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2 0 1 2 | Cook, Luckett, and Van Bibber
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2.C @ e)i)tanceAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1F2 e)i)tance @ A1GG Do .ot'in( BadAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1F? 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Tips
REPR4DU'TI5E HETER4N4RM!TI5IT$ Man 6%d*es will (e conf%sed ( this phrase since o%-re *enerall not talkin* a(o%t se7%alit ) It-s fine (eca%se o%-re %sin* the term correctl " (%t for that reason o% ma want to (e caref%l a(o%t %sin* it) 'RITI8UE '4ME. 9IR.T This first card is one o% sho%ld read most ro%nds o% read .pi#ak) ',!.. R44M PED!G4G$ This first card is another one o% sho%ld read in nearl e"er$ round o% read .pi#ak)
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E7planation
There:s a few ;s that will (e in this file 1e s%re to talk to me and fi*%re o%t which one is (est for the aff and then read thro%*h the <N' and the e7tensions prett well E#er link has in itself a separate spin to the ;" meanin* it:ll ne#er (e the same ;) 1e s%re to know the ar*%ment so o% don:t so%nd d%m( This ; sho%ld (e ar*%ed as an ethical iss%e" (%ilt aro%nd the 3%estion ='an the s%(altern speak" and who will listen>= If o%-re dealin* with some form of h%manitarianism or 4theri2ation aff" that-s a prior 3%estion to an ethical implications the other team claims) http0??www) o%t%(e)com?watch>#@&AHHB!,R9HwCfeat%re@related
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Dedications
H%*e thank o% to 'hris .p%rlock for workin* on this file with %s and pro#idin* man a tho%*hts" cards etc) He:s the reason this file *ot started" so an win it (rin*s %s is a (i* thank o% to him)
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E7planation
Here:s a *ood r%n down of this ; .pi#ak and ;iosse# :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A&e%ander, Co&u#bia, Uni"er)it$ o+ So+ia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI
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nations this is the *eneral messa*e dear nations"N please" o% were in#ented as ima*inar narrati#es) !fter that" %nfort%natel N o% were instit%tionali2ed and o% for*ot o%r ori*in" o% for*ot that o% areN ima*inar ) 1e kind eno%*h" *o (ack to the ima*inar ) $o% are ficti#e narrati#esN and f%rthermore" please" (e kind eno%*h to compare o%rsel#es) ThenN o% will %nderstand that o% are not e3%al" o% are e3%i#alent;AN 7ASA *e&& done! *e&& done! 6ou know what o% for*ot> Reprod%cti#eN heteronormati#it ) But ot'er8i)e @beauti+u&&$ done! I needn:t ha#e *i#en theN lect%re" it takes two min%tesF Here:s the critical ar*%ments Each link is like its own ; A&)o, 'ere4) a (ood o"er"ie8 o+ S!i"ak4) "ie8)A http0??mar erint)(lo*spot)com?&DDE?DB?*a atri+spi#ak+can+s%(altern+speak+ <EGH)html
9.pi#ak, o+ Indian de)cent, makes
a inter#ention in post+colonial" feminist and ps choanal tical criticism ( attemptin* to locate Hor di)3&ocateI the s%(altern and show the s%(altern cannot speak) S'e 'a) a O!o&itic) o+ t'e o!en endO in 8'ic' Odecon)truction act) a) a P)a+e(uardP a(ain)t t'e re!re))ion or e%c&u)ion o+ Pa&teritie)PAAA!eo!&e, e"ent), or idea) t'at are radica& Pot'erP to t'e do#inat 8or&d "ie8AO O almost from the start" she emphasi2ed how deconstr%ctions interest in the -#iolence- of traditional hierarchical (inar oppositions Hbet8een #a&e and +e#a&e, t'e *e)t and t'e re)t, etcAI afforded a passa*e from literar theor to radical politicsAO S!i"ak 'er)e&+ 8rite) t'at Ot'e inte&&ectua& i) co#!&icit in t'e !er)i)tent con)titution o+ t'e :t'er a) t'e Se&+P) S'ado8AO O.pi#ak sees postcolonial st%dies as a new instance of this attempt to li(erate the other and to ena(le that other to e7perience and artic%late those parts of itself that fall o%tside what the dominant disco%rse has constit%ted as its s%(6ecthood)= The s%(altern holds a s%(ordinate position that is alwa s in relation to (%t stands o%tside of the and am(i#alent to the central loc%s of power) Howe#er" the s%(altern itself is a hetero*eneo%s *ro%p) Radical political mo#ements tend to romantici2e s%(altern and p%t the responsi(ilit %pon the s%(altern to li(erate themsel#es despite their place o%tside the s stem) .pi#ak ar*%es a*ainst essentialism (eca%se the s%(altern cannot (e easil or neatl cate*ories) =,eftist intellect%als who romantici2e the oppressed)))essentiali2e the s%(altern and th%s replicate the colonialist disco%rses the p%rport to criti3%e)= =! person-s or *ro%p-s identit is relational" a f%nction of its place in a s stem of differences)= S'e doe) ar(ue +or a Odi++erence +e#ini)#O
O8'ic' )tre))e) a&&iance) a#on( 8o#en acro)) t'eir di++erence)AO S'e introduce) t'e conce!t o+ O)trate(ic e))entia&i)#O5 OIn )o#e in)tance), )'e ar(ued, it 8a) i#!ortant to )trate(ica&&$ #ake e))entia&i)t c&ai#), e"en 8'i&e one retained an a8arene)) t'at t'o)e c&ai#) 8ere, at be)t, crude !o&itica& (enera&i2ation)AO S!icak turn) to FruedP) ana&$)i) o+ co&onia&i)#A OS'e remains
leer of an attempt to fi7 and
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cele(rate the s%(altern-s distincti#e #oice ( claims that the s%(altern occ%pies the position of #ictim" a(6ected other" scape*oat" sa#ior" and so on)= .pi#ak notes that her anal sis offers an acknowled*ement of the the dan*ers of =interpretin* and representin* the other)= =The s%(altern is not pri#ile*ed Iwithin the dominant disco%rseJ" and does not speak in a #oca(%lar that will *et a hearin* in instit%tional locations of power) The s%(altern enters the official and intellect%al disco%rse onl rarel and %s%all thro%*h mediatin* commentar of someone more at home in those disco%rses) If the pro(lematic is %nderstood in this wa " it is hard to see how the s%(altern can (e capa(le of speakin*)O S!i"ak
t'en trie) to reco"er t'e )!eec' o+ t'e )uba&tern t'rou(' an ana&$)i) o+ an Indian 8o#anP) )uicideA;
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Dedication
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.hells
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Normal <N'
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; <N'
9irst" The p%rs%it of modern economics and U. en*a*ement has at its root in domination and coloniality. This perpet%ates total war thro%*ho%t the war in the p%rs%it of the plan) Worse" modern colonialit cannot solve the problems of the world It:s o%tdated and works to reprod%ce the nation a*ain and a*ain" in reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it That t%rns case Means tr or die for the ; Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A 1A Modernit
:s a(ilit to pro#ide sol%tions to modern pro(lems has (een increasin*l N compromisedA In +act, it can (e ar*%ed that there are no modern sol%tions to man ofN toda :s pro(lems HSanto), 2002T Le++, 1,,FT /)cobar, 200?bJ) This is clearl the case,N +or in)tance, with massi#e displacement and ecolo*ical destr%ction" (%t alsoN de"e&o!#ent4) inabi&it$ to +u&+i&& it) !ro#i)e o+ a minim%m of well(ein* +or t'e 8or&d4)N !eo!&eA !t the (asis of this modern incapacit lie (oth a h per+ technification ofN rationalit and a h per+marketi2ation of social life @8'at Santo) H2002I re+er) to a) t'eN increa)in( incon(ruence o+ t'e +unction) o+ )ocia& e#anci!ation and )ocia& re(u&ationA N The res%lt is an oppressi#e *lo(alit in which manifold forms of #iolence increasin*l N take on the f%nction of re*%lation of peoples and economies) This feat%re has (ecomeN central to the neo+li(eral approach of the !merican empire He"en #ore )o a+ter t'e Marc'N 200? US3&ed in"a)ion o+ Ira>IA This modernist attempt at com(atin* the s mptoms (%tN not the ca%se of the social" political and ecolo*ical crises of the times res%lts in m%ltipleN Kcr%el little warsL in which the control of territories" people and reso%rces is at stakeN H=o%e, 2002IA Re*imes of selecti#e incl%sion and h per+e7cl%sion of hei*htened po#ert N for the man and sk rocketin* wealth for the fewMoperatin* thro%*h spatial+militar N lo*ics" create a sit%ation of widespread social fascismA 1'e e"er 8idenin( territorie)
andN !eo!&e) )ubJected to !recariou) &i"in( condition) under )ocia& +a)ci)# )u((e)t t'e N continued "a&idit$ o+ a certain notion o+ a 1'ird *or&d, a&t'ou(' not reducib&e to )trictN (eo(ra!'ica& !ara#eter)A In )'ort"
the modern crisis is a crisis in models of tho%*ht" andN modern sol%tions" at least %nder neo+li(eral *lo(ali2ation H.L7I, onl deepen theN pro(lemsA Mo#in* (e ond or o%tside modernit th%s (ecomes a sine 3%a non forN ima*inin* after the third world) .econd" En*a*e in (order thinkin*) 1order thinkin* is the redefinition of terms and ideas within a new epistemolo* " intended to redefine o%r tho%*ht in a new path awa from 4ccidental" colonialit That:s eno%*h to sol#e the ; and the aff Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
0o&itica& /cono#$5 1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(30o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A
4ne of man pla%si(le sol%tions to the E%rocentric "er)u) +unda#enta&i)tN dilemma is 8'at *a&ter Mi(no&o, +o&&o8in( C'icanoHaI t'inker) )uc' a) 7&oriaN An2a&dUa H1,F-I and =o)e Da"id Sa&dV"ar H1,,-I, ca&&) 9critical (order thinkin*;N HMi(no&o 2000IA Critica& border t'inkin( i) the epistemic response of the s%(altern toN the E%rocentric pro6ect of modernit ) In)tead o+ reJectin( #odernit$ to retreat into aN +unda#enta&i)t ab)o&uti)#, (order epistemolo*ies )ub)u#eGredefines theN emancipator rhetoric of modernit from the cosmolo*ies and epistemolo*ies of theN s%(altern" located in the oppressed and e7ploited side of the colonial difference"N towards a decolonial li(eration str%**le for a world (e ond e%rocentered modernit AN *'at border t'inkin( !roduce) i) a redefinitionG)ub)u#!tion of citi2enship"N democrac " h%man ri*hts" h%manit " and economic relations (e ond the narrowN definitions imposed (
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E%ropean modernit ) Border t'inkin( i) not an anti3#odernN +unda#enta&i)#A It i) a deco&onia& tran)#odern re)!on)e o+ t'e
)uba&tern toN /urocentric #odernit$A But border t'inkin( i) Ju)t one e%!re))ion o+ e!i)te#ic N deco&oni2ation in t'i) ca)e +o&&o8in( t'e C'icano co&onia& e%!erience in)ide t'e USN /#!ireA 1'ere are ot'er deco&onia& notion) )uc' a) dia)!oric t'ou('t, autono#ou) N t'ou('t, t'inkin( +ro# t'e #ar(in), t'inkin( +ro# 0ac'a#a#a, etcA articu&ated +ro#N ot'er co&onia& e%!erience)AN !
