Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Primary Documents in American History. Lib. of Cong.

, 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html>. This page provided us with a quote from the Thirteenth Amendment, which formally abolished slavery in America. This amendment was the beginning of a long journey to gain Black rights. However, while Blacks were legally freed, they remained enslaved by the segregation that was put into place in the south. 15th Amendment to the Constitution. Primary Documents in American History. Lib. of Cong., 24 Aug. 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=015/llsl015.db&recNum=379>. This website provided us with a quote of the Fifteenth Amendment, which we used on our site to explain the legal guarantees made to blacks prior to the court case. It demonstrates the reluctance of Southern states to recognize these rights and continue with the treatment that they thought was right for African Americans. African American man waiting for segregated railcar. The Supreme Court. PBS, 2007. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_plessy.html>. The man in this image is waiting for a segregated railcar reserved for colored people. This segregated transportation that was reinforced by the Separate Car Act of 1890 is what was being challenged in Plessy v. Ferguson. After Brown v. Board of Education. The New York Times. New York Times, 2007. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.

<http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/weekinreview/01rosen.html?ref=washington&_r= 0>. In this image Nettie and Nickie Hunt sit on the steps of the Supreme Court building after the decision has been made to overturn the separate but equal doctrine that was deemed constitutional in Plessy v. Ferguson. Black History Month. Xavier University. Xavier U, 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. <http://www.xavier.edu/jesuitresource/online-resources/Black-History-MonthQuotes.cfm>. On this webpage we found a quote by Franklin Thomas that we found relevant to our websites topic. Thomas expresses the desire for equality regardless of skin tone or appearances, which is what Blacks yearned for when they fought and continue to fight for equal rights. Blacks registering to vote. The Atlantic. Atlantic Monthly Group, 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/02/after-50-years-the-voting-rightsacts-biggest-threat-the-supreme-court/273257/>. This image depicts Blacks eagerly registering to vote after the Voting Rights Act was put into place. This made it easier for African Americans to vote by prohibiting literacy tests and requiring the federal government to monitor polls and elections in areas where voting discrimination was present. Coers, Michael. Black and white students attending school together. MPR News. Minnesota Public Radio, 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/09/14/midday2>.

This image of a Black student and White student shaking hands symbolizes the end of segregation in public schools brought about by Brown v. Board of Education. These students finally had the right to attend the same schools and receive equal education. Count, Will. Elizabeth Eckford, 1957. Southwest Center for Educational Excellence. Southwest Center for Educational Excellence, 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. <http://www.southwestcenter.org/vnews/display.v/ART/520ceaed86743>. This image of a member of the Little Rock Nine, Elizabeth Eckford, demonstrates the hatred directed towards Black students who tried to assert their right to attend any public school. In this case, the U.S. Army was instructed to escort the Little Rock Nine to class every day to prevent White students from harassing them. Dees, Jesse Walter, Jr, and James Styles Hadley. Jim Crow. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor, 1951. Print. Jim Crow gave us valuable information regarding Jim Crow laws in America and the various ways they were used to prevent African-Americans from exercising their rights. We also used a direct quote from the author regarding segregation. Even after Blacks were freed by the Thirteenth Amendment, they were still enslaved by the bigotry in the south, characterized by these Jim Crow laws. Desegregation of buses and trains. The Charlotte - Mecklenburg Story. Public Library of Charlotte & Mecklenburg County, 2002. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.cmstory.org/history/timeline/default.asp?tp=17&ev=0>. This photograph of a man taking down segregation signs is symbolic in depicting the end of segregation in public places. This was a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. By ending segregation, this act gave Blacks and other oppressed groups their long overdue rights.

Disney Princess Tiana. Fanpop. Fanpop, 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/disney-princess/images/24961298/title/tiana-fanart>. The Disney Princess Tiana, the first Black Disney princess, is a modern example of the advances African-Americans have made. The efforts of those like MLK to assert Black rights have made possible the increasing integration of Blacks in the media. Dred Scott Decision. Civil War on the Western Border. Kansas City Library, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. <http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/dred-scott-decision>. This webpage provided us with information regarding the Dred Scott v. Sandford case, as well as an illustration of Dred Scott. In the case, the Supreme Court stated that Blacks are not citizens of the United States and therefore cannot sue anyone in court. This denies Blacks of any rights, considering the fact that non-citizens are not given any rights. DuBose, Stephen. MLK Quote of the Week. The King Center. King Center, 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. <http://www.thekingcenter.org/blog/mlk-quote-week-time-vigorous-andpositive-action>. The quote found on this webpage is a valuable addition to our website; it expresses the need for people to make a change in society when rights are unfairly restrained from them. Martin Luther King, Jr., was one of many who sacrificed his life to do just this. Equal Protection. Legal Information Institute. Cornel University Law School, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/equal_protection>. This site provided the direct words from the Fourteenth Amendment as well as the interpretation of the amendment. Since the meaning of a law depends on the perception of it at that time, this had an immense impact on segregation in regards to the Fourteenth Amendment and Plessy v. Ferguson. Separate but equal facilities continued to exist and

