power was added g|oba||y.
21
App|e has recent|y
secured e|ectr|c|ty for |ts Reno data center for |oca|
geotherma| sources.
22

B|ogas: B|ogas can come from many sources;
methane from |andf||| s|tes and anaerob|c d|gest|on of
farm waste or sewage s|udge are the most common.
The env|ronmenta| benef|ts of b|ogas vary w|de|y
depend|ng on the source.
B|omass: |arge-sca|e b|omass used for e|ectr|c|ty
generat|on can create s|gn|f|cant env|ronmenta|
prob|ems, as the source of b|omass |s ||ke|y to come
from unsusta|nab|e sources. Wood pe||ets from the
southeast S are current|y be|ng sh|pped to the K
and other parts of the E, s|mu|taneous|y dr|v|ng
deforestat|on and underm|n|ng c||mate protect|on
goa|s |n both countr|es.
23

J$*/ B.)<C /1, 3*/,.*,/
ln the S, ut|||t|es have vast|y |ncreased the|r generat|on
of e|ectr|c|ty from gas obta|ned from unconvent|ona|
reserves, known as 'sha|e gas" or 't|ght gas." Sha|e gas
requ|res dr|||ers to crack the reservo|r rock us|ng a process
known as hydrau||c fractur|ng. Hydrau||c fracture methods
('frack|ng"} are assoc|ated w|th a range of env|ronmenta|
|mpacts, |nc|ud|ng the po||ut|on of |oca| groundwater.
Wh||e natura| gas from convent|ona| reserves has a |ower
carbon |ntens|ty than coa|, |t st||| generates s|gn|f|cant
GHG em|ss|ons.The GHG footpr|nt of sha|e gas may be
s|gn|f|cant|y greater than for convent|ona| gas, w|th some
||fe-cyc|e ana|yses show|ng sha|e gas to have a GHG
footpr|nt that |s h|gher than even coa|, due to fug|t|ve
methane em|ss|ons that are |eaked dur|ng gas extract|on
and transportat|on.
18
Wh||e the |ncreas|ng supp|y of natura|
gas due to frack|ng has he|ped to shut down a number of
coa| p|ants, sha|e gas a|so d|verts |nvestment away from
renewab|e energy.
19

A sma|| but |ncreas|ng number of data center compan|es
are dep|oy|ng natura| gas-powered fue| ce||s on s|te as
both pr|mary and backup power supp||es. Natura| gas
used |n fue| ce||s creates |ess po||ut|on than when |t |s
combusted |n power p|ants, and fue| ce||s can be a good
m|t|gat|on strategy when used as a pr|mary power source
to unp|ug a data center from a coa|-f|red gr|d (See 'eBay
unp|ugs from a d|rty gr|d: p 29}. Nonethe|ess, natura| gas
cannot be cons|dered renewab|e even when used |n fue|
ce||s.
15
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Sect|on 03
The C|oud's
Next Stop:
Ch|na
Oh|na has 618 m||||on |nternet users and |s the s|ng|e
|argest |nternet market on the p|anet,
24
w|th more peop|e
on||ne than |nhab|tants of Western Europe. ln 2012 a|one,
a|most 53.5 m||||on peop|e came on||ne |n Oh|na - a rate of
1.7 new on||ne users per second. Oh|na w||| add another
200 m||||on users by 2015,
25
w|th most access|ng the
|nternet v|a mob||e techno|ogy.
lnternet compan|es are grow|ng rap|d|y to prov|de
serv|ces for the new market. Oh|na`s |argest |nternet
company, Tencent, ranked as the 4th |argest |n the wor|d
by market cap|ta||zat|on, beh|nd on|y Goog|e, Facebook
and Amazon.
26
ln add|t|on to Tencent, A||baba, Ba|du and
S|na (owner of We|bo} are the b|ggest |nternet compan|es
|n Oh|na. Both Tencent and A||baba are expand|ng |nto
|nternat|ona| markets. These compan|es are |nvest|ng
b||||ons of do||ars |n new Oh|nese data centers to match
the|r exp|os|ve growth.
27

The rap|d growth |n |nternet use |n Oh|na means huge
quant|t|es of e|ectr|c|ty w||| be needed to power |nternet
and on||ne mob||e serv|ces. Between 1.5% (700TWh} and
3% (1412TWh} of a|| e|ectr|c|ty generat|on |n Oh|na was
used for the |nternet |n 2011, accord|ng to est|mates.
28

That power comes from a nat|ona| gr|d that |s current|y
dom|nated by coa|.
Oh|nese lT compan|es have been |ntroduc|ng energy
eff|c|ency measures to reduce power consumpt|on, but
the rap|d growth |n demand for on||ne serv|ces means any
carbon sav|ngs are qu|ck|y overwhe|med, and em|ss|ons
from the Oh|nese lT sector w||| cont|nue to grow un|ess
aggress|ve energy eff|c|ency targets are comb|ned w|th
pr|or|t|z|ng renewab|e energy sources.
lnternat|ona| |nternet compan|es are a|| |ook|ng at opt|ons
to grab a share of the Oh|nese market. Amazon has just
announced p|ans for a Oh|nese-hosted AWS Oh|na Reg|on
and lBM has p|ans to bu||d |ts own Oh|nese data center
29,30
.
lndustry experts are pred|ct|ng that Oh|na w||| become the
key |ocat|on for data center construct|on |n the com|ng
years.
31

nt|| 2012, any company p|ugg|ng |nto the gr|d |n Oh|na
had no cho|ce over |ts source of power. However, the
Oh|nese Government |s now act|ng to cap the growth of
coa| power |n key reg|ons to tack|e |ts a|r po||ut|on cr|s|s,
and |s |ntroduc|ng amb|t|ous renewab|e energy targets
to trans|t|on Oh|na`s e|ectr|c|ty generat|on toward c|ean
energy.
32
ln 2013, Oh|na |ncreased |ts so|ar target to
35GW by 2015 and enacted new po||c|es to a||ow pr|vate
so|ar |nsta||at|ons to connect to the gr|d and ach|eve
attract|ve econom|c terms for the power they generate.
33

The changes represent a cruc|a| opportun|ty for |nternet
compan|es and data center operators |n Oh|na to |nvest
d|rect|y |n c|ean energy and s|ash the|r grow|ng energy b|||s.
lKEA
34
and |enovo
35
are |nvest|ng |n the|r own so|ar Pv
|nsta||at|ons |n Oh|na. Oh|na`s top |nternet compan|es have
yet to take advantage of the new opportun|t|es to |nvest
|n so|ar power, as sector |eaders App|e, Facebook and
Goog|e are do|ng |n the S.
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Sect|on 04
Def|n|ng a Green
Internet Company
19
The lT sector has made substant|a| progress |n dr|v|ng
|nnovat|on |n data center and server energy eff|c|ency
des|gn |n the past 5-p|us years, wh|ch |s he|p|ng to curb the
expected growth |n data center energy demand. However,
g|ven the sca|e of pred|cted growth |n the energy footpr|nt
of the on||ne wor|d, a|| major on||ne compan|es must
factor access to renewab|e sources of e|ectr|c|ty |nto any
mean|ngfu| susta|nab|||ty strategy. At both a company and
a sector |eve|, de||ver|ng a green |nternet has to |nc|ude a
|ong-term comm|tment to grow|ng w|th renewab|e energy,
and a near-term strategy that w||| put both ex|st|ng demand
and future growth on a path to be|ng 100% renewab|y
powered.
The env|ronmenta| rat|ona|e for techno|ogy compan|es
to act has been c|ear for many years, as a rap|d sh|ft to
renewab|e energy |s necessary to stem the worst |mpacts
of c||mate change. Now, the bus|ness case |s becom|ng
more compe|||ng as we||: costs for renewab|e energy
cont|nue to drop, pr|ces for foss|| fue|-based e|ectr|c|ty are
r|s|ng, and |ead|ng compan|es are perce|v|ng those pr|ce
cues. They are a|so heed|ng customers who |ncreas|ng|y
va|ue susta|nab|||ty.
Fortunate|y, severa| |ead|ng compan|es have recent|y
made mean|ngfu| comm|tments to embed w|th|n the|r
bus|ness mode| the goa| of a renewab|y powered |nternet,
and taken steps to |mp|ement those goa|s. These
|eaders recogn|ze the|r rap|d energy demand growth as
a respons|b|||ty, but a|so as an opportun|ty to d|srupt the
status quo |n the energy sector and ensure the|r |ong-
term susta|nab|||ty. Wh||e each company w||| have d|fferent
opportun|t|es depend|ng on the|r bus|ness mode| and
geograph|c |ocat|on, key |ngred|ents for any company
that wants to bu||d the|r part of the |nternet w|th renewab|e
energy must |nc|ude:
A |ong-term comm|tment to become 100%
renewab|y powered.
A comm|tment to transparency on lT performance
and consumpt|on of resources, |nc|ud|ng the source
of e|ectr|c|ty, to enab|e customers, |nvestors, and
stakeho|ders to measure progress toward that goa|.
A strategy for |mprov|ng energy eff|c|ency wh||e
|ncreas|ng the supp|y of renewab|e energy, through a
m|xture of procurement, |nvestment, and corporate
advocacy to both e|ectr|c|ty supp||ers and government
dec|s|on-makers.
By mak|ng better energy cho|ces and demand|ng more
from ut|||ty vendors, some |nternet compan|es are a|ready
demonstrat|ng the|r ab|||ty to be cr|t|ca| cata|ysts |n dr|v|ng
ut|||t|es and governments toward the deve|opment of
c|eaner e|ectr|c|ty generat|on that w||| ensure a tru|y green
on||ne wor|d - and a greener off||ne wor|d for us a||.
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l. Energy Transparency
lt |s not poss|b|e to proper|y assess whether a company
or |ts products are susta|nab|e w|thout adequate
transparency on the company`s |nputs and outputs. Just
a few years ago, wh||e there were a number of compan|es
tout|ng how 'green" the c|oud or the|r c|oud was, very few,
|f any, offered usefu| deta||s on one of the b|ggest |nputs
|nto a data center: e|ectr|c|ty. The sector was re|uctant
to d|scuss e|ectr|c|ty use |n any |eve| of deta||, as |f lT
compan|es had adopted a co||ect|ve code of s||ence.
Fortunate|y, we are beg|nn|ng to see a mean|ngfu| sh|ft
among |ead|ng data center operators, part|cu|ar|y w|th|n
the |ast two years, to acknow|edg|ng that revea||ng energy
|nformat|on |s no |onger equ|va|ent to pub||sh|ng the
secret formu|a for Ooca-Oo|a. Bus|ness and government
customers |ncreas|ng|y want to know key data po|nts
on the env|ronmenta| performance of fac|||t|es to wh|ch
they have 'off-shored" the|r comput|ng capac|ty, as
they have goa|s on carbon reduct|on and renewab|e
energy they expect the|r c|oud prov|der to he|p them
ach|eve. Oustomers need re||ab|e data to eva|uate the
env|ronmenta| performance and carbon footpr|nt of the|r lT
vendors and supp||ers. Among the major c|oud prov|ders,
on|y Amazon refuses to prov|de any deta||s on the energy
performance and env|ronmenta| |mpact assoc|ated w|th |ts
operat|ons.
Desp|te the adopt|on by the Green Gr|d of new data
center env|ronmenta| performance metr|cs ||ke Oarbon
t|||zat|on Effect|veness (OE, to measure carbon |ntens|ty}
and Green Energy Ooeff|c|ent (GEO, to |nd|cate the
amount of renewab|e energy},
36
the number of compan|es
report|ng under these new metr|cs rema|ns qu|te |ow,
though there has been some recent |mprovement. eBay
prov|des the best examp|e, |nc|ud|ng OE as part of |ts
regu|ar|y updated D|g|ta| Serv|ce Effect|veness dashboard,
|||ustrat|ng the performance connect|on between
env|ronmenta| and bus|ness metr|cs.
37

ll. Renewab|e Energy
Oomm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy
Start|ng w|th Facebook |n 2011, s|x major c|oud
compan|es have now made |ong-term comm|tments to
be 100% renewab|y powered (App|e, Box, Facebook,
Goog|e, Sa|esforce and Rackspace}. These comm|tments
send a powerfu| s|gna| to both ut|||t|es and co|ocat|on
prov|ders that |f they expect to earn the bus|ness of these
compan|es, they w||| need to prov|de a strategy for how
they can he|p them ach|eve th|s goa|.
S|te se|ect|on |s a cr|t|ca| dec|s|on for determ|n|ng the near-
term susta|nab|||ty of the fac|||ty, whether a company |s
bu||d|ng or rent|ng data center space. |ocat|on has a |arge
|mpact on what opt|ons are ava||ab|e to |everage outs|de
a|r coo||ng, as we|| as access to renewab|e energy sources.
These s|x compan|es and others have a|so strengthened
the we|ght|ng of access to renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty |n the|r
s|te se|ect|on cr|ter|a and energy po||c|es, as shown by
Facebook and through the energy po||c|es pub||shed by
Goog|e
38
and App|e.
39
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Sect|on 04
Def|n|ng a Green
Internet Company
lll. Energy Eff|c|ency and
M|t|gat|on Strategy
Energy eff|c|ency |s a cr|t|ca| e|ement |n each aspect of
operat|ng a data center: data center des|gn to reduce
energy spent on coo||ng; energy eff|c|ent servers; and
software and |oad management strateg|es to max|m|ze
ut|||zat|on of data center compute capac|ty. lmprovements
|n the ut|||zat|on of data center compute resources has
been a key factor |n curb|ng the rate of growth across the
sector.
Those compan|es wh|ch own and operate the|r own
fac|||t|es are a|ready aggress|ve|y manag|ng energy use,
and many have begun to co||aborate |n shar|ng and
deve|op|ng more eff|c|ent fac|||t|es w|th peer operators
as we|| as many equ|pment manufacturers (see 'Open
Oompute Project shows potent|a| of co||ect|ve act|on"
p 30}. Wh||e some compan|es st||| conf|ate the|r energy
eff|c|ency w|th operat|ng a green data center, often w|th
||tt|e |n the way of comparat|ve data to substant|ate the|r
c|a|ms, |ead|ng compan|es such as Akama|, Yahoo and
lBM are sett|ng c|ear benchmarks for |mprov|ng the
energy eff|c|ency and carbon |ntens|ty of the|r operat|ons,
and regu|ar|y report the|r progress to stakeho|ders and
customers.
lv. O|ean Energy Strategy
The opt|ons for secur|ng a greater supp|y of renewab|e
energy for data center operators var|es s|gn|f|cant|y
depend|ng on the|r bus|ness mode| (c|oud, co|ocat|on or
managed host|ng} and the opt|ons ava||ab|e to them by the
state or ut|||ty to choose the|r e|ectr|c|ty supp|y or e|ectr|c|ty
supp||er.
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W|th a few notab|e except|ons, the trend away from s|mp|y
buy|ng renewab|e energy cred|ts (REOs} as a means of
ach|ev|ng env|ronmenta| performance goa|s has cont|nued
and acce|erated among data center compan|es. By
themse|ves, REOs (and the|r cous|ns carbon offsets} are
|arge|y |nstruments that preserve the status quo, as they
do ||tt|e to |ncrease the amount of renewab|e energy on
the gr|d, or d|sp|ace d|rty sources of e|ectr|c|ty.
40
REOs
a|so do not prov|de any mean|ngfu| return on |nvestment,
as compan|es must cont|nue to 'rent" the r|ght to c|a|m
they are renewab|y powered each year. Oompan|es
that buy them shou|d on|y do so when they do not have
more mean|ngfu| opt|ons for secur|ng renewab|e energy
|n the |ocat|ons ava||ab|e to them. lf compan|es do buy
REOs, they must at a bare m|n|mum buy REOs that
demonstrate strong add|t|ona||ty, and are |n c|ose prox|m|ty
to the fac|||t|es they w|sh to c|a|m are renewab|e. They
shou|d otherw|se |ook to make more d|rect |nvestments
|n renewab|e energy or push ut|||ty and government
po||cymakers to add more renewab|e energy on the gr|d,
a||ow|ng customers to have the r|ght to d|rect|y contract
for |t.
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Opt|ons for gr|d-supp||ed renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty for a
data center operator depend upon the |ocat|on of the
data center, |ts prox|m|ty to ava||ab|e renewab|e energy
generat|on capac|ty, and the |nvestment strategy of the
respect|ve ut|||ty. H|gh ava||ab|||ty of |ow-cost hydroe|ectr|c
or renewab|e sources of energy has |ed many compan|es
to |ocate |n the Pac|f|c Northwest |n the S (hydropower},
lce|and (geotherma|}, and Sweden (hydro and w|nd}.
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Wh||e renewab|e energy and energy eff|c|ent techno|og|es
cont|nue to deve|op and grow, there are st||| s|gn|f|cant
gaps |n pr|vate-sector f|nanc|ng needed to dep|oy them at
sca|e across many markets. lT compan|es such as Goog|e
have demonstrated s|gn|f|cant |nterest (over $1 b||||on
|nvested} |n mak|ng d|rect c|ean energy |nvestments.
42

Goog|e`s |nvestments have created much h|gher |mpact
than when compan|es purchase REOs; such |nvestment
can prov|de much-needed cap|ta| for the deve|opment and
dep|oyment of renewab|e energy, as opposed to REOs,
wh|ch on|y 'rent" the c|ean attr|butes of renewab|e energy
generated by others. lnvestments can be structured so
that the |nvest|ng company becomes an owner of the
project, or |s on|y prov|d|ng cap|ta| for the tax equ|ty port|on
of the project.
v. Advocacy
ln order to ensure that the supp|y of c|ean energy can
keep pace w|th a data center`s grow|ng e|ectr|c|ty demand
over |ts ||fet|me, compan|es need to at a m|n|mum make
a corporate comm|tment to engage |n energy po||cy
dec|s|ons |n reg|ons where they estab||sh operat|ons. As
|arge commerc|a| consumers of e|ectr|c|ty, lT compan|es
have stand|ng w|th ut|||t|es and po||cy-makers to |nf|uence
acce|erat|on |n the |nvestment and dep|oyment of the c|ean
e|ectr|c|ty supp|y, enab||ng data centers to operate on
100% renewab|e energy. Oompan|es can support:
Adopt|on of renewab|e energy |nvestment |ncent|ves,
|nc|ud|ng those spec|f|c to the lT sector for energy
eff|c|ency and renewab|e energy dep|oyment.
Dep|oyment of cost-effect|ve, reg|ona||y appropr|ate
sources of renewab|e power generat|on for data centers,
and the ret|rement of coa|-f|red generat|on.
lncreased d|str|buted generat|on to dr|ve greater
dep|oyment of renewab|e energy, wh|ch |ncreases
gr|d stab|||ty and enab|es the ret|rement of o|der, d|rt|er
centra||zed generat|on. Facebook and M|crosoft recent|y
advocated for th|s |n lowa.
43

lnvestment |n the deve|opment of gr|d |nfrastructure and
energy storage techno|ogy to enab|e h|gher ut|||zat|on of
var|ab|e renewab|e energy sources, such as w|nd and
so|ar.
Greater ava||ab|||ty of opt|ons for renewab|e energy
procurement, espec|a||y |n states w|th monopo|y ut|||t|es
that do not a||ow th|rd-party sa|es of e|ectr|c|ty.