*ood e7ample of this is the Aapatista str%**le in Me7ico) The Aapatistas areN not anti3#odern +unda#enta&i)tA 1'e$ do not re6ect democrac and retreat into someN form of indi*eno%s f%ndamentalism) 4n the contrar " the Aapatistas accept theN notion of democrac " (%t redefine it from a local indi*eno%s practice and cosmolo* "N concept%ali2in* it as Kcommandin* while o(e in*L or Kwe are all e3%als (eca%se weN are all different)L What seems to (e a parado7ical slo*an is reall a criticalN decolonial redefinition of democrac from the practices" cosmolo*ies andN epistemolo*ies of the s%(altern) This leads to the 3%estion of how to transcend theN imperial monolo*%e esta(lished ( the E%ropean+centric modernit )
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&N' Impact
!t the top" the impact de(ate0 We ha#e a few D!s to the aff0 a) Pro(lem 'reation D! 4ccidentalism cannot sol#e pro(lems an more It:s created them and it contin%es to em(race the s stem of e7cl%sion that e7acer(ates the epitome of the pro(lem !ND E5EN I9 THE$ .4,5E THI. PR41,EM N4W The are em(racin* the ca%se of these s mptoms" which means the ca%se their impacts in the f%t%re T%rns case and tr or die for the alt () 'olonialit D! 4ccidentalism contin%es to create an epistemolo*ical str%ct%re that e7cl%des all s%(altern modes of tho%*ht This means no perm will sol#e and the s stem of #iolence that is 6%stified ( colonialit will (e contin%ed indefinitel c) /%stifications D! The p%rs%it of economic en*a*ement and well (ein* contin%es to 6%stif wars towards actors that threaten that plan Means perpet%al war and 6%stification of an impact That:s Esco(ar :DB N4W" the line on line on the impact de(ateN
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&N' !lternati#e
E7tend the alt (order thinkin* Which re3%ires %s to redefinition all terms and ideas within an epistemolo* This new terminolo* forces %s to rethink the wa we en*a*e in political s stems and the wa we talk a(o%t different epistemolo*ies) 1order thinkin* empiricall has worked" and is adapta(le to e#en the first world It:s the rethinkin* of epistemolo*ical relations that (reaks down the holds of colonialit Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A 1'e coro&&ar$ i) t'e need to bui&d narrati"e) +ro# t'e !er)!ecti"e o+ #odernit$Gco&onia&it$ N 9(eared to8ard) t'e )earc' +or a di++erent &o(ic; H22IA
This pro6ect has to do with theN reartic%lation of *lo(al desi*ns from local historiesO with the artic%lation (etweenN s%(altern and he*emonic knowled*e from the perspecti#e of the s%(alternO and with theN remappin* of colonial difference towards a worldl c%lt%re s%ch as in the AapatistaN pro6ect" that remaps Mar7ism" thirdworldism" and indi*enism" witho%t (ein* either ofN them" in an e7cellent e7ample of (order thinkin*A 1'u), it (ecomes possi(le to think ofN Kother local histories prod%cin* either alternati#e totalities or an alternati#e to totalit LN H?2,IA These alternati#es wo%ld not pla on the K*lo(ali2ation?ci#ili2ationL co%pletN inherent to modernit ?colonialit O the wo%ld rather (%ild on a 9#undia&i2aciWnGc%lt%reLN relation centered on the local histories in which colonial *lo(al desi*ns are necessaril N transformedA 1'e di"er)it$ o+ #undia&i2aciWn i) contra)ted 8it' t'e 'o#o(eneit$ o+N (&oba&i2ation" aimin* at m%ltiple and di#erse social orders 33in )u#, !&uri"er)a&it$A :neN #a$ )a$, 8it' Mi(no&o H20005 ?0,I, t'at t'i) a!!roac' 9i) certain&$ a t'eor$ +ro#Go+ t'eN 1'ird *or&d, but not on&$ +or t'e 1'ird *or&d AAAAA Third World theori2in* is also for theN 9irst World in the sense that critical theor is s%(s%med and incorporated in a newN *eoc%lt%ral and epistemolo*ical locationA; !ND" that sol#es the aff while a#oidin* D!s The alternati#e pro#ides a (etter incorporation of co%ntries into economic partnerships" allowin* for %s to sol#e o%r aff (est !ND 4%r alternati#e spills o#er and impro#es all of economics Aein+Eladin :DE Q/i#an :A, Frank&in X Mar)'a&& Co&&e(e, De!art#ent o+ /cono#ic), 9/cono#ic), !o)tco&onia& t'eor$ and t'e N !rob&e#
o+ cu&ture5 in)titutiona& ana&$)i) N and '$bridit$;, 'tt!5GGre&oone$A+atco8Aco#G00Y.e8Y?1??A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2EG1?A 0o)tco&onia& t'eor$, on t'e ot'er 'and, t'ou(' #uc' critici)ed +or ne(&ectin( t'e N econo#$, 'a) (enerated tre#endou) in)i('t) on i))ue) o+ cro))3 cu&tura& 'e(e#on$, t'at i),N t'e creation o+ a !o&itica& c&i#ate t'at e&icit) t'e )uba&tern H)ubordinatedI (rou!)4 con)ent N to a do#inant ideo&o($, and t'e ro&e o+ kno8&ed(e con)truction in t'i) !roce)) HKein3N /&abdin and C'aru)'ee&a, 200BIA 'olonial
disco%rse anal sis HB'ab'a, 1,F?T Said, 1,-,IN opens %p a space for comprehendin* the twentieth cent%r notion of de#elopment asN a disco%rse of power rather than a c%lt%rall ne%tral" scientificall knowa(le *rowth path ofN an econom H/)cobar, 1,,DT :&)on, 1,,BIA2 Postcolonialit presents a promisin* entr N point for %nderstandin* a contemporar world in which the c%lt%re of E%ropean modernit N H#o)t notab&$, nation+state" market s stem, urban a((&o#erationI has e7panded farN (e ond its historical and *eo*raphical ori*ins and has (een im(ricated with other c%lt%res N in deep and comple7 formsA This %nderstandin* co%ld potentiall allow the c%lt%res ofN societies c%rrentl theorised in economics as less?%nderde#eloped to e3%all participate inN the *lo(al constr%ction of meanin* and definitions of the terms of economic (ein* andN (ecomin*) 0er'a!) t'e (reate)t !ro#i)e o+ !o)tco&onia& in)i('t) i) t'e !o))ibi&it$ o+N i#a(inin( di++erent econo#ic re&ation) and )ocia& et'ic), and there( aidin* in the searchN for answers to the presentl da%ntin* 3%estions of ecolo*ical s%staina(ilit and social well(ein*AN Takin* postcolonial theor on (oard calls for
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a more profo%nd rethinkin* of the place ofN c%lt%re and of c%rrentl de#al%ed c%lt%res in economicsA In !articu&ar, Ho#i B'ab'a4)N H1,FD, 1,,BI idea o+ '$bridit$ Hdee! cu&tura& #i%in(I o++er) a +ruit+u& ana&$tica& tool forN (etter e7aminin* economies sit%ated in m%ltiple and dense cross+c%lt%ral intersections"N and impro#es o%r %nderstandin* of contemporar economic phenomena at lar*e)2 Suc'N
'$bridit$ i) e%'ibited in t'e conte#!orar$ econo#ie) o+ A+rica, $et A+rica i) a&)o t'e N >uinte))entia& re!re)entati"e o+ cu&tura& )uba&ternit$ in econo#ic), current&$ de+ined a) t'eN &ea)t de"e&o!ed 8or&d re(ion and 'abitua&&$ a))ociated 8it' cri)i) and +ai&ureA? 1raditiona&&$, N #o)t )i(ni+icant de)cri!tion) o+ A+rican econo#ie) 8ere !roduced b$ ant'ro!o&o(i)t) N HeA(A, Bo'annan and Da&ton, 1,E2IA Un+ortunate&$, t'e)e et'no(ra!'ie) 8ere rare&$ takenN u! in econo#ic) on t'e !re#i)e t'at #o)t o+ t'e ob)er"ed be'a"iour and in)titution) N a#ounted to &itt&e #ore t'an ob)o&ete tradition) t'at 8ou&d ine"itab&$ be )u!!&anted b$N #odern )tructure) and attitude)A An i#!ortant outco#e o+ t'e current attention to cu&tureN in econo#ic) 'a) been t'e (eneration o+ #ore )ub)tanti"e e%a#ination) o+ econo#ic N condition) in A+rica HCo&&ier and 7unnin(, 1,,,T Fa+c'a#!), 200BT Sc'neider, 1,,,TN 1ru&))on, 1,,-IA 1'i) )#a&& &iterature "arie) in it) &e"e& o+ detai& and a!!&ication o+ in)titutiona&i)t N !rinci!&e), but it (enera&&$ 'i('&i('t) t'e !re"a&ence o+ (i+t (i"in(, )'arin(, N )tron( kin)'i! ob&i(ation and ot'er )ocio3econo#ic !attern) !re"iou)&$ identi+ied b$ ant'ro!o&o(i)t)AN 1'e !er)i)tence o+ t'e)e !attern), in t'e #id)t o+ )ub)tantia& econo#ic N c'an(e, !re)ent) a c'a&&en(e to t'eoretica& !er)!ecti"e) t'at conce!tua&i)e t'e# a) !re#odern N or tran)itor$A N In t'i) !a!er I ar(ue t'at instit%tional
economics" with its paradi*matic emphasis onN c%lt%re and lon* standin* openness to inter+ disciplinarit " is (est positioned to (rid*e theN *ap (etween postcolonial theor and economics) In !articu&ar, t'e t'eoretica& +ra#e8orkN o+ in)titutiona&i)#, 8'ic' under)core) cu&tura& e#beddedne)) and an unte&eo&o(ica&,
nonet'nocentricN conce!tion o+ )ocia& c'an(e HMa$'e8, 1,,FI, nece))ari&$ acco##odate) N a conce!t o+ '$bridit$A It )ee#) 'ard&$ coincidenta& t'at t'e ear&ie)t re+erence toN !o)tco&onia& criti>ue in econo#ic) i) 0au&ette :&)on4) H1,,B, !A --I e++ort to !u)' Zt'e N boundarie) o+ radica& in)titutiona&i)# b$ e%a#inin( A A A t'e !o)tco&onia& criti>ue o+8e)ternN 'u#ani)#4A :&)on a!!&ied t'e notion o+ orienta&i)# in order to 'ei('ten in)titutiona&i)t)4N attention to Zraci)t, )e%i)t and c&a))i)t bia)e)4 in #ain)trea# econo#ic)A Here, I )'o8 t'at N drawin*
on the postcolonial idea of h (ridit can stren*then the instit%tionalist emphasisN on c%lt%re, and
a&&o8 #ore i&&u#inatin(, tru&$ )ub)tanti"e ana&$)i)A S!ace doe) not a&&o8 N a +u&& account o+ '$bridit$, nor an e%tended e%!&oration o+ it) i#!&ication), but on&$N a (enera& out&ine to indicate it) re&e"ance and !otentia& !roducti"it$ +or in)titutiona& N econo#ic)A
PPPIf o% need morePPP !ND" E#en if the win that we don:t sol#e this specific instance" o%r form of rethinkin* terms spills o#er and sol#es the o#erall s stem of colonialit and 4ccidentalism Means we still sol#e !ND PUT THE PERM DE1!TE HERE The alternati#e m%st come (efore an thin* else" otherwise an dialo*%e" plan" and perm fails Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+Q 0o&itica& /cono#$5
1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(3 0o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A
!n inter+c%lt%ral .ort'3Sout' dialo*%e cannot (e achie#ed witho%t aN decoloni2ation of power relations in the modern world) ! hori2ontal dialo*%e asN opposed to the #ertical monolo*%e of the West re3%ires a transformation in *lo(alN power str%ct%res) *e cannot a))u#e a Haber#a)ian
con)en)u) or an e>ua&N 'ori2onta& re&ation)'i! a#on( cu&ture) and !eo!&e) (&oba&&$ di"ided in t'e t8o !o&e) N o+ t'e co&onia& di++erenceA
Howe#er" we co%ld start ima*inin* alternati#e worldsN (e ond E%rocentrism and f%ndamentalism) 1ran)#odernit$ i) Latin A#ericanN !'i&o)o!'er o+ &iberation /nri>ue Du))e&4) uto!ian !roJect to tran)cend t'eN
/urocentric "er)ion o+ #odernit$ HDu))e& 2001IA A) o!!o)ed to Haber#a) !roJect N t'at 8'at need) to be done i) to +u&+i&& t'e inco#!&ete and un+ini)'ed !roJect o+N #odernit$, Du))e&4) transmodernit
is the pro6ect to f%lfill the &Dth 'ent%r N %nfinished and incomplete pro6ect of decoloni2ation In)tead o+ a )in(&e #odernit$N centered in /uro!e and i#!o)ed a) a (&oba& de)i(n to t'e re)t o+ t'e 8or&d, Du))e&N ar(ue) +or a m%ltiplicit of decolonial critical responses to e%rocentered modernit N from the s%(altern c%lt%res and epistemic location of coloni2ed people aro%nd theN world) Du))e&4) tran)#odernit$ 8ou&d be e>ui"a&ent to 9di#ersalit as a %ni#ersalN pro6ectL which is a res%lt of Kcritical (order thinkin*"L Kcritical diasporic thinkin*L or N Kcritical thinkin* from the mar*insL as an epistemic inter#ention from the di#erseN s%(alterns locations) .%(altern epistemolo*ies co%ld pro#ide, +o&&o8in( *a&terN Mi(no&o4) H2000I rede+inition o+ Caribbean t'inker /douard 7&i))ant4) conce!t, aN Kdi#ersalit L of responses to the pro(lems of modernit leadin* to Ktransmodernit )L
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I J More perm answers !T?? !lternati#e 9ails I J P%t alt e7tension here I J Their e#idence ass%mes locali2ed str%**les remain fra*mented) 4%r mo#ement is m%ch lar*er" and connected to other *lo(al mo#ements that com(ine to show the flaws in U).) colonialism) 4%r re6ection opens %p millions to the errors of neocolonialism WI.E" E Q au& De&(ado, Director o+ Doctora& 0ro(ra# in Mi(ration Studie) and 0ro+e))or o+ De"e&o!#ent Studie) at Uni"er)idad
AutWno#a de Kacateca)T ;Forced Mi(ration and US I#!eria&i)#5 1'e Dia&ectic o+ Mi(ration and De"e&o!#ent,; Crit Socio&, ?D5 -ES
1'e t'eoretica& +ra#e8ork out&ined in t'i) artic&e +or under)tandin( t'e dia&ectic re&ation)'i! bet8een de"e&o!#ent and #i(ration 'a) +our critica& co#!onent)A A Critica& A!!roac' to .eo&ibera& 7&oba&i2ation 'ontrar to the disco%rse re*ardin* its ine#ita(ilit Hon t'i) )ee 0etra) and Ve&t#e$er, 2000I, 8e !o)it t'at the c%rrent phase of imperialist domination is historical and can and sho%ld (e transformedA In t'i) re(ard, it i) +unda#enta& to notice t'at RStThe principal factor *eneratin* international mi*ration is not *lo(ali2ation (%t imperialism, which pilla*es nations and creates conditions for the e7ploitation of la(or in the imperial center4 H0etra), 200-5 D1@2IA A Critica& econ)titution o+ t'e Fie&d o+ De"e&o!#ent Studie) The fa#orin* of a sin*%lar mode of anal sis (ased on the (elief that free markets work a) !o8er+u& re(u&ator$ #ec'ani)#), e++icient&$ a))i(nin( re)ource) and !ro"idin( !attern) o+ econo#ic con"er(ence a#on( countrie) and t'eir !o!u&ation), has clearl res%lted in fail%reA New