remain legal based on the Supreme Courts interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment at the time of the Plessy case in 1892. The Fourteenth Amendment. The Library of Congress. Lib. of Cong., 18 Nov. 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=014/llsl014.db&recNum=389>. On this site was the actual document of the Fourteenth Amendment, giving us a direct quote of what was said in the amendment. We focused on Article XIV, which gives Blacks the right to citizenship, as well as guarantees the right to life, liberty and property. The due process clause of this amendment resulted in a profound transformation in the way laws treated African-Americans. Homer Plessy. Flickr. Flickr, 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/elycefeliz/7168718171/>. This website provided us with an image of Homer Plessy, who resisted the segregation imposed by the Separate Car Act. Plessy attempted to assert his rights and the rights of other Blacks with the court case Plessy v. Ferguson, but this case instead reinforced the separate but equal doctrine of the south. Hudson, Bill. Walter Gadsden, 17, defying an anti-parade ordinance of Birmingham, Ala. Knoxnews.com. E.W. Scripps, 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. <http://www.knoxnews.com/photos/2013/aug/24/378835/>. This photograph of Walter Gadsden depicts him being attacked by the Birmingham police for peacefully protesting in May 1963. This is a classic example of Blacks being denied their right to protest their lack of rights in the legal system. However, it was

protesters like Walter who attracted attention to the cause, which aided in the passage of the civil rights legislation. I Am a Man. Moore to the Point. Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.russellmoore.com/2011/01/17/racial-justice-and-the-godness-ofgod/>. This is a photograph of black men protesting the segregation that encroached upon their basic rights as human beings. Their signs read I Am a Man, symbolizing how racial discrimination belittles those being discriminated against and prevents them from exercising their basic rights. Jim Crow Car Decision. Mower County Transcript [Lansing] 20 May 1896: n. pag. Library of Congress. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025431/1896-05-20/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1836&index=5&rows=20&words=Ferguson+Plessy+vs&searchType=basic&s equence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=plessy+vs+ferguson&y=0&x=0&dateFilterT ype=yearRange&page=1>. This newspaper article provides a brief section on the Plessy v. Ferguson decision to uphold the constitutionality of the separate coaches for Blacks and Whites. At the time, the case was known as the Jim Crow car case, giving us an insight into how the case was viewed at the time. King, Martin Luther, Jr. I Have a Dream. Internet Archives. Internet Archives, 10 Mar. 2001. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. <https://archive.org/details/MLKDream>.

This audio file was used in the website to capture the essence of how important freedom was to important leaders like MLK, and how he helped shape the civil rights era with his efforts to ensure the rights of African-Americans. The Little Rock Nine. Clarksville Online. Clarksville, TN Online, 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://www.clarksvilleonline.com/2010/02/27/clarksville-learns-lessons-from-littlerock/>. This image shows the Little Rock Nine, a group of high school students who attended Central High School, a previously all-white high school in Little Rock, Arkansas. These students were exercising their rights that were guaranteed to them by the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, in which the separate but equal doctrine upheld in Plessy was overturned. Lyndon Baines Johnson Quote. Quonation. Quonation, 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://quonation.com/quote/26187>. In this quote, Lyndon B. Johnson is expressing how America has improved profoundly in the area of separate but equal, and have allowed Blacks to have the right and freedom to attend any public school of their choosing. MLK in March on Washington. Terry Marshall Fiction. TerryMarshallFiction.com, 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.terrymarshallfiction.com/Civil-Rights-Movement.html>. In this image Martin Luther King, Jr., is delivering a speech in the March on Washington. MLK encouraged others to fight for what they believed in and assert their rights, believing non-violent resistance was the way to go about this. Efforts by him and many others are what helped in reversing the segregation that was upheld in Plessy.

Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Speech. 10 Dec. 1964. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB, 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/kingacceptance_en.html>. We used a quote from MLKs acceptance speech for his Nobel Prize to express the feelings African-Americans have towards racism and how it affects them emotionally. Martin Luther King, Jr., won this prize for his incredible efforts to fight for equal rights for Blacks. Paul Robeson & Civil Rights Congress. BlackPast.org. BlackPast.org, 2011. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. <http://www.blackpast.org/aah/civil-rights-congress-1946-1956>. Shown in this photograph are Blacks and Whites alike participating in a protest outside of the White House in 1948. Part of a group known as the Civil Rights Congress, these protesters are refusing to be oppressed by Jim Crow laws and segregation that was allowed in the Plessy case. Plessy v. Ferguson. The Library of Congress. Lib. of Cong., 7 Dec. 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html>. On this webpage we found a quote made by B. W. Arnett that was relevant to the Plessy case. Arnett describes the feelings involved when Blacks are forced into segregated rail cars, and how this denies them of their natural rights to enjoy equal accommodations. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Our Documents. NARA, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=52>. This website provided us with an image of the Plessy v. Ferguson document, showing the opinion of the court, which maintained that segregation under the separate but equal

doctrine was constitutional. It wouldnt be until 1954 that this doctrine would be overturned and Blacks would be guaranteed their equal rights. Resistance. Americas Black Holocaust Museum. Americas Black Holocaust Museum, 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://www.abhmuseum.org/2012/05/the-museums-four-themesremembrance-resistance-redemption-and-reconciliation/>. The image we found on this website depicts young White males protesting the integration of Blacks in the public school system. Protests all over the south resembled this one; Whites continued to fight to oppress Blacks and prevent them from gaining the rights that would ensure their status as equal human beings. Sanderson, Bill. Historic Black figures. N.d. The Atlantic. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-blackpresident/309064/>. This image of historical Black figures of the likes of Barack Obama, Rosa Parks and Frederick Douglass is a demonstration of how prevalent these figures are to society. Their importance emanates from their efforts to assert the rights of the oppressed. It was people like Rosa Parks who fought against social stigmas such as segregation, which was supported in the Plessy case. Segregation Must Go. Thy Black Man. ThyBlackMan.com, 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://thyblackman.com/2012/01/31/segregation-down-not-quite-looking-at-the-wholenon-post-racial-picture/>. This photo of an African-American child holding a sign reading Segregation must go is significant in that it demonstrates the urge for all colored people to do everything they

could to fight for their freedom and equality as Americans. The segregation that this young boy is protesting was upheld by the decision in Plessy. Segregation Sign. Daily Kos. Kos Media, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/01/23/1052940/-A-Man-For-All-Seasons-ActivistSinger-Athlete-Scholar-Actor-and-More-Part-I>. This photograph of a sign stating that blacks, Jews, and dogs could not enter the public facility demonstrates how diminished blacks were. According to this sign they were seen as no better than dogs, stripped of their rights and status as a human being. Slaughterhouse Cases. PBS. PBS, 2007. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/landmark_slaughterhouse.html>. This image of a slaughterhouse involved in the Slaughterhouse cases provides a visual that reinforces our section on the significance of the cases in the interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. In these cases the Supreme Court ruled that citizenship is separate at the national level than the state level, and therefore the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to the states. This prevented the national government from stepping in and protecting the rights of Blacks at the state level. Supreme Court Decision on Voting Rights. The Marc Steiner Show. Virtuallinda Media, 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.steinershow.org/tag/civil-rights-2/>. This webpage provided us with an image of two young Black males protesting for voting rights. Messages such as these were what fueled the effort to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965, marking yet another victory in the way of equal rights. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Fuller. Conflict of Interest. Issues4Life Foundation, 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://www.issues4life.org/blast/2012156.html>.

In this image are the Supreme Court members who decided 7-1 to uphold the separate but equal doctrine in the case Plessy v. Ferguson. The only dissenting opinion was that of Justice John Marshall Harlan, who understood that this doctrine was preventing Blacks from exercising their rights. YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-btQ9LuA1A>. This website provided us with a video about the case of plessy v. ferguson YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nELhiLfUclo&feature=youtu.be>. This website provided us with videos that we used in our project.

Secondary Sources Anderson, Wayne. Plessy V. Ferguson: Legalizing Segregation. New York: Rosen, 2004. Print. This book gave us a detailed insight into how the Plessy decision came about and how it affected life for African Americans by ruling that segregation under the separate but equal doctrine was constitutional. In reality these public accommodations were unequal, depriving Blacks of their natural rights as equal human beings. Black Codes. History Channel. A&E Television Networks, 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/black-codes>. This website provided information on Black Codes, which were used by the south to strip Blacks of their rights after they had been legally freed by the Thirteenth Amendment, and legally equal with the Fourteenth.

