INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD

Ex.no.: Date: DRAWING AND MODIFYING OBJECTS Autocad is a drafting/modeling software used all over the world by almost all manufacturing companies. It is a variable software which can be used in all engineering divisions. It is a drafting version popularly known to everyone associated with mechanical engineering. he Autocad drawing enables the designer to communicate his ideas to the outside of department easily. !onversion of Autocad files to other software is also using drawing exchange formula. In the lesson" commands and procedures for drawing and modifying the ob#ects are explored. START AND SAVE A DRAWING $hen you start a drawing" you specify the type of units and other settings you can also choose how to save your files" including saving back up files. he settings you select" English a metric determines default values used for many system variables of controlling text dimensions" grid" snap and default line type and hatch pattern life. E%&'I() * !reates a new drawing based on Imperial +easurement (ystem. he drawing is based on cad.dwt template. METRIC !reates a new drawing based on metric measurement. he drawing is based on ocadiso.dwt template. (ave drawing files for later use. CONTROL THE VIEWS ,ou can magnify the details in your drawing for a closer view or shift the view to a different part of the drawing. If you can save the view by name" you can restore them later.

UNITS Every ob#ect is measured in units. In Auto!AD we can determine the value of the units before we draw. LIMITS he drawing limits are two*dimensional points in the world coordinate that represent a lower*left limit and an upper right limit. ,ou cannot impose limits on the - direction. ABSOLUTE COORDINATE SYSTEM In Absolute !oordinate (ystem" the dimensions . and , of a point is specified with reference to the origin /0"01. RELATIVE COORDINATE SYSTEM In 2elative !oordinate (ystem" the dimensions . and , of a point are specified with respect to the last entered point /ie1 the last enter point is taken as origin. POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM In 3olar !oordinate (ystem" the dimensions of a point are specified by using a distance and angle with reference to the previous point. Angles are measured in anti* clockwise direction" taking 0 degrees towards right. LINE 'ine command allows you to create a line where the end points are specified by two dimensional or three dimensional coordinates. POLYLINE 3'I%E command allows you to draw line and arc segments" but from start to end" it is treated as a sing ob#ect. $ith 3'I%E command" you can draw ob#ects even with line width.

ARC he A2! command allows you to create an arc segment. 415 3oints 61!entre" (tart" 2adius 51(tart" !entre" End 71(tart" !entre" Angle 81(tart" !entre" 'ength 91(tart" End" Angle :1(tart" End" Direction ;1(tart" End" 2adius CIRCLE he !I2!'E command allows you to create a circle. methods for drawing circles. hey are: !entre" 2adius/!entre" Diameter 5 3oints /531" 6 3oints /631 angent" angent" 2adius /ttr1 POLYGON 3olygon command creates a regular polygon. ,ou must specify the number of sides of the polygon and whether it is Inscribed or !ircumscribed polygon. %ow" specify the centre and radius of the polygon circle. OSNAP <snaps allow you to snap onto a specific ob#ect location when you are picking a point. =or example" using <snaps you can accurately pick the end point of a line or the center of a circle. ERASE his command is used for deleting unwanted ob#ects. ,ou must select the ob#ect to be erased. here are four different here are different

methods of creating an arc. he different methods of creating an arc are:

COPY he copy command is used for making copies of selected ob#ects. he ob#ect to be copied must be selected and the base point must be specified and the copy can be dragged and placed at the re>uired position. MOVE his command is used for moving selected ob#ects. re>uired location. ROTATE his command is used for rotating selected ob#ects. to rotate the ob#ect. Entering a positive angle value rotates the ob#ects counterclockwise or clockwise" depending on the Direction !ontorl !ontrol setting and Drawing ?nits dialog box. he plane of rotation and the direction of the @ero angle depend on the orientation of the user coordinate system. MIRROR he +I22<2 command is used for creating mirror images of selected ob#ects. ,ou must first select the ob#ect to be mirrored and then specify the axis along which it is mirrored" to create an mirror image of the selected ob#ect. his is a very useful command for drawing symmetrical ob#ects about a particular axis. OFFSET <ffset an ob#ect to create a new ob#ect whose shape parallels the shape of the original ob#ect. <ffsetting a circle or an arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc" depending on which side you specify for the offset. o rotate an ob#ect" first select it and specify a base point. %ow enter an angle value or specify a second point he ob#ect to be moved must be selected and its base point must be specified then we can drag it to the