theoretical and practical alternati#es are needed" and we propose a ree#al%ation of de#elopment as a process of social transformation t'rou(' a #u&ti3di#en)iona&, #u&ti3)!atia&, and !ro!er&$ conte%tua&i2ed a!!roac', Z%sin* the concept of imperialism as an alternati#e e7planator framework of international capitalist e7pansion and the *rowin* ine3%alities 4 H0etra) and Ve&t#e$er, 2000IA This inte(ra& a!!roac' re3%ires the consideration of the strate*ic and str%ct%ral aspects of the d namic of %ne#en contemporar capitalism de#elopment, 8'ic' )'ou&d be e%a#ined at t'e (&oba&, re(iona&, nationa&, and &oca& &e"e&)A For t'i) p%rpose it is cr%cial to %nderstand, inter a&ia, aI the central role pla ed ( forei*n in#estment in the process of neoli(eral restr%ct%rin* of peripheral economies, and bI t'e ne8 #oda&itie) o+ )ur!&u) tran)+er c'aracteri2in( conte#!orar$ ca!ita&i)#A 1'e Con)truction o+ an A(ent o+ C'an(e The *lo(ali2ation pro6ect led ( the U.! has ceased to (e consens%al0 it has onl (enefited capitalist elites and e7cl%ded and dama*ed an o#erwhelmin* n%m(er of people thro%*ho%t the worldA /cono#ic, !o&itica&, )ocia&, cu&tura& and en"iron#enta& c'an(e) are a&& needed but a transformation of this ma*nit%de is not #ia(le %nless di#erse mo#ements" classes" and a*ents can esta(lish common *oalsA The constr%ction of an a*ent of chan*e re3%ires not onl an alternati#e theor of de#elopment (%t also collecti#e action and hori2ontal colla(oration5 t'e )'arin( o+ e%!erience), t'e conci&iation o+
intere)t) and "i)ion), and t'e con)truction o+ a&&iance) in)ide t'e +ra#e8ork o+ Sout'3Sout' and Sout'3.ort' re&ation)A A ea))e))#ent o+ Mi(ration and De"e&o!#ent Studie) The c%rrent e7plosion of forced
mi*ration is part of the intricate machiner of contemporar capitalism as an e7pression of the dominant imperialist pro6ectA In order to under)tand t'i) !roce)) 8e need to rede+ine t'e boundarie) o+
)tudie) t'at addre)) #i(ration and de"e&o!#ent5 e%!and our +ie&d o+ re)earc' and in"ert t'e ter#) o+ t'e unidirectiona& ort'odo% "i)ion o+ t'e #i(ration3de"e&o!#ent ne%u) in order to )ituate t'e co#!&e% i))ue) o+ une"en de"e&o!#ent and i#!eria&i)t do#ination at t'e center o+ an a&ternati"e dia&ectica& +ra#e8orkA 1'i) entai&) a ne8 8a$ o+ under)tandin( t'e #i(ration !'eno#enonA
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&N' ,ink
!ND" The affirmati#e:s p%rs%it of modern economics and U. en*a*ement has at its root in domination and colonialit ) This is a form of domination that forces all nations to adhere to the *lo(al plans of the 4ccidental United .tates" and all who ref%se are shown as de#iant) This perpet%ates total war thro%*ho%t the war in the p%rs%it of the plan" while s%pportin* and em(racin* occidental" colonial tho%*ht That:s Esco(ar :DB
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Generic Pomo
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<N'
9irst" The affirmati#e:s *enealo* enacts the same representational and epistemolo*ical #iolence that the hope to confront) The affirmati#e conflates two senses of the word representation) 9irst" Representation as in direct pro7 or political representation) !nd second" re+presentation as in paintin* a portrait) When the conflate the two senses" the create a static" %nified" whole 4ther" from which we can learn or know the tr%th of the sit%ation or e7perience) There is no one concrete e7perience of the 4ther from which we can (ase a *enealo* or a politics) The affirmati#e:s *enealo* en*a*es in this pro(lematic representational strate* that erases their own s%(6ect position and political interest and creates #iolent essentialist %topian politics) This t%rns case) .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, A criti>ue o+ !o)tco&onia& rea)on5 to8ard a 'i)tor$ o+ t'e "ani)'in( !re)entI
An i#!ortant !oint i) bein( #ade 'ere5 the
prod%ction of theor isN also a practiceO the opposition (etween a(stract =p%re= theor and concreteN =applied= practice is too 3%ick and eas A,? But De&eu2eP) articu&ationN o+ t'e ar(u#ent i) !rob&e#aticA Two senses of representation areN (ein* r%n to*ether0 representation as =speakin* for"= as in politics" andN representation as =re+presentation"= as in art or philosoph ) .ince theor is also onl =action"= the theoretician does not represent H)!eak +orINthe oppressed *ro%p) Indeed, the s%(6ect is not seen as a representati#eN conscio%sness Hone re3!re)entin( rea&it$ ade>uate&$IA These two sensesN of representation+within state formation and the law" on the oneN hand" and in s%(6ect+predication" on the other+are related (%t irred%ci(l N discontin%o%s) To co#er o#er the discontin%it with an analo* N that is presented as a proof reflects a*ain a parado7ical s%(6ect+pri#ile*in*AN ,B Becau)e Othe person who speaks and acts ))) is alwa s a m%ltiplicit "=N no =theori2in* intellect%al ))) SorT part or ))) %nion= canN represent =those who act and str%**le= HFD 20EIA !re those who act andN str%**le m%te" as opposed to those who act)and speak HFD 20EI[ TheseN immense pro(lems are (%ried in the differences (etween t'e O)a#eON 8ord)5 con)ciou)ne)) and con)cience Hbot' con)cience in Frenc'I, representationN and re+presentation) The criti3%e of ideolo*ical s%(6ectconstit%tionN within state formations and )$)te#) o+ !o&itica& econo#$Ncan now (e effaced" as can the acti#e theoretical practice of the =transformationN of conscio%sness)= 1'e bana&it$ o+ &e+ti)t inte&&ectua&)P &i)t) o+N )e&+3kno8in(,
!o&itica&&$ cann$ )uba&tern) )tand) re"ea&edT re!re)entin(N t'e#, t'e inte&&ectua&) re!re)ent t'e#)e&"e) a) tran)!arentA N I+ )uc' a criti>ue and )uc' a !roJect are not to be (i"en u!, t'eN )'i+tin( di)tinction) bet8een re!re)entation 8it'in t'e )tate and !o&itica&N econo#$, on t'e one 'and, and 8it'in t'e t'eor$ o+ t'e SubJect, onN t'e ot'er, #u)t not be ob&iteratedA Let u) con)ider t'e !&a$ o+ "ertretenN HOre!re)entO in t'e +ir)t )en)eI and dar)te&&en HOre3!re)entO in t'e )econdN )en)eI in a +a#ou) !a))a(e in 1'e /i('teent' Bru#aire o+ Loui) Bona!arte,N 8'ere Mar% touc'e) on Oc&a))O a) a de)cri!ti"e and tran)+or#ati"e conce!tN in a #anner )o#e8'at #ore co#!&e% t'an A&t'u))erP) di)tinction N bet8een c&a)) in)tinct and c&a)) !o)ition 8ou&d a&&o8A 1'i) i) i#!ortantN in t'e conte%t o+ t'e ar(u#ent +ro# t'e 8orkin( c&a)) bot' +ro# ourN t8o !'i&o)o!'er) and O!o&itica&O t'ird38or&d +e#ini)# +ro# t'e #etro!o&i)ANMar7-s
contention here is that the descripti#e definition of a class canN (e a differential one+its c%ttin* off and difference from all otherN classes0 =in so far as millions of families li#e %nder economic conditionsN of e7istence that c%t off their mode of life" their interest" and theirN formation from those of the other classes and place them in inimicalN confrontation++tind&ic'(e(eniiber)te&&enT" the form a classA O,D 1'ere i)N no )uc' t'in( a) a Oc&a))
in)tinctO at 8ork 'ereA In +act, t'e co&&ecti"it$N o+ +a#i&ia& e%i)tence, 8'ic' #i('t be con)idered t'e arena o+ Oin)tinct,O N i) di)continuou) 8it', t'ou(' o!erated b$, t'e di++erentia& i)o&ation o+ N c&a))e)A In t'i) conte%t, one +ar #ore !ertinent to t'e France o+ t'eN 1,-0) t'an it can be to t'e internationa& !eri!'er$, t'e +or#ation o+ aN c&a)) i) arti+icia& and econo#ic, and t'e econo#ic a(enc$ or intere)t i) N i#!er)ona& becau)e it i) )$)te#atic and 'etero(eneou)A 1'i) a(enc$ orN intere)t i) tied to t'e He(e&ian criti>ue o+ t'e indi"idua& )ubJect, +or it N #ark) t'e )ubJectP) e#!t$ !&ace in t'at !roce)) 8it'out a )ubJect 8'ic'N i) 'i)tor$ and !o&itica& econo#$A Here t'e ca!ita&i)t i) de+ined a) Ot'eN con)ciou) bearer Q1rii(erS o+ t'e &i#ide)) #o"e#ent o+ ca!ita&AO M$N !oint i) t'at Mar7
is not workin* to create an %ndi#ided s%(6ect whereN desire and interest coincide) 'lass conscio%sness does not operate towardN that *oal) 1oth in the economic area Hca!ita&i)tI and in the politicalN H8or&d3'i)torica& a(entI, Mar7 is o(li*ed to
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constr%ct models of a di#idedN and dislocated s%(6ect whose parts are not contin%o%s or coherentN with each otherA A ce&ebrated !a))a(e &ike t'e de)cri!tion o+ ca!ita& a)N t'e Fau)tian #on)ter brin() t'i) 'o#e "i"id&$A
,EN 1'e +o&&o8in( !a))a(e, continuin( t'e >uotation +ro# 1'e /i('teent' NBru#aire, i) a&)o 8orkin( on t'e )tructura& !rinci!&e o+ a di)!er)ed andN di)&ocated c&a)) )ubJect5 t'e Hab)ent co&&ecti"eI con)ciou)ne)) o+ t'e N )#a&& !ea)ant !ro!rietor c&a)) +ind) it) ObearerO in a Ore!re)entati"eO N 8'o a!!ear) to 8ork in anot'erP) intere)tA O e!re)entati"eO 'ere doe) N not deri"e +ro# dar)te&&enT t'i) )'ar!en) t'e contra)t Foucau&t andNDe&eu2e )&ide o"er, t'e contra)t, )a$, bet8een a !ro%$ and a !ortraitA NThere is" o+ cour)e, a relationship (etween them, one t'at 'a) recei"edN !o&itica& and ideo&o(ica& e%acerbation in t'e /uro!ean tradition at &ea)tN )ince t'e !oet and t'e )o!'i)t, t'e actor and t'e orator, 'a"e bot' beenN )een a) 'ar#+u&A In t'e (ui)e o+ a !o)t3Mar%i)t decri!tion o+ t'e )cene N o+ !o8er, we
th%s enco%nter a m%ch older de(ate0 (etween representationN or r'etoric as tropolo* and as pers%asionA Dar)te&&en be&on()N to t'e +ir)t con)te&&ation, "ertreten38it' )tron(er )u((e)tion) o+ )ub)titution3 N to t'e )econdA A(ain, the are related" (%t r%nnin* them to*ether"N especiall in order to sa that (e ond (oth is where oppressedN s%(6ects speak" act" and know for themsel#es" leads to an essentialist"N %topian politics that can, 8'en tran)+erred to )in(&e3i))ue (ender rat'erN t'an c&a)), *i#e %n3%estionin* s%pport tMB3t'e 5+inancia&i2ation o+ t'eN (&obe, which r%thlessl constr%cts a *eneral will in the credit+(aitedN r%ral woman e#en as it =format=s her thro%*h UN Plans of !ction soN that she can (e =de#eloped)= 1e ond this concatenation" transparent asN rhetoric in the ser#ice of =tr%th= has alwa s made itself o%t to (e" is theN m%ch+in#oked oppressed s%(6ect Ias WomanJ" speakin*" actin*" andN knowin* that *ender in de#elopment is (est for her) It is in the shadowN of this %nfort%nate marionette that the histor of the %nheeded s%(alternN m%st %nfold) .econd" This representational politics and mo#ement %ncriticall (% into the #al%e+s stem that *ro%ps and s stems %se for the oppressi#e and h%rtf%l p%rposes o% tr to stop T%rns case Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
H'tt!5GGr'i2o#e)AnetGi))ue1BG'onkanenA't#&A =CookAI Acce))ed FG21G12A
! deconstr%cti#e approach does not seek essences (ehind t'e 'i)torica&, )ocia& and &in(ui)tic processes that prod%ce meanin* (%t rather in#esti*ates these *enealo*ies) The practice of representation has to (e made e7plicit and the pro(lems in#ol#ed in seein* lan*%a*e as 6%st a means of referrin* to o(6ects or thin*s =o%tside it= has to (e repeatedl remem(ered) The two senses of representation I=speakin* for= and representation as sta*in*J (ecome rele#ant 'ereA If representation as =speakin* for= some(od " as (ein* a pro7 for Iwithin the state and the politicalJ and representation as theoretical description" as a sta*in* of the world" as a portra al of oneself and the other are complicit and if this complicit " when %ne7plicated" prod%ces silences and he*emonies" the onl wa to appreciate this d namic is to deconstr%ct these kinds of operations HS!i"ak, 1,,B5 -0, -2IA 1'e )ta(in( o+ t'e 8or&d !roduce) t'e !rob&e# o+ !o&itica& inter)ectiona&it$ and )tructura& inter)ection) ca&& +or !ro%$ !o&itic)A N Q1ET The #er prod%ction of cate*ories s%ch as =woman= is a political act and we need not see that these prod%cti#e representational practices are =necessar = to f%rther politics that wo%ld (ecome possi(le =after= the cate*or is prod%ced) 1'e !o&itic) o+ re!re)entation i) t'e +ir)t t'in( to take )eriou)&$ 8it'in critica& e>ua&it$ di)cour)eA :t'er8i)e it falls into a naV#e identit politics where =women"= =workin*+class"= =transse7%al"= =les(ian"= and #ario%s other cate*ories are %tili2ed to ena(le a =politics of ri*hts= and representation for ins%rrectionar s%(6ects) The ins%rrectionar s%(6ect needs its pro7ies) A&t'ou(' it can be ar(ued t'at t'i) #i('t be 'e&!+u& +or )o#e O(rou!)O )o#e8'ere, I do not 8i)' u) to )ett&e +or t'i)A In a neoli(eral #ein we circ%late a lan*%a*e that =takes into acco%nt= identities s%ch as class" ethnicit " se7%alit witho%t an epistemolo*ical H(enea&o(ica&I awareness of o%r own academic representational practice) We %ncriticall (% into the #er same #al%e+s stem that is %sed