!"#"$%&'" )#"*+, -%*.// 0*1+*%23
A number of ut|||t|es have recent|y estab||shed renewab|e
energy tar|ffs, or green tar|ffs, as a means of offer|ng
a renewab|e c|ass of e|ectr|c|ty serv|ce to |nterested
customers, often at the behest of major data center
operators.
41
t|||t|es |n regu|ated markets |n the S, such
as North Oaro||na and v|rg|n|a, wh|ch otherw|se offer very
|ow percentages of renewab|e energy |n the|r generat|on
m|x, have been among those to offer renewab|e energy
tar|ffs.
4.*"56 755"33
D|rect Access programs a||ow the customer to purchase
e|ectr|c|ty from a d|fferent generator than the ut|||ty,
potent|a||y creat|ng stronger opt|ons for secur|ng a
renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty supp|y. D|rect access |s not ava||ab|e
|n every jur|sd|ct|on, and |s often made d|ff|cu|t by ut|||t|es
a|m|ng to d|scourage part|c|pat|on.
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A grow|ng number of data center operators have |nsta||ed
renewab|e or a|ternat|ve generat|on techno|ogy (pr|mar||y
fue| ce||s} on s|te to generate power for the|r fac|||t|es. The
dec||n|ng cost of so|ar techno|ogy, a|ong w|th tax |ncent|ves
ava||ab|e |n many jur|sd|ct|ons, has made so|ar an
|ncreas|ng|y attract|ve opt|on for some fac|||t|es. However,
|t may be d|ff|cu|t techn|ca||y or econom|ca||y for many data
centers to power a s|gn|f|cant port|on of the|r e|ectr|c|ty
needs w|th on-s|te renewab|e energy, un|ess there |s
nearby |and ava||ab|e, as App|e had |n North Oaro||na.
ln jur|sd|ct|ons that a||ow th|rd-party sa|es of e|ectr|c|ty,
|t may be poss|b|e for data center operators to a||ow the
renewab|e techno|ogy to be owned and operated by th|rd
part|es.
>-<&2 >82+'*9& ?12&&C&0:9 D>>?9E
An |ncreas|ng number of c|oud compan|es, such as
Goog|e and M|crosoft, have begun to take charge of the|r
e|ectr|c|ty supp|y cha|n by s|gn|ng |ong-term contracts to
buy renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty from a spec|f|c source through
a ut|||ty or renewab|e energy deve|oper v|a a power
purchase agreement (PPA}, wh|ch he|ps to |ncrease the
supp|y of renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty onto the gr|d, and prov|des
the purchaser an effect|ve buffer aga|nst r|s|ng or vo|at||e
e|ectr|c|ty pr|ces.
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Sect|on 05
Your On||ne
Wor|d: Green
lR|, or =d|rty?
From soc|a| med|a to mus|c, stream|ng v|deo,
ema|| and commerce, we are |ncreas|ng|y
mov|ng much of our ||ves on||ne. That means a
|ot of new data to store. But where |s that data
be|ng stored, wh|ch compan|es are stor|ng |t,
and what k|nd of energy are they us|ng?
n||ke |nternet g|ants ||ke Goog|e and Facebook, most
on||ne compan|es do not, |n fact, own the|r own data
centers. Most |nternet s|tes, v|deo stream|ng serv|ces,
and c|oud based storage serv|ces operate |n data centers
managed by other compan|es, pay|ng rent to d|g|ta|
|and|ords that rent data center space or comput|ng and
storage capac|ty. Many compan|es have turned to Amazon
Web Serv|ces to host the|r data, a prob|emat|c trend as
|ong as Amazon cont|nues to power |ts data centers w|th
d|rty forms of energy.
ln the graph|c on the next page, we offer a samp||ng to
show where some of the |nternet`s most popu|ar s|tes and
serv|ces are be|ng hosted - and the re|at|ve greenness
of the energy that those data centers are us|ng. Energy
demand symbo|s are not drawn to sca|e and are meant
to offer a re|at|ve |nd|cat|on. For more |nformat|on on the
energy footpr|nts of each host|ng company, see 'Oompany
Scores Exp|a|ned" start|ng on page 44.
44
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Sect|on 06
Green Intenet
Leaders and
Best Pract|ces
33P :*,.0@ :FF+<+,*<@ X U+/+0)/+$*
Greenhouse Gas M|t|gat|on:
eBay Unp|ugs From a D|rty Gr|d
The e|ectr|c|ty gr|d surround|ng eBay`s Topaz data center
|n tah |s one of the d|rt|est |n the n|ted States, w|th
over 60% of the e|ectr|c|ty st||| com|ng from coa|-f|red
generat|on.
47
To address |ts outs|zed carbon footpr|nt for
Topaz, eBay has chosen to effect|ve|y 'unp|ug" |ts fac|||ty
from the |oca| gr|d as |ts pr|mary power source, re|y|ng
|nstead upon on-s|te fue| ce||s powered by natura| gas
for 75% of |ts e|ectr|c|ty needs, and us|ng the gr|d on|y as
backup power |n case of fue| ce|| fa||ure.
48
ln add|t|on, eBay
|s current|y f|nanc|ng a comb|ned heat and power project
at a nearby fac|||ty, wh|ch |t uses to offset the carbon
em|ss|ons produced by the natura| gas powered fue| ce||s.
Wh||e fue| ce||s powered by natura| gas are not renewab|e,
eBay`s |nnovat|ve approach h|gh||ghts the potent|a| to use
d|str|buted generat|on to power the c|oud |n certa|n areas,
rather than dr|v|ng further ut|||ty |nvestment |n centra||zed
foss|| fue| generat|on.
Honorab|e Ment|on: lBM, for repeated strong performance
on em|ss|ons reduct|on goa|s, and |ts patent for sh|ft|ng
c|oud comput|ng demands on a d|str|buted network to
meet env|ronmenta| |mpact cr|ter|a.
49
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Energy Performance Transparency:
Facebook opens |ts books
Facebook dramat|ca||y |mproved |ts energy transparency
just a few months after |t became a pub||c|y traded
company |n 2012, and now prov|des one of the most
access|b|e snapshots of |ts energy footpr|nt |n the sector.
Facebook now annua||y pub||shes |ts energy and carbon
footpr|nt across |ts ent|re operat|ons, and has a|so added
fac|||ty-spec|f|c performance dashboards
45
to prov|de
near|y rea|-t|me report|ng of the Power sage Effect|veness
(PE} and Water sage Effect|veness (WE} of |ts data
centers. Facebook recent|y open-sourced the code for
those dashboards.
46
Wh||e many compan|es rema|n
re|uctant to prov|de fac|||ty-|eve| |nformat|on, Facebook
sets a h|gh bar for others to meet by a||ow|ng |ts users to
fo||ow the p|atform`s progress toward becom|ng 100%
renewab|y powered.
06
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|aunched |n|t|a||y by Facebook |n 2011, the Open
Oompute Project (OOP} seeks to rep||cate the success
of the open-source software mode| |n data center and
server des|gn.
50
OOP a|ms to spur |mprovements |n energy
eff|c|ency across the sector, wh|ch |s cr|t|ca| to bu||d|ng an
|nternet that can be renewab|y powered. W|th part|c|pat|ng
compan|es shar|ng the|r hardware des|gns, OOP cou|d
d|srupt the status quo among server manufacturers, a key
sector vendor, a||ow|ng best pract|ces to dr|ve the market
more qu|ck|y. Wh||e OOP`s |mpacts are st||| emerg|ng, the
project shows the potent|a| of co||ect|ve act|on |n tack||ng
the sector`s energy footpr|nt.
OOP prov|des one mode| for how |nternet compan|es
cou|d approach another key vendor, e|ectr|c ut|||t|es, to
acce|erate the dep|oyment of renewab|e energy. Such a
co||ect|ve approach cou|d have a tru|y d|srupt|ve effect
on the status quo |n the ut|||ty sector, wh|ch |s stubborn|y
c||ng|ng to outdated mode|s of centra||zed, po||ut|ng power
p|ants. That type of effort wou|d u|t|mate|y he|p both the
|nternet and ut|||ty sectors acce|erate the|r trans|t|on to
susta|nab|e bus|ness mode|s based on renewab|e energy.
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Comm|tment to Renewab|e Energy: Rackspace,
Sa|esforce, and Box Show That Renters Can Buy
Renewab|e Too
Three rap|d|y grow|ng c|oud compan|es, Rackspace,
Sa|esforce and Box, a|| adopted 100% renewab|e energy
po||c|es |n 2013.
51,52,53
These comm|tments show that the
des|re and mot|vat|on to bu||d a green |nternet |s not ||m|ted
to b|g pub||c brands or those that own and operate the|r
own data centers. Wh||e |nternet compan|es enjoy a more
||m|ted set of opt|ons to mean|ngfu||y procure renewab|e
energy when they do not own the|r fac|||t|es, comm|tments
by such prom|nent and fast-grow|ng c|oud brands create
|mportant pressure on co|ocat|on compan|es to offer the|r
best customers rea| opt|ons for green host|ng.
The |aunch of compan|es such as GreenO|oud and Green
Mounta|n, data center operators |n lce|and and Norway
respect|ve|y, are ev|dence of the r|s|ng demand for c|eaner
opt|ons |n the co|ocat|on sector. Rackspace`s susta|nab|||ty
d|rector descr|bed why they set the amb|t|ous 100 %
renewab|e goa| at a Greenpeace forum |n November,
say|ng: 'Our customers s|mp|y expect green energy."
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy:
Facebook harnesses Iowa's w|nd
Facebook adopted a strong preference for renewab|e
energy supp|y |n |ts data center s|t|ng po||cy |n 2011 to
support |ts |ong-term comm|tment to make the p|atform
100% powered by renewab|e energy. The company
showed the power of that s|t|ng po||cy |n Apr||, 2013,
when |t announced p|ans to bu||d |ts fourth data center |n
lowa, choos|ng the state over ne|ghbor|ng Nebraska |n
part because lowa had better po||c|es and a more w||||ng
ut|||ty to he|p Facebook meet |ts renewab|e goa|s. Just two
Goog|e |ncreases
transparency on |ts data
center energy use
Goog|e re|eases |nformat|on
on exact|y how much energy
|t takes to prov|de searches,
ema||, youtube v|deos and
a|| other Goog|e serv|ces, as
we|| as |ts energy m|x.
Facebook to renewab|e
energy s|t|ng po||cy for
data centers
Facebook comm|ts to a
s|t|ng po||cy w|th a stated
preference to |ocate data
centers |n areas w|th
renewab|e energy ava||ab|e,
br|ng|ng to a c|ose the 20-
month Greenpeace nfr|end
Ooa| campa|gn.
App|e comm|ts to
100 % renewab|e
energy for |C|oud
App|e announces a doub||ng
of |ts so|ar |nsta||at|on at |ts
North Oaro||na data center,
a|ong w|th a comm|tment
that a|| of |ts data centers
w||| be powered by 100 %
renewab|e energy.
Sept 2011
T|me||ne:
Creat|ng
the Green
Internet
Dec 2011 May 2012
31
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Sect|on 05
Green Intenet
Leaders and
Best Pract|ces
ln North Oaro||na, App|e`s |arge-sca|e so|ar |nvestment,
made econom|ca||y feas|b|e |n part by |ts ab|||ty to |everage
tax |ncent|ves aga|nst other parts of |ts bus|ness, he|ped
prope| North Oaro||na to th|rd p|ace |n 2013 among S
states |n so|ar growth.
58
App|e`s so|ar |nsta||at|ons, |n
comb|nat|on w|th pressure for better energy opt|ons that
|t app||ed a|ong w|th data center ne|ghbors Facebook and
Goog|e, |ed Duke Energy to offer a new t|er of renewab|e
e|ectr|c|ty serv|ce. Duke`s new Green Source R|der
program |s geared to prevent |os|ng add|t|ona| bus|ness to
|ncreased so|ar |nvestments from customers ||ke App|e.
59

ln Nevada, App|e`s so|ar |nsta||at|on broke new ground for
renewab|e energy from the |oca| ut|||ty, Nv Energy, wh|ch
agreed to work |n partnersh|p w|th App|e to co-deve|op a
so|ar project and adopt a Green Energy rate tar|ff. That tar|ff
opened the door for other compan|es to exp|ore renewab|e
energy opt|ons, show|ng the cata|yt|c power that data
center operators can have when they push for more
renewab|e energy.
Goog|e Greens the Gr|d w|th Renewab|e Purchases
at Unprecedented Sca|e
Goog|e has cont|nued to |ead the charge among major
lT brands by s|gn|ng f|ve |ong-term power purchase
agreements (PPAs} for renewab|e energy,
60
he|p|ng to
green the gr|d for |ts data centers |n lowa,
61
Ok|ahoma,
62

and F|n|and
63
to date. Goog|e has a|so worked to expand
|ts opt|ons for green e|ectr|c|ty |n Ok|ahoma to |nc|ude
buy|ng d|rect|y from the ut|||ty, resu|t|ng |n the ut|||ty mak|ng
|ts f|rst ever renewab|e energy |nvestment.
64
ln add|t|on to
green|ng |ts data centers, Goog|e has |nvested over $1
b||||on |n 15 renewab|e energy projects, such as the wor|d`s
|argest so|ar p|ant |n Southern Oa||forn|a, co||ect|ve|y good
for 2 GW of c|ean power.
65
weeks after Facebook`s announcement, M|dAmer|can
Energy, the |oca| ut|||ty |n lowa, announced p|ans to |nvest
$1.9 b||||on to |ncrease |ts w|nd generat|on by 1,050MW.
That p|an s|mu|taneous|y marked the |argest |nvestment
|n lowa`s h|story
54
and the wor|d`s |argest order of w|nd
turb|nes.
55
Facebook has s|nce announced |t has an agreement
56

w|th M|dAmer|can to purchase energy from a new w|nd
project nearby |ts data center to a||ow |t to fu||y power the
fac|||ty w|th renewab|e energy, but |ts des|re for renewab|e
energy c|ear|y had a much |arger cata|yt|c ro|e |n lowa - and
potent|a||y |n Nebraska as we||. Facebook`s dec|s|on to
spurn Nebraska has spurred debate |n that state |eg|s|ature
to strengthen po||c|es to support renewab|e energy
|nvestment, so that Nebraska can be more compet|t|ve for
future data center bus|ness.
57
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App|e app||es |nnovat|on to on-s|te so|ar |n Nevada
and North Caro||na
App|e has done the most of any data center operator to
make |ts part of the |nternet green through the on-s|te
|nsta||at|on of renewab|e energy, part|cu|ar|y so|ar power.
For both |ts Ma|den, North Oaro||na and Reno, Nevada
data centers, App|e |s dep|oy|ng |arge so|ar farms on s|te
or at nearby |ocat|ons to prov|de a s|gn|f|cant amount of
new renewab|e energy to meet |ts data center e|ectr|c|ty
needs and fu|f||| |ts goa| to be 100% renewab|y powered
and coa|-free.
eBay qu|ts the coa| gr|d
for |ts Utah data center
eBay |nsta||s fue| ce||s
for |ts tah data center,
sett|ng them up |n a way
that a||ows the fac|||ty to
run |ndependent|y from
the e|ectr|c|ty gr|d, wh|ch
|s heav||y powered by coa|
there.
Facebook pub||shes
|ts energy and carbon
footpr|nt data for f|rst
t|me
Facebook pub||shes
|ts 2011 energy and
carbon footpr|nt data and
announced a 2015 goa|
of power|ng 25% of the
p|atform w|th renewab|e
energy.
Rackspace comm|ts to
100 % renewab|e energy
Rackspace comm|ts to a
goa| of power|ng |ts data
centers w|th 100 % c|ean
energy.
Sa|esforce comm|ts to
100 % renewab|e energy
Sa|esforce becomes the
f|fth company to comm|t to
power|ng |ts c|oud w|th 100
% c|ean energy.
June 2012 Aug 2012 Feb 2013 March 2013
32 32
ln purchas|ng and |nvest|ng |n renewab|e energy at sca|e,
Goog|e |s a|so deve|op|ng opt|ons that can be se|zed
by others. Goog|e`s ear||er PPA |n lowa contr|buted to
M|dAmer|can`s dec|s|on to dramat|ca||y expand |ts w|nd
generat|on capac|ty and enter |nto an agreement to prov|de
Facebook w|nd energy d|rect|y.
DP 4H>$<)<@
App|e, Goog|e, Facebook try to make NC |nto a
C|ean Data Tr|ang|e
North Oaro||na has been a hot spot for data center
expans|on (see 'Where the O|oud Touches the Ground",
p 40}, featur|ng major fac|||t|es operated by three of the
|argest |nternet brands, App|e, Facebook and Goog|e. The
d|rty energy m|x offered by ut|||ty Duke Energy to these
|arge e|ectr|c|ty customers prompted a North Oaro||na
newspaper |n 2011 to ask whether the compan|es were
creat|ng a 'D|rty Data Tr|ang|e."
66
S|nce then, a|| three of the compan|es have deve|oped
|ong-term comm|tments to be 100% renewab|y powered.
The compan|es successfu||y teamed up w|th others to
compe| Duke Energy, the nat|on`s |argest ut|||ty and one
of |ts b|ggest em|tters of g|oba| warm|ng po||ut|on, to offer
renewab|e energy to |ts major customers through a spec|a|
'Green Source R|der."
67
Wh||e not perfect, the program
represents an |mportant sh|ft |n North Oaro||na, part|cu|ar|y
com|ng from a ut|||ty that has so|d on|y a one-s|ze-f|ts-a||
d|rty energy offer|ng for decades. Goog|e, Facebook and
App|e`s |eadersh|p shows how |nnovat|ve compan|es can
d|srupt the status quo, and how the on||ne wor|d can dr|ve
green behav|or |n the off||ne wor|d, even wrest||ng changes
from reca|c|trant ut|||t|es, when lT |eaders work together.
App|e report revea|s
|ts path to 100%
renewab|e energy
App|e re|eases an
env|ronmenta| report
d|sc|os|ng how |t wou|d
reach 100 % renewab|e
energy for |ts data centers
a||ow|ng customers to have
fa|th that App|e |s meet|ng |ts
amb|t|ons w|th rea| act|on.
App|e, Facebook,
Goog|e Team Up to Push
Nat|on's Largest Ut|||ty
to Renewab|e Energy
Offer|ng
App|e, Facebook and
Goog|e team up to compe|
the|r e|ectr|c ut|||ty |n North
Oaro||na, Duke Energy, to
offer a new breakthrough
renewab|e energy program.
App|e chooses so|ar for
Nevada data center
App|e announces |t w||| work
w|th the |oca| ut|||ty to power
|ts data center near Reno,
Nv w|th 100 % so|ar and
geotherma| power.
M|crosoft makes |ts f|rst
|arge-sca|e purchase
of renewab|e energy to
power a data center
M|crosoft purchases w|nd
energy |n Texas to power |ts
data center there, mark|ng
|ts f|rst ever |arge-sca|e
purchase of renewab|e
energy.
March 2013 Apr|| 2013 June 2013 Nov 2013
33
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Sect|on 05
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Leaders and
Best Pract|ces
- ./0)' "' 12 3(*0' *'*$45 *66"$/78 -9:;
Some of the same compan|es us|ng |nnovat|ve
strateg|es to power the |nternet w|th renewab|e
energy are underm|n|ng those very efforts v|a the|r
po||t|ca| support for organ|zat|ons wh|ch are act|ve|y
comm|tted to sabotag|ng the c|ean energy revo|ut|on
and efforts to address c||mate change.
The most troub||ng of these po||t|ca| aff|||at|ons
|s the membersh|p by many lT compan|es |n the
Amer|can |eg|s|at|ve Exchange Oounc|| (A|EO}, a
group that a||ows member corporat|ons to pay to
ghostwr|te mode| |eg|s|at|on for most|y r|ght-w|ng
state |eg|s|ators around the country. A|EO members
eva|uated |n th|s report |nc|ude:
68,69,70

Goog|e
Facebook
M|crosoft
Yahoo!
eBay
ver|zon Terremark
A|EO |s act|ve|y co||aborat|ng w|th many of the
nat|on`s worst po||uters to k||| c|ean energy and c||mate
po||c|es around the country. ln 2013, A|EO pushed
mode| |eg|s|at|on to repea| renewab|e energy portfo||o
standards |n over a dozen states, fa|||ng across the
board.
71