POLAR ARRAY his command creates an array of the selected ob#ect around a centre point. ,ou must specify the centre point of the array" the total number of items and the angle to fill for creating a polar array. RECTANGULAR ARRAY his command creates an array of the selected ob#ects defined by the number of rows and columns and the offset between them. EXTEND he E. E%D command elongates the selected ob#ects to a specified boundary. TRIM he 2I+ command trims off an ob#ect using cutting edges defined by other ob#ects. )ere the user is re>uired to select ob#ect/s1 to define cutting edge/s1 then select the ob#ect to be trimmed" the selected side of the ob#ect is removed based on the side of selection of the ob#ect to be trimmed relative to the cutting edge. BREAK he A2EAB commands is used to remove only parts of an ob#ect. ,ou must specify the first and second points between which the ob#ect must be deleted. FILLET =I''E rounds of the edges of two arcs" circles" elliptical arcs" lines" polylines" rays" splines or xlines with an arc of a specified radius. 2ounds along the edges cannot be created with @ero radius.

CHAMFER !)A+=E2 command draws a line at the corner between two selected lines. If the lines do not intersect" it extends the lines. If they intersect" the lines extending beyond the chamfer line can be trimmed or left as it is" by the trim mode. LENGTHEN he 'E%& )E% command is used to increase/decrease the length of Auto!AD ob#ects. DIVIDE his command places evenly spaced point ob#ects or blocks along the length or perimeter of an ob#ect. ,ou can select only one entity at a time to be divided. entities that can be selected are: line" arc" circle" polyline and spline. ZOOM ALL his @oom to display the entire drawing in the current viewport. he display shows all the entities even if the drawing extends outside the drawing limits. ZOOM WINDOW -<<+ $I%D<$ commands to display an area specified by two diagonally opposite corner points of a rectangle window. ZOOM EXTENTS his @oom to display the drawing extents. If the drawings are small in the existing limits" then there is an enlarging effect on the screen. If the drawing occupy the complete area of the limits" then there are many not be much difference between -<<+ A'' and -<<+ E. E% (. DIMLINEAR his command specifies the linear distance between two selected points. he

DIMALIGNED his command is used for specifying the linear distance /exact dimensional value1 between two points which are inclined at an angle. DIMANGULAR his command is used for obtaining the angle two selected points. types are: 41Arc (election 61!ircle (election 51'ine (election 71 hree 3oint (election DIMRADIUS his command gives the value of radius of the specified circle" arc or fillet. A radial dimension consists of a radius dimension line with an arrowhead at the arc or circle end. DIMCENTER his command marks the centre point of the selected arc or circle. he center mark cannot be updated" so set the re>uired style before executing this command. LINETYPE 'I%E ,3E greatly improves the readability of technical drawings. ,ou can make important features stand out with bold line weights. LAYER 'ayer is an organi@ing tool. 'ayers are like one" where you can keep various types of information. ItCs always a good idea to keep notes and reference symbols about each element of the drawing as well as drawing dimensions on a new layer. he three