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( conser#ati#e re*imes for oppressi#e p%rposes) We help prod%ce the pro(lem of political intersections) Third" The alt0 Re6ect the affs western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*e in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern ! deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to ethics and actions is the onl wa of *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice It p%ts the ps choanal st in a position that ens%res sol#enc " while a#oidin* the pro(lems of political powers which lea#es a normati#e s stem that links to the ; This kills perm sol#enc .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI
But t'e #o)t intere)tin( )i(n o+ di)ci!&inar$ !ri"i&e(in( i) +ound in N =u&ia Cri)te"aP) O0)$c'oana&$)i) and t'e 0o&i)AO !t
the end or center ofN deliri%m, accordin( to Cri)te"a, is that which is desired" a hollow whereN meanin* empties o%t in not onl the pres m(olic (%t the !reobJecti"e,N Ot'e a(+6ect)= H! deconstr%cti#e criti3%e of t'u) =namin*= an %ndifferentiated telos of desire (efore the (e*innin* of difference can (e N la%nched but i) not to #$ !ur!o)e 'ereAI The desire for knowled*eN in#ol#ed in mainstream interpretation H8'ic' Cri)te"a ca&&) OStoicO b$N one o+ t'o)e undocu#ented )8ee!in( (enera&i2ation) co##on to a certainN kind o+ OFrenc'O critici)#I shares s%ch a hollow enter and is th%sN linked with deliri%mA Certain kind) o+ +iction
8riter) and, one !re)u#e),N ana&$)and) and )ocia& en(ineer) tr$ to do#inate, tran)+or#, and e%ter#inate N i#!ro!er OobJect)O a8akened in t'e !&ace o+ t'e abJectA 1'eN ps
choanal st, 'o8e"er" wins o%t o#er (oth mad writer and man ofN politics) =;nowin* that he is constantl in a(6ection Qnone o+ t'e !rob&e#)N o+ t'i) !o)ition i) di)cu))ed in Cri)te"aP) te%tS12 and in neutra&it$, inN de)ire and in indi++erence, the anal st (%ilds a stron* ethics" not normati#eN (%t directed" which no transcendence *%arantees= H!A ,2T ita&ic)N #ineIA This is the pri#ile*ed position of s nthesis within a restrainedN dialectic0 the ps choanal st persistentl and s mmetricall s%(lates theN contradiction (etween interpretation and deliri%m) To pri#ile*e deliri%mN Hinter!retation a) de&iriu#I in the description of this s mmetricalN s nthesis is to misrepresent the dialectic presented ( the essa , !reci)e&$N in the interest of a politics that can represent its e7cl%ded other as anN anal sis that pri#ile*es interpretation) It )'ou&d a&)o be #entioned, o+N cour)e, t'at t'e indi"i)ibi&it$ and ine"itabi&it$ o+ t'e arc'aic HC'ri)tianIN #ot'er co#e) c&o)e to a tran)cendenta& (uaranteeA To know her for whatN she is" rather than to seek to transform her" is the ps choanal st-s professionalN enterprise
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!lternati#e &N'
9irst" E7tend the alternati#e of re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern This sol#es all of the ; En*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to the affirmati#es pro(lems allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6ection of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it " allowin* %s to %nco#er there 6%stifications" ass%mptions and %nderl in* c%lt%ral dri#es 4nl this approach allows to know the other and e7perience the other" *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice That:s .pi#ak RG& !ND We need to re6ect the %topian fantasies of the affirmati#e:s pro6ect) 4nl when reco*ni2in* that it is a fantas can we endlessl tra#erse and *et o#er it) .ta#rakakis REE, Ideo&o($ and Di)cour)e Ana&$)i) 0ro(ra# in t'e De!art#ent o+ 7o"ern#ent at t'e Uni"er)it$ o+ /))e%, 1,,, H 6anni),
Lacan and t'e 0o&itica&, ute&ed(e 0re)) -E3-FI In o!!o)ition to )uc' a Zre(re))i"e4 attitude, ,acanian
theor promotes a ret%rn to the fo%ndin* moment of modernit ) Reco*nisin* the irred%ci(le character of impossi(ilit " the constit%ti#it of the real as e7pressed primaril in the fail%re of o%r disc%rsi#e world and its contin%o%s reartic%lation thro%*h acts of identification" far from (ein* a postmodern mo#e" re#eals the tr%l modern character of the ,acanian pro6ectO instead of a postmodern m sticism it leads to a reorientation of science and knowled*e) Reco*nisin* the constit%ti#it of the real does not entail that we stop s m(olisin*O it means that we start tr in* to incorporate this reco*nition within the s m(olic itself" in fact it means that since the s m(olic entails lack as s%ch" we a(stain from co#erin* it o#er with fantasmatic constr%ctsMor" if one accepts that we are alwa s trapped within the field of fantas " that we ne#er stop tra#ersin* itA 1'e (uidin(
!rinci!&e in t'i) kind o+ a!!roac' i) to #o"e be$ond +anta)$ to8ard) a )e&+3critica& )$#bo&ic (e)ture reco(ni)in( t'e contin(ent and tran)ient c'aracter o+ e"er$ )$#bo&ic con)tructA 1'i) i) a )cienti+ic di)cour)e di++erent +ro# t'e rei+ied )cience o+ )tandard #odernit$A I take #$ &ead, in t'i) re(ard, +ro# Lacan4) te%t ZScience and 1rut'4 Hit i) t'e o!enin( &ecture o+ 'i) 1,ED3E )e#inar on 1'e :bJect o+ 0)$c'oana&$)i)IA In t'i) !articu&ar te%t, =ac>ue) Lacan )ta(e) a criti>ue o+ #odern )cience a) it 'a) been articu&ated u! to no8, t'at i) a) a di)cour)e con)tant&$ identi+$in( t'e kno8&ed(e it !roduce) 8it' t'e trut' o+ t'e rea&A I+ t'e con)tituti"e, non3reducib&e c'aracter o+ t'e rea& introduce) a &ack into 'u#an rea&it$, to our )cienti+ic con)truction) o+ rea&it$ +or e%a#!&e, )cience u)ua&&$ atte#!t) to )uture and e&i#inate t'i) (a!A Lacan, +or 'i) !art, )tre))e) t'e i#!ortance o+ t'at 8'ic' !ut) in dan(er t'i) )e&+3+u&+i&&in( nature o+ )cienti+ic a%io#)5 t'e i#!ortance o+ t'e rea&, o+ t'e e&e#ent 8'ic' i) not de"e&o!in( accordin( to 8'at 8e t'ink about itA In t'at )en)e, )cience < &a Lacan entai&) t'e reco(nition o+ t'e )tructura& cau)a&it$ o+ t'e rea& a) t'e e&e#ent 8'ic' interru!t) t'e )#oot' +&o8 o+ our +anta)#atic and )$#bo&ic re!re)entation) o+ rea&it$A *it'in )uc' a conte%t, t'i) rea&, t'e ob)tac&e encountered b$ )tandard )cience, i) not b$!a))ed di)crete&$ but introduced 8it'in t'e t'eor$ it can de)tabi&i)eA 1'e !oint 'ere i) t'at trut' a) t'e encounter 8it' t'e rea& i) Zencountered4 +ace to +ace HFink, 1,,Da51B031IA It
is in this sense that ps choanal sis can (e descri(ed as a science of the impossi(le" a science that does not repress the impossi(le real) For Lacan, 8'at i) in"o&"ed in t'e )tructuration o+ t'e di)cour)e o+ )cience i) a certain Ver8er+un( o+ t'e 1'in( 8'ic' i) !re)u!!o)ed b$
t'e idea& o+ ab)o&ute kno8&ed(e, an idea& 8'ic' Za) e"er$bod$ kno8)\8a) 'i)torica&&$ !ro"ed in t'e end to be a +ai&ure4 HVII5 1?1IA In ot'er 8ord), 8e cannot be certain t'at de+inite kno8&ed(e i) attainab&eA In +act, +or Lacan, certaint$ i) not )o#et'in( 8e )'ou&d attribute to our kno8&ed(e o+ t'in()A Certaint$ i) a de+inin( c'aracteri)tic o+ !)$c'o)i)A In Lacan4) "ie8, it con)titute) it) e&e#entar$ !'eno#enon, t'e ba)i) o+ de&u)iona& be&ie+ HIII5-DIA :!enin( u! our )$#bo&ic re)ource) to uncertaint$ i), on t'e ot'er 'and, t'e on&$ !rudent #o"e 8e 'a"e &e+tA *'at 8e can kno8 'a) to be e%!re))ed 8it'in t'e )tructure o+ &an(ua(e but t'i) )tructure 'a) to incor!orate a reco(nition o+ it) o8n &i#it)A 1'i) i) not a de"e&o!#ent 8'ic' )'ou&d cau)e unea)eT a) .anc$ 'a) !ut it *'at 8i&& beco#e o+ our 8or&d i) )o#et'in( 8e cannot kno8, and 8e can no &on(er be&ie"e in bein( ab&e to !redict or co##and itA 1%t
we can act in s%ch a wa that this world is a world a(le to open itself %p to its own %ncertaint as s%chN) In#ention is alwa s witho%t a model and witho%t warrant ) 1%t indeed that implies facin* %p to t%rmoil" an7iet " e#en disarra ) Where certainties come apart" there too *athers the stren*th that no certaint can match)
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Psame as Decon) ;& Ps cho)P Third" The alternati#e is a prere3%isite to philosophical tho%*ht It 3%estion the #er (asic fo%ndation of tho%*ht and %nderstandin* 'om(inin* it with ps choanal sis is ke to create a mo#ement that tr%l transforms the Real" ( en*a*in* in an approach that %nderstand o%r %nconscio%s dri#es as well as societal infl%ences Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
Fe&&o8 at ]co&e nor#a&e )u!^rieure, 0ari)A Hi) di))ertation !roJect i) an in"e)ti(ation o+ t'e +i(ure o+ in+inite Jud(#ent in t'e tran)+or#ation o+ &an(ua(e, &o(ic, and ae)t'etic) in ear&$ nineteent'3centur$ 7er#an &iterature and !'i&o)o!'$, 99.o :ut)ide o+ 0)$c'oana&$)i);5 1o8ard) a 7ra##ato&o(ica& Conce!t o+ t'e Uncon)ciou);, =CookAI I 'a"e a&read$ )ketc'ed out t'e di++icu&tie) +acin( a (ra##ato&o(ica& conce!t o+ t'e uncon)ciou)A In order to a&&e"iate t'e# )o#e8'at, I 8i&&
that 4f Grammatolo* " a &ar(e )ection o+ t'e te%t) contained in *ritin( and (e read as *i#in* a s stematic answer H8'ic' i) not t'e )a#e a) t'e an)8er o+ a )$)te#I to a f%ndamental 3%estion, a >ue)tion t'at Derrida (i"e) it) 9unar$ trait; b$ re!eated&$ a&i(nin( it 8it' 8'at 'e con)ider) t'e >ue)tion o+ #eta!'$)ic) 9it)e&+A; In t'e)e te%t), the local 3%estion of one partic%lar thinker, be it Hu))er&, 0&ato, Au)tin, Artaud, or 'i) conte#!orar$ Foucau&t, is raised to the di*nit of a deconstr%ction of metaph sics) I 8ou&d ar(ue t'at this is the reason wh it is not wron* to consider this part of Derrida:s work as ina%*%ratin*" or at &ea)t co3+oundin(, a poststr%ct%ralist pro*ram) The 3%estion of metaph sics was onl interro*ated anew" t'at i), (i"en a (enuine&$ no"e& !'i&o)o!'ica& +or#, 8it' t'e 'i(' tide o+ )tructura&i)#A *e are te#!ted to !ara!'ra)e t'e >ue)tion a) +o&&o8)5 how can ImaterialJ content (e attri(%ted to a s nchronic s stem of p%rel differential relationsO and how is one to think the passa*e from I#irt%alJ differentiation to Iact%alJ artic%lation[ 1'i) i) 8'at &ed 7i&&e) De&eu2e to an)8er t'e >ue)tion, 8'at i) )tructura&i)#[ 8it' 9a ne8 tran)cendenta& !'i&o)o!'$; HSee De&eu2eIA Here it is also possi(le to *limpse wh ps choanal sis came to pla s%ch a pi#otal role for Derrida in these te7ts) It sho%ld (e acknowled*ed that this is the #er same 3%estion that lies at the heart of what 9re%d %nderstood anal sis to mean) At t'e )a#e ti#e, anal sis re3%ires an e7position of the f%nctions of Vor)te&&un()re!r_)entan2, t'at i), the transformation and translation of %nconscio%s to conscio%s representation" the passa*e from latent to manifest dream content" in )'ort, the parameters of the dreamwork and the s%(6ection of this KtranscendentalL pro(lem to the a(sol%te no#elt of the talkin* c%re" that of how it is possi(le that meanin*" thro%*h its prod%ction and en%nciation" can prod%ce effects in Kthe Real)L 9re%d considered this the onl possi(le proof of the e7istence of the %nconscio%s" and attempted to *i#e a theoretical treatment of it in the metaps cholo*ical writin*s) In the end" (oth ,acan:s and Derrida:s treatments of 9re%d are in3%iries into the 9re%dian metaps cholo* and its place in the philosophical tradition" as well as the #ia(ilit of anal sis as a disco%rse a(sol%tel different from the same tradition)
!er#it #$)e&+ to ar(ue t'e +o&&o8in(, na#e&$, Di++erence and Mar(in) o+ 0'i&o)o!'$, and at &ea)t u! unti& and inc&udin( Di))e#ination, can
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!lternati#e &NR
!t the top The criticism sol#es and t%rns case Re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6%*ation of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it which %nderlies the affs 6%stification and harms That:s .pi#ak :G& There:s three implications here0 9irst" the onl wa to chan*e the world and answer the pro(lems of realit is the alternati#e We f%ndamentall 3%estion and chan*e the %nderl in* ass%mptions and s%(conscio%s dri#es that ca%se the affirmati#e impacts 4nl the alternati#e can sol#e That:s *i&ber( 411 .econd" the aff:s approach is steeped in s m(oli2in* realit and fi7es onl the wa s in which we interact with o%r perception of realit This is doomed to fail %ntil it we 3%estion how we *ot to the point we:re at and (e*in re6ectin* %topian plans that rel of link chains %pon link chains to some odd impact) This approaches forces %s to (ecome o(sessed with o%r fantas of realit G%ts all sol#enc That:s Sta"rakaki) Z,, Third" E#en if the pro#e that their plan sol#es <DDW of the plan The alternati#e sol#es it as well" with risk of the silencin* of the s%(altern This means risk of the criticism is a #ote ne*ati#e
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Race
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RE!D ME
.o it-s (asicall " race teams %se the oppression of X *ro%p to talk a(o%t their oppression" or another *ro%ps oppression" or e#en identif with it" and that (ecomes a s m(ol of the entiret of raciali2ed mo#ments) This is Meton m IMeh+Ton+!m J The alt wo%ld (e self+s necdoche I.IH+nec+dih+ke J" which wo%ld look at one indi#id%al-s str%**le and allow them to retain their identit " rall (ehind that person) This sol#es the aff" while a#oidin* the creation of %ni#ersals and the coloni2ation" mentall " of all encompassin* s m(ols of the mo#ment