The group`s 2014 agenda |nc|udes cont|nued assau|ts
on renewab|e energy |aws, p|us a new effort to
attack net meter|ng po||c|es,
72
wh|ch encourage the
growth of decentra||zed so|ar energy by a||ow|ng so|ar
customers to be fa|r|y compensated for extra e|ectr|c|ty
they se|| back to the gr|d. A|EO |s a|so target|ng the
Env|ronmenta| Protect|on Agency`s effort to ||m|t g|oba|
warm|ng po||ut|on from coa|-f|red power p|ants.
73
ln add|t|on to the|r membersh|p |n A|EO, Goog|e and
Facebook a|so attracted cr|t|c|sm |n 2013 for offer|ng
po||t|ca| contr|but|ons to the Oompet|t|ve Enterpr|se
lnst|tute, a conservat|ve th|nk tank funded by foss|| fue|
|nterests w|th a h|story of deny|ng the rea||ty of c||mate
change.
74
Box becomes s|xth
company to comm|t to
100 % renewab|e energy
Box becomes the s|xth
and |atest company to jo|n
the grow|ng c|ub of g|oba|
techno|ogy f|rms who have
comm|tted to power|ng the|r
c|oud comput|ng operat|ons
w|th 100 % renewab|e
energy.
App|e beg|ns power|ng
manufactur|ng w|th
renewab|e energy too
App|e announces |t w||| start
bu||d|ng h|gh-tech g|ass
for |ts products |n Ar|zona
at a fac|||ty that w||| be 100
% powered by so|ar and
geotherma| energy.
Facebook powers new
Iowa data center w|th 100
% w|nd energy
Facebook announces that |t
w||| use 100% w|nd energy
to power |ts data center |n
lowa.
Nov 2013 Nov 2013 Nov 2013 ?
!"
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Data center operators have fo||owed each
other to d|fferent reg|ons, form|ng data center
hubs that create concentrated pockets of h|gh
e|ectr|c|ty demand. Those data center hot spots
push ut|||t|es to bu||d new e|ectr|c|ty generat|on
that can harm both the |oca| env|ronment and
the broader c||mate |f fue|ed by gas or coa|-
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dr|ve ut|||t|es to |nvest |n c|ean energy |f the data
center operators demand |t. Three reg|ons |n the
S wh|ch feature exp|os|ve data center growth
are North Oaro||na, the Pac|f|c Northwest, and
v|rg|n|a.
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75
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Data Oenters |n the S
The S has more data centers than any other country. Be|ow, some
of the reg|ons that have been data center hot spots, the|r energy
m|xes, and projected growth of renewab|e energy.
76
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North Oaro||na has become a hot spot for data centers |n
recent years, |ed by the h|gh-prof||e entrances of Goog|e,
Facebook and App|e |nto the state. Others have jo|ned
them, |nc|ud|ng Wa|t D|sney, AT&T, W|pro, Bed, Bath &
Beyond and others.
77

As a resu|t, data center e|ectr|c|ty demand near|y tr|p|ed |n
North Oaro||na from 2010 to 2012, accord|ng to data f||ed
by the |oca| ut|||ty there, Duke Energy. S|nce Duke enjoys
a v|rtua| monopo|y on e|ectr|c|ty sa|es |n the state, |ts |oad
has grown cons|derab|y due to th|s data center |nvestment
- and that |oad |s powered by one of the d|rt|est energy
m|xes |n the country. Duke generated 57 % of |ts e|ectr|c|ty
|n 2013 from nuc|ear power p|ants, 38% from coa|, and 4
% from gas.
78
A mere 0.1 % of the|r e|ectr|c|ty came from
renewab|e sources ||ke w|nd and so|ar power.
79
Duke has
shown ||tt|e amb|t|on to get c|eaner - |ts resource p|ann|ng
documents show that |n 2028, |t st||| |ntends to generate
on|y 3 % of |ts energy from renewab|e sources.
80
lnternet compan|es` growth |n North Oaro||na g|ves them
a great dea| of |everage over Duke - an off|c|a| from the
ut|||ty once sa|d that a data center 'may be the most |dea|
customer we cou|d have."
81

I)<+F+< T$./1%,-/
Oregon and Wash|ngton`s |arge data centers demanded
400 MW of e|ectr|c|ty |n 2012 and grew by a|most 40 %
to 550 MW |n 2013. A report from the Northwest Power
and Oonservat|on Oounc|| est|mated that data center
demand for the reg|on cou|d get 'potent|a||y as |arge as the
past a|um|num |ndustry |n the reg|on w|th |oads |n excess
~2500 MWa".
82

Amazon`s data centers |n Boardman, OR have grown so
qu|ck|y that |t appears to have a|most s|ng|e-handed|y
pushed |ts e|ectr|c|ty prov|der, the mat|||a E|ectr|c
Oooperat|ve, to a |arge enough s|ze that |t now |s bound
by a state |aw to generate more renewab|e energy.
83

mat|||a sought to avo|d hav|ng to comp|y w|th the state`s
renewab|e energy requ|rement, f|nanc|ng a statew|de ba||ot
|n|t|at|ve to redef|ne renewab|e energy to |nc|ude 60-year-
o|d dams.
84
Amazon has been content to |et mat|||a do
just that, exert|ng none of |ts |everage as one of mat|||a`s
b|ggest customers to pressure the ut|||ty to ca|| off |ts
assau|t on the |aw. ln ear|y 2014, mat|||a successfu||y
bu|||ed |ts way |nto atta|n|ng a |eg|s|at|ve |oopho|e that
wou|d a||ow |t to comp|y w|th the |aw w|thout |nvest|ng |n
w|nd and so|ar energy.
85
Amazon`s course of |nact|on stands |n stark contrast to
App|e, Goog|e, Facebook and Rackspace, wh|ch operate
or are bu||d|ng data centers |n Oregon, and are demand|ng
that the|r ut|||t|es prov|de more, not |ess, renewab|e energy.
ln response, some ut|||t|es are ask|ng the state for the ab|||ty
to prov|de more renewab|e energy to the|r data center
customers.
86
J)/) &,*/,.- J.+>+*0 V/+5+/@ 2.$%/1! T&
J)/) &,*/,.- J.+>+*0 V/+5+/@ 2.$%/1!
I)<+F+< T$./1%,-/
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Where the
C|oud Touches
the Ground
!"#$%&
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1000
0
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Northern v|rg|n|a conta|ns one of the most concentrated
ep|centers of data centers |n the wor|d - |t |s a key |ocat|on
|n the |nternet`s |nfrastructure. Amazon operates mu|t|p|e
data centers |n the reg|on, but |s far from the on|y company
there. Much of the |nternet`s traff|c |s routed through th|s
area, and |arge amounts of federa| government data are
stored |n the reg|on`s data centers as we||.
Dom|n|on, the ut|||ty |n v|rg|n|a, serv|ces these data centers
w|th e|ectr|c|ty. lts web s|te shows that data centers
demanded over 500 MW of e|ectr|c|ty |n 2012, a quant|ty
|t expects to doub|e by 2017. nfortunate|y, Dom|n|on`s
generat|on m|x |s compr|sed of a|most ent|re|y d|rty
energy sources.
87
Burn|ng coa| generates 38 % of the
state`s power; nuc|ear power p|ants generate 42 %; gas
generates 17 %. Renewab|e energy generates on|y 2 %
of the company`s power.
88
Dom|n|on`s |ong-term p|an that
|t subm|tted to regu|ators shows that |t does not |ntended
on mak|ng any s|gn|f|cant |ncrease |n |ts |nvestment |n
renewab|e energy over the next 15 years.
89
J)/) &,*/,.- J.+>+*0 V/+5+/@ 2.$%/1! ^+.0+*+)
!"
42 42
C|ean energy |ndex methodo|ogy (Oo|umn 2}
Greenpeace has estab||shed the O|ean Energy lndex as a
response to the |ack of usefu| metr|cs and pub||c|y ava||ab|e
data to eva|uate and compare the energy footpr|nts of
major c|oud prov|ders and the|r respect|ve data centers.
Th|s |ack of data |s not due to the fact that data does
not ex|st. However, most compan|es rema|n unw||||ng
to prov|de even the most bas|c |nformat|on about both
the amount and source of the|r grow|ng e|ectr|c|ty
consumpt|on. Desp|te a pro||ferat|on of metr|cs created by
the |ndustry (such as PE} that attempt to quant|fy how
green a data center |s as measured by energy eff|c|ency,
very few compan|es report under newer metr|cs (such as
Green Energy Ooeff|c|ent, GEO} that cou|d shed any ||ght
on the bas|c quest|on: how much d|rty energy |s be|ng
used, and wh|ch compan|es are choos|ng c|ean energy to
power the c|oud?
The O|ean Energy lndex attempts to prov|de a bas|c
answer to th|s quest|on, based on what can be g|eaned
from the ||m|ted |nformat|on ava||ab|e, and focus|ng on
recent |nvestments of se|ect brands and the current c|ean
energy supp|y assoc|ated w|th each |nvestment.
Start|ng w|th an |n|t|a| set of some of the |argest c|oud
prov|ders, Greenpeace has attempted to |dent|fy two ma|n
|nputs from a representat|ve samp|e of the|r most recent
(f|ve years or |ess} |nfrastructure |nvestments.
Those |nputs are:
(1| Est|mated s|ze of e|ectr|c|ty demand of each fac|||ty (|n
megawatts};
(2| Amount of renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty be|ng used to power |t
(by percentage}.
Th|s |nformat|on |s then used to approx|mate, |n|t|a||y on a
fac|||ty |eve|, the number of megawatts of c|ean energy the
fac|||ty w||| consume. Hav|ng ca|cu|ated a fac|||ty-|eve| O|ean
Energy lndex for a representat|ve samp|e of data centers,
Greenpeace der|ves a company average of c|ean energy
percentage across |ts fac|||t|es.
ln comp|||ng the |nformat|on |nc|uded |n th|s report,
Greenpeace contacted a|| compan|es featured here and
asked for |nformat|on regard|ng the|r data center fac|||t|es,
and for |nformat|on on the|r |nfrastructure s|t|ng and
m|t|gat|on efforts. Greenpeace made est|mates of data
center power demand ava||ab|e to compan|es for comment
|n advance of pub||cat|on, and |ssues ra|sed by the
compan|es are h|gh||ghted |n footnotes on the scorecard.
The above |nputs are from the fo||ow|ng sources:
Subm|ss|ons by compan|es d|rect|y to Greenpeace
Pub||c subm|ss|ons by compan|es to report|ng ent|t|es or
stakeho|der pub||cat|ons
As def|ned by company when announc|ng |nvestments
As reported by the med|a (|n stor|es on the |nvestments or
construct|on of fac|||t|es, etc.}
E|ectr|c|ty demand |s der|ved by tak|ng the announced
s|ze of |nvestment and der|v|ng tota| number of MW, us|ng
|ndustry average cost per lT |oad ($15m||||on S do||ars
per MW} mu|t|p||ed by pub||c|y ava||ab|e PE for fac|||ty or,
|f not ava||ab|e, 1.5 for new fac|||t|es.
lf not reported by the company, the generat|on m|x of the
e|ectr|c|ty |s taken from one of the fo||ow|ng sources, as
ava||ab|e, |n dec||n|ng order of preference:
The most recent pub||shed generat|on m|x of the |oca|
ut|||ty
ln the .S., the 2010 eGr|d State |eve| generat|on m|x
(9th Ed|t|on} as reported by S EPA, or |f not app||cab|e,
reported subreg|ona| eGr|d generat|on m|x
Outs|de the S, the European Oomm|ss|on and
lnternat|ona| Energy Agency 2009 Stat|st|cs
lmportant Note: Th|s ana|ys|s does not attempt to
represent |tse|f as a comprehens|ve snapshot of how much
c|ean energy |s be|ng consumed on a company-w|de |eve|.
On|y the compan|es can proper|y prov|de that.
Greenpeace wou|d we|come the opportun|ty to |ncorporate
more deta||ed data to |nform our ana|ys|s, as that wou|d
||ke|y prov|de a more comp|ete and ref|ned p|cture of c|oud
prov|ders` energy use. As compan|es prov|de better data,
Greenpeace w||| |ncorporate th|s |nto our eva|uat|on and
encourage other compan|es to fo||ow.
For those compan|es that have adopted 100% renewab|e
energy targets and a|so prov|de fac|||ty-|eve| energy deta||s,
Greenpeace uses current consumpt|on and renewab|e
procurement data prov|ded by the company |nstead of
u|t|mate fac|||ty capac|ty.
Append|x 1
U,/1$H$5$0@
43 43
C||ck|ng C|ean:
How Compan|es
are Creat|ng the
Green Internet
Greenpeace
USA
Append|x 1
Coa| and nuc|ear |ntens|ty (Oo|umn 3}
A company`s coa| |ntens|ty |s a s|mp|e ca|cu|at|on of the
approx|mate tota| percentage of coa|-generated e|ectr|c|ty
power|ng the company`s data centers. A company`s
nuc|ear and gas |ntens|t|es are s|m||ar: s|mp|e ca|cu|at|ons
of the approx|mate tota| percentages of nuc|ear- and gas-
generated e|ectr|c|ty power|ng the company`s data center.
Th|s |s ca|cu|ated |n|t|a||y on a fac|||ty |eve|, based on the
est|mated max|mum power demand of the fac|||ty and
the percentage of coa| and nuc|ear-generated e|ectr|c|ty
supp||ed by the contract|ng ut|||ty or the |oca| gr|d.
The company-|eve| |ntens|ty of coa|, nuc|ear and gas
energy |s rendered by add|ng the tota| MW of est|mated
max|mum power from coa|, nuc|ear and gas generat|on
across the samp|e data center f|eet, d|v|ded by the tota|
est|mated MW max|mum power demand of the same
samp|e data centers.
Energy transparency methodo|ogy (Oo|umn 4}
Oompan|es are eva|uated on the scope and |eve| of deta||
made pub||c|y ava||ab|e on energy consumpt|on of lT
|nfrastructure that a||ow stakeho|ders and customers to
eva|uate the energy-re|ated env|ronmenta| performance
and |mpact at corporate, product, and fac|||ty |eve|s.
Pub||c |nformat|on |nc|udes |nformat|on from a company`s
webs|te, annua| reports, and subm|ss|ons to regu|atory
agenc|es or |nformat|on c|ear|nghouses such as the
Oarbon D|sc|osure Project.
For corporate and fac|||ty-|eve| report|ng, key e|ements
of |nformat|on |nc|ude: |ocat|on and s|ze of fac|||t|es; s|ze of
e|ectr|c|ty demand; generat|on m|x and assoc|ated carbon
content (|nc|ud|ng power purchase agreements spec|f|c
to the fac|||ty}; and carbon |ntens|ty of data de||very and
storage. Report|ng shou|d |nc|ude both owned and rented
fac|||t|es.
For customer |eve| report|ng, compan|es shou|d prov|de
regu|ar energy and carbon footpr|nt |nformat|on (pre-offset}
assoc|ated w|th the customers` consumpt|on, reported |n a
manner cons|stent w|th estab||shed report|ng protoco|s.
Infrastructure s|t|ng methodo|ogy (Co|umn 5|
OOompan|es are assessed on the strength of the|r
comm|tment to power|ng the|r data centers w|th
renewab|e energy, |nc|ud|ng |nfrastructure s|t|ng cr|ter|a
and |nvestment dec|s|ons that enab|e the deve|opment
of the company`s lT |nfrastructure to max|m|ze the use of
c|ean sources of energy, and avo|d an |ncrease |n demand
for coa| or nuc|ear power to meet the grow|ng demand for
e|ectr|c|ty from the|r operat|ons. H|gh scor|ng compan|es
demonstrate:
Adopt|on of a 100% renewab|e energy comm|tment
A c|ean energy s|t|ng po||cy to pr|or|t|ze lT |nfrastructure
|nvestments or procurements that re|y pr|mar||y
upon renewab|e energy as a source of e|ectr|c|ty and
d|scr|m|nate aga|nst coa| and nuc|ear power to meet
|nfrastructure e|ectr|c|ty demand.
Oons|stent patterns of major |nfrastructure |nvestment
dec|s|ons that |ncrease or sh|ft e|ectr|c|ty demand to
renewab|e sources of e|ectr|c|ty.
Oomm| tment to e||m|nate coa|, nuc|ear and gas energy
from power|ng company |nfrastructure.
Energy eff|c|ency and GHG m|t|gat|on strategy
methodo|ogy (Oo|umn 6}
OOompan|es are eva|uated on the strength of the|r
strateg|es and measurab|e progress to m|t|gate
the demand for d|rty energy generated by the|r lT
|nfrastructure. The effect|veness and strength of a
company`s m|t|gat|on strategy |s measured a|ong the
fo||ow|ng gu|de||nes:
Oompan|es w|th abso|ute em|ss|on reduct|on goa|s
w||| be rated h|gher than those compan|es that adopt an
|ntens|ty-based target.
Oompan|es part|c|pat|ng |n open-source shar|ng of
energy eff|c|ent des|gn and equ|pment spec|f|cat|on to
enab|e further |earn|ng & |mprovement w|th|n sector.

Renewab|e energy |nvestment and po||t|ca|
advocacy methodo|ogy (Oo|umn 7}
Oompan|es are eva|uated on the strength of the|r
measurab|e progress and comm|tment to renewab|e
energy |nvestments and act|ons taken to advocate
for amb|t|ous po||c|es at a|| |eve|s of government that
encourage w|de sca|e renewab|e energy generat|on and
use. H|gh scor|ng compan|es a|so demonstrate:
Efforts to meet e|ectr|c|ty demand w|th the d|rect
|nsta||at|on of renewab|e energy, and the reduct|on of
em|ss|ons through h|gher eff|c|ency, wh|ch w||| rece|ve
the h|ghest marks.
lnvestments |n c|ean energy supp|y and |oca| energy
eff|c|ency mechan|sms, wh|ch w||| be rated h|gher than
the purchase of offsets and renewab|e energy cred|ts to
reach estab||shed env|ronmenta| goa|s.
Proof of |ong-term comm|tment to renewab|e energy
through |oca| renewab|e energy deve|opers.
44 44
Append|x 2
&$'()*@ -<$.,-
,;(5)+*,H
Akama| |s one the |argest g|oba| content d|str|but|on
networks (ODN}, he|p|ng the b|gger brand names |n
th|s report and other on||ne content prov|ders de||ver
the|r content faster to users around the wor|d. Akama|
de||vers between 15% and 30% of |nternet traff|c through
|ts network.
90
As a ODN, Akama|`s network |s h|gh|y
d|str|buted, w|th over 127,000 servers spread across
1,100 data centers |n 81 countr|es. Akama|`s h|gh|y
d|str|buted bus|ness mode| and re|at|onsh|ps across the
|nternet ecosystem put |t |n a un|que pos|t|on to |everage
|nf|uence across |ts vendor network, part|cu|ar|y as a
grow|ng number of |ts content customers have exp||c|t
goa|s re|ated to energy eff|c|ency and renewab|e energy.
Transparency: A
Akama| has been an ear|y |eader among |nternet
compan|es |n prov|d|ng deta||s on the carbon |ntens|ty of
|ts network data. Akama| cont|nues to prov|de deta||ed
subm|ss|ons through the Oarbon D|sc|osure Project, and
|s now report|ng |ts network`s use of renewab|e energy
by reg|on of operat|on. Akama| w||| a|so prov|de to |ts
customers a month|y carbon footpr|nt assoc|ated w|th
content de||very through the Akama| network servers.
Akama| prov|des the resu|ts of |ts annua| susta|nab|||ty
survey back to |ts vendor network, prov|d|ng a benchmark
to ass|st data center operators to understand how we||
they are perform|ng |n re|at|onsh|p both to the|r customers`
expectat|ons, and to the compet|t|on.
91
By prov|d|ng
vendors w|th th|s |nformat|on, Akama| |s enab||ng better
awareness of energy and carbon management assoc|ated
w|th data consumpt|on, wh|ch w||| hopefu||y tr|gger
add|t|ona| report|ng and compet|t|on for env|ronmenta|
performance.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy: B
Akama|`s d|str|buted bus|ness mode| makes |t more
cha||eng|ng to choose on|y those data centers wh|ch
have access to renewab|e energy. Though |ts s|t|ng
opt|ons are d|fferent, Akama| has been |everag|ng |ts
|nf|uence w|th data center operators through an annua|
susta|nab|||ty survey, and prov|d|ng anonymous resu|ts
to each vendor to |nform them on how they compare
w|th operators. Most s|gn|f|cant|y, Akama|`s recent
dec|s|on to sh|ft |ts network |abs, wh|ch |t does contro|
d|rect|y, to a |ocat|on w|th a most|y hydro-e|ectr|c
powered gr|d, ref|ected the company`s comm|tment to
reduce the carbon |ntens|ty of |ts operat|ons.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: B
Akama| has been aggress|ve|y |mprov|ng |ts eff|c|ency,
w|th annua| targets to reduce greenhouse gas |ntens|ty
30% each year as |t rap|d|y grows w|th the on||ne
wor|d; the company has been ach|ev|ng those goa|s. ln
add|t|on to educat|ng |ts co|ocat|on prov|ders on best-
pract|ce data center operat|ons, Akama| has a|so been
seek|ng to gradua||y convert |ts f|at-rate power contracts
to metered ones to prov|de a f|nanc|a| |ncent|ve to
|mp|ement off-peak eff|c|ency measures.
92
Renewab|e Enery Dep|oyment & Advocacy: C
Akama|`s dec|s|on to sh|ft |ts Network |abs to a |ocat|on
w|th renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty ava||ab|e from the gr|d was an
|mportant f|rst step toward power|ng Akama|`s network
w|th renewab|e energy. Due to |ts d|str|buted bus|ness
mode|, Akama| has not made s|gn|f|cant |nvestments |n
d|rect or gr|d purchases of renewab|e energy, but has
begun to become more demand|ng of |ts co|ocat|on
prov|ders for |nformat|on on c|ean and |ow-carbon
energy opt|ons. Akama| shou|d a|so be more proact|ve
at tak|ng the po||t|ca| advocacy necessary to sh|ft toward
c|eaner energy opportun|t|es for the |ndustry, as recent|y
demonstrated by |ts jo|n|ng the c||mate dec|arat|on sent
to S dec|s|on makers.
93
45
!"##$%#&'#
)*+
,-.'/.$0 ,-#&$1
234 ,35%&$.#6
&"# ,"#&7.$0 78#
!"##$ 9$7#"$#7
Append|x 2
Amazon Web Serv|ces (AWS}, owned by Amazon.com,
has grown s|nce |ts |aunch |n 2006 |nto one of the |argest
d|g|ta| ecosystems of the on||ne wor|d. W|th an |mpress|ve
array of serv|ces and the ab|||ty to qu|ck|y sca|e based
on demand, AWS now serves as the |nfrastructura|
cornerstone of many of the most we||-known on||ne
brands, |nc|ud|ng Netf||x, P|nterest, Spot|fy, and v|ne.
nfortunate|y, desp|te |ts dom|nant pos|t|on and we||-
estab||shed bus|ness mode|, AWS has dropped further
and further beh|nd |ts compet|tors |n bu||d|ng an |nternet
that runs on renewab|e sources of energy, and |s the |east
transparent of any company we eva|uated.
Transparency: F
Desp|te a s|gn|f|cant sh|ft toward greater energy
transparency across the sector |n the past two years, AWS
st||| fa||s to make pub||c even the most bas|c deta||s on |ts
energy footpr|nt or |ts source of e|ectr|c|ty, beyond c|a|m|ng
that |ts Oregon data centers are 'carbon free."
94
Even
for AWS customers, deta||ed |nformat|on on the carbon
footpr|nt or energy m|x of AWS data centers |s not eas||y
obta|ned.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy: F
Desp|te the recent adopt|on of 100% renewab|e
energy comm|tments by compet|tors Rackspace,
Goog|e, and App|e, AWS cont|nues to rap|d|y expand
|ts g|oba| |nfrastructure w|thout any apparent regard to
env|ronmenta| |mpact or access to renewab|e energy.
The AWS S-East ava||ab|||ty zone |n Northern v|rg|n|a
rema|ns by far the |argest, now w|th 10 data centers and
60% of EO2 servers
95
; |t |s powered by on|y 2% renewab|e
energy.
96
lre|and comes |n a very d|stant second.
97
The
AWS S West (Oregon} reg|on |s |ocated |n an area that |s
s|gn|f|cant|y served by hydroe|ectr|c power, but |t |s unc|ear
what generat|on m|x AWS rece|ves from the ut|||ty there,
the mat|||a E|ectr|c Oooperat|ve.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: D
AWS certa|n|y has advantages over many |n the c|oud
sector g|ven |ts raw sca|e, and |t |s c|ear|y operat|ng |ts
data centers at a h|gh state of eff|c|ency. AWS professes
to have much h|gher ut|||zat|on rates, and offers
products des|gned to |ncrease ut|||zat|on by offer|ng
be|ow-market cost server capac|ty at off-peak hours.
98

