Basic Flowchart Symbols

The Process Symbol represents any process, function, or action and is the most frequently used symbol in flowcharting. The Document Symbol is used to represent any type of hard copy input or output (i.e. reports). Offpage Connector Symbols are used to indicate the flowchart continues on another page. Often, the page number is placed in the shape for easy reference. The Input/Output Symbol represents data that is available for input or resulting from processing (i.e. customer database records). Comment Symbols are used when additional explanation or comment is required. This symbol is usually connected to the symbol it is explaining by a dashed line.

The Decision Symbol is a junction where a decision must be made. A single entry may have any number of alternative solutions, but only one can be chosen. The Connector Symbol represents the exit to, or entry from, another part of the same flowchart. It is usually used to break a flow line that will be continued elsewhere. It's a good idea to reference page numbers for easy location of connectors.

Standard vs Non-Standard Flow Chart Symbols

Although standards have been established (i.e. ISO, ANSI), people deviate form these standards to suit their own needs. In many cases, individual companies develop standards for their internal use. Remember, the key to flowcharting is consistency! If you choose to use a symbol in a non-standard fashion, make sure you do it consistently so the reader of the chart knows your meaning for that symbol every time they see it. In the end, there is no "one" definition for flowcharting symbols.

Jose Francisco C. Bagay BSA-1B

Three basic methods of control in structured flowcharts

In programming normally the sequence of instruction is no limited to linear. We need to repeat several statements or we need to jump from one part of the program to another part of the program. For this purpose the control structures are used. The following are the types of control structures. Conditional structure: If and Else statement is used in the programming for conditional structures. This statement uses a specific condition check. If this condition is true the code following the If statement will be executed otherwise the Else portion will be executed. The Else part of the If state is optional. The syntax of this condition structure varies language to language. Iteration structure: Iteration structure or loops are used to repeat the instructions. There are mainly three types of loops available. For Loop, While Loop, do while loop. These loops repeat the instruction until a specific condition is true. Jump statements: These statements include Break, Continue and Goto instructions. Theseinstruction jumps from one portion of the program to another portion of the program. The function calling can also be included in this category. Selective structure: Switch statement is called selective structure. In this we provide a number of options and take decision depending upon the choice.

Jose Francisco C. Bagay BSA-1B

Delusyon This story dealt a very huge impact towards each one of us who watched the film. Not because it was an all star film, but because it shows us how the use of illegal drugs brings havoc and destroys the life of its users. The use of illegal drugs brings no good things; it will only make us helpless and suffer until we became its slave. It turns out to be bad news when you come to know that typical age range of drug addicts is from 15 to 30 years. People of this age represent the main working group in a country; they are both core and roots of a society. The addiction is also wide-spread geographically you can find people having problems with drugs everywhere, not only in low-life countries, but in well-developed ones too. First of all, young people are especially vulnerable to different sorts of illegal things. Usually it all starts in schools. Children from problematic backgrounds often go into alcohol and then into drugs. First comes the psychological addiction and then physical 'you want' and 'you need'. They destroy you and then destroy you harder as you get more tolerant to substances. The biggest groups of addicts are students as they get off their families and there is no one over them to control. Plus, the spirit of freedom often blinds them and then they cannot get rid of their addiction. The life of addicts becomes spoiled in all spheres social, as they need to communicate with other addicts, they lose their contacts with families and friends; economical as they spend all their money on drugs (which are usually very expensive), addicts start to earn their money illegally (running rackets, prostitution, etc.) all these problems are incidental if to compare them to health problems drugs are primary dangerous to people health.

Jose Francisco C. Bagay BSA-1B

Waste Management:
Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low population density and low societal levels of the exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations. However, some civilizations do seem to have been more profligate in their waste output than others. In particular, the Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual, in which the people of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps

Reduce
The best way to manage waste is to not produce it. This can be done by shopping carefully and being aware of a few guidelines:

Buy products in bulk. Larger, economy-size products or ones in concentrated form use less packaging and usually cost less per ounce. Avoid over-packaged goods, especially ones packed with several materials such as foil, paper, and plastic. They are difficult to recycle, plus you pay more for the package. Avoid disposable goods, such as paper plates, cups, napkins, razors, and lighters. Throwaways contribute to the problem, and cost more because they must be replaced again and again.

REUSE
it makes economic and environmental sense to reuse products. Sometimes it takes creativity:

Reuse products for the same purpose. Save paper and plastic bags, and repair broken appliances, furniture and toys. Reuse products in different ways. Use a coffee can to pack a lunch; use plastic microwave dinner trays as picnic dishes. Sell old clothes, appliances, toys, and furniture in garage sales or ads, or donate them to charities. Use resealable containers rather than plastic wrap. Reuse grocery bags or bring your own cloth bags to the store. Do not take a bag from the store unless you need one.

RECYCLE
Recycling is a series of steps that takes a used material and processes, remanufactures, and sells it as a new product. Begin recycling at home and at work:

Check collection centers and curbside pickup services to see what they accept, and begin collecting those materials. These can include metal cans, newspapers, paper products, glass, plastics and oil.

Consider purchasing recycled materials at work when purchasing material for office supply, office equipment or manufacturing. Speak to store managers and ask for products and packaging that help cut down on waste, such as recycled products and products that are not over packaged. Buy products made from material that is collected for recycling in your community. Use recycled paper for letterhead, copier paper and newsletters.

Waste management concepts[edit]

Diagram of the waste hierarchy.

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:

Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste see. Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.