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<N'
Wh has critical theor failed to make o#erarchin* chan*es in the world> Wh does writin* a(o%t feminism and race ne#er make a s%(stantial chan*e to the pro(lem> The pro(lem lies in meton m " an ideolo* and identit (ecomin* the partic%lar for e#er s%(6ect that %nderlies the mo#ement) The race oppressed is a sin*%lar s%(6ect that applies to e#er partic%lar s%(6ect) This *enealo* enacts the same representational and epistemolo*ical #iolence that the hope to confront) The affirmati#e conflates two senses of the word representation) 9irst" Representation as in direct pro7 or political representation) !nd second" re+presentation as in paintin* a portrait) When the conflate the two senses" the create a static" %nified" whole 4ther" from which we can:t learn or know the tr%th of the sit%ation or e7perience) There is no one concrete e7perience of the 4ther from which we can (ase a *enealo* or a politics) This framin* en*a*es in this pro(lematic representational strate* that erases their own s%(6ect position and political interest and creates #iolent essentialist %topian politics) This t%rns case) .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, A criti>ue o+ !o)tco&onia& rea)on5 to8ard a 'i)tor$ o+ t'e "ani)'in( !re)entI
prod%ction of theor isN also a practiceO the opposition (etween a(stract =p%re= theor and concreteN =applied= practice is too 3%ick and eas A,? But De&eu2eP) articu&ationN o+ t'e ar(u#ent i) !rob&e#aticA Two senses of representation areN (ein* r%n to*ether0 representation as =speakin* for"= as in politics" andN representation as =re+presentation"= as in art or philosoph ) .ince theor is also onl =action"= the theoretician does not represent H)!eak +orINthe oppressed *ro%p) Indeed, the s%(6ect is not seen as a representati#eN conscio%sness Hone re3!re)entin( rea&it$ ade>uate&$IA These two sensesN of representation+within state formation and the law" on the oneN hand" and in s%(6ect+predication" on the other+are related (%t irred%ci(l N discontin%o%s) To co#er o#er the discontin%it with an analo* N that is presented as a proof reflects a*ain a parado7ical s%(6ect+pri#ile*in*AN ,B Becau)e Othe person who speaks and acts ))) is alwa s a m%ltiplicit "=N no =theori2in* intellect%al ))) SorT part or ))) %nion= canN represent =those who act and str%**le= HFD 20EIA !re those who act andN str%**le m%te" as opposed to those who act and speak HFD 20EI[ TheseN immense pro(lems are (%ried in the differences (etween t'e O)a#eON 8ord)5 con)ciou)ne)) and con)cience Hbot' con)cience in Frenc'I, representationN and re+presentation) The criti3%e of ideolo*ical s%(6ectconstit%tionN within state formations and )$)te#) o+ !o&itica& econo#$Ncan now (e effaced" as can the acti#e theoretical practice of the =transformationN of conscio%sness)= 1'e bana&it$ o+ &e+ti)t inte&&ectua&)P &i)t) o+N )e&+3kno8in(,
in)tinctO at 8ork 'ereA In +act, t'e co&&ecti"it$N o+ +a#i&ia& e%i)tence, 8'ic' #i('t be con)idered t'e arena o+ Oin)tinct,O N i) di)continuou) 8it', t'ou(' o!erated b$, t'e di++erentia& i)o&ation o+ N c&a))e)A In t'i) conte%t, one +ar #ore !ertinent to t'e France o+ t'eN 1,-0) t'an it can be to t'e internationa& !eri!'er$, t'e +or#ation o+ aN c&a)) i) arti+icia& and econo#ic, and t'e econo#ic a(enc$ or intere)t i) N i#!er)ona& becau)e it i)
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)$)te#atic and 'etero(eneou)A 1'i) a(enc$ orN intere)t i) tied to t'e He(e&ian criti>ue o+ t'e indi"idua& )ubJect, +or it N #ark) t'e )ubJectP) e#!t$ !&ace in t'at !roce)) 8it'out a )ubJect 8'ic'N i) 'i)tor$ and !o&itica& econo#$A Here t'e ca!ita&i)t i) de+ined a) Ot'eN con)ciou) bearer Q1rii(erS o+ t'e &i#ide)) #o"e#ent o+ ca!ita&AO M$N !oint i) t'at Mar7
is not workin* to create an %ndi#ided s%(6ect whereN desire and interest coincide) 'lass conscio%sness does not operate towardN that *oal) 1oth in the economic area Hca!ita&i)tI and in the politicalN H8or&d3'i)torica& a(entI, Mar7 is o(li*ed to constr%ct models of a di#idedN and dislocated s%(6ect whose parts are not contin%o%s or coherentN with each otherA A ce&ebrated !a))a(e &ike t'e de)cri!tion o+ ca!ita& a)N t'e Fau)tian #on)ter brin() t'i) 'o#e "i"id&$A
th%s enco%nter a m%ch older de(ate0 (etween representationN or r'etoric as tropolo* and as pers%asionA Dar)te&&en be&on()N to t'e +ir)t con)te&&ation, "ertreten38it' )tron(er )u((e)tion) o+ )ub)titution3 N to t'e )econdA A(ain, the are related" (%t r%nnin* them to*ether"N especiall in order to sa that (e ond (oth is where oppressedN s%(6ects speak" act" and know for themsel#es" leads to an essentialist"N %topian politics that can, 8'en tran)+erred to )in(&e3i))ue (ender rat'erN t'an c&a)), *i#e %n3%estionin* s%pport tMB3t'e 5+inancia&i2ation o+ t'eN (&obe, which r%thlessl constr%cts a *eneral will in the credit+(aitedN r%ral woman e#en as it =format=s her thro%*h UN Plans of !ction soN that she can (e =de#eloped)= 1e ond this concatenation" transparent asN rhetoric in the ser#ice of =tr%th= has alwa s made itself o%t to (e" is theN m%ch+in#oked oppressed s%(6ect Ias WomanJ" speakin*" actin*" andN knowin* that *ender in de#elopment is (est for her) It is in the shadowN of this %nfort%nate marionette that the histor of the %nheeded s%(alternN m%st %nfold) .econd" This representational politics and mo#ement %ncriticall (% into the #al%e+s stem that *ro%ps and s stems %se for the oppressi#e and h%rtf%l p%rposes o% tr to stop The alternati#e is to deconstr%ct these re+presentations T%rns case Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
! deconstr%cti#e approach does not seek essences (ehind t'e 'i)torica&, )ocia& and &in(ui)tic processes that prod%ce meanin* (%t rather in#esti*ates these *enealo*ies) The practice of representation has to (e made e7plicit and the pro(lems in#ol#ed in seein* lan*%a*e as 6%st a means of referrin* to o(6ects or thin*s =o%tside it= has to (e repeatedl remem(ered) The two senses of representation I=speakin* for= and representation as sta*in*J (ecome rele#ant 'ereA If representation as =speakin* for= some(od " as (ein* a pro7 for Iwithin the state and the politicalJ and representation as theoretical description" as a sta*in* of the world" as a portra al of oneself and the other are complicit and if this complicit " when %ne7plicated" prod%ces silences and he*emonies" the onl wa to appreciate this d namic is to deconstr%ct these kinds of operations HS!i"ak, 1,,B5 -0, -2IA 1'e )ta(in( o+ t'e 8or&d !roduce) t'e !rob&e# o+ !o&itica& inter)ectiona&it$ and )tructura& inter)ection) ca&& +or !ro%$ !o&itic)A N Q1ET The #er prod%ction of cate*ories s%ch as =woman= is a political act and we need not see that these prod%cti#e representational practices are =necessar = to f%rther politics that wo%ld (ecome possi(le =after= the cate*or is prod%ced) 1'e !o&itic) o+ re!re)entation i) t'e +ir)t t'in( to take )eriou)&$ 8it'in critica& e>ua&it$ di)cour)eA :t'er8i)e it falls into a naV#e identit politics where =women"= =workin*+class"= =transse7%al"= =les(ian"= and #ario%s other cate*ories are %tili2ed to ena(le a =politics of ri*hts= and representation for ins%rrectionar s%(6ects) The ins%rrectionar s%(6ect needs its pro7ies) A&t'ou(' it can be ar(ued t'at t'i) #i('t be 'e&!+u& +or )o#e O(rou!)O )o#e8'ere, I do not 8i)' u) to )ett&e +or t'i)A In a neoli(eral
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#ein we circ%late a lan*%a*e that =takes into acco%nt= identities s%ch as class" ethnicit " se7%alit witho%t an epistemolo*ical H(enea&o(ica&I awareness of o%r own academic representational practice) We %ncriticall (% into the #er same #al%e+s stem that is %sed ( conser#ati#e re*imes for oppressi#e p%rposes) We help prod%ce the pro(lem of political intersections)
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&N'
The pro(lem with identit politics is that the %ni#ersal?partic%lar) 4n the one hand" o% look to the %ni#ersal + represenatation) 4n the other hand" o% look to the partic%lar + YYYinsert aff *ro%pYYY) Politics" with its emphasis on difference" mo#es from the %ni#ersal to the partic%lar" (%t this maintains meton m ) Meton m is where one takes the part for the whole) If I talk a(o%t =the throne= I:m talkin* a(o%t 1ritish ro alt ) If I talk a(o%t Tra #on Martin" I:m talkin* a(o%t raciali2ation and oppression) That one o(6ect comes to stand for the whole) If I talk a(o%t =the I,o%is#illeJ pro6ect=" I am referrin* to an racial li(eration ar*%ment that creates li(eration for all those repressed in de(ate) That:s .pi#ak REE When one writes a(o%t difference" that difference (ecomes %ni#ersali2ed for the entire *ro%p" so we talk a(o%t race str%**les and racial ri*hts in the a(stract" and it comes to stand for the *ro%p and identit that race writ lar*e) That-s wh =6%st writin* a(o%t women does not sol#e the pro(lem of the *endered s%(altern)= The women one writes a(o%t come to stand for Woman itself" as a %ni#ersal) How in the hell is YYYinsert aff hereYYYYYYY) This form of #iolence rests on the %ni#ersal+partic%lar This remo#es the a(ilit for people within an mo#ement or *ro%p to ha#e an identit This is the root ca%se of all power str%**les .pi#ak RDZ 7u$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; 0o)tco&onia& Studie) Vo&A
F .oA B, !!A B-D3BFE, 200D out&ed(e I 'a"e )aid t'at the
Rsin*%lar:, a) it com(ats the %ni#ersal+partic%lar (inar opposition , i) not an indi"idua&, If" 'o8e"er, we are thinkin* of potential a*ents" when s?he is not p%(licl empowered to p%t aside difference and self+s necdochise to form collecti#it " the *ro%p will take difference itself as its s necdochic element) Difference slides into Rc%lt%re:" o+ten indi)tin(ui)'ab&e +ro# Zre&i(ion4A !nd then the instit%tion that pro#ides a*enc is reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it H H.IA It is the (roadest and oldest *lo(al instit%tion) 6ou )ee no8 8'$ 6%st writin* a(o%t women does not sol#e the pro(lem of the *endered s%(altern " Ju)t a) c'ronic&in( t'e !o!u&ar i) not )uba&tern )tudie)A In search of the s%(altern I first t%rned to m own class0 the 1en*ali middle class5 B'ubane)'8ari B'aduri and Ma'a)8eta De"iA 9rom 9rench theor that is all I co%ld do) 1%t I did not remain thereA In t'e #idd&e c&a)), accordin( to 0art'a C'atterJee, B'ubane)'8ari B'aduri 8a) #eta&e!tica&&$ )ub)titutin( e++ect +or cau)e and !roducin( an idea o+ nationa& &iberation b$ 'er )uicideA C'atterJee4) ar(u#ent i) t'at an idea of national li(eration was prod%ced ( , )o3ca&&ed, terrorist mo#ementsA2? It was a fri*htenin*" solitar " and R'l temnestralike: pro6ect for a woman)
a !er)on, an a(entT #u&ti!&icit$ i) not #u&titudeA
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Instead" .pi#ak thinks we need to look to sin*%larit " where indi#id%als can self+ s necdochali2e) 1o%a2i2i lit himself on fire in T%nisia) He (ecame a s m(ol for that specific mo#ement in T%nisia and wasn:t adapted to other mo#ements or ideas) People were a(le to protest and maintain their identit E* pt is not the same as T%nisia" each protestor is not the same) He wasn:t makin* an o#erall claim of the s%(6ect" sa in* that e#er one is different and oppressed in X or $ wa ) When the aff talks a(o%t difference" the proceed ( sa in* =YYYYY are different in X wa " and the are oppressed in $ wa )= This recreates the same form of #iolence and mental coloni2ation the -re tr in* to fi*ht ( makin* %ni#ersals for a *ro%p) Instead" we sho%ld look to a sin*%larit " and allow that sin*%lar h%man (ein* to retain their identit ) That wa " we can rall (ehind the person witho%t t%rnin* them into a model which e#er one else m%st fit into) That:s Honkanen :DU)
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MUHS
Dele%2e
B? | A I D S
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<N'
9irst" Dele%2e confines the decenterin* of the s%(6ect to the s%(6ect of the West" which pro(lemati2es the non+Western other as real and knowa(le) Dele%2e makes it impossi(le to confer with the s%(altern in a disc%rsi#e practice" which ass%mes that the s%(6ect is alwa s alread the s%(6ect of the West) This t%rns the ; ( iss%in* a new 4edipal s stem and *%ts sol#enc " which reinstit%tin* an essentialist s%(6ect of the 4ther .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[, =cookAI
/&)e8'ere, Dele%2e