However, AWS` near comp|ete |ack of transparency
on |ts ut|||zat|on or energy performance, and |ts |ack of
energy eff|c|ency targets, means that customers cannot
ver|fy |ts h|gh eff|c|ency or compare |t to other vendors,
and peers cannot |earn from any of |ts best pract|ces.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: F
AWS cont|nues to fa|| further beh|nd other major data
center compan|es |n procurement and |nvestment |n
renewab|e energy. Wh||e AWS has been w||||ng to |nvest
|n the capac|ty to bu||d |ts own 50-100 MW e|ectr|c|ty
substat|ons |n order to ma|nta|n the gr|d`s ab|||ty to meet
the sca|e of |ts energy demand, |t has fa||ed to reg|ster a
s|ng|e |nvestment or purchase of renewab|e energy.
99

ln sharp contrast to compet|tors Goog|e, App|e,
Rackspace and M|crosoft, wh|ch are work|ng w|th the|r
e|ectr|c ut|||t|es to |ncrease the supp|y of renewab|e
e|ectr|c|ty, AWS` Oregon ut|||ty (mat|||a E|ectr|c} |s
work|ng to gut the state renewab|e energy |aw |n order
to avo|d hav|ng to meet the h|gher renewab|e targets |t
now faces as resu|t of AWS` rap|d growth |n e|ectr|c|ty
demand. (See Where the O|oud Touches the Ground,
p 40}
100
46 46
App|e`s aggress|ve pursu|t of |ts comm|tment to power
the |O|oud w|th 100 % renewab|e energy has g|ven the
company the |ns|de track among the lT sector`s |eaders
|n bu||d|ng a green lnternet. App|e has made good on |ts
p|edge by bu||d|ng the |argest pr|vate|y owned so|ar farms
at |ts North Oaro||na data center, work|ng w|th |ts ut|||ty |n
Nevada to power |ts upcom|ng data center there w|th so|ar
and geotherma| energy, and purchas|ng w|nd energy for
|ts Oregon and Oa||forn|a data centers. App|e st||| has work
to do |n some areas - |ts p|edge g|ves |t a strong reason to
advocate |n front of governments and ut|||t|es for renewab|e
energy-fr|end|y po||c|es, and 2014 |s ||ke|y to offer severa|
opportun|t|es where App|e can use |ts c|out effect|ve|y. But
on the who|e, App|e`s comm|tment to renewab|e energy
has he|ped set a new bar for the |ndustry, |||ustrat|ng |n very
concrete terms that a 100% renewab|e |nternet |s w|th|n
|ts reach, and prov|d|ng severa| mode|s of |ntervent|on for
other compan|es that want to bu||d a susta|nab|e lnternet.
Transparency: A
ln March 2013, App|e re|eased a trove of |nformat|on
d|sc|os|ng the amount of energy |t uses at a|| of |ts data
centers, as we|| as the pr|nc|p|es and mechan|sms |t wou|d
use to meet the goa| of power|ng those data centers w|th
100 % renewab|e energy.
101
The data App|e re|eased
g|ves |ts consumers conf|dence |n |ts ab|||ty to meet |ts
100 % renewab|e energy goa|. App|e`s report d|sc|osed
the e|ectr|c|ty needs of |ts Ma|den, NO data center, and
deta||ed how App|e w||| meet that demand w|th two 20 MW
so|ar |nsta||at|ons, fue| ce||s, and ||m|ted use of renewab|e
energy cred|ts. App|e has cont|nued to update |ts web s|te
w|th progress toward |ts 100% renewab|e goa| for App|e-
owned and operated fac|||t|es, and has a|so recent|y begun
to report bas|c deta||s on |ts progress |n ach|ev|ng th|s goa|
for |ts on||ne serv|ces hosted by co|ocat|on compan|es.
102

Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy: A
App|e`s p|edge to power |ts data centers w|th 100 %
c|ean energy shou|d steer the company to bu||d new data
centers |n |ocat|ons where renewab|e energy opt|ons are
p|ent|fu|. Th|s proved true |n 2012, when App|e announced
that |ts next data center wou|d be bu||t near Reno,
Nevada, wh|ch has amp|e renewab|e resources. App|e
made good on that p|edge |n 2013, when |t announced
that so|ar and geotherma| resources wou|d power the
fac|||ty.
103
App|e a|so estab||shed a procurement pr|nc|p|e
that the renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty |t buys shou|d come from
|oca| sources where poss|b|e, and shou|d d|sp|ace d|rt|er
e|ectr|c|ty |n the same gr|d area.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on B
App|e has gone to |mpress|ve |engths to m|t|gate the d|rty
energy m|x prov|d|ng power to |ts |argest data center |n
Ma|den, NO, where ut|||ty Duke Energy serv|ces customers
w|th a m|x of a|most ent|re|y coa|, nuc|ear, and gas energy.
App|e`s |nsta||at|on of two |arge so|ar arrays and fue| ce||s
has he|ped |t d|sp|ace a |arge amount of |ts e|ectr|c|ty
demand from Duke. App|e has a|so prov|ded ev|dence of
a number of |nnovat|ve energy eff|c|ent des|gn features at
|ts NO data center.
104
However, shar|ng more deta|| about
App|e`s energy eff|c|ent des|gns wou|d he|p the lT sector
to |earn from, and |mprove upon, App|e`s best eff|c|ency
pract|ces.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: A
G|ven the sca|e of |ts operat|ons and growth, App|e`s 2012
p|edge to power |ts data centers w|th 100 % renewab|e
energy has put App|e on a path to be|ng one of the b|ggest
users of renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty |n the S. lt began mak|ng
good on that p|edge by doub||ng the s|ze of |ts so|ar
|nsta||at|on at |ts Ma|den, NO data center; |t now owns
two 20 MW so|ar fac|||t|es, the |argest pr|vate|y-owned
so|ar |nsta||at|ons |n the country. Add|t|ona||y, App|e has
made a dea| to source the e|ectr|c|ty for |ts Reno, Nv data
center from 100 % so|ar and geotherma| energy; App|e
partnered w|th ut|||ty Nv Energy to bu||d those renewab|e
resources. App|e |s a|so demonstrat|ng |nnovat|on and
rea| comm|tment to |ts goa|s at |ts data center |n Oregon,
overcom|ng regu|atory hurd|es to br|ng add|t|ona| w|nd
energy to the fac|||ty v|a the state`s D|rect Access program.
App|e says |t has |ncreased the use of renewab|e energy at
|ts fac|||t|es from 35% to 75% over the past three years.
105

App|e has not yet d|sc|osed whether |t w||| s|gn up for Duke
Energy`s 100% renewab|e energy tar|ff, or 'Green Source
R|der" |n North Oaro||na, wh|ch wou|d he|p |t reach |ts goa|
of 100 % renewab|e energy there w|thout the need for
Renewab|e Energy Ored|ts (REOs} as the fac|||ty cont|nues
to grow. App|e jo|ned other Oa||forn|a compan|es |n s|gn|ng
a ca|| for S po||cymakers to address c||mate change |n
Feb, 2014.
106

47
!"##$%#&'#
)*+
,-.'/.$0 ,-#&$1
234 ,35%&$.#6
&"# ,"#&7.$0 78#
!"##$ 9$7#"$#7
Append|x 2
eBay |s one of the best known |nternet brands, but |t has
|agged beh|nd other |nnovat|ve compan|es |n pr|or|t|z|ng
access to renewab|e energy when choos|ng the |ocat|on
of |ts three data center fac|||t|es. However, eBay has
recent|y taken severa| steps that |nd|cate |t |s ser|ous about
chang|ng the opt|ons |t has to buy renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty
and otherw|se reduc|ng |ts data center energy footpr|nt.
Though st||| heav||y re||ant on coa|, eBay`s Dashboard
ln|t|at|ve has he|ped demonstrate an |mportant |nnovat|on
|n prov|d|ng mean|ngfu| data about |ts energy use. eBay`s
advocacy efforts |n tah have changed the |andscape
for compan|es that wou|d ||ke to have a|ternat|ves to the
surround|ng d|rty gr|d.
Transparency: A
eBay has dramat|ca||y |ncreased |ts energy transparency
at both a corporate and operat|ona| |eve|. ln the spr|ng
of 2013, eBay |aunched |ts D|g|ta| Serv|ce Eff|c|ency
Dashboard, wh|ch prov|des up-to-date metr|cs on |ts
energy performance and |s |ntegrated |nto |mportant
bus|ness performance metr|cs.
107
The DSE dashboard has
he|ped dr|ve a b|gger conversat|on w|th|n the data center
sector on energy transparency, and how env|ronmenta|
performance metr|cs are t|ght|y connected to bus|ness
performance.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy: D
eBay`s sh|ft from co|ocat|on to owned and operated
fac|||t|es |n 2008 has resu|ted |n data centers that are a||
|n |ocat|ons w|th gr|ds powered by h|gh percentages of
coa|.
108
These s|t|ng dec|s|ons were a major factor |n
eBay`s fa||ure to meet |ts 2012 greenhouse gas reduct|on
target of 15% be|ow 2008 |eve|s, |nstead com|ng |n at
224% above the target.
109
eBay c|a|ms that |t now has
a s|t|ng po||cy that names renewab|e energy access as
an |mportant pr|or|ty for future growth. eBay has recent|y
adopted a near-term goa| of at |east 8% 'c|eaner" energy
by 2015, but c|ear |ong-term and more transformat|ona|
goa|s for renewab|e energy wou|d send a s|gna| to eBay`s
customers and e|ectr|c|ty vendors that the company |s
ser|ous about ach|ev|ng |ts |ong-term goa| of becom|ng the
'|ead|ng g|oba| eng|ne for greener commerce."
110
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: B
Desp|te a d|rty e|ectr|c|ty gr|d power|ng each of eBay`s
three data center |ocat|ons, the company has res|sted the
temptat|on to paper over |ts d|rty energy prob|em by buy|ng
Renewab|e Energy Ored|ts. eBay has been part|cu|ar|y
aggress|ve |n |ts efforts to c|ean up the e|ectr|c|ty supp|y
for |ts tah fac|||ty, where |t has dep|oyed an |nnovat|ve
comb|nat|on of fue| ce||s and e|ectr|c|ty produced from
a nearby comb|ned heat and power project. (See 'eBay
np|ugs from a D|rty Gr|d", p 29} Those m|t|gat|on efforts
have a b|g |mpact, s|nce the gr|d |s current|y powered by
over 60% coa|.
111
eBay has estab||shed 2015 goa|s both
for eff|c|ency (10% |mprovement} and for 8% 'c|eaner"
e|ectr|c|ty sources, and |s shar|ng deta||s on both energy
eff|c|ency and e|ectr|c|ty supp|y |nnovat|ons w|th other
compan|es |n the sector.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: C
eBay has dep|oyed rooftop so|ar power at |ts tah data
center, and |ts fue| ce|| |nsta||at|ons, wh||e not renewab|e,
do dramat|ca||y reduce |ts re||ance on a gr|d |arge|y
powered by coa|. Go|ng forward, eBay must pr|or|t|ze
energy sources that are tru|y renewab|e, not just those
that are c|eaner than the surround|ng gr|d. eBay has
demonstrated that |t recogn|zes the |mportance of
advocacy, both |n ach|ev|ng |ts own env|ronmenta| goa|s
and for advanc|ng greener commerce |n the economy as
a who|e. eBay successfu||y worked w|th |eg|s|ators |n tah
to pass a change to state |aw that wou|d a||ow 'non-ut|||ty
energy consumers to buy and transm|t power d|rect|y from
renewab|e energy deve|opers" for the f|rst t|me.
112
eBay
has a|so pub||c|y supported key c||mate and c|ean energy
po||cy sh|fts at the federa| and state |eve|; |t jo|ned the
c||mate dec|arat|on sent to S dec|s|on makers.
113
Wh||e
eBay |s an act|ve member of BlOEP, |t |s a|so a member of
A|EO, wh|ch underm|nes |ts c|ean energy efforts.
114
(See
'A sta|n on lT c|ean energy efforts: A|EO", p 33}
48 48
D|g|ta| Rea|ty Trust (DRT} |s the |argest d|g|ta| |and|ord |n
the wor|d, w|th 131 data centers wor|dw|de, rough|y three-
fourths of wh|ch are |ocated |n the S, 18% |n Europe and
4% |n As|a, tota||ng over 24 m||||on square feet of renta|
space.
115
D|g|ta| Rea|ty operates on the who|esa|e end of
the co|ocat|on spectrum, prov|d|ng both ent|re data center
propert|es to |arge customers ||ke Equ|n|x and Amazon
Web Serv|ces, and a|so rent|ng port|ons of fac|||t|es to meet
the needs of |arge on||ne propert|es such as Facebook,
Rackspace, Sa|esforce, Goog|e, M|crosoft and Yahoo.
D|g|ta| Rea|ty Trust was the f|rst data center company to
operate as a rea| estate |nvestment trust, a spec|a| tax
status |n the S des|gned to attract |nvestment |n rea|
estate w|thout hav|ng to pay standard corporate taxes.
Transparency: D
n||ke some of |ts |arger customers, DRT does not report
the energy or greenhouse gas footpr|nt of |ts propert|es on
a company |eve|, though |t reports the energy capac|ty of
more than ha|f of |ts fac|||t|es. D|g|ta| Rea|ty Trust does not
report |ts aggregate power consumpt|on, but our survey
of just over ha|f of |ts fac|||t|es |nd|cated a consumpt|ve
capac|ty of over 1,000 MW.
116

Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: D
D|g|ta| Rea|ty Trust does not have an overa|| goa| for
dr|v|ng renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty to |ts fac|||t|es. As a who|esa|e
prov|der, DRT`s s|t|ng opt|ons are |ess f|ex|b|e than some
c|oud compan|es, but |ts mass|ve s|ze and penchant for
concentrated growth |n markets prov|des the company
w|th a great dea| of opportun|ty to use |ts buy|ng power to
demand or secure renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty for |ts customers at
an advantageous pr|ce.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: D
D|g|ta| Rea|ty`s |ack of both an energy reduct|on p|an and
any transparency about |ts fac|||t|es` energy m|x makes |t
d|ff|cu|t to eva|uate |ts overa|| performance. DRT c|a|ms
to be one of the ear|y adopters of the Power sage
Effect|veness standard to benchmark fac|||ty eff|c|ency,
but |t does not |nd|cate whether |t uses other Green Gr|d
metr|cs to measure carbon or renewab|e energy. Do|ng
so wou|d he|p DRT`s customers to better measure and
manage the|r env|ronmenta| performance.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: D
G|ven the sca|e of |ts operat|ons and e|ectr|c|ty demand,
DRT |s a|most certa|n|y a very we||-known and h|gh|y
sought after customer by e|ectr|c ut|||t|es. Energy regu|ators
|n reg|ons where |t has major operat|ons ||ke|y wou|d be
|nterested |n the company`s op|n|ons as we||. lf DRT made
a comm|tment to renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty, work|ng to phase
|n c|ean energy |n co||aborat|on w|th |ts customers across
the g|obe, the company wou|d become a dr|v|ng force
for bu||d|ng a green |nternet, far b|gger than even Goog|e
|s current|y. But as|de from |ts recent co||aborat|on w|th
Rackspace to secure renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty for |ts K data
center, DRT appears to be on a path that w||| extend the
bus|ness mode| of po||ut|ng ut|||t|es and ho|d back a |arge
port|on of the d|g|ta| economy from be|ng powered w|th
c|ean energy.
49
!"##$%#&'#
)*+
C||ck|ng C|ean:
How Compan|es
are Creat|ng the
Green Internet
Append|x 2
Dupont Fabros (DFT} |s one of the |argest who|esa|e data
center co|ocat|on prov|ders |n the S, prov|d|ng |arge
b|ocks of data center capac|ty to a range of customers |n
severa| major markets, |nc|ud|ng compan|es ||ke Facebook
and Yahoo wh|ch a|so bu||d the|r own datacenters. DFT`s
|argest market |s Northern v|rg|n|a, w|th upwards of
200MW |n data center capac|ty bu||t or under construct|on
there.
Transparency: C
Dupont Fabros does report on |ts web s|te the power
demand and energy performance of |ts c|oud comput|ng
serv|ce at the fac|||ty |eve|.
117
However, DFT does not
part|c|pate |n the Oarbon D|sc|osure Project or otherw|se
report |ts tota| energy or carbon footpr|nt. DFT states that
|t w||| prov|de the carbon and energy footpr|nt data upon
request by |ts customers.
118

Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: D
Dupont Fabros does not state a pub||c preference for
renewab|e energy supp|y when |t s|tes |ts data centers, nor
has |t set a renewab|e energy target for future |nvestments.
lts many data centers |n Northern v|rg|n|a are powered by a
|oca| ut|||ty, Dom|n|on Energy, whose e|ectr|c|ty |s generated
by a m|x of coa|, gas and nuc|ear energy, w|th no p|ans
to |ncrease |ts m|nuscu|e usage of renewab|e power to
s|gn|f|cant |eve|s.
119

Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: D
As a who|esa|e co|ocat|on prov|der, DFT`s pr|mary
opportun|ty for dr|v|ng eff|c|ency across |ts data centers |s
|n the des|gn, mon|tor|ng, and management of the overa||
fac|||ty, but the performance of the servers |s |eft to |ts
customers. DFT has |mp|emented strong energy eff|c|ency
pract|ces for |ts Santa O|ara data center. That fac|||ty |s
equ|pped w|th a dashboard to mon|tor some of the energy-
re|ated parameters, |nc|ud|ng temperature and power
usage. Dupont Fabros expects the rea|-t|me |nformat|on
w||| he|p the fac|||ty to |ower |ts PE (<1.38}.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: D
DFT does not have a stated goa| or v|s|on to power |ts data
center |nfrastructure w|th renewab|e energy. The company
d|d |nsta|| 2.7 MW of so|ar arrays on the roof of |ts New
Jersey data center. nfortunate|y, the company current|y
has no further p|ans to |nvest |n renewab|e energy for any of
|ts other 10 fac|||t|es.
50 50
Equ|n|x occup|es a s|gn|f|cant p|ace |n the d|g|ta| economy,
as the |argest reta|| co|ocat|on prov|der |n the .S.
120
. Equ|n|x
customers |nc|ude many of the other brands eva|uated |n
th|s report, |nc|ud|ng App|e, Sa|esforce and Box, wh|ch a||
have made 100% renewab|e comm|tments. Equ|n|x |s a|so
a customer of who|esa|e co|ocat|on compan|es ||ke D|g|ta|
Rea|ty Trust. W|th over 100 data centers spread around
the wor|d, Equ|n|x co||ect|ve|y consumed 1,830 GWh of
e|ectr|c|ty |n 2012, the equ|va|ent to 162,000 average .S.
121
homes.
Transparency: B
Equ|n|x has recent|y taken a b|g str|de |n |ts energy
transparency. W|th p|ans for a new green web porta|, Equ|n|x
w||| prov|de a snapshot of |ts energy demand and re|ated
greenhouse gas footpr|nt, as we|| as e|ectr|c|ty supp|y m|x at a
reg|ona| |eve|. That makes Equ|n|x by far the most transparent
of the co||ocat|on prov|ders, but the company needs to go
beyond the reg|ona| |eve| |n |ts report|ng, |nc|ud|ng through
such mechan|sms as the Oarbon D|sc|osure Project to
fac|||tate year-over-year benchmark|ng. Equ|n|x shou|d a|so
report on resource-ref|ect|ve metr|cs such as OE and WE.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy: D
Equ|n|x w||| hopefu||y fo||ow |ts recent |ncrease |n energy
transparency by p|ac|ng a h|gher pr|or|ty on secur|ng
renewab|e sources of e|ectr|c|ty to power |ts data centers. To
date, Equ|n|x does not have any comm|tment to |ncreas|ng
|ts amount of renewab|e energy. Wh||e co|ocat|on prov|ders
do not have the same |eve| of f|ex|b|||ty on where they s|te the|r
data centers, a |ong-term comm|tment to renewab|e energy
and short-term targets are certa|n|y w|th|n the|r grasp. As we
have seen w|th other compan|es, a comm|tment and targets
wou|d ||ke|y |ncrease Equ|n|x`s |everage w|th e|ectr|c ut|||t|es.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: C
Equ|n|x does not current|y have energy eff|c|ency,
greenhouse gas, or renewab|e energy targets to gu|de |ts
growth. However, Equ|n|x has demonstrated |n severa| of
|ts newer fac|||t|es a range of strateg|es to |mprove eff|c|ency
or reduce the fac|||t|es` energy and env|ronmenta| footpr|nt,
|nc|ud|ng fue| ce||s, comb|ned heat and power, and green
roofs. W|th over 100 propert|es g|oba||y, Equ|n|x shou|d take
these strateg|es beyond p||ots and br|ng them to sca|e, a|ong
w|th sett|ng amb|t|ous targets to |mprove eff|c|ency and
greenhouse gas performance.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: D
Wh||e Equ|n|x |s ab|e to c|a|m a 25% renewab|e energy m|x at
the g|oba| |eve|, most of that |s assoc|ated w|th the purchase
of Renewab|e Energy Ored|ts (REOs} or the equ|va|ent |n
the European market.
122
G|ven Equ|n|x`s g|oba| reach and
concentrat|on of buy|ng power |n major markets, |f the
company turned |ts focus to stead||y |ncreas|ng |ts supp|y of
renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty through a comb|nat|on of |nvestment,
procurement, and advocacy, |t cou|d p|ay an |mportant ro|e |n
de||ver|ng a major part of a green |nternet.
51
!"##$%#&'#
)*+
Append|x 2 C||ck|ng C|ean:
How Compan|es
are Creat|ng the
Green Internet
Facebook cont|nues to grow and dom|nate the g|oba|
soc|a| med|a |andscape w|th 1.23 b||||on month|y act|ve
users. Facebook has made huge str|des forward s|nce
2012 to become one of the c|ear green |nternet |eaders.
Rad|ca| |mprovements |n transparency and efforts to
de||ver s|gn|f|cant w|nd energy |nvestment |n lowa have
he|ped dr|ve Facebook |nto the top t|er of compan|es
creat|ng the green |nternet. By bu||d|ng on the advocacy |t
has started w|th energy ut|||t|es to dr|ve more c|ean energy
|nvestment, and cont|nu|ng to f|nd ways to br|ng renewab|e
energy to sca|e to power |ts data centers |n North Oaro||na
and Oregon, Facebook |s sett|ng a c|ear bar for other major
soc|a| med|a networks and |nternet compan|es to fo||ow.
Transparency : A
Fo||ow|ng |ts sh|ft to becom|ng a pub||c|y he|d company,
Facebook has drast|ca||y |mproved |ts transparency w|th
annua| report|ng on |ts ent|re operat|on, broken down
by |ocat|on, operat|ons, energy source and purchas|ng
contracts, w|th annua| updates and compar|sons.
Facebook`s eff|c|ency dashboards have won |ndustry
awards for |nnovat|on |n susta|nab|||ty report|ng, |nc|ud|ng
fac|||ty-|eve| Power sage Effect|veness (PE} and Water
sage Effect|veness (WE}.
123

Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy: A
Facebook was one of the f|rst compan|es to pub||c|y
announce a preference for renewab|e energy supp|y when
s|t|ng |ts data center |nfrastructure |n 2011. The soc|a|
network subsequent|y se|ected |u|ea, Sweden, wh|ch |s
powered by 100% hydropower, for |ts next data center.
124

Facebook`s newest data center w||| be |n lowa, where |ts
agreement to purchase 100% w|nd power has d|rect|y
|nf|uenced the |oca| energy ut|||ty to |nvest near|y $2 b||||on
|n w|nd energy to meet th|s s|gn|f|cant |ncrease |n demand,
resu|t|ng |n the |argest s|ng|e purchase of w|nd turb|nes |n
the wor|d.
125

Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: A
ln add|t|on to |ts |ong-term goa| to be 100% renewab|y
powered, Facebook has a|so estab||shed a near-term
target to be 25% renewab|y powered by 2015 and |s
regu|ar|y report|ng on progress toward th|s goa|. Facebook
has cont|nued to prov|de va|uab|e |eadersh|p through the
Open Oompute Project, wh|ch |t founded |n 2010, and |s
prov|d|ng a cr|t|ca| forum to open-source energy eff|c|ency
best pract|ces |n data centers, he|p|ng to reduce energy
demand across the sector.
126

Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: B
Facebook has made a s|gn|f|cant |nvestment |n secur|ng
a 100% w|nd contract |n lowa, wh|ch |s he|p|ng to dr|ve
broader renewab|e energy |nvestment |n the state.
127

Facebook, a|ong w|th Goog|e, App|e and other major
e|ectr|c|ty consumers |n North Oaro||na, p|ayed an
|mportant ro|e |n push|ng Duke Energy to create a new
renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty tar|ff, and |s reported to be act|ve |n
Oregon to estab||sh a s|m||ar tar|ff program |n that state.
128

Facebook needs to |dent|fy how |t can |everage these new
tar|ff programs to br|ng new renewab|e energy onto the
gr|d to power |ts operat|ons |n those states, or |dent|fy other
pathways that w||| br|ng new renewab|e energy on the gr|d
at sca|e to meet |ts rap|d|y grow|ng energy needs. ln 2014,
Facebook jo|ned M|crosoft |n advocat|ng on beha|f of
d|str|buted energy generat|on to the lowa t|||t|es Board.
129

Facebook`s strong reputat|on for c||mate change and
renewab|e energy advocacy was tarn|shed |n 2013 when |t
was revea|ed that the company donated money to OEl,
130

a noted c||mate deny|ng group, and became a member of
the Amer|can |eg|s|at|ve Exchange Oounc|| (A|EO} (see A
sta|n on lT c|ean energy efforts: A|EO, p 33}.
131

52 52
Goog|e has cont|nued to |ead the major |nternet brands |n
purchas|ng renewab|e energy at sca|e to power |ts mass|ve
on||ne ecosystem. The company |s now report|ng e|ectr|c|ty
consumpt|on of 3,315 GWh, w|th 34% of |ts operat|ons
powered by c|ean energy. Goog|e`s use of power purchase
agreements (PPAs} to procure c|ean energy has been
adopted by others |n the sector, ||ke M|crosoft, and |t has
successfu||y |nf|uenced ut|||t|es |n Ok|ahoma and North
Oaro||na to offer new renewab|e energy opt|ons by us|ng |ts
|mmense bus|ness c|out. As Goog|e expands |ts footpr|nt to
|at|n Amer|ca and As|a, |t w||| need to ma|nta|n |ts |nnovat|ve
edge to make sure that |t cont|nues to source c|ean energy
even |n countr|es that feature d|rty e|ectr|c gr|ds.
Transparency: B
Goog|e has stead||y |ncreased the |eve| of deta|| |t makes
pub||c on |ts energy footpr|nt, part|cu|ar|y w|th regard to
|ts renewab|e energy procurement and po||cy advocacy.
Goog|e has prov|ded |mportant |nte||ectua| |eadersh|p to
the sector by pub||sh|ng wh|te papers on |ts renewab|e
energy pr|nc|p|es,
132
host|ng conferences w|th peers on
how to make the lnternet greener,
133
and pub||sh|ng a
robust web s|te exp|a|n|ng |ts energy footpr|nt.
134
Goog|e
prov|des deta||ed report|ng on |ts fac|||t|es` PE
135
and a|so
a deta||ed snapshot of |ts corporate energy footpr|nt to the
Oarbon D|sc|osure Project. However, un||ke Rackspace,
Facebook and App|e, Goog|e has yet to report the energy
demand, gr|d m|x, or carbon em|ss|ons for each of |ts data
centers at a fac|||ty |eve| or reg|ona| |eve|, or prov|de deta||s
on |ts data center footpr|nt among |ts co|ocat|on vendors.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy: B
Goog|e has comm|tted to power |ts data centers w|th100 %
renewab|e energy, an |mpress|ve goa| g|ven the sca|e of the
company`s operat|ons. Goog|e a|so app||es a shadow pr|ce
for carbon when |t |s dec|d|ng where to bu||d |ts next data
centers. However, Goog|e faces ser|ous cha||enges to keep
|ts renewab|e comm|tment on track g|ven |ts recent growth
|n As|a. Wh||e Goog|e scrapped p|ans to bu||d a data center
|n Hong Kong,
136
the company has recent|y opened or
expanded fac|||t|es |n S|ngapore,
137
Ta|wan,
138
and Oh||e,
139

|ocat|ons wh|ch have foss|| fue| heavy e|ectr|c gr|ds. Goog|e
has an opportun|ty to |ead the |ndustry aga|n, th|s t|me |n
f|nd|ng renewab|e energy so|ut|ons |n As|a, a reg|on where
the d|g|ta| economy |s exper|enc|ng rap|d growth and wh|ch
bad|y needs c|ean energy |eadersh|p from the pr|vate sector.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: B
Goog|e cont|nues to demonstrate cons|derab|e |nnovat|on
|n |mprov|ng the performance of |ts data centers,
140
and
has pub||shed deta||s and he|d |ndustry events that
h|gh||ght |ts best pract|ces |n energy eff|c|ency.
141
Recent
lnnovat|ons |nc|ude us|ng seawater for coo||ng at Goog|e`s
F|n|and |ocat|on
142
and therma| energy storage at |ts Ta|wan
|ocat|on.
143
As|de from |ts |ong-term goa|s to be carbon neutra| and
100% renewab|y powered, Goog|e has not estab||shed
near-term benchmarks for e|ther |ts carbon |ntens|ty or
renewab|e energy procurement. As Goog|e`s growth w|||
|ncreas|ng|y be outs|de the S, near-term targets w||| be
cr|t|ca| to gu|d|ng th|s next phase of growth, or Goog|e w|||
|ose |ts ab|||ty to reach |ts carbon-zero goa| w|thout the
heavy use of carbon offsets.
Renewab|e Dep|oyment & Advocacy: A
Goog|e has been the p|oneer |n the lT sector when |t
comes to |nnovat|ng new ways to power |ts operat|ons
w|th renewab|e energy. The company reports that |ts use
of renewab|e sources of e|ectr|c|ty current|y stands at
34%.
144
Goog|e`s tact|c of purchas|ng renewab|e energy v|a
power purchase agreements (PPAs} has he|ped green |ts
data centers |n lowa, Ok|ahoma, Texas
145
and F|n|and.
146

Other tech compan|es, such as M|crosoft, have s|nce
adopted th|s techn|que that Goog|e p|oneered. ln add|t|on
to s|de-stepp|ng ut|||t|es through the use of PPAs, Goog|e
worked w|th the Grand R|ver Dam Author|ty (GRDA} |n
Ok|ahoma on a dea| that resu|ted |n the GRDA mak|ng
|ts f|rst renewab|e energy |nvestment, for 48 MW of w|nd
energy.
147
Goog|e a|so used |ts data center expans|on
|n North Oaro||na as |everage to push Duke Energy, the
nat|on`s |argest ut|||ty, to offer |ts f|rst ever Green Source
R|der, wh|ch wou|d a||ow |arge customers ||ke Goog|e
to purchase 100 % renewab|e energy.
148
ln add|t|on to
green|ng |ts data centers, Goog|e has |nvested over $1
b||||on |n 15 renewab|e energy projects, good for 2 GW of
c|ean power.
149

Goog|e advocated for an extens|on of key w|nd energy
tax cred|ts |n the S, and |ts ph||anthrop|c arm offered
$2.5 m||||on to the Energy Foundat|on to support po||cy
reforms |ead|ng to more |nte|||gent energy use.
150
Goog|e`s
otherw|se |mpress|ve pro-renewab|e energy po||t|ca|
advocacy |s dampened by |ts dec|s|on to jo|n the Amer|can
|eg|s|at|ve Exchange Oounc|| (A|EO},
151
wh|ch |s act|ve|y
f|ght|ng to d|smant|e renewab|e energy po||cy at the state
|eve|. Goog|e a|so contr|buted po||t|ca| donat|ons to a noted
c||mate deny|ng group |n 2013, the Oompet|t|ve Enterpr|se
lnst|tute.
152
(See 'A sta|n on lT c|ean energy efforts: A|EO",
p 33}
53
!"##$%#&'#
)*+
,-.'/.$0 ,-#&$1
234 ,35%&$.#6
&"# ,"#&7.$0 78#
!"##$ 9$7#"$#7
Append|x 2
HP both prov|des hardware to |nternet compan|es and
|s expand|ng |ts own c|oud bus|ness to compete |n the
enterpr|se market. The company ma|nta|ns an |mpress|ve
|eve| of corporate-w|de transparency and accountab|||ty
on reduc|ng |ts em|ss|ons, but |t cou|d |mprove pub||c
d|sc|osure on how |t |s app|y|ng |ts |abs d|v|s|on`s |nnovat|on
to reduce the energy footpr|nt of |ts data center f|eet. HP
does have a corporate-w|de em|ss|ons reduct|on target for
2020 that |nc|udes data centers. The company |s s|ow|y
|ncreas|ng |ts purchas|ng of renewab|e energy v|a a ||m|ted
number of on-s|te so|ar |nsta||at|ons and a m|xture of d|rect
purchas|ng and Renewab|e Energy Ored|ts. However, HP
|s not show|ng the overa|| |eadersh|p needed to ensure |ts
c|oud expans|on |s dr|v|ng demand for c|ean energy.
Transparency: B
HP has a h|gh |eve| of transparency on a company-w|de
|eve|, but beyond the conso||dat|on of |ts data center
footpr|nt, HP does not prov|de any spec|f|c d|sc|osure on
|ts own data center operat|ons. Th|s |ack of transparency
about |ts own data center footpr|nt means that current and
potent|a| future customers of HP data centers are unab|e to
compare HP`s serv|ces to others.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment & S|t|ng Po||cy: D
HP has touted the energy eff|c|ency ga|ns obta|ned through
|ts server and data center conso||dat|on over the |ast f|ve-
p|us years, but the company se|ected some of the d|rt|est
parts of the .S. e|ectr|c|ty gr|d to s|te |ts data centers:
Houston and At|anta.
153
Even though HP |s |ncreas|ng
the amount of renewab|e energy purchased, the growth
of |ts data center f|eet under||nes the |mportance for the
company to |mp|ement stronger pr|or|t|zat|on of renewab|e
energy |n order to ach|eve |ts targets for greenhouse gas
m|t|gat|on and renewab|e energy usage targets.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: B
HP has a comprehens|ve em|ss|ons reduct|on target for
|ts overa|| operat|ons (20% by 2020 from a 2010 base||ne}
wh|ch |nc|udes a|| |ts owned and c||ent-serv|ng data
centers.
154
HP cont|nues to produce research papers from
|ts |abs d|v|s|on on |ncreas|ng data center eff|c|ency and
reduc|ng power demand, but |t does not prov|de much
new |nformat|on on how |t |s spec|f|ca||y app|y|ng that work
to |ts own data centers. Project Moonshot products do
have s|gn|f|cant potent|a| to reduce server energy demand,
but to date there |s ||m|ted data ava||ab|e on |ts adopt|on.
155

Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: C
HP operates a |arger, more d|vers|f|ed bus|ness than
some other compan|es assessed |n th|s report. Wh||e
HP purchases a sma|| percentage of renewab|e energy
(13% |n 2012},
156
|t has |ncreased renewab|e purchas|ng
(|n add|t|on to gr|d supp|y} 60% s|nce 2010. HP has
been more act|ve than most techno|ogy compan|es
|n advocat|ng for better energy po||cy; most recent|y |t
pub||c|y supported extend|ng the S w|nd tax cred|t.
157