DISTANCE his command lists the distance between the selected points and also lists out the angle in current plane and 5D angle from the current plane" based on the direction of picking the two points. It also lists the pro#ected lengths on the three axes called the delta length. TEXT E. command creates text ob#ects with specified height and orientation. his ext ob#ects can be created with a variety of character patterns call style. command allows you to type a single line or multiple lines of text. MTEXT + E. creates paragraph that fit within a nonprinting text boundary. he user specified text boundary determines the width of the paragraph and the #ustification of the text within the paragraph. Each multiline text ob#ect is a single ob#ect" regardless of the number of lines it contains. HATCH )atches are shaded pattern which generally represent cross*section of a mechanical component. ?sing A)A !) command the re>uired area" type of hatch" hatch angle and scale can be specified. PROPERTIES he 32<3E2 IE( command displays the 3roperties palette. ob#ects. VPORTS Diewports are areas that display different views of your model. As you work on the +odel tab" you can split the drawing area into one or more ad#acent rectangular views known as model space viewports. In large or complex drawings" he 3roperties palette is the main method for viewing and modifying the properties of Auto!AD

displaying different views reduces the time needed to @oom or pan in a single view. Also" errors you might miss in one view may be apparent in the others. EXTRUDE (olids can be created by extruding selected ob#ects. ?se the E. 2?DE command to create a solid or surface from a common profile of an ob#ect REVOLVE 2ED<'DE command can create a solid or surface by revolving open or closed ob#ects about an axis. he revolved ob#ects define the profile of the solid or surface. PYRAMID his command can create a solid pyramid. pyramid" from 5 to 56" can be defined. orientation of the pyramid. CREATE LAYOUTS A layout stimulates a sheet of paper and provides a predictable plotting setup for a layout" you can create and position view post ob#ects and you can add a title block or other ob#ects geometry. PLOT DRAWINGS <nce you have completed a drawing you can plot the drawing on paper or create a file for use with another application. In either case" you select the plot settings. he number of sides for a he axis endpoint defines the length and

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

CREATION OF SIMPLE OBJECTS

o create simple ob#ects like polygon and general multi*line figures using Auto !AD software. (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: 'imits" -oom" 'ine" Arc" !ircle" co*ordinate systems" Dimlinear 3rocedure: 41 'imits are set for A7 standard drawing si@e. +argins are drawn using lines. 61 ?sing 'ine command and appropriate co*ordinate system" the given figures are drawn and aligned 51 71 he drawn figures are dimensioned using respective DI+ command. itle Alock is drawn for the given dimension.

81 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

2esult: he given simple figures like polygon and general multi*line figures are drawn using Auto !AD software.

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

SPECIAL CURVES

o create special curves like parabola" spiral" involute /s>uare and )exagon1 using Aspline or !ubic (pline using Auto !AD software. (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: 'imits" -oom" 'ine" 3olygon" Arc" !ircle" <ffset" !opy" +ove" 3edit" DI+ 3rocedure: 41 'imits are set for A7 standard drawing si@e. +argins and title block are drawn using lines. 61 =rom the given data" the 'oci points of 3arabola are found and #oined using 3line and then fitted using 3edit command 51 =rom the given data" the 'oci points of s>uare and hexagonal involutes are found and #oined using arc command. 71 =rom the given data" the 'oci points of (piral are found using !oncentric circles or arc method" and #oined using 3line and then fitted using 3edit command. 81 Drawn curves are dimensioned appropriately. 91 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken. 2esult: he special curves like parabola" spiral" involute /s>uare and )exagon1 using Aspline or !ubic (pline are drawn using Auto !AD. rim" 3line"

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

PROJECTION & SECTION OF SIMPLE SOLIDS

o draw front and top view of given simple solids /prisms and pyramids1 using Auto !AD software. (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: 'imits" -oom" 'ine" 3olygon" Arc" !ircle" <ffset" !opy" +ove" rim" 'ayer" DI+" +text. 3rocedure: 41 'imits are set for A7 standard drawing si@e. +argins and title block are drawn using lines. 61 ?sing 'ine" !ircle" 3olygon commands" front and top view of given simple solids are drawn 51 'ayer is defined /for line type" line weight and colour1 sepeartely for visible" hidden" axis and dimension lines and applied. 71 (ectional views are drawn and section is created using )atch command. 81 Drawn solids are named and dimensioned accordingly. 91 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken. 2esult: he front and top views of the given simple solids /prisms and pyramids1 are drawn using Auto !AD.