and G%attari ha#e attempted an alternati#e definitionN of desire, re"i)in( t'e one o++ered b$ !)$c'oana&$)i)5 ODesire does not lackN an thin*O it does not lack its o(6ect) It is" rat'er" the s%(6ect that is lackin*N in desire" or desire that lacks a fi7ed s%(6ectO there is no fi7ed s%(6ect e7ceptN ( repression) Desire and its o(6ect are a %nit 5 it i) t'e #ac'ine, a) aN #ac'ine o+ a #ac'ineA Desire is machine" the o(6ect of desire also a connectedN machine" so that the prod%ct is lifted from the process of prod%cin*"Nand somethin* detaches itself from prod%cin* to prod%ct and *i#es a lefto#erN to the "a(abond" nomad s%(6ectAO-N This definition does not alter the specificit of the desirin* s%(6ectN Hor &e+to"er )ubJect3e++ectI that attaches to specific instances of desire or toN prod%ction of the desirin* machineA Moreo"er, when the connection (etweenN desire and the s%(6ect is taken as irrele#ant or #ere&$ re"er)ed, theN s%(6ect+effect that s%rreptitio%sl emer*es is m%ch like the *enerali2ed ideolo*ical N s%(6ect of the theorist) 1'i)
#a$ be t'e &e(a& )ubJect o+ )ocia&i2edN ca!ita&, neit'er &abor nor #ana(e#ent, 'o&din( a O)tron(O !a))!ort, u)in(N a O)tron(O or O'ardO currenc$, 8it' )u!!o)ed&$ un>ue)tioned acce)) to dueN !roce))A It i) certain&$ not t'e de)irin( )ubJect a) :t'erANThe
fail%re o+ De&eu2e and 7uattari to consider the relationsN (etween desire" power" and s%(6ecti#it renders them incapa(le of artic%latin*N a theor of interestsA In t'i) conte%t, t'eir indi++erence to ideo&o($ HaN t'eor$ o+ 8'ic' i) nece))ar$ +or an
under)tandin( o+ intere)t)I i) )trikin(N but con)i)tentA Foucau&tP) co##it#ent to O(enea&o(ica&O )!ecu&ation !re"ent) N 'i# +ro# &ocatin(, in O(reat na#e)O &ike Mar% and Freud, 8ater)'ed)N in )o#e continuou) )trea# o+ inte&&ectua& 'i)tor$AF 1'i) co##it#ent 'a)N created an un+ortunate re)i)tance in Foucau&tP) 8ork to O#ereO ideo&o(ica& N criti>ueA Western
spec%lations on the ideolo*ical reprod%ction of social relationsN (elon* to that mainstream" and it is within this tradition that AIt'u))erN 8rite)5 OThe reprod%ction of la(o%r power re3%ires not onl a reprod%ction N of its skills" (%t also at the same time" a reprod%ction of itsN s%(mission to the r%lin* ideolo* for the workers" and a reprod%ction ofN the a(ilit to manip%late the r%lin* ideolo* correctl for the a*ents ofN e7ploitation and repression" so that the " too" will pro#ide for the dominationN of the r%lin* class -in and ( words- Q!ar &a !aro&e=AO,N *'en Foucau&t con)ider) t'e !er"a)i"e 'etero(eneit$ o+ !o8er,N'e doe) not i(nore t'e
i##en)e in)titutiona& 'etero(eneit$ t'at A&t'u))er N 'ere atte#!t) to )c'e#ati2eA Si#i&ar&$, in )!eakin( o+ a&&iance) and )$)te#) N o+ )i(n), t'e )tate and 8ar3#ac'ine) H#i&&e !&ateau%I, De&eu2e and 7uattari N are o!enin( u! t'at "er$ +ie&dA Foucau&t cannot, 'o8e"er, ad#it t'at aN de"e&o!ed t'eor$ o+ ideo&o($ reco(ni2e) it) o8n #ateria& !roduction inN in)titutiona&it$, a) 8e&& a) in t'e Oe++ecti"e in)tru#ent) +or t'e +or#ation N and accu#u&ation o+ kno8&ed(eO H0C, 102IA Becau)e these
philosophersN )ee# ob&i(ed to re6ect all ar*%ments namin* the concept of ideolo* as onl N schematic rather than te7t%al" the are e3%all o(li*ed to prod%ce a mechanicall N schematic opposition (etween interest and desire) 1'u) the ali*nN themsel#es with (o%r*eois sociolo*ists who fill the place of ideolo* with aN contin%istic =%nconscio%s= or a paras%(6ecti#e =c%lt%re)= 1'e #ec'anica&N re&ation bet8een de)ire and intere)t i) c&ear in )uc'
)entence) a)5 O*e ne"erN de)ire a(ain)t our intere)t), becau)e intere)t a&8a$) +o&&o8) and +ind) it)e&+ N 8'ere de)ire 'a) !&aced itO HFD, 21DIA An undi++erentiated de)ire i) t'e a(ent,Nand !o8er )&i!) in to create t'e e++ect) o+ de)ire5 O!o8er AAA !roduce) !o)iti"e N e++ect) at t'e &e"e& o+ de)ire3 and a&)o at t'e &e"e& o+ kno8&ed(eO H0C, D,IAN 1'i) !ara)ubJecti"e #atri%, cro))3'atc'ed 8it' 'etero(eneit$, N u)'er) in t'e unna#ed SubJect, at &ea)t +or t'o)e inte&&ectua& 8orker) in+&uencedN b$ t'e ne8 'e(e#on$ o+ de)ireA 1'e race +or Ot'e &a)t in)tanceO i)N no8 bet8een econo#ic) and !o8erA Becau)e desire
is tacitl defined on anN orthodo7 model" it is %nitaril opposed to =(ein*
decei#ed)= Ideo&o($ a)N O+a&)e con)ciou)ne))O Hbein( decei"edI 'a) been ca&&ed into >ue)tion b$N A&t'u))erA /"en
eic' i#!&ied notion) o+ co&&ecti"e 8i&& rat'er t'an a dic'oto#$ N o+ dece!tion and undecei"ed de)ire5 O*e #u)t acce!t t'e )crea# N o+ eic'5 no, t'e #a))e) 8ere not decei"edT at a !articu&ar #o#ent, t'e$N actua&&$ de)ired a +a)ci)t re(i#eO HFD, 21DIAN1'e)e !'i&o)o!'er) 8i&& not entertain t'e t'ou('t o+
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con)tituti"e N contradiction3t'at i) 8'ere t'e$ ad#itted&$ !art co#!an$ +ro# t'e Le+tAN In
the name of desire" the reintrod%ce the %ndi#ided s%(6ect into the disco%rseN of power) Foucau&t o+ten )ee#) to con+&ate Oindi"idua&O
and O)ubJectOTN10 and t'e i#!act on 'i) o8n #eta!'or) i) !er'a!) inten)i+ied in 'i)N +o&&o8er)A Becau)e o+ t'e !o8er o+ t'e 8ord O!o8er,O Foucau&t ad#it) toN u)in( t'e O#eta!'or o+ t'e !oint 8'ic' !ro(re))i"e&$ irradiate) it) )urroundin()AO N Suc' )&i!) beco#e t'e ru&e rat'er t'an t'e e%ce!tion in &e))N care+u& 'and)A And t'at radiatin( !oint, ani#atin( an e++ecti"e&$ 'e&iocentric N di)cour)e, +i&&) t'e e#!t$ !&ace o+ t'e a(ent 8it' t'e 'i)torica& )un o+ t'eor$, Nt'e SubJect o+ /uro!eA I IN Foucau&t articu&ate) anot'er coro&&ar$ o+ t'e di)a"o8a& o+ t'e ro&e N o+ ideo&o($ in re!roducin( t'e )ocia& re&ation) o+ !roduction5 an un>ue)tioned N "a&ori2ation o+ t'e o!!re))ed a) )ubJect, t'e OobJect bein(,O a) De&eu2e N ad#irin(&$ re#ark), Oto e)tab&i)' condition) 8'ere t'e !ri)oner)N t'e#)e&"e) 8ou&d be ab&e to )!eakAO Foucau&t add) t'at Ot'e #a))e) kno8 N !er+ect&$ 8e&&, c&ear&$O 3once a(ain t'e t'e#atic) o+ bein( undecei"ed3Ot'e$N kno8 +ar better t'an Qt'e inte&&ectua&S and t'e$ certain&$ )a$ it "er$ 8e&&ON HFD, 20E, 20-IAN*'at 'a!!en) to t'e criti>ue o+ t'e )o"erei(n )ubJect in t'e)eN !ronounce#ent)[ 1'e &i#it) o+ t'i) re!re)entationa&i)t rea&i)# are reac'edN 8it' De&eu2e5 O ea&it$ i) 8'at actua&&$ 'a!!en) in a +actor$, in a )c'oo&, Nin barrack), in a !ri)on, in a !o&ice )tationO HFD, 212IA This
foreclosin* ofN the necessit of the diffic%lt task of co%nterhe*emonic ideolo*ical prod%ctionN has not (een sal%tar ) It has helped positi#ist empiricism+the 6%stif in*N fo%ndation of ad#anced capitalist neocolonialism+to define its own arenaN as =concrete e7perience"= =what act%all happens)= Indeed, t'e concreteN e%!erience t'at i) t'e (uarantor o+ t'e !o&itica& a!!ea& o+
!ri)oner), )o&dier),Nand )c'oo&c'i&dren i) di)c&o)ed t'rou(' t'e concrete e%!erience o+ t'e inte&&ectua&, N t'e one 8'o dia(no)e) t'e e!i)te#eA 12 .eit'er De&eu2e nor Foucau&tN )ee#) a8are t'at the
intellect%al within sociali2ed capital" (randishin*N concrete e7perience" can help consolidate the international di#ision of la(or) .econd" The alt0 Re6ect the affs western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*e in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern ! deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to ethics and actions is the onl wa of *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice It p%ts the ps choanal st in a position that ens%res sol#enc " while a#oidin* the pro(lems of political powers which lea#es a normati#e s stem that links to the ; This kills perm sol#enc .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI
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Third" Desire and ,ack are not 6%st prod%cti#e The are e3%all ne*ati#e ,ittle a is that desire wants to (e f%lfilled i)e) ne*ated ,ittle ( is that desire is one thin* that can onl (e descri(ed as no other desire (esides the desire it is Desire and lack are in an of themsel#es infinitel ne*ati#e to an other desire to affirm their e7istence 9o%rth" this means o%r ; m%st come first 4nl a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal sis can anal 2e all aspects of desire and lack 4nl the alt sol#es Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
Fe&&o8 at ]co&e nor#a&e )u!^rieure, 0ari)A Hi) di))ertation !roJect i) an in"e)ti(ation o+ t'e +i(ure o+ in+inite Jud(#ent in t'e tran)+or#ation o+ &an(ua(e, &o(ic, and ae)t'etic) in ear&$ nineteent'3centur$ 7er#an &iterature and !'i&o)o!'$, 99.o :ut)ide o+ 0)$c'oana&$)i);5 1o8ard) a 7ra##ato&o(ica& Conce!t o+ t'e Uncon)ciou);, =CookAI *'$ )'ou&d 8e in)i)t on t'i) !oint[ Let u) >uick&$ reca&& )o#e e&e#ent) o+ t'e Lacanian doctrineA The
si*nifier is a(sol%tel ne*ati#eO it is what all other si*nifiers are not) It is p%re difference in the s m(olic field" whereas the letter is of a positi#e order HMi&ner 12F@?2IA This is alread the heart of the matter" the same 3%estion raised ( the talkin* c%re0 how a s stem of ne*ati#e differentiation can prod%ce an effect in the real" that is" one which is not p%rel ne*ati#e, 9La &ettre radica&e#ent e)t e++et de Q/nd 0a(e 1DBS di)cour); HLacan, S^#inaire ``5 ?EIA :ne cou&d )a$, "er$ conci)e&$, t'at the letter is that which makes a difference where there is noI+oJneAE Fro# t'i) +o&&o8) t'at the si*nifier is restricted to the s m(olic" whereas the letter ties it to the two other re*isters" the I and the R" completin* its nodal str%ct%reA A&)o, 8it'in t'e +ra#e8ork o+ 1'e 0ur&oined Letter, t'ere i) not )i#!&$ di++erentiation o+ !o)ition) but actua& tran)+or#ati"e act),
in t'i) ca)e t'e Hat &ea)tI t8o ca)e) o+ t'e+tA 1'e &etter i) tran)#i))ib&e, a) t'e )i(ni+ier >ua )i(ni+ier cannot tran)#it an$t'in(A :nce attuned to t'i) >ue)tion, one can e"en )en)e occa)iona&&$ a &ack o+ con"iction )neakin( into Derrida4) readin(5 9a #i&ieu o+ idea&it$5 'ence t'e e#inence o+ t'e tran)cendenta& 8'o)e e++ect i) to #aintain !re)ence, to 8it !'onÂ This
is what made necessar and possi(le" in e7chan*e for certain corrections" the inte*ration of 9re%dian phallocentrism with a f%ndamentall phonocentric .a%ss%rian semiolin*%istics) 1'e Za&(orit'#ic4 tran)+or#ation doe) not a!!ear to #e to undo t'i) tie; HDerrida, 0o)t B-FnDEIA The Kal*orithmicL transformation" of which Derrida speaks here" and which does not appear to %ndo the phallo?phonocentric tie" is alread a consideration of later de#elopments in ,acan:s workA 1'e a&(orit'#ic tran)+or#ation doe) in +act not take !&ace in
t'e Se#inar on t'e 0ur&oined Letter Ht'ou(' t'ere i) a +or#a&i2ation o+ t'e oddGe"en (a#e in t'e acco#!an$in( 9Suite;a8'ic' Derrida c'oo)e) not to di)cu))I, a&t'ou(' it i) doubt&e)) !art o+ t'e na)cent !ro(ra##atic o+ t'e Lacanian #at'e#eA And &ater, in 90our &4a#our de Lacan,; Derrida u&ti#ate&$ denie) t'at Le Facteur de &a "^rit^ ai#ed at one !)$c'oana&$)i)A
final deconstr%ction of the one ,acanian disco%rse, and re+u)e) to !a)) t'e Jud(#ent o+ !'onocentri)# on Lacan4) idea o+ t'e #at'e#e, 'i) 9#at'e#atica&; re8ritin( o+
BE | A I D S
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!lternati#e &N'
9irst" E7tend the alternati#e of re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern This sol#es all of the ; En*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to the affirmati#es pro(lems allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6ection of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it " allowin* %s to %nco#er there 6%stifications" ass%mptions and %nderl in* c%lt%ral dri#es 4nl this approach allows to know the other and e7perience the other" *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice That:s .pi#ak RG& Psame as Decon) ;& Ps cho)P .econd" The alternati#e is a prere3%isite to philosophical tho%*ht It 3%estion the #er (asic fo%ndation of tho%*ht and %nderstandin* 'om(inin* it with ps choanal sis is ke to create a mo#ement that tr%l transforms the Real" ( en*a*in* in an approach that %nderstand o%r %nconscio%s dri#es as well as societal infl%ences Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