54 54
lBM cont|nues to sh|ft from be|ng a hardware company
to an |ncreased focus on serv|ces de||vered by c|oud
comput|ng, announc|ng a $1.2 b||||on |nvestment |n
expand|ng |ts g|oba| c|oud bus|ness and data center
f|eet.
158
ln add|t|on to ma|nta|n|ng |ts |mpress|ve track
record on cutt|ng corporate em|ss|ons, lBM has added
a ||m|ted amount of |ncreased transparency |n |ts data
center operat|ons |n |ts 2012 Env|ronment report, a|ong
w|th an |ncrease |n renewab|e energy purchas|ng.
159
As
|t cont|nues to sca|e |ts |nvestments |n c|oud-re|ated
|nfrastructure, lBM needs to |dent|fy how |t w||| secure
a renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty supp|y, and use |ts |nf|uence to
demand c|ean energy and boost |ts d|rect renewab|e
energy purchas|ng |n the S.
Transparency: C
lBM part|c|pates |n the Oarbon D|sc|osure Project vo|untary
report|ng program and prov|des s|gn|f|cant, deta||ed
|nformat|on on the tota| greenhouse gas (GHG} em|ss|ons
of |ts bus|ness. lBM has added more deta||s about |ts data
center operat|ons, but doesn`t offer the same standard
of fac|||ty-|eve| data accompan|es ||ke eBay, Equ|n|x and
Facebook.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: D
lBM does not have a spec|f|c s|t|ng po||cy for new data
center construct|on, apart from a stated a|m to secure
more renewab|e energy across |ts operat|ons.
160
As lBM
has recent|y announced a |arge geograph|c expans|on of
|ts data centers, |nc|ud|ng a p|anned expans|on |n Oh|na,
|t |s cruc|a| that the company |mp|ements a robust s|t|ng
po||cy to ensure that |ts new s|tes are dr|v|ng demand for
c|ean |nstead of d|rty energy.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on B
lBM has engaged |n comprehens|ve em|ss|ons reduct|ons
and energy eff|c|ency work, w|th the company ach|ev|ng
s|gn|f|cant abso|ute GHG reduct|ons over the past few
decades. The company`s 2012 annua| report of energy
sav|ngs deta||s energy eff|c|ency measures and renewab|e
energy purchas|ng at |ts current data centers. lBM a|so
has deve|oped products for better |ntegrat|ng renewab|e
energy |n power gr|ds and |oad sh|ft|ng to better match
renewab|e energy outputs.
163
To show |ts customers how
|t p|ans to keep becom|ng more eff|c|ent, lBM shou|d
announce new energy sav|ng goa|s, wh|ch |t has not done
s|nce 2012.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: C
lBM reports that |n 2012 |t purchased 4990 MWh of
renewab|e power from ut|||t|es, wh|ch represented 9.8 %
of |ts g|oba| e|ectr|c|ty usage and resu|ted |n the avo|dance
of 212,000 metr|c tons of OO2 em|ss|ons.
164
lnc|ud|ng
renewab|e energy ava||ab|e on the gr|d, lBM`s tota|
renewab|e energy percentage was 15% |n 2012, up from
11.2% |n 2010.
165
lBM`s purchase of renewab|e energy |s
concentrated |n Europe, accord|ng to the company`s ODP
subm|ss|on. lBM cou|d show how |t w||| app|y |ts smart
gr|d renewab|e energy |ntegrat|on so|ut|ons to |ts own data
center operat|ons, and otherw|se |everage |ts c|ose t|es to
e|ectr|c ut|||t|es to ensure that |ts expans|on of c|oud data
centers creates demand for add|t|ona| renewab|e energy
capac|ty. lBM set a pos|t|ve examp|e for the sector by
|eav|ng the Amer|can |eg|s|at|ve Exchange Oounc|| (A|EO},
wh|ch |s act|ve|y attack|ng renewab|e energy po||cy at the
state |eve|.
166
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Append|x 2
W|th the adopt|on of |ts 'Oarbon Neutra| by 2013" p|an
|n May 2012, M|crosoft sought to project that |t had
become more proact|ve |n manag|ng |ts energy-re|ated
env|ronmenta| footpr|nt.
167
Wh||e M|crosoft`s adopt|on of an
|nterna| carbon tax
168
offered the potent|a| to dr|ve eff|c|ency
w|th|n the company, |t |s st||| unc|ear whether M|crosoft
w||| pursue a path to power |ts c|oud that |s |nnovat|ve and
d|srupt|ve, or one that ma|nta|ns the status quo. To ach|eve
|ts goa| of becom|ng 'carbon neutra|" v|rtua||y overn|ght,
M|crosoft has thus far re||ed heav||y on buy|ng Renewab|e
Energy Ored|ts (REOs} (see Mov|ng Away from REOs, p 20}
and carbon offsets, creat|ng the appearance on paper of
be|ng c|ean but not a|ter|ng M|crosoft`s status quo supp|y
of d|rty e|ectr|c|ty.
169
M|crosoft`s recent announcement
to s|gn a |ong term purchase agreement for w|nd power
near |ts Texas data center |s an |mportant deve|opment,
and hopefu||y |nd|cates that M|crosoft has dec|ded to jo|n
|ts compet|tors Goog|e and App|e to app|y |ts ta|ents and
resources toward bu||d|ng an |nternet that |s green |n rea|
||fe, not just on paper.
Transparency: C
M|crosoft cont|nues to prov|de deta||ed corporate report|ng
of |ts energy and env|ronmenta| footpr|nt through the
Oarbon D|sc|osure Project, but |ts data center energy
transparency has actua||y decreased s|nce announc|ng |ts
|ntent to become 'Oarbon 'Neutra|."
170
ln |ts 2012 ODP
Report, M|crosoft reported over 147MW of data center
demand, but |n 2013, M|crosoft dec||ned to report data
center e|ectr|c|ty demand at a||. M|crosoft`s backpeda||ng
stands |n stark contrast to the s|gn|f|cant |mprovement |n
transparency overa|| |n the sector |n the past two years,
part|cu|ar|y by Facebook, eBay and App|e.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: C
M|crosoft cont|nues to |nvest heav||y |n c|oud comput|ng,
w|th $15 b||||on |nvested |n re|ated |nfrastructure and new
data center expans|on |n lre|and and Braz|| |n 2013, a|ong
w|th cont|nued growth |n the S, part|cu|ar|y to support |ts
-Box p|atform.
171
M|crosoft cont|nues to |ack c|ear po||cy
or goa|s on sourc|ng c|ean energy for |ts current and future
data centers. Wh||e data centers are part of M|crosoft`s
Oarbon Neutra| and carbon pr|ce po||cy estab||shed |n
2012, the company`s rap|d expans|on of data center
|nfrastructure |n the past two years does not ref|ect any
mean|ngfu| pr|or|t|zat|on of s|t|ng |n |ocat|ons w|th access
to renewab|e energy.
172
M|crosoft`s heavy re||ance on
carbon offsets and REOs to ach|eve |ts 'carbon neutra||ty,"
comb|ned w|th the company`s rap|d expans|on to keep
pace w|th Goog|e and Amazon, p|aces |t on a dangerous
path of fue||ng d|rty energy growth. M|crosoft r|sks |ock|ng
|tse|f |nto a |ong-term supp|y of d|rty energy |f |t cont|nues
not to comm|t to becom|ng 100% renewab|y powered as
App|e, Facebook, and Goog|e have done.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: C
M|crosoft appears to have rep|aced |ts prev|ous spec|f|c
renewab|e energy and greenhouse gas targets w|th |ts
'Oarbon Neutra|" po||cy adopted |n 2012.
173
M|crosoft`s
adopt|on of an |nterna| carbon tax across |ts operat|ons
has s|gn|f|cant prom|se to he|p dr|ve em|ss|ons reduct|ons
and serve as a usefu| mode| for others. The company has
he|pfu||y pub||shed a 'Oarbon Fee Gu|de"
174
so that others
can |earn from |ts exper|ence. Wh||e revenue from th|s
|nterna| tax cou|d become an |mportant stream of fund|ng
for actua||y procur|ng or |nvest|ng |n renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty,
much of the current effort goes to greenhouse gas offset
projects, such as methane capture from |andf|||s, rather
than reduc|ng the amount of d|rty energy |n M|crosoft`s
e|ectr|c|ty supp|y cha|n.
175
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: C
nt|| 2013, M|crosoft`s approach to renewab|e energy
has pr|mar||y focused on s|mp|y buy|ng renewab|e energy
cred|ts, wh|ch often have ||tt|e or no d|rect effect on creat|ng
new renewab|e energy demand.
176
ln November 2013,
M|crosoft announced |ts f|rst d|rect 20-year power purchase
agreement |n Texas, wh|ch w||| br|ng new w|nd energy to
the same e|ectr|c|ty gr|d as |ts data center.
177
Wh||e th|s |s
an |mportant f|rst step for M|crosoft, the company must
qu|ck|y acce|erate |ts efforts just to keep pace w|th |ts rap|d
data center expans|on. M|crosoft has become more act|ve
on the po||cy front, |nc|ud|ng support for extend|ng the
S w|nd energy tax cred|t |n 2012,
178
jo|n|ng the c||mate
dec|arat|on sent to S dec|s|on makers,
179
and wr|t|ng a
recent jo|nt |etter w|th Facebook to the lowa t|||t|es Board
|n support of d|str|buted energy generat|on.
180

56 56
The wor|d`s second-|argest software company,
181
Orac|e
prov|des enterpr|se-sca|e software products and computer
hardware systems to the wor|d`s |argest corporat|ons. ||ke
others |n th|s space, Orac|e |s now mak|ng a b|gger p|ay for
c|oud-based offer|ngs, even partner|ng w|th Amazon Web
Serv|ces to offer some of Orac|e`s products v|a the AWS
c|oud. Orac|e powers |ts own c|oud serv|ces and so|ut|ons
through |ts three ma|n data centers |n Texas, Oo|orado and
tah, w|th four sma||er fac|||t|es e|sewhere. ||ke others,
Orac|e has focused on eff|c|ency |n |ts servers and data
centers, but |t |ags beh|nd sector |eaders |n bu||d|ng a
renewab|y powered d|g|ta| economy.
Transparency: C
Orac|e reports the standard |eve| of deta|| on the
company`s greenhouse gas em|ss|ons and energy
consumpt|on to the Oarbon D|sc|osure Project, but |t
d|sc|oses on|y a port|on of energy-re|ated |nformat|on
about |ts data centers at a f|eet-w|de or fac|||ty |eve|. Those
data centers ref|ect near|y 40% of Orac|e`s greenhouse gas
footpr|nt.
182
Orac|e does not d|sc|ose |ts corporate-w|de or
data center energy m|x, nor has |t |nd|cated that |t shares
the carbon footpr|nt of |ts serv|ces w|th consumers.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: F
Hav|ng prev|ous|y conso||dated |ts data center operat|ons,
Orac|e |s now undergo|ng a s|gn|f|cant expans|on,
announc|ng |ts |ntent|on to operate 17 data centers
g|oba||y.
183
|ack|ng a mean|ngfu| comm|tment to
renewab|e energy, |n contrast to compet|tors Rackspace,
Goog|e and Sa|esforce, Orac|e |s ||ke|y to cont|nue to
fa|| further beh|nd |ndustry |eaders as |t undergoes |ts
expans|on.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: D
Wh||e Orac|e has estab||shed a modest carbon |ntens|ty
reduct|on goa| of 10% per emp|oyee by 2016, |t express|y
exc|udes data centers. W|th regard to data center
operat|ons, Orac|e on|y has |n p|ace a Power sage
Effect|veness-based reduct|on goa| of 6% over |ts 2010
base year by 2016.
185
Orac|e had prev|ous|y estab||shed a
renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty goa| for |ts data centers, but has not
renewed that goa| s|nce |t exp|red |n 2010. Orac|e needs
to reestab||sh energy performance and renewab|e energy
goa|s that are app||cab|e to |ts data center operat|ons.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: D
Hav|ng |et |ts prev|ous renewab|e e|ectr|c|ty goa| for |ts
data center exp|re, Orac|e st||| purchases 5% of |ts Aust|n
data center`s e|ectr|c|ty demand from renewab|e sources,
down from the 25% |t had prev|ous|y c|a|med.
186
n||ke |ts
tah ne|ghbor eBay, Orac|e has not been act|ve |n push|ng
for po||c|es that w||| |ncrease the amount of renewab|e
e|ectr|c|ty |n that coa|-heavy state.
187
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Append|x 2
Though not a househo|d name, Rackspace |s we||-
known w|th|n the lT sector as one of the |ead|ng c|oud
and managed host|ng prov|ders, and a strong supporter
of open-source comput|ng p|atforms. Rackspace has
begun to embrace a |eadersh|p ro|e |n support|ng a
d|g|ta| economy that |s powered w|th renewab|e energy.
The company adopted a comm|tment to become
100% renewab|y powered |n 2012 as part of a forward
th|nk|ng energy po||cy, and |s now |n |ts ear|y stages of
operat|ona||z|ng th|s comm|tment.
188

Transparency: C
Rackspace regu|ar|y reports the tota| amount of energy
demand across |ts data centers, as we|| as the fu||
capac|ty under reserve. However, Rackspace does not yet
part|c|pate |n the Oarbon D|sc|osure Project or otherw|se
pub||c|ze deta||s of |ts energy and env|ronmenta| footpr|nt
that wou|d a||ow for customers and stakeho|ders to track
|ts progress toward |ts 100% comm|tment.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: B
Rackspace`s G|oba| Energy Po||cy, adopted |n 2012,
estab||shes |ts goa| to be 100% renewab|y powered.
189

The po||cy prov|des a so||d framework for gu|d|ng the
company`s journey to becom|ng a |eader |n bu||d|ng a
susta|nab|e d|g|ta| economy, |dent|fy|ng energy eff|c|ency,
renewab|e energy, and energy advocacy as cr|t|ca| p|eces
of the company`s |ong-term strategy. Though Rackspace
has not begun to bu||d |ts own data centers, |ts po||cy and
recent|y adopted green |eas|ng gu|de||nes appear to be
|nform|ng |ts most recent expans|on |n the K, and the
renewab|e supp|y of e|ectr|c|ty |t has contracted to support
|ts growth there.
190

Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: C
W|th the |ong-term goa| |n p|ace, Rackspace needs to
|dent|fy shorter-term benchmarks on both energy eff|c|ency
and renewab|e energy. Those shorter-term benchmarks,
a|ong w|th greater energy transparency, shou|d he|p the
company demonstrate |ts |mproved performance and
comm|tment to renewab|e sources of energy to |nvestors
and stakeho|ders as |t cont|nues expand|ng. Rackspace
has been an ear|y and act|ve contr|butor to the Open
Oompute Project, he|p|ng to dr|ve open-source energy
eff|c|ency best pract|ces.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: C
Rackspace current|y |s ab|e to c|a|m |t |s 35% renewab|e
powered.
191
Wh||e some of that c|a|m comes from buy|ng
a greater supp|y of bund|ed renewab|e energy to meet the
needs of |ts K data centers, a s|gn|f|cant port|on of th|s,
part|cu|ar|y among |ts S footpr|nt, |s through the buy|ng
of Renewab|e Energy Ored|ts (REOs}.
192
Rackspace has
|nd|cated that |t hopes to sunset |ts REO-on|y purchases |n
the at some po|nt, though |t has yet to set a t|me||ne for that
phase-out. The company says |t |s current|y exp|or|ng more
|nnovat|ve opt|ons for br|ng|ng about a 100% renewab|e
Rackspace.
58 58
Sa|esforce |s the b|ggest name |n on||ne enterpr|se
software, grow|ng at over 30% |n 2013. Sa|esforce took
a |eadersh|p pos|t|on by comm|tt|ng |n March 2013 to
base |ts growth on renewab|e energy, adopt|ng a 100%
renewab|e po||cy and s|t|ng po||cy that puts pr|or|ty on
renewab|es.
193
Sa|esforce now needs to show c|ear|y
how |ts po||cy |s be|ng |mp|emented across |ts operat|ons,
espec|a||y as the company rap|d|y expands.
Transparency: B
Sa|esforce has |mproved |ts transparency w|th the |aunch
of |ts f|rst ever susta|nab|||ty report for the 2012 f|sca|
year.
194
The report d|sc|oses overa|| greenhouse gas (GHG}
em|ss|ons, re|at|ve GHG em|ss|ons per emp|oyee and
revenue, and eff|c|ency metr|cs for rented datacenters.
Sa|esforce a|so d|sc|oses |ts em|ss|ons per fac|||ty v|a the
Oarbon D|sc|osure Project.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: B
ln March 2013, Sa|esforce re|eased |ts comm|tment to
100% renewab|e energy, one of the f|rst compan|es that
does not own |ts own data centers to do so.
195
Sa|esforce
a|so adopted a more exp||c|t s|t|ng po||cy that states
a preference for renewab|e energy, |nc|ud|ng w|th |ts
co|ocat|on prov|ders. lt |s demonstrat|ng that po||cy w|th
the announcement of |ts f|rst K data center, wh|ch w||| be
100% renewab|y powered.
196

Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: C
Sa|esforce reports eff|c|ency by compar|ng |n-house
host|ng aga|nst Sa|esforce so|ut|ons and the Power sage
Effect|veness (PE} of |ts data centers. Wh||e |t recogn|zes
the ||m|tat|ons of a pure PE measurement, Sa|esforce
does not yet have a c|ear eff|c|ency target or act|on p|an for
|ncreas|ng the eff|c|ency of |ts data center operat|ons.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: C
Sa|esforce made a b|g step forward w|th the renewab|e
energy po||cy |t re|eased |n March 2013, and has fo||owed
that up w|th a new data center |n the K that w||| be 100%
renewab|y powered. But Sa|esforce has thus far not taken
any steps to change |ts e|ectr|c|ty supp|y |n the .S.,
desp|te |ts cont|nued rap|d expans|on and a renewab|e
energy m|x that |s s|gn|f|cant|y |ower than that of many of
|ts compet|tors.
197
Though |t had been act|ve |n the past,
Sa|esforce has recent|y been qu|et |n |ts support for c||mate
and renewab|e energy po||c|es.

59
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Append|x 2
Te|ec|ty |s one of the |argest reta|| co|ocat|on prov|ders
|n Europe, operat|ng |n 12 major markets across the
cont|nent and prov|d|ng a European home for major on||ne
propert|es such as stream|ng mus|c p|atform Spot|fy and
profess|ona| soc|a| network |ng.
Transparency: C
Te|ec|ty started report|ng |ts overa|| corporate greenhouse
gas em|ss|ons |n February, 2014. However, the company`s
d|sc|osure does not break down em|ss|ons on a fac|||ty or
even a country bas|s.
198
Te|ec|ty |s, however, one of the few
compan|es report|ng Oarbon sage Effect|veness (OE},
and the on|y co|ocat|on prov|der to do so thus far. Te|ec|ty
fa||s short of the |eve| of transparency shown by one of |ts
ma|n compet|tors, Equ|n|x, wh|ch prov|des a snapshot of
|ts energy demand and d|sc|oses |ts e|ectr|c|ty supp|y m|x
at the reg|ona| |eve|.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: D
Te|ec|ty`s env|ronment po||cy makes no ment|on of
renewab|e energy.
199
Te|ec|ty has been expand|ng |ts
data center operat|ons w|thout offer|ng the pub||c any
|nformat|on on how |t |ntends to power that expans|on w|th
an |ncreased demand for c|ean energy.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: C
Te|ec|ty reports |ts OE performance and |s the on|y
company w|th a target to |mprove |ts OE on an annua|
bas|s unt|| 2016. Te|ec|ty h|gh||ghts on |ts web s|te that |t
ga|ned a Oarbon trust standard recogn|t|on for 'ach|ev|ng
a 13.5 percent reduct|on [|n carbon eff|c|ency| over the
assessed per|od, benchmarked aga|nst revenue."
200
The
recogn|t|on |nd|cates that Te|ec|ty does have a p|an to
address |ts energy demand, but the company has not
prov|ded any usefu| |nformat|on about how |t w||| m|t|gate
|ts expand|ng use of d|rty energy.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: D
The on|y spec|f|c |nformat|on on renewab|e energy
sourc|ng ava||ab|e from Te|ec|ty |s a 2008 announcement
to purchase 21% renewab|e energy from the French
ut|||ty EDF for |ts Par|s data center.
201
However, a |ack of
up-to-date and comprehens|ve |nformat|on on Te|ec|ty`s
approach to renewab|e energy fa||s far short of sector
|eaders, and even be|ow what Equ|n|x |s offer|ng |ts
customers |n the European market.
202
60 60
Tw|tter`s pub||c offer|ng |n 2013 marked the |atest chapter
|n the growth of a company that has changed the way
peop|e around the wor|d commun|cate. Tw|tter does not
yet own any data centers of |ts own, |nstead rent|ng from
who|esa|e co|ocat|on fac|||t|es operated by Rag|ng W|re
and OTS. The m|crob|ogg|ng p|atform has rema|ned s||ent
about the type and amount of e|ectr|c|ty that |s power|ng
those data centers, desp|te the fact that the company`s
new |nvestors wou|d benef|t from know|ng the potent|a|
r|sks of Tw|tter`s energy footpr|nt, such as those posed by
r|s|ng foss|| fue| pr|ces or future carbon po||c|es. Tw|tter`s
recent data center |nvestments make |t c|ear that the
company`s footpr|nt |s expand|ng to accommodate |ts
cont|nued growth |n users and data, part|cu|ar|y as |t
becomes more and more a p|atform for photo and v|deo
shar|ng.
203
As |t was two years ago, Tw|tter rema|ns at the
bottom of the |ndustry for energy transparency, d|sc|os|ng
no |nformat|on about |ts energy footpr|nt. Tw|tter |ags
beh|nd compan|es ||ke Sa|esforce and Box, wh|ch have
shown that |t |s poss|b|e for those |eas|ng data center
space to comm|t to a |ong-term goa| of be|ng 100 %
renewab|y powered. Tw|tter a|so |ags beh|nd |ts peer and
compet|tor |n soc|a| med|a, Facebook, wh|ch took steps to
adopt c|ean energy soon after |t went pub||c.
Transparency: F
Tw|tter rema|ns at the bottom of the |ndustry for |ts |ack of
transparency, hav|ng d|sc|osed essent|a||y no |nformat|on
about the company`s energy footpr|nt. Tw|tter does not f||e
any data w|th the Oarbon D|sc|osure Project, and re|eases
no |nformat|on to |ts users about the p|atform`s energy
demand or |ts energy m|x.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: D
Tw|tter hosts |ts rap|d|y grow|ng data footpr|nt by |eas|ng
who|esa|e space |n data centers that |t does not own. Thus
far, Tw|tter has not shown that |t |s cons|der|ng |ts energy
footpr|nt at a|| when |t chooses where to make those dea|s.
lt cont|nued to expand |ts data footpr|nt at a Sacramento,
OA
204
data center, wh|ch has a re|at|ve|y c|eaner e|ectr|c|ty
m|x, but a|so has expanded |ts footpr|nt |n At|anta, GA,
205