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF SOLIDS

o draw the orthographic views from the given pictorial views using Auto !AD software. (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: 'imits" -oom" 'ine" 3olygon" Arc" !ircle" <ffset" !opy" +ove" rim" 'ayer" DI+. 3rocedure: 41 'imits are set for A7 standard drawing si@e. +argins and title block are drawn using lines. 61 ?sing appropriate commands" front" top and 'eft side view of given solids are drawn. 51 'ayer is defined /for line type" line weight and colour1 sepeartely for visible" hidden" axis and dimension lines and applied. 71 Drawn solids are dimensioned accordingly. 81 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

2esult: he orthographic views of the given solids are drawn using Auto !AD.

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

ISOMETRIC VIEWS OF OBJECTS

o draw the isometric view of given simple solids and ob#ects using Auto !AD software. (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: 'imits" -oom" 'ine" 3olygon" Arc" !ircle" <ffset" !opy" +ove" rim" 'ayer" DI+" +text 3rocedure: 41 'imits are set for A7 standard drawing si@e. +argins and title block are drawn using lines. 61 ?sing 'ine" !ircle" 3olygon commands" front and top view of given simple solids are drawn. 51 (nap is changed from 2ectangular to Isometric to help draw the Isometric view. =8 key is used to invoke/toggle between the different Isoplanes /'eft" op" 2ight1 accordingly. 71 &iven ob#ects are taken and drawn in Isometric. 41 Drawn solids are named and dimensioned accordingly. :1 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken. 2esult: he Isometric view of the given simple solids and ob#ects are drawn using Auto !AD.

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

PLAN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

o create the plan of given residential building using Auto !AD software. (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: 'imits" -oom" 'ine" <ffset" !opy" +ove" +ultiline. 3rocedure: 41 'imits are set for A7 standard drawing si@e. +argins and title block are drawn using lines. 61 ?sing +ulitline command" plan of the given residential building is drawn. 51 he plan is dimensioned and the rooms are named accordingly. 71 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

2esult: he plan of the given residential building is drawn using Auto !AD.

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

SIMPLE TRUSSES

o draw simple trusses using Auto !AD software. (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: 'imits" -oom" 'ine" <ffset" !opy" +ove" rim" Extend" DI+. 3rocedure: 41 'imits are set for A7 standard drawing si@e. +argins and title block are drawn using lines. 61 ?sing appropriate commands" simple trusses with combinations of Bing and Eueen posts are drawn. 51 Drawn figure is dimensioned accordingly. 71 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

2esult: (imple trusses are drawn using Auto !AD.

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

3D MODELING OF SIMPLE SOLIDS

o create 5*D +odels of given simple solids and obtain 6*D multi view drawings Auto !AD software. (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: -oom" 'ine" 3olygon" Arc" !ircle" DI+" Extrude" 2evolve" 3yramid. 3rocedure: 41 Auto !AD 5*D template is opened for creating 5*D models. 61 3risms are created using Extrude command and pyramids by 3yramid command. 51 <b#ects of revolution like cylinder and cone are created using 2evolve command. 71 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

2esult: 5*D +odels of given simple solids are created using Auto !AD.

Ex.no.: Date: Aim:

2D MULTIPLE VIEWS FROM 3D MODEL

o create a itle Alock with necessary text and pro#ection symbol using Auto !AD software (oftware ?sed: Auto !AD 600; !ommands ?sed: 'imits" -oom" 'ine" !ircle" 'ayout" ext" +text 3rocedure: 41 'imits are set for A7 standard drawing si@e. are drawn. 61 &iven (olid is modeled using Extrude command. 51 'ayout is created with four viewports for =ront" Isometric views. 71 Dimensioning is done in the appropriate views. 81 =inished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken. op" 'eft (ide and

2esult: 6D multiple views were obtained for the given solid using Auto !AD software.