that 4f Grammatolo* " a &ar(e )ection o+ t'e te%t) contained in *ritin( and Di++erence and Mar(in) o+ 0'i&o)o!'$, and at &ea)t u! unti& and inc&udin( Di))e#ination, can (e read as *i#in* a s stematic answer H8'ic' i) not t'e )a#e a) t'e an)8er o+ a )$)te#I to a f%ndamental 3%estion, a >ue)tion t'at Derrida (i"e) it) 9unar$ trait; b$ re!eated&$ a&i(nin( it 8it' 8'at 'e con)ider) t'e >ue)tion o+ #eta!'$)ic) 9it)e&+A; In t'e)e te%t), the local 3%estion of one partic%lar thinker, be it Hu))er&, 0&ato, Au)tin, Artaud, or 'i) conte#!orar$ Foucau&t, is raised to the di*nit of a deconstr%ction of metaph sics) I 8ou&d ar(ue t'at this is the reason wh it is not wron* to consider this part of Derrida:s work as ina%*%ratin*" or at &ea)t co3+oundin(, a poststr%ct%ralist pro*ram) The 3%estion of metaph sics was onl interro*ated anew" t'at i), (i"en a (enuine&$ no"e& !'i&o)o!'ica& +or#, 8it' t'e 'i(' tide o+ )tructura&i)#A *e are te#!ted to !ara!'ra)e t'e >ue)tion a) +o&&o8)5 how can ImaterialJ content (e attri(%ted to a s nchronic s stem of p%rel differential relationsO and how is one to think the passa*e from I#irt%alJ differentiation to Iact%alJ artic%lation[ 1'i) i) 8'at &ed 7i&&e) De&eu2e to an)8er t'e >ue)tion, 8'at i) )tructura&i)#[ 8it' 9a ne8 tran)cendenta& !'i&o)o!'$; HSee De&eu2eIA Here it is also possi(le to *limpse wh ps choanal sis came to pla s%ch a pi#otal role for Derrida in these te7ts) It sho%ld (e acknowled*ed that this is the #er same 3%estion that lies at the heart of what 9re%d %nderstood anal sis to mean) At t'e )a#e ti#e, anal sis re3%ires an e7position of the f%nctions of Vor)te&&un()re!r_)entan2, t'at i), the transformation and translation of %nconscio%s to conscio%s representation" the passa*e from latent to manifest dream content" in )'ort, the parameters of the dreamwork and the s%(6ection of this KtranscendentalL pro(lem to the a(sol%te no#elt of the talkin* c%re" that of how it is possi(le that meanin*" thro%*h its prod%ction and en%nciation" can prod%ce effects in Kthe Real)L 9re%d considered this the onl possi(le proof of the e7istence of the %nconscio%s" and attempted to *i#e a theoretical treatment of it in the metaps cholo*ical writin*s) In the end" (oth ,acan:s and Derrida:s treatments of 9re%d are in3%iries into the 9re%dian metaps cholo* and its place in the philosophical
!er#it #$)e&+ to ar(ue t'e +o&&o8in(, na#e&$,
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tradition" as well as the #ia(ilit of anal sis as a disco%rse a(sol%tel different from the same tradition)
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!lternati#e &NR
!t the top The criticism sol#es and t%rns case Re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6%*ation of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it which %nderlies the affs 6%stification and harms That:s .pi#ak :G& There:s three implications here0 9irst" the onl wa to chan*e the world and answer the pro(lems of realit is the alternati#e We f%ndamentall 3%estion and chan*e the %nderl in* ass%mptions and s%(conscio%s dri#es that ca%se the affirmati#e impacts 4nl the alternati#e can sol#e That:s *i&ber( 411 .econd" E#en if the pro#e that their plan sol#es <DDW of the plan The alternati#e sol#es it as well" with risk of the silencin* of the s%(altern This means risk of the criticism is a #ote ne*ati#e
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9o%ca%lt
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<N'
9irst" 9o%ca%lt confines the decenterin* of the s%(6ect to the s%(6ect of the West" which pro(lemati2es the non+Western other as real and knowa(le) 9o%ca%lt makes it impossi(le to confer with the s%(altern in a disc%rsi#e practice" which ass%mes that the s%(6ect is alwa s alread the s%(6ect of the West) This t%rns the ; ( iss%in* a new power s stem and *%ts sol#enc " which reinstit%tin* an essentialist s%(6ect of the 4ther .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
1'e +ai&ure o+ De&eu2e and 7uattari to con)ider t'e re&ation) N bet8een de)ire, !o8er, and )ubJecti"it$ render) t'e# inca!ab&e o+ articu&atin(N a t'eor$ o+ intere)t)A In t'i) conte%t, t'eir indi++erence to ideo&o($ HaN t'eor$ o+ 8'ic' i) nece))ar$ +or an under)tandin( o+ intere)t)I i) )trikin( N but con)i)tentA Foucau&tP) co##it#ent to O(enea&o(ica&O )!ecu&ation !re"ent) N 'i# +ro# &ocatin(, in O(reat na#e)O &ike Mar% and Freud, 8ater)'ed) N in )o#e continuou) )trea# o+ inte&&ectua& 'i)tor$AF 1'i) co##it#ent 'a)N created an un+ortunate re)i)tance in Foucau&tP) 8ork to O#ereO ideo&o(ica&N criti>ueA Western
spec%lations on the ideolo*ical reprod%ction of social relationsN (elon* to that mainstream" and it is within this tradition that AIt'u))erN 8rite)5 OThe reprod%ction of la(o%r power re3%ires not onl a reprod%ctionN of its skills" (%t also at the same time" a reprod%ction of itsN s%(mission to the r%lin* ideolo* for the workers" and a reprod%ction ofN the a(ilit to manip%late the r%lin* ideolo* correctl for the a*ents ofN e7ploitation and repression" so that the " too" will pro#ide for the dominationN of the r%lin* class -in and ( words- Q!ar &a !aro&e=AO,N When 9o%ca%lt considers the per#asi#e hetero*eneit of power"Nhe does not i*nore the immense instit%tional hetero*eneit that !lth%sserN here attempts to schemati2eA Si#i&ar&$, in )!eakin( o+ a&&iance) and )$)te#)N o+ )i(n), t'e )tate and 8ar3#ac'ine) H#i&&e !&ateau%I, De&eu2e and 7uattariN are o!enin( u! t'at "er$ +ie&d) 9o%ca%lt cannot, 'o8e"er, admit that aN de#eloped theor of ideolo* reco*ni2es its own material prod%ction inN instit%tionalit " as well as in the =effecti#e instr%ments for the formationN and acc%m%lation of knowled*eO H0C, 102IA Becau)e these philosophersN )ee# ob&i(ed to re6ect all ar*%ments namin* the concept of ideolo* as onl N schematic rather than te7t%al" the are e3%all o(li*ed to prod%ce a mechanicall N schematic opposition (etween interest and desire) 1'u) the ali*nN themsel#es with (o%r*eois sociolo*ists who fill the place of ideolo* with aN contin%istic =%nconscio%s= or a paras%(6ecti#e =c%lt%re)= 1'e #ec'anica&N re&ation bet8een de)ire and intere)t i) c&ear in )uc' )entence) a)5 O*e ne"er N de)ire
a(ain)t our intere)t), becau)e intere)t a&8a$) +o&&o8) and +ind) it)e&+ N 8'ere de)ire 'a) !&aced itO HFD, 21DIA An undi++erentiated de)ire i) t'e a(ent,Nand !o8er )&i!) in to create t'e e++ect) o+ de)ire5 O!o8er AAA !roduce) !o)iti"e N e++ect) at t'e &e"e& o+ de)ire3and a&)o at t'e &e"e& o+ kno8&ed(eO H0C, D,IAN 1'i) !ara)ubJecti"e #atri%, cro))3'atc'ed 8it' 'etero(eneit$, N u)'er) in t'e unna#ed SubJect, at &ea)t +or t'o)e inte&&ectua& 8orker) in+&uencedN b$ t'e ne8 'e(e#on$ o+ de)ireA 1'e race +or Ot'e &a)t in)tanceO i)N no8 bet8een econo#ic) and !o8erA Becau)e
desire is tacitl defined on anN orthodo7 model" it is %nitaril opposed to =(ein* decei#ed)= Ideolo* asN =false conscio%snessO Hbein( decei"edI has (een called into 3%estion b$N A&t'u))erA /"en eic'
i#!&ied notion) o+ co&&ecti"e 8i&& rat'er t'an a dic'oto#$ N o+ dece!tion and undecei"ed de)ire5 O*e #u)t acce!t t'e )crea# N o+ eic'5 no, t'e #a))e) 8ere not decei"edT at a !articu&ar #o#ent, t'e$N actua&&$ de)ired a +a)ci)t re(i#eO HFD, 21DIAN1'e)e !'i&o)o!'er) 8i&& not entertain t'e t'ou('t o+ con)tituti"e N contradiction3t'at i) 8'ere t'e$ ad#itted&$ !art co#!an$ +ro# t'e Le+tAN In t'e na#e o+ de)ire, t'e$ reintroduce t'e undi"ided )ubJect into t'e di)cour)eN o+ !o8er)
9o%ca%lt often seems to conflate =indi#id%al= and =s%(6ectOTN10 and the impact on his own metaphors is !er'a!) intensified in hisN followers) 1eca%se of the power of the word =power"= 9o%ca%lt admits toN %sin* the =metaphor of the point which pro*ressi#el irradiates its s%rro%ndin*s)=N .%ch slips (ecome the r%le rather than the e7ception in lessN caref%l hands) !nd that radiatin* point" animatin* an effecti#el heliocentricN disco%rse" fills the empt place of the a*ent with the historical s%n of theor "Nthe .%(6ect of E%ropeA I IN Foucau&t articu&ate) anot'er coro&&ar$ o+ t'e di)a"o8a& o+ t'e ro&e N o+ ideo&o($ in re!roducin(
t'e )ocia& re&ation) o+ !roduction5 an un>ue)tionedN "a&ori2ation o+ t'e o!!re))ed a) )ubJect, t'e OobJect bein(,O a) De&eu2e N ad#irin(&$ re#ark), Oto e)tab&i)' condition) 8'ere t'e !ri)oner)N t'e#)e&"e) 8ou&d be ab&e to )!eakAO Foucau&t add) t'at Ot'e #a))e) kno8 N !er+ect&$ 8e&&, c&ear&$O 3once a(ain t'e t'e#atic) o+ bein( undecei"ed3Ot'e$N kno8 +ar better t'an Qt'e inte&&ectua&S and t'e$ certain&$ )a$ it "er$ 8e&&O N HFD, 20E, 20-IAN*'at 'a!!en) to t'e criti>ue o+ t'e )o"erei(n )ubJect in t'e)eN !ronounce#ent)[ 1'e &i#it) o+ t'i) re!re)entationa&i)t rea&i)# are reac'edN
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8it' De&eu2e5 O ea&it$ i) 8'at actua&&$ 'a!!en) in a +actor$, in a )c'oo&, Nin barrack), in a !ri)on, in a !o&ice )tationO HFD, 212IA This
intellect%al within sociali2ed capital" (randishin*N concrete e7perience" can help consolidate the international di#ision of la(or) .econd" The alt0 Re6ect the affs western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*e in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern ! deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to ethics and actions is the onl wa of *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice It p%ts the ps choanal st in a position that ens%res sol#enc " while a#oidin* the pro(lems of political powers which lea#es a normati#e s stem that links to the ; This kills perm sol#enc .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI
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!lternati#e &N'
9irst" E7tend the alternati#e of re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern This sol#es all of the ; En*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to the affirmati#es pro(lems allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6ection of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it " allowin* %s to %nco#er there 6%stifications" ass%mptions and %nderl in* c%lt%ral dri#es 4nl this approach allows to know the other and e7perience the other" *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice That:s .pi#ak RG& Psame as Decon) ;& Ps cho)P Third" The alternati#e is a prere3%isite to philosophical tho%*ht It 3%estion the #er (asic fo%ndation of tho%*ht and %nderstandin* 'om(inin* it with ps choanal sis is ke to create a mo#ement that tr%l transforms the Real" ( en*a*in* in an approach that %nderstand o%r %nconscio%s dri#es as well as societal infl%ences Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
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!lternati#e &NR
!t the top The criticism sol#es and t%rns case Re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6%*ation of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it which %nderlies the affs 6%stification and harms That:s .pi#ak :G& There:s three implications here0 9irst" the onl wa to chan*e the world and answer the pro(lems of realit is the alternati#e We f%ndamentall 3%estion and chan*e the %nderl in* ass%mptions and s%(conscio%s dri#es that ca%se the affirmati#e impacts 4nl the alternati#e can sol#e That:s *i&ber( 411 .econd" E#en if the pro#e that their plan sol#es <DDW of the plan The alternati#e sol#es it as well" with risk of the silencin* of the s%(altern This means risk of the criticism is a #ote ne*ati#e
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'apitalism
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<N'
9irst" !nti+capitalist mo#ements ine#ita(l fall into a sociali2ation of the female (od " a(stractin* la(or This specter ha%nts the worker and remo#es their s%(6ecti#it from the world Their alternati#e works in a s stem that reprod%ces itself a*ain and a*ain in the s%(conscio%s and the contin%ation of their s stem .pi#ak :EZ H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 97'o)t8ritin(;, =cookAI
I 8ou&d e%!and t'i), (
wa of a Mar7ist theori2ation of reprod%cti#e en*ineerin*N and pop%lation control" as the sociali2ation of reprod%cti#e la(or+power" not =theN femini2ation of la(or)=
H1'e none%'au)ti"e ta%ono#$ t'at )uc' a t'eori2ation 'a) N a&&o8ed #e, tentati"e&$, to +or#a&i2e in t'e c&a))roo# I o++er 'ere in )'ort'and, in t'e 'o!eN t'at Mar%i)t3+e#ini)t) acti"e in (&oba& econo#ic re)i)tance 8i&& be ab&e to re!roduce t'e N ana&$)i)A But 8i&& t'e$ be intere)ted in S!ecter) o+ Mar%[ At an$ rate, here
is the shorthandN ta7onom of the coded disc%rsi#e mana*ement of the new sociali2ation of the reprod%cti#eN (od 0 H1Ire!roducti"e ri('t) H#eton$#ic )ub)titution o+ t'e ab)tract a"era(e
)ubJectN o+ ri('t) +or 8o#anP) identit$IT H2I)urro(ac$ H#eta!'oric)ub)titutiono+ ab)tract a"era(e N re!roducti"e &abor !o8er a) +u&+i&&ed +e#a&e )ubJect o+ #ot'er'oodIT H?I tran)!&antN Hdi)!&ace#ent o+ erotici)# and (enera&i2ed !re)u!!o)ed )ubJect o+ i##ediate a++ectIT HBI N !o!u&ation contro& HobJecti+ication o+ t'e +e#a&e )ubJect o+ e%!&oitation to !roduce a&ibi) N +or '$!er)i2e t'rou(' de#o(ra!'ic rationa&i2ationIT HDI !o)t3 Fordi)t 'o#e8orkin(N Hc&a))ica& codin( o+ t'e )!ectra&it$ o+ rea)on a) e#!irici)t indi"idua&i)#, co#!&icated b$ N (ender ideo&o($IA It i) on&$ a+ter a di)cu))ion o+ a !o))ib&e ta%ono#$ o+ t'e recodin( o+ N t'i) )ocia&i2ation t'at I 8ou&d de)cribe t'e t'eatre o+ (&oba& re)i)tance 8'ere t'e)e i))ue) N are no8 !ara#ountAIPN Accordin(, t'en, to t'e )tricte)t Mar%ian )en)e, the