where |t spent up to $300 m||||on on an expans|on |n the
end of 2012. The |oca| ut|||ty |n Georg|a offers v|rtua||y no
renewab|e energy and powers the gr|d a|most exc|us|ve|y
w|th coa|, gas and nuc|ear energy.
206
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: F
ln stark contrast to compet|tors ||ke Facebook, wh|ch has
|ed the f|e|d w|th |ts Open Oompute Project to |ncrease
data center eff|c|ency sector-w|de, Tw|tter has prov|ded
no |nformat|on on eff|c|ency or m|t|gat|on measures at
any of |ts data center s|tes. Tw|tter`s |ack of transparency
makes |t |mposs|b|e to know what, |f any, notab|e eff|c|ency
measures the company emp|oys.
Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: F
Tw|tter has made no pub||c effort to procure renewab|e
energy for |ts data centers or advocate for a greater
renewab|e energy m|x w|th |ts ut|||t|es or w|th po||cymakers
at the state or federa| |eve|. Wh||e other techno|ogy
compan|es have accepted some respons|b|||ty - and
recogn|zed an opportun|ty to exerc|se the|r trademark
d|srupt|on |n pos|t|ve ways by engag|ng |n energy |ssues
- Tw|tter has rema|ned s||ent. As |t cont|nues to grow,
|t shou|d cons|der the act|ons of peers ||ke Facebook,
and other data renters ||ke Box and Sa|esforce, a|| of
wh|ch have comm|tted to a goa| of power|ng w|th 100 %
renewab|e energy.
61
!"##$%#&'#
)*+
,-.'/.$0 ,-#&$1
234 ,35%&$.#6
&"# ,"#&7.$0 78#
!"##$ 9$7#"$#7
Append|x 2
ver|zon Terremark, formed by ver|zon`s $1.4 b||||on
purchase of Terremark |n 2011, has emerged as one
of the |arger te|ecom/c|oud hybr|d compan|es, and has
been rap|d|y expand|ng s|nce the merger to a||ow |t to
compete w|th AWS and others for the bus|ness and
government c|oud markets. Wh||e the parent company
ver|zon announced |n Apr|| 2013 that |t p|ans to |nvest over
$100 m||||on |n renewab|e energy across |ts operat|ons, |t
|s unc|ear the extent to wh|ch th|s |nvestment has he|ped
dr|ve dep|oyment of renewab|e energy for the ver|zon
Terremark datacenters.
207
ver|zon reported over 165 MW
of data center power consumpt|on |n 2012.
208

Transparency: C
ver|zon Terremark`s parent company ver|zon prov|des
deta||ed energy and carbon report|ng both from |ts web
s|te and |ts ODP subm|ss|on, |nc|ud|ng |ts tota| data center
power consumpt|on and carbon per terabyte.
209
However,
the company does not prov|de a d|st|nct breakout on
what |s happen|ng w|th|n ver|zon Terremark, nor does the
company prov|de carbon footpr|nt deta||s to |ts customers
for the|r use of data center serv|ces.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: D
Ne|ther ver|zon Terremark nor |ts parent company has
estab||shed a goa| or po||cy for d|rect|ng the|r data center
|nvestment toward renewab|e sources of energy. Wh||e
ver|zon`s 2013 announcement that |t p|ans to |nvest $100
m||||on |n renewab|e energy |s s|gn|f|cant, |t |s not c|ear that
th|s |s part of a |onger-term comm|tment to |ncrease the
supp|y of renewab|e energy to Terremark`s data centers.
Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: B
Parent company ver|zon has estab||shed a m|d-term goa|
to reduce carbon |ntens|ty by 50% by 2020 (from a 2009
base||ne} for the data that traverses ver|zon`s networks, as
we|| as a near-term goa| to der|ve 15 MW from renewab|e
resources by 2014 across |ts ent|re operat|ons.
210
To he|p
|ncrease the |ncent|ve for |ts data center customers to
|mprove the eff|c|ency of the|r servers, ver|zon Terremark
w||| be sh|ft|ng the pr|c|ng mode| for co|ocat|on customers
to one that does not requ|re them to pay for data center
space they are not us|ng, creat|ng a mode| that |ncreases
f|ex|b|||ty and p|aces the |ncent|ve to |mprove eff|c|ency on
the end customer.
211

Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: C
Parent company ver|zon`s 2013 announced that |t |s
|nvest|ng $100 m||||on |n renewab|e energy as part of |ts
p|an to reduce the carbon |ntens|ty of |ts data by 50%.
212

ver|zon shou|d offer more concrete p|ans to |nd|cate how
|ts goa|s w||| be operat|ona||zed across ver|zon Terremark`s
data center operat|on.

62 62
Yahoo has been expand|ng |ts on||ne p|atform v|a
acqu|s|t|ons such as Tumb|r, and |t owns a stake |n
A||baba, the Oh|nese e-commerce g|ant. Wh||e Yahoo has
prev|ous|y been a |eader |n c|ean energy procurement, |t
has |ost ground as others have become more |nnovat|ve
and aggress|ve |n |ncreas|ng the|r renewab|e energy
supp|y. St|||, Yahoo`s dec|s|on to sh|ft more capac|ty to
|ts New York State data center and |ncrease purchas|ng
of hydropower means the company ma|nta|ns a h|gh
percentage of renewab|e energy |n |ts m|x.
Transparency: C
Wh||e Yahoo has prov|ded more deta|| about |ts energy
footpr|nt |n |ts annua| subm|ss|on to the Oarbon D|sc|osure
Project than |ts compet|tors, the company`s |eve| of
carbon d|sc|osure has rema|ned |arge|y unchanged wh||e
Facebook, App|e, Goog|e, and eBay have s|gn|f|cant|y
ra|sed the bar on the|r energy transparency.
Renewab|e Energy Comm|tment and S|t|ng Po||cy: B
S|nce 2009, Yahoo has made steady progress to reduce
the env|ronmenta| footpr|nt of |ts operat|ons by focus|ng
both on mak|ng |ts data centers h|gh|y eff|c|ent and by
|ncreas|ng the amount of renewab|e energy used to power
them. Yahoo has a short-term comm|tment to reduce the
carbon |ntens|ty of |ts data centers by 40% by 2014, and
|ts recent dec|s|on to move out of |ts co|ocat|on space |n
foss|| fue|-heavy v|rg|n|a |s the |atest pos|t|ve step down
that path.
213

Energy Eff|c|ency & M|t|gat|on: B
Yahoo has started to conso||date |ts data center operat|ons
to br|ng more of |ts g|oba| operat|ons |nto |ts very eff|c|ent
'ch|cken coop" des|gn, announc|ng |n 2013 p|ans to
expand |ts New York State data center and reduce |ts
dependence on |ess eff|c|ent, rented data centers.
214

Renewab|e Energy Dep|oyment & Advocacy: B
Yahoo`s data centers |n New York and Wash|ngton State
re|y on c|ean hydropower, and Yahoo has negot|ated an
agreement for |ncreas|ng |ts a||otment of hydropower to
power |ts cont|nued expans|on.
215
Yahoo has been act|ve
|n c|ean energy advocacy, most recent|y support|ng an
extens|on to the S w|nd energy tax cred|t.
216