Chafe, William Henry, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds. Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell about Life in the Segregated South. New York: New Press, 2001. Print. This book was insightful in adding to our knowledge of the emotional impacts of Jim Crow laws in the south. Jim Crow was the name given to the laws that stripped Blacks of their rights and created a racial caste system and segregated facilities, especially in the southern states. Groves, Harry E. Separate but Equal: The Doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson. Phylon. Vol. 12. Atlanta: Clark Atlanta U., 1951. 66-72. Print. This book supplies information and opinions on the doctrine of separate but equal in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, and the implications it has in future legal cases. Grovess opinion on the matter is that stare decisis plays a factor in the case of Plessy; the decision made to uphold the separate but equal doctrine still had an effect on the matter of segregation in 1951, and will slow down the process of integration and advancement in Black rights. Highway History. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/road/s07.cfm>. This website gave us a more clear understanding of the court case in respect to the Separate Car Act and how it shaped the way African Americans dealt with segregated transportation in this era. Black figures such as Homer Plessy refused to allow their rights to be withheld and protested against this segregation imposed by the Separate Car Act.

James, Joseph Bliss. The Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. N.p.: Mercer U., 1984. Print. Jamess book offers a detailed description of the process of the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, which helped better our understanding of the amendment itself. The Fourteenth Amendment is a crucial aspect of the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, in that the Supreme Court ignored the due process clause and refused to interpret it in a way that would protect the rights of Blacks and offer equal protection under the law. This refusal of rights made it possible for the Supreme Court to uphold the constitutionality of the separate but equal doctrine, and in turn allowed segregation to remain an issue in America until Brown overturned it in 1954. Johnson, Kimberley. Reforming Jim Crow: Southern Politics and State in the Age Before Brown. New York: Oxford U, 2010. Print. Johnsons book gave us insight into the political implications and processes of the Jim Crow laws in the south, but also provided information regarding the less visible reforming transformations before segregation was deemed unconstitutional in the 1950s60s. This aspect of Johnsons book gave a different perspective on the segregation situation and helped boost our understanding of the separate but equal era. Kelley, Blair L. M. Right to Ride: Streetcar Boycotts and African American Citizenship in the Era of Plessy v. Ferguson. N.p.: U of North Carolina, 2010. Print. Kelleys book on transportation segregation contributed to our understanding of the segregation laws, as well as those who protested against them and aided in the cause to rid of them. Homer Plessy was one of those protesters, and in this book Kelley sheds some light on Plessy and the court case that ensued from his protesting.

Landmark Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court. Landmark Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court. Street Law, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://www.streetlaw.org/en/Page/421/Background_Summary__Questions_>. This webpage was extremely useful in that it provided detailed information about the Separate Car Act and the Plessy v. Ferguson case, as well as how the Fourteenth Amendment ties into this. While the Fourteenth Amendment should have protected states from infringing upon the rights of Blacks, the Supreme Court chose not to interpret it this way, resulting in the inhibition of equal rights for Blacks. Margo, Robert A. Race and Schooling in the South, 1880-1950: An Economic History. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1990. Print. In his book, Margo presents information on the economic well-being of Blacks in segregated America. This paints a picture of how life was for African-Americans before Brown v. Board of Education, and how segregation affected schooling, among other aspects of daily life. Other useful information included the salaries of Black teachers and how discrimination in the work place significantly curbed Blacks opportunity to achieve economic equality. McBride, Alex. Slaughterhouse Cases (1873). The Supreme Court. PBS, 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_slaughterhouse.html>. Included in this website was information regarding the Slaughterhouse cases, which were a critical element in the Plessy case. While the Fourteenth Amendment seemed to provide protection for Blacks rights under the due process clause, the decision in the Slaughterhouse cases (the first application of the Fourteenth Amendment) stated that

national citizenship is separate from state citizenship, and therefore the states were not required to guarantee equality to all citizens. This view remained in the Supreme Court, which is the reason the separate but equal doctrine was upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson. Plessy v. Ferguson. Legal Information Institute. Cornell U Law School, n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0163_0537_ZO.html>. This site explains how the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was used (or rather, not used) in Plessy v. Ferguson. The protection given to blacks in this amendment was widely ignored in the south and no more so than in this landmark ruling. As a result, Blacks continued to be denied their basic right of equality in America until the separate but equal doctrine was overturned in Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court Decided the Slaughterhouse Cases. Legal Legacy. Wordpress, 26 June 2009. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://legallegacy.wordpress.com/2009/06/26/april-14-1873 %E2%80%93-the-supreme-court-decided-the-slaughterhouse-cases/>. The information on this website regarding the majority and dissenting opinions in the Slaughterhouse cases was useful in understanding the importance of the decision. The distinction by Justice Samuel F. Miller of national and state citizenship was significant in the later interpretation of the 14th Amendment in the Plessy case. Wormser, Richard. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). PBS. Educational Broadcasting, 2002. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_plessy.html>. This webpage contributed to our information on the details of the Plessy case and how it reinforced the doctrine of separate but equal in public facilities, as well as the effects this had on Black rights.