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Akama|`s energy consumpt|on |s spread across 1,100 data
centers around the wor|d, mak|ng |nd|v|dua| track|ng d|ff|cu|t.
Reg|ona| demand and renewab|e energy data from Oarbon
D|sc|osure Project and |nformat|on prov|ded by company.
8),?.?3&
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2)34$). 5)* 24,.#)$ -6).
Amazon Web Serv|ces does not prov|de data about |ts e|ectr|c|ty
demand. Greenpeace est|mated data us|ng a comb|nat|on of pub||c|y
reported |nvestment data and |ndependent est|mates of Amazon`s
servers counts by reg|on, found here: http://huan||u.wordpress.
com/2014/02/26/amazon-ec2-grows-62-|n-2-years/
10+ fac|||t|es
2 fac|||t|es
2 fac|||t|es*
* Amazon to|d Greenpeace that our energy m|x data for AWS
fac|||t|es was |ncorrect, but refused to offer a|ternat|ve data other
than for lre|and, where |t c|a|med a m|x of 50 % renewab|e energy
and 22 % coa|. Amazon d|d not prov|de data on how |t |s ach|ev|ng
that m|x, so Greenpeace has cont|nued to use lr|sh nat|ona|
data for |ts fac|||ty. s|ng Amazon`s lre|and data wou|d resu|t |n a
company OEl of 19 %.
8),?.?3&
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Append|x 3 &$'()*@ J)/) &,*/,.
B)<+5+/+,- )*H :-/+')/,- $F I$%,. J,')*H
64
65
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Facebook |s power|ng |ts Sweden fac|||ty w|th 100 %
hydropower
Facebook has co-deve|oped a new w|nd project nearby |ts
A|toona data center w|th |ts ut|||ty to prov|de renewab|e energy
for the f|rst phase of th|s fac|||ty.
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App|e |s us|ng D|rect Access to contract w|nd energy for 100 %
of the 2013 |oad of |ts Pr|nev|||e fac|||ty.
App|e uses on-s|te so|ar farms and d|rected b|ogas fue| ce||s to
power 100 % of the 2013 |oad of |ts Ma|den fac|||ty.
App|e |s us|ng D|rect Access to contract renewab|e energy for
100 % of the 2013 |oad of |ts Newark fac|||ty.
App|e |s partner|ng w|th |ts ut|||ty to prov|de renewab|e energy for
100 % of the 2013 |oad of |ts Reno fac|||ty.
8),?.?3&
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75% of tah data center |oad |s powered by on-s|te natura| gas
fue| ce||s, 1% on-s|te so|ar, and the rest from the |oca| gr|d
8),?.?3&
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fac|||ty.
Goog|e has mu|t|p|e PPAs for w|nd energy assoc|ated w|th |ts
Ok|ahoma Fac|||ty.
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8),?.?3&
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conservat|ve ca|cu|at|ons, Greenpeace has used the best
|nformat|on ava||ab|e to der|ve power demand. Greenpeace
|nv|tes Tw|tter to be transparent and prov|de more accurate data
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78 78
8 http://newsroom.c|sco.com/re|ease/1197391/
6 GeSl SMARTer2020: The Ro|e of lOT |n Dr|v|ng a Susta|nab|e Future
http://ges|.org/SMARTer2020
M http://www.greenpeace.org/|nternat|ona|/en/pub||cat|ons/
Oampa|gn-reports/O||mate-Reports/How-O|ean-|s-Your-O|oud/
9 The O|sco v|sua| Network|ng lndex (vNl} Forecast (2012-2017}
http://newsroom.c|sco.com/re|ease/1197391/
` http://ges|.org/assets/js/||b/t|nymce/jscr|pts/t|ny_mce/p|ug|ns/
ajaxf||emanager/up|oaded/SMARTer%202020%20-%20The%20
Ro|e%20of%20lOT%20|n%20Dr|v|ng%20a%20Susta|nab|e%20
Future%20-%20December%202012.pdf
O lEA: E|ectr|c|ty lnformat|on (2012 Ed|t|on} http://www.|ea.org/med|a/
tra|n|ng/presentat|ons/stat|st|csmarch/e|ectr|c|ty|nformat|on.pdf
a Data Oenter Dynam|cs 2013 Oensus Report: G|oba| Data
Oenter Power 2013 http://www.datacenterdynam|cs.com/focus/
arch|ve/2014/01/dcd-|ndustry-census-2013-data-center-power
N The O|sco v|sua| Network|ng lndex (vNl} Forecast (2012-2017}
b Sandv|ne G|oba| lnternet Phenomenon, 2H 2013 https://
www.sandv|ne.com/down|oads/genera|/g|oba|-|nternet-
phenomena/2013/2h-2013-g|oba|-|nternet-phenomena-report.pdf
87 http://c|eantechn|ca.com/2013/01/18/w|nd-power-tops-|n-new-
us-generat|on-capac|ty-for-2012/
88 www.se|a.org/research-resources/us-so|ar-market-|ns|ght
86 http://www.smartgr|dnews.com/artman/pub||sh/Techno|og|es_
DG_Renewab|es/W|nd-penetrat|on-crosses-10-thresho|d-|n-n|ne-
states-Gr|d-prob|ems-to-fo||ow-5606.htm|=.x9lHxO-KWl
8M http://www.earth-po||cy.org/data_h|gh||ghts/2014/h|gh||ghts45
89 lEA. Wor|d Energy Out|ook 2012. Execut|ve Summary.
8` BP Stat|st|ca| Rev|ew of Wor|d Energy 2012
8O http://www.wash|ngtonpost.com/b|ogs/wonkb|og/
wp/2012/07/31/the-dec||ne-of-u-s-coa|-|n-three-charts/
8a http://www.e|a.gov/today|nenergy/deta||.cfm?|d=11391
8N http://www.b|oomberg.com/news/2013-04-09/sha|e-gas-|sn-t-a-
|ow-em|ss|ons-fue|-yet.htm|
8b http://emf.stanford.edu/pub||cat|ons/emf_26_chang|ng_the_
game_em|ss|ons_and_market_|mp||cat|ons_of_new_natura|_gas_
supp||es/
67 http://www.ft.com/|nt|/cms/s/0/da2a6bc6-98fa-11e3-a32f-
00144feab7de.htm|?s|teed|t|on=|nt|=axzz2tmcJv4u
68 http://www.geo-energy.org/pressRe|eases/2013/GEA_2013_
Expand|ng_G|oba|_Growth.aspx
66 https://www.app|e.com/env|ronment/renewab|e-energy/
6M http://www.dogwooda|||ance.org/wp-content/up|oads/2013/05/
Forrests-not-fue|sFS_10b.pdf
69 http://www.zdnet.com/cn/ch|na-has-618m-|nternet-users-80-
percent-on-mob||e-7000025291/
6` http://thenextweb.com/as|a/2013/01/07/ch|nese-|nternet-
popu|at|on-expected-to-grow-to-800-m||||on-users-|n-2015/=!zq0Mm
6O http://www.forbes.com/compan|es/tencent-ho|d|ngs/
6a http://www.datacenterdynam|cs.com/focus/arch|ve/2012/08/
ch|na-data-center-roundup-b|g-c|oud-news-b|g-c|oud-p|ayers
6N http://tech.|dcquan.com/pro/34910.shtm|
6b http://www.datacenterdynam|cs.com/focus/arch|ve/2013/12/
amazon-|aunch-f|rst-data-center-ch|na
M7 http://venturebeat.com/2014/01/16/|bms-|atest-weapon-for-the-
c|oud-f|ght-a-mass|ve-15-new-data-centers/
M8 http://www.datacenterknow|edge.com/arch|ves/2014/03/05/
scott-noteboom-keynote-data-center-wor|d-g|oba|-conference/
M6 http://www.bus|nessweek.com/news/2012-03-22/ch|na-to-
restr|ct-coa|-demand-output-to-3-dot-9-b||||on-tons
MM http://www.pv-tech.org/news/ch|na_to_target_35gw_of_so|ar_
by_2015
M9 http://start.|enovo.com/news/read/category/Techno|ogy/art|c|e/
earth_tech-|kea_stores_|n_ch|na_embrace_so|ar_power-ncrd
M` http://www.|enovo.com/soc|a|_respons|b|||ty/us/en/c||mate.htm|
MO http://www.thegreengr|d.org/~/med|a/Wh|tePapers/
Harmon|z|ng%20G|oba|%20Metr|cs%20for%20Data%20Oenter%20
Energy%20Eff|c|ency%202012-10-02.pdf?|ang=en
Ma http://tech.ebay.com/dashboard
MN http://www.goog|e.com/green/energy/use/=purchas|ng
Mb https://www.app|e.com/env|ronment/renewab|e-energy/
97 http://www.b|oomberg.com/news/2010-12-07/renewab|e-
energy-cred|ts-prove-|nf|ated-w|th-green-c|a|ms-seen-as-hot-a|r.htm|
98 https://stat|c.goog|eusercontent.com/med|a/www.goog|e.com/
en/us/green/pdf/renewab|e-energy-opt|ons.pdf
96 https://www.goog|e.com/green/energy/|nvestments/
9M http://www.desmo|nesreg|ster.com/art|c|e/20140302/
BSlNESS/303020033/lowans-we|gh-d|str|buted-energy-generat|on
99 Re|at|onsh|ps noted |n th|s |nfograph|c are |ntended as a samp||ng
to show where some of the |nternet`s most popu|ar s|tes and serv|ces
are hosted - not as a comprehens|ve survey. Re|at|onsh|p data |s
sourced from med|a reports of host|ng arrangements, and customer
prof||es ||ke the ones ||sted here: http://aws.amazon.com/so|ut|ons/
case-stud|es/.
9` https://www.facebook.com/green/app_511488285582837
9O http://g|gaom.com/2014/03/14/facebook-open-sources-data-
center-eff|c|ency-code/
:*H*$/,-
79
!"##$%#&'#
)*+
C||ck|ng C|ean:
How Compan|es
are Creat|ng the
Green Internet
Endnotes
9a https://www.rockymounta|npower.net/content/dam/
pac|f|corp/doc/OOOom_pdate/2013/Apr||_13/RMP_T_
Oonservat|onReport_F_no_crops.pdf
9N http://g|gaom.com/2012/06/21/ebay-to-bu||d-huge-b|oom-
energy-fue|-ce||-farm-at-data-center/
9b http://www-03.|bm.com/press/us/en/pressre|ease/42357.wss
`7 http://www.opencompute.org/
`8 http://166.78.157.131/s|tes/defau|t/f||es/P-RS-G|-SO-002%20
G|oba|%20Energy%20Po||cy%20v1.0%2010.28.2012.pdf
`6 http://www2.sfdcstat|c.com/assets/pdf/m|sc/Susta|nab|||ty_
Oomm|tment.pdf
`M http://www.datacenterknow|edge.com/arch|ves/2013/11/04/box-
comm|ts-to-adopt|ng-renewab|e-energy-for-|ts-data-centers/
`9 http://www.econom|cdeve|opmenthq.com/b|og/m|damer|can-
energy-w|nd-generat|on-|owa/
`` http://www.m|damer|canenergy.com/w|nd_news.aspx
`O http://newsroom.fb.com/News/760/Br|ng|ng-New-W|nd-to-lowa
`a http://www.omaha.com/apps/pbcs.d||/art|c|e?AlD=/20130424/
NEWS/704249913
`N http://www.tr|p|epund|t.com/2014/03/another-banner-record-
break|ng-year-u-s-so|ar/
`b http://g|gaom.com/2013/11/15/pushed-by-|nternet-compan|es-
ut|||ty-makes-progress-to-se||-c|ean-power-|n-north-caro||na/
O7 https://stat|c.goog|eusercontent.com/med|a/www.goog|e.com/
en/us/green/pdfs/renewab|e-energy.pdf
O8 http://goog|eb|og.b|ogspot.com/2010/07/reduc|ng-our-carbon-
footpr|nt-w|th.htm|
O6 http://goog|eb|og.b|ogspot.com/2011/04/ok|ahoma-where-w|nd-
comes-sweep|n-down.htm|
OM http://goog|egreenb|og.b|ogspot.com/2014/01/more-swed|sh-
w|nd-power-for-our-f|nn|sh.htm|
O9 http://goog|eb|og.b|ogspot.com/2012/09/more-renewab|e-
energy-for-our-data.htm|
O` http://www.goog|e.com/green/energy/|nvestments/
OO http://www.newsobserver.com/2011/04/28/1158644/feed|ng-
tr|p|ets.htm|=|xzz1Kpxy4Hlk
Oa http://greenpeaceb|ogs.org/2013/11/18/app|e-facebook-goog|e-
team-up-to-push-nat|ons-|argest-ut|||ty-to-c|ean-energy-offer|ng/
ON eBay ||sted as a member |n A|EO documents: http://www.
commoncause.org/atf/cf/%7BFB3O17E2-ODD1-4DF6-92BE-
BD4429893665%7D/te|ecom&|t_updated_35-day_ma|||ng%20
New%20Or|eans.pdf
Ob http://www.theda||ybeast.com/art|c|es/2013/08/15/ye|p-jo|ns-
w|th-advocacy-group-a|ec-to-f|ght-s|app-|awsu|ts.htm|
a7 http://www.sourcewatch.org/|ndex.php/ver|zon_Oommun|cat|ons
a8 http://www.wash|ngtonpost.com/b|ogs/wonkb|og/
wp/2013/08/08/state-renewab|e-energy-|aws-turn-out-to-be-rea||y-
hard-to-repea|/
a6 http://a|ec.org/docs/EEA_2013_SNPS_35_Day.pdf
aM http://a|ec.org/docs/EEA_2013_SNPS_35_Day.pdf
a9 http://www.wash|ngtonpost.com/b|ogs/the-f|x/wp/2013/06/20/
anatomy-of-a-wash|ngton-d|nner-who-funds-the-compet|t|ve-
enterpr|se-|nst|tute/
a` Energy data sourced from government stat|st|cs or lnternat|ona|
Energy Agency 2011 stat|st|cs. lT company presence |n spec|f|c
countr|es sourced from company data or med|a reports. Data
center energy demand and demand growth sourced from
DataOenterDynam|cs. lre|and data center energy demand growth
est|mate from e|rgr|d. http://www.e|rgr|d.com/med|a/2013%20
Generat|on%20Oapac|ty%20Statement.pdf
aO State energy gr|d m|xes sourced from ut|||ty web s|tes or lntegrated
Resource P|ans f||ed to regu|ators. Renewab|e Energy goa|s sourced
from the Database for State lncent|ves for Renewab|e Energy and
Eff|c|ency, access|b|e at http://www.ds|reusa.org/documents/
summarymaps/RPS_map.pdf. Texas data for gr|d m|x and renewab|e
energy goa|s sourced from EROOT: http://www.ercot.com/news/
press_re|eases/show/26382 and Noda| Protoco|s Sect|on 14: State
of Texas Renewab|e Energy Ored|t Trad|ng Program. lT company
presence |n spec|f|c states or reg|ons sourced from company data or
med|a reports.
aa http://www.datacenterknow|edge.com/arch|ves/2013/01/04/
north-caro||na-data-center-corr|dor/
aN http://www.duke-energy.com/north-caro||na/nc-rate-case/our-
energy-m|x.asp
ab http://www.duke-energy.com/north-caro||na/nc-rate-case/our-
energy-m|x.asp
N7 http://www.duke-energy.com/pdfs/DEO_2013_lRP_10.23.2013.
pdf
N8 http://www.w|red.com/w|redenterpr|se/2012/04/duke-energy/
N6 pdate on Data Oenters |n the Northwest (Memorandum}.
Northwest Power and Oonservat|on Oounc||. Ju|y, 2013
NM www.oregon||ve.com/mapes/|ndex.ssf/2013/12/batt|e_over_
oregon_renewab|e_e.htm|
N9 http://www.oregon||ve.com/mapes/|ndex.ssf/2013/12/batt|e_
over_oregon_renewab|e_e.htm|
N` http://www.oregon||ve.com/bus|ness/|ndex.ssf/2014/02/
|awmakers_move_toward_comprom|.htm|
NO http://www.oregon||ve.com/bus|ness/|ndex.ssf/2014/02/
|awmakers_move_toward_comprom|.htm|
Na https://www.dom.com/dom|n|on-v|rg|n|a-power/power|ng-
v|rg|n|a/data-centers-and-dom|n|on-v|rg|n|a-power.jsp
80 80
NN https://www.dom.com/dom|n|on-v|rg|n|a-power/power|ng-
v|rg|n|a/data-centers-and-dom|n|on-v|rg|n|a-power.jsp
Nb See Dom|n|on`s lntegrated Resource P|an, 2013: https://www.
dom.com/about/pdf/|rp/va-|rp-2013.pdf
b7 http://www.akama|.com/htm|/about/facts_f|gures.htm|
b8 Prov|ded by Akama|
b6 Prov|ded by Akama|
bM http://www.ceres.org/b|cep/c||mate-dec|arat|on/c||mate-
dec|arat|on-fu||-s|gnatory-||st
b9 http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/susta|nab|e-energy/
b` http://huan||u.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/amazon-data-center-
s|ze/
bO https://www.dom.com/dom|n|on-v|rg|n|a-power/power|ng-
v|rg|n|a/data-centers-and-dom|n|on-v|rg|n|a-power.jsp
ba http://huan||u.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/amazon-data-center-
s|ze/
bN See EO2 Spot lnstances http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/purchas|ng-
opt|ons/spot-|nstances/
bb http://g|gaom.com/2s013/11/15/how-amazon-|s-bu||d|ng-
substat|ons-|ay|ng-f|ber-and-genera||y-do|ng-everyth|ng-to-keep-
c|oud-costs-down/
877 www.oregon||ve.com/mapes/|ndex.ssf/2013/12/batt|e_over_
oregon_renewab|e_e.htm|
878 http://|mages.app|e.com/env|ronment/reports/docs/App|e_
Fac|||t|es_Report_2013.pdf
876 https://www.app|e.com/env|ronment/renewab|e-energy/
87M http://g|gaom.com/2013/07/01/app|e-|s-p|ann|ng-a-so|ar-pane|-
farm-for-|ts-data-center-|n-reno/
879 http://|mages.app|e.com/env|ronment/reports/docs/App|e_
Fac|||t|es_Report_2013.pdf
87` http://|mages.app|e.com/env|ronment/reports/docs/App|e_
Fac|||t|es_Report_2013.pdf
87O https://www.ceres.org/press/press-re|eases/app|e-|nc.-san-
d|ego-|nternat|ona|-a|rport-so|arc|ty-and-sapph|re-energy-jo|n-ca||-for-
u.s.-act|on-on-c||mate-change
87a http://tech.ebay.com/dashboard
87N See eBay`s fac|||t|es |n Fac|||t|es Tab|e Append|x.
87b eBay Oarbon D|sc|osure Project 2012 and 2013 report.
887 www.ebay|nc.com/system/down|oad_||nks/eBaySl_Goa|s_
FlNA|3_2.pdf?down|oad=1
888 https://www.rockymounta|npower.net/content/dam/
pac|f|corp/doc/OOOom_pdate/2013/Apr||_13/RMP_T_
Oonservat|onReport_F_no_crops.pdf
886 http://green.ebay.com/greenteam/b|og/eBays-O|ean-Energy-
|eadersh|p-|n-tah/8420
88M http://www.ceres.org/b|cep/c||mate-dec|arat|on/c||mate-
dec|arat|on-fu||-s|gnatory-||st
889 eBay ||sted as a member |n A|EO documents: http://www.
commoncause.org/atf/cf/%7BFB3O17E2-ODD1-4DF6-92BE-
BD4429893665%7D/te|ecom&|t_updated_35-day_ma|||ng%20
New%20Or|eans.pdf
88` DRT Oompany lnfo, March 2014 http://|nvestor.d|g|ta|rea|ty.com/
Oache/1500057391.PDF?Y=&O=PDF&D=&f|d=1500057391&T=&
||d=4094311
88O Greenpeace est|mate based on pub||c data center fac|||ty data
pub||shed by DRT. See DRT |n Data Oenter Fac|||t|es Tab|e Annex
88a http://www.dft.com/data-centers/|ocat|on-|nformat|on
88N Prov|ded by Dupont Fabros
88b Dom|n|on`s lntegrated Resource P|an |nd|cates that the company
does not have p|ans to |ncrease |ts renewab|e energy use to s|gn|f|cant
|eve|s. See https://www.dom.com/about/|ntegrated-resource-
p|ann|ng.jsp
867 http://www.equ|n|x.com/company/news-and-events/
press-re|eases/equ|n|x-rece|ves-2013-frost-and-su|||van-us-reta||-
co|ocat|on-serv|ces-market-share-|eadersh|p-award/
868 Prov|ded by Equ|n|x.
866 Prov|ded by Equ|n|x
86M https://www.facebook.com/green/app_511488285582837
869 www.ebay|nc.com/system/down|oad_||nks/eBaySl_Goa|s_
FlNA|3_2.pdf?down|oad=1
86` http://www.econom|cdeve|opmenthq.com/b|og/m|damer|can-
energy-w|nd-generat|on-|owa/
86O http://www.opencompute.org/
86a https://newsroom.fb.com/News/760/Br|ng|ng-New-W|nd-to-
lowa
86N See http://www.oregon||ve.com/bus|ness/|ndex.ssf/2014/02/
|awmakers_move_toward_comprom|.htm|. Pac|f|Oorp |s Facebook`s
ut|||ty |n Oregon.
86b http://www.desmo|nesreg|ster.com/art|c|e/20140302/
BSlNESS/303020033/lowans-we|gh-d|str|buted-energy-generat|on
8M7 http://www.wash|ngtonpost.com/b|ogs/the-f|x/wp/2013/06/20/
anatomy-of-a-wash|ngton-d|nner-who-funds-the-compet|t|ve-
enterpr|se-|nst|tute/
8M8 http://www.theda||ybeast.com/art|c|es/2013/08/15/ye|p-jo|ns-
w|th-advocacy-group-a|ec-to-f|ght-s|app-|awsu|ts.htm|
8M6 http://www.goog|e.com/green/b|gp|cture/=/gr|d/wh|tepaper
8MM http://goog|eb|og.b|ogspot.com/2013/06/how-green-|s-|nternet.
htm|
8M9 http://www.goog|e.com/green/b|gp|cture/=/gr|d/wh|tepaper
8M` http://www.goog|e.com/about/datacenters/eff|c|ency/|nterna|/
8MO http://b|ogs.wsj.com/d|g|ts/2013/12/10/goog|e-scraps-p|an-to-
bu||d-hong-kong-data-center/
81
!"##$%#&'#
)*+
C||ck|ng C|ean:
How Compan|es
are Creat|ng the
Green Internet
Endnotes
8Ma http://www.goog|e.com/about/datacenters/|ns|de/|ocat|ons/
s|ngapore/
8MN http://www.goog|e.com/about/datacenters/|ns|de/|ocat|ons/
changhua-county/
8Mb http://www.goog|e.com/about/datacenters/|ns|de/|ocat|ons/
qu|||cura/
897 http://goog|egreenb|og.b|ogspot.com/2013/07/push|ng-our-
energy-performance-even.htm|
898 http://stat|c.goog|eusercontent.com/externa|_content/
untrusted_d|cp/www.goog|e.com/en/us/corporate/datacenter/dc-
best-pract|ces-goog|e.pdf
896 http://www.datacenterdynam|cs.com/focus/arch|ve/2013/06/
goog|e-buys-w|nd-power-f|n|and-data-center
89M http://g|gaom.com/2012/04/04/goog|e-to-bu||d-|ts-f|rst-therma|-
storage-for-a-data-center/
899 http://www.goog|e.com/green/b|gp|cture/=/
89` http://stat|c.goog|eusercontent.com/externa|_content/
untrusted_d|cp/www.goog|e.com/en/us/green/pdfs/renewab|e-
energy.pdf
89O http://www.datacenterdynam|cs.com/focus/arch|ve/2013/06/
goog|e-buys-w|nd-power-f|n|and-data-center
89a http://goog|eb|og.b|ogspot.com/2012/09/more-renewab|e-
energy-for-our-data.htm|
89N http://goog|eb|og.b|ogspot.com/2013/04/expand|ng-opt|ons-
for-compan|es-to-buy.htm|
89b https://www.goog|e.com/green/energy/|nvestments/
8`7 http://goog|egreenb|og.b|ogspot.com/2013/01/pav|ng-path-to-
|nte|||gent-energy-use.htm|
8`8 http://www.goog|e.com/pub||cpo||cy/transparency.htm|
8`6 http://www.wash|ngtonpost.com/b|ogs/the-f|x/wp/2013/06/20/
anatomy-of-a-wash|ngton-d|nner-who-funds-the-compet|t|ve-
enterpr|se-|nst|tute/
8`M See HP |n the Fac|||t|es Tab|e Append|x of th|s report.
8`9 http://www8.hp.com/us/en/hp-|nformat|on/env|ronment/
operat|ons-|ndex.htm|=.yK4vvFd|4
8`` http://h17007.www1.hp.com/us/en/enterpr|se/servers/
products/moonshot/|ndex.aspx=.yOJyxO-KWl
8`O http://h20195.www2.hp.com/v2/GetPDF.aspx/c03742918.pdf
8`a http://www.awea.org/Med|aOenter/pressre|ease.
aspx?ltemNumber=4751
8`N http://www.reuters.com/art|c|e/2014/01/17/us-|bm-datacenters-
|dSBREA0G05P20140117
8`b http://www.|bm.com/|bm/env|ronment/
8O7 http://www.|bm.com/|bm/env|ronment/c||mate/renewab|e_
energy.shtm|
8O8 http://venturebeat.com/2014/01/16/|bms-|atest-weapon-for-the-
c|oud-f|ght-a-mass|ve-15-new-data-centers/
8O6 http://www.|bm.com/|bm/env|ronment/
8OM http://www-03.|bm.com/press/us/en/pressre|ease/41310.wss
8O9 http://www.|bm.com/|bm/env|ronment/annua|/
lBMEnvReport_2012.pdf
8O` http://www.|bm.com/|bm/env|ronment/annua|/
lBMEnvReport_2012.pdf
8OO http://www.sourcewatch.org/|ndex.php/A|EO_
Oorporat|ons=c|te_note-105
8Oa http://www.wash|ngtonpost.com/bus|ness/techno|ogy/
m|crosoft-p|edges-to-go-carbon-neutra|/2012/05/08/glOAGvE4A_
story.htm|
8ON http://www.theguard|an.com/susta|nab|e-bus|ness/m|crosoft-
|nterna|-carbon-fee
8Ob http://b|ogs.msdn.com/b/m|crosoft-green/arch|ve/2013/09/10/
m|crosoft-s-carbon-offset-strategy-mak|ng-a-d|fference-one-project-
at-a-t|me.aspx
8a7 http://www.m|crosoft.com/env|ronment/our-comm|tment/our-
footpr|nt.aspx
8a8 www.m|crosoft.com/eu/PRESSRE|EASE_M|crosoft_c|oud_
serv|ces_growth_dr|ves_Expans|on.aspx
8a6 See M|crosoft |n Fac|||t|es Tab|e Append|x
8aM http://www.m|crosoft.com/env|ronment/our-comm|tment/our-
footpr|nt.aspx
8a9 http://b|ogs.msdn.com/b/m|crosoft-green/arch|ve/2013/12/11/
creat|ng-amp-dr|v|ng-carbon-accountab|||ty-m|crosoft-re|eases-
carbon-fee-p|aybook.aspx
8a` http://www.m|crosoft.com/env|ronment/our-comm|tment/our-
footpr|nt.aspx
8aO http://www.b|oomberg.com/news/2010-12-07/renewab|e-
energy-cred|ts-prove-|nf|ated-w|th-green-c|a|ms-seen-as-hot-a|r.htm|
8aa http://b|ogs.msdn.com/b/m|crosoft-green/arch|ve/2013/11/04/
m|crosoft-s|gn|ng-|ong-term-dea|-to-buy-w|nd-energy-|n-texas.aspx
8aN http://www.env|ronmenta||eader.com/2012/06/15/m|crosoft-
spr|nt-ca||-for-extens|on-to-w|nd-power-tax-cred|t/
8ab http://www.ceres.org/b|cep/c||mate-dec|arat|on/c||mate-
dec|arat|on-fu||-s|gnatory-||st
8N7 http://www.desmo|nesreg|ster.com/art|c|e/20140302/
BSlNESS/303020033/lowans-we|gh-d|str|buted-energy-generat|on
8N8 http://a||th|ngsd.com/20131018/ar|k-2/
8N6 From Orac|e`s Oarbon D|sc|osure Project f|||ng
8NM http://www.orac|e.com/us/corporate/press/2054851
8N9 Orac|e Oarbon D|sc|osure Project (ODP} 2013 subm|ss|on
8N` Orac|e 2013 ODP subm|ss|on
8NO Orac|e 2013 ODP Subm|ss|on
82 82
689 http://www.co|ocat|onamer|ca.com/b|og/yahoo-expands-new-
york-data-center.htm
68` http://www.ydatacentersb|og.com/b|og/new-york/
68O www.greenb|z.com/b|og/2012/09/21/compan|es-extens|on-
w|nd-tax-cred|t
8Na See eBay |n Append|x ll, Oompany Scores Exp|a|ned
8NN http://respons|b|||ty.rackspace.com/p|anet/energy/renewab|es
8Nb http://respons|b|||ty.rackspace.com/p|anet/energy/renewab|es
8b7 lnformat|on prov|ded by Rackspace
8b8 http://respons|b|||ty.rackspace.com/p|anet/energy/renewab|es
8b6 https://respons|b|||ty.rackspace.com/s|tes/defau|t/f||es/
REOcert|f|cat|on.pdf
8bM http://www2.sfdcstat|c.com/assets/pdf/m|sc/Susta|nab|||ty_
Oomm|tment.pdf
8b9 http://www2.sfdcstat|c.com/assets/pdf/m|sc/
Susta|nab|||tyReport.pdf
8b` http://www.sa|esforce.com/assets/pdf/m|sc/Susta|nab|||ty_
Oomm|tment.pdf
8bO http://www.datacenterdynam|cs.com/focus/arch|ve/2013/05/
sa|esforcecom-off|c|a||y-announces-new-uk-data-center
8ba See Facebook`s O|ean Energy lndex |n the Oompany Scorecard
8bN http://www.te|ec|tygroup.com/data-centres/european-data-
centres.htm
8bb http://www.te|ec|tygroup.com/Po||cy/Env|ronment_Po||cy.pdf
677 http://www.te|ec|tygroup.com/our-company/news/2012/
te|ec|tygroup-f|rst-data-centre-prov|der-to-ach|eve-recert|f|cat|on-for-
carbon-trust-standard-|n-the-uk.htm
678 http://www.te|ec|tygroup.com/our-company/news/2008/
te|ec|tygroup-cont|nues-to-deve|op-env|ronmenta||y-susta|nab|e-
bus|ness-by-becom|ng-the-f|rst-data-centre-to-take-up-edfs-
equ|||bre-offer.htm
676 See Equ|n|x |n Oompany Scores Exp|a|ned Append|x.
67M See Tw|tter |n Fac|||t|es Tab|e Append|x.
679 http://www.datacenterknow|edge.com/arch|ves/2013/05/10/
tw|tter-p|ans-huge-data-center-expans|on/
67` http://www.b|zjourna|s.com/at|anta/b|og/at|antech/2012/12/
tweet-th|s-tw|tter-takes-100k-sf-|n.htm|?page=a||
67O http://www.georg|apower.com/about-energy/energy-sources/
67a http://on||ne.wsj.com/art|c|e/BT-OO-20130430-713077.htm|
67N From ver|zon`s Oarbon D|sc|osure Project subm|ss|on
67b https://www.cdproject.net/
687 http://on||ne.wsj.com/art|c|e/BT-OO-20130430-707382.htm|
688 lnformat|on prov|ded by ver|zon Terremark
686 http://on||ne.wsj.com/art|c|e/BT-OO-20130430-713077.htm|
68M http://www.datacenterknow|edge.com/arch|ves/2014/03/10/
yahoo-sub|ease-24-megawatts-v|rg|n|a-space/
83
84 84 How C|ean |s Your C|oud?
Greenpeace |s an |ndependent g|oba|
campa|gn|ng organ|sat|on that acts
to change att|tudes and behav|our,
to protect and conserve the
env|ronment and to
promote peace.
greenpeace.org
Pub||shed |n Apr|| 2014 by
Greenpeace lnc.
702 H Street, NW
Su|te 300
Wash|ngton, D.O. 20001
n|ted States
greenpeace.org