reprod%cti#e (od of woman hasN now (een =sociali2ed=+comp%ted into a#era*e a(stract la(or and th%s released into whatN I call the spectralit of reason+a specter that ha%nts the merel empirical" dislocatin* itN from itself) !ccordin* to Mar7" this is the specter that m%st ha%nt the dail life of the class conscio%s N worker" the f%t%re socialist" so that she can dislocate him?herself into the co%nterint%iti#e a#era*e part+s%(6ect Ia*entJ of la(or" reco*ni2e that" in the e#er da , e) )!ukt) It is onl then that the fetish character of la(or+power as commodit can (e *rasped and can (ecome the pi#ot that wrenches capitalism into socialism Qdi)cu))ed at (reaterN &en(t' in S!i"ak, :ut)ide 10- ++ASA HIt 8a)nPt Freud a&one3a) 7&a) in)i)t)38'oN )!ecu&ated 8it' t'e +eti)'AI Mar7 did indeed i*nore somethin*0 that the differantial pla (etween capital+ism andN social+ism was a case o+ a #ore ori(inar$ a(on5 (etween self and otherT
a di++erantiation N !er'a!) nece))ar$ +or t'e bu)ine)) o+ &i"in(, a di++erantiation t'at #a$ be de)cribed a) t'e N +ort3da o+ t'e (i+t o+ ti#e in t'e te#!ori2in(o+ & iRe) ARHFo#re , t'e (eniu) o+ Derrida i) t'atN 'e &ead) #e to t'ink t'i) a) no one e&)e can, e"en i+ 'e !er'a!) (oo+) a bit b$ !uttin( Mar%N do8n a) a c&o)et idea&i)t about Oe#!irica&O actua&it$, a&t'ou(' cann$ about t'e idea&i)# N o+ idea&i)# QSM 22D1AI 1'at ori(inar$ a(on co#e) c&eare)t in t'e codin(3t'e +i(uration33N o+ birt' and c'i&drearin(A H:nce I +ini)' t'i) !iece, I #u)t (et on 8it' a co##entar$N on Me&anie C&einP) tea)in( out o+ t'i) codin( QOMe&anie C&einOSAI Reprod%cti#e la(or isN (ein* sociali2ed and =freed)= H1'e Co&u#bia S!ectator a!!arent&$ ran an ad o++erin( 'i('N !rice) +or t'e un+erti&i2ed o"a o+ )tudent)A C'icken) 'a"e )u!!&ied t'i) co##odit$ N 8it'out con)ent or re#uneration +or )o#e ti#e no8A In Mar%ian ter#), do#e)ticated N !ou&tr$ i) in)trurnentu# de#i3"oca&e, do#e)ticated 'u#an +e#a&e) cau('t in +euda&N !attern) o+ &o$a&t$ He&aborate&$ coded b$ !)$c'oana&$)i) a)dee!3)tructura&I are in)'3u#enta N "oca&e, and t'e )tudent) are O+ree &abRr A O I PAR) reprod%cti#e
la(or is sociali2ed andN =freed"= it will (e %na(le to i*nore that a(on, +or t'e co##odit$ in >ue)tion i) c'i&drenAN If this la(or were to %se the fetish+character of itself as Ireprod%cti#eJ la(or+power IasN commodit J pharmakonicall to (rin* a(o%t *ender+ ne%tral socialism in its traffic"N e3%ita(le ( need and capacit " from a common f%nd" wo%ld that (e 6%st> 1'e i))ue i) notN )i#!&$ to 8ei(' in t'e ba&ance t'e !ain&e)) donation o+ )!er# +or )!er# bank) a) o!!o)edN to t'e !o))ib&$ !ain+u& donation o+ e(() +or t'e 'atc'erie), a) te&e"i)ion di)cu))ion) N in"ariab&$ e#!'a)i2e)=N .ince .pecters of Mar7 cannot (rin* in women" I will not p%rs%e this f%rther here) .econd" $o%r criticism i*nores the s%(altern #oice that is deepl intertwined in the di#ision of la(or This makes the s%(altern silent as well as re+entrenches in the fo%ndation of oppression that allowed capitalism to take hold T%rns the criticism .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
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.ome of the most radical criticism comin* o%t of theN West toda is the res%lt of an interested desire to conser#e the s%(6ect ofN the West" or the West as .U(6ect) The theor of pl%rali2ed =s%(6ect+effects=N *i#es an ill%sion of %nderminin* .U(6ecti#e so#erei*nt while often pro#idin*N a co#er for this s%(6ect of knowled*e) A&t'ou(' t'e 'i)tor$ o+ /uro!eN a) SubJect i) narrati"i2ed b$ t'e &a8, !o&itica& econo#$, and ideo&o($ o+ t'eN *e)t, t'i) concea&ed SubJect !retend) it 'a) Ono (eo3!o&itica& deter#ina3 Ntion)AO The m%ch+p%(lici2ed criti3%e of the so#erei*n s%(6ect th%s act%all N ina%*%rates a .%(6ectA I 8i&&
ar(ue +or t'i) conc&u)ion b$ con)iderin( a te%tN b$ t8o (reat !ractitioner) o+ t'e criti>ue5 OInte&&ectua&) and 0o8er5 A Con"er)ation N bet8een Mic'e& Foucau&t and 7i&&e) De&eu2eA O?N I 'a"e c'o)en t'i) +riend&$ e%c'an(e bet8een t8o acti"i)t !'i&o)o!'er) N o+ 'i)tor$ becau)e it undoe) t'e o!!o)ition bet8een aut'oritati"eN t'eoretica& !roduction and t'e un(uarded !ractice o+ con"er)ation, enab&in( N one to (&i#!)e t'e track o+ ideo&o($A 1'e !artici!ant) in t'i) con"er)ation N e#!'a)i2e t'e #o)t i#!ortant contribution) o+ Frenc' !o)t)tructura&i)t t'eor$5 N +ir)t, t'at t'e net8ork) o+ !o8erGde)ireGintere)t are )o 'etero(eneou) N t'at t'eir reduction to a co'erent narrati"e i) counter!roducti"e3a !er)i)tent N criti>ue i) neededT and )econd, t'at inte&&ectua&) #u)t atte#!t toN di)c&o)e and kno8 t'e di)cour)e o+ )ociet$P) :t'erA 6et t'e t8o )$)te#atica&&$ N i(nore t'e >ue)tion o+ ideo&o($ and t'eir o8n i#!&ication in inte&&ectua&N and econo#ic 'i)tor$A N A&t'ou(' one o+ it) c'ie+ !re)u!!o)ition) i) t'e criti>ue o+ t'eN )o"erei(n )ubJect, t'e con"er)ation bet8een Foucau&t and De&eu2e i) +ra#ed N b$ t8o #ono&it'ic and anon$#ou) )ubJect)3in3re"o&ution5 OA Maoi)tO HFD,N 20DI and Ot'e 8orker)P )tru((&eO HFD, 21-IA Inte&&ectua&), 'o8e"er, are na#ed N and di++erentiatedT #oreo"er, a
'hinese Maoism is nowhere operati#e)N Maoism here simpl creates an a%ra of narrati#e specificit " which wo%ldN (e a harmless rhetorical (analit were it not that the innocent appropriation N of the proper name =Maoism= for the eccentric phenomenon of 9renchN intellect%al =Maoism= and s%(se3%ent =New Philosoph = s mptomaticall N renders =!sia= transparentABNDe&eu2eP) re+erence to the workers- str%**le is e3%all pro(lematicON it is o(#io%sl a *en%flection0 =We are %na(le to to%ch SpowerT inN an point of its application witho%t findin* o%rsel#es confronted ( thisN diff%se mass" so that we are necessaril led ))) to the desire to (low it %pN completel ) E#er partial re#ol%tionar attack or defense is linked in thisN wa to the workers- str%**le= HFD, 21-IA 1'e a!!arent bana&it$ )i(na&) aN di)a"o8a&A The statement i*nores the international di#ision of la(or" a *est%reN that often marks poststr%ct%ralist political theor AD 1'e in"ocation o+N t'e 8orker)P )tru((&e i) ba&e+u& in it) "er$ innocenceT it is incapa(le of dealin*N with *lo(al capitalism0 the sU(6ect+prod%ction of worker and %nemplo edN within nation+state ideolo*ies in its 'enterO the increasin* s%(traction of theN workin* class in the Peripher from the reali2ation of s%rpl%s #al%e andN th%s from =h%manistic= trainin* in cons%merismO and the lar*e+scale presenceN of paracapitalist la(or as well as the hetero*eneo%s str%ct%ral stat%s ofN a*ric%lt%re in the Peripher ) I*norin* the international di#ision of la(orON renderin* =!sia= Hand on occa)ion OA+ricaOI transparent Hun&e)) t'e )ubJectN i) o)ten)ib&$ t'e O1'ird *or&dOIT reesta(lishin* the le*al s%(6ect of sociali2ed N capital+these are pro(lems as common to m%ch poststr%ct%ralist as to str%ct%ralistN theor A *'$ )'ou&d )uc' occ&u)ion) be )anctioned in
!reci)e&$ t'o)eN inte&&ectua&) 8'o are our be)t !ro!'et) o+ 'etero(eneit$ and t'e :t'er[ N 1'e &ink to t'e 8orker)P )tru((&e i) &ocated in t'e de)ire to b&o8N u! !o8er at an$ !oint o+ it) a!!&icationA 1'i) )ite i) a!!arent&$ ba)ed on aN )i#!&e "a&ori2ation o+ an$ de)ire de)tructi"e o+ an$ !o8erA *a&ter BenJa#inN co##ent) on Baude&aireP) co#!arab&e !o&itic) b$ 8a$ o+ >uotation) +ro#N Mar%5N Mar% continue) in 'i) de)cri!tion o+ t'e con)!irateur)N de !ro+e))ion a) +o&&o8)5 O AAA The
ha#e no other aimN (%t the immediate one of o#erthrowin* the e7istin*N*o#ernment" and the profo%ndl despise the moreN theoretical enli*htenment of the workers as to theirN class interests) Th%s their an*er+not proletarian (%tN ple(ian+at the ha(its noir) Hb&ack coat)I, t'e more orN less ed%cated people who represent Q"ertretenJthat sideN of the mo#ement and of whom the can ne#er (ecomeN entirel independent" as the cannot of the official representati#esN Q e!ra)entantenJof the part )= Baude&aireP)N
!o&itica& in)i('t) do not (o +unda#enta&&$ be$ond N t'e in)i('t) o+ t'e)e !ro+e))iona& con)!irator) AAAAN He cou&d !er'a!) 'a"e #ade F&aubertP) )tate#ent, O:+N a&& o+ !o&itic) I under)tand on&$ one t'in(5 t'e re"o&t,O N 'i) o8nAE
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MUHS
Third" The alt0 Re6ect the affs western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*e in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern ! deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to ethics and actions is the onl wa of *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice It p%ts the ps choanal st in a position that ens%res sol#enc " while a#oidin* the pro(lems of political powers which lea#es a normati#e s stem that links to the ; This kills perm sol#enc .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI
choanal st, 'o8e"er" wins o%t o#er (oth mad writer and man ofN politics) =;nowin* that he is constantl in a(6ection Qnone o+ t'e !rob&e#)N o+ t'i) !o)ition i) di)cu))ed in Cri)te"aP) te%tS12 and in neutra&it$, inN de)ire and in indi++erence, the anal st (%ilds a stron* ethics" not normati#eN (%t directed" which no transcendence *%arantees= H!A ,2T ita&ic)N #ineIA This is the pri#ile*ed position of s nthesis within a restrainedN dialectic0 the ps choanal st persistentl and s mmetricall s%(lates theN contradiction (etween interpretation and deliri%m) To pri#ile*e deliri%mN Hinter!retation a) de&iriu#I in the description of this s mmetricalN s nthesis is to misrepresent the dialectic presented ( the essa , !reci)e&$N in the interest of a politics that can represent its e7cl%ded other as anN anal sis that pri#ile*es interpretation) It )'ou&d a&)o be #entioned, o+N cour)e, t'at t'e indi"i)ibi&it$ and ine"itabi&it$ o+ t'e arc'aic HC'ri)tianIN #ot'er co#e) c&o)e to a tran)cendenta& (uaranteeA To know her for whatN she is" rather than to seek to transform her" is the ps choanal st-s professionalN enterprise 9o%rth" 4%r incl%sion of the s%(altern is ke to sol#in* for capitalism We m%st create a new s stem which is incl%si#e and listens to the #oices of those who s%ffered at the hands of capitalism 4nl this creates a (etter" new *lo(al s stem .pi#ak :EZ H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 97'o)t8ritin(;, =cookAI The New International" i+ I under)tand it ri('t, asks the international law andN international h%man ri*hts folks to (e aware of the economic) R R!:a(ne ) ,?3,B DerridaN a))ure) u) t'at Othese pro(lems of the forei*n De(t+and e#er thin* that is meton mi2edN ( this concept+will not (e treated witho%t at least the spirit of the Mar7ist criti3%e" theN criti3%e of the market" of the m%ltiple lo*ics of capital" and of that which links the .tateN and international law to this market)= This +ine )u((e)tion wo%ld *ain in stren*th if it tookN into acco%nt the #icissit%des s%ffered ( the s%stained or*ani2ational opposition toN le*ali2ed economic e7ploitation Ht'e co&&u)ion o+ internationa& &a8 and internationa& N ca!ita&, &e(i+erant ca!ita&3t'e 7rou! o+ Se"en toda$3&a8 Ocarr$in( t'e )ubJecti"it$ o+ N ca!ita&,O in ot'er 8ord)I, in the interest if not alwa s in the declared name of h%man ri*hts,N e"er )ince Bretton *ood) Ht'e annu&#ent o+ t'e
(o&d )tandard 8ou&d 'a"e 8orked inN nice&$ 8it' 1i#on o+ At'en)I, t'rou(' Bandun( and a&& t'e (&oba& )u##it), and t'eN #ac'ination) o+ t'e 7A11, and no8 t'e *1:A How, in ot'er 8ord)"
is the NewN International so new> 0er'a!) it i), to t'e /uro!ean &e+t researched acco%nt wo%ld need at least toN refer *enerall to the lon*standin* *lo(al str%**les from (elow Hone o+ t'e !rob&e#) 8it'N Hu#an i('t) and Internationa& La8 &obbie) i) t'at t'e$ are )o irre!roac'ab&$ 8e&&3bredI,N which %ndo the opposition (etween
&ibera&T but 8'$ )'ou&d t'e Sout'N +ee& an$ de(ree o+ con+idence in t'e !roJect[ ! D, | A I D S and HIV Free!
MUHS
economic resistance" c%lt%ral identit " and women-sN minded (odies" to which part of m ta7onom refersAI? OThe de(t to Mar7" I t'ink, needsN to (e paid and settled" whereas the Third World de(t o%*ht to (e simpl cancelled"O 8rite)N A'#ad QO econci&in( DerridaO 10E1A If one attends to the str%**les I a# )!eakin( o+,N where the specter of Mar7ism has (een at work" #o&e&ike, a&t'ou(' not a&8a$) identi+iedN 8it' Le+t !artie) in t'e i#!otent )tate, one wo%ld perhaps think of the de(t to Mar7 as anN %nrepa a(le one with which we m%st spec%late" to make and ask for Reparation Hin t'eN C&einian )en)eI in the field of political econom QC&ein ?0E3B?SA1B Ho8 #uc' #akin( andN 'o8 #uc' a)kin( 8i&& de!end on 8'o O8eO
areA A) +or t'e OdebtO increa)in(&$ incurredN b$ t'e Sout' Hno &on(er t'e t'ird 8or&d )ure&$, A'#adP) !a!er 8a) +ir)t (i"en inN Lub&iJana!I, (i"en t'e d$na#ic) o+ ca!ita& and it) re&ation)'i! to )ocia&i)#, it can ne"erN re#ain cance&&edA *'at O)'ou&dO 'a!!en Ho te#!ora, o #ore)I i) a
This at least isN the s%stained messa*e of those str%**les" a reworkin* of Mar7-s theme in 'apital" that theN worker is not a #ictim Hno b&ack on b&ack t'ereI (%t the a*ent of the wealth of societiesAN Mar% re(u&ar&$ u)ed t'e !'ra)e Oa(ent o+
reco(nition t'at t'eN Sout' )u!!ort) t'e .ort' in t'e !re)er"ation o+ it) re)ource3ric' &i+e)t$&eA !roductionO rat'er t'an O8orkerAO *a) t'i)N )i#!&$ !o&itica&&$ correct &an(ua(e[ And, 8'at, 8it'out in+ra)tructura& e++ort, 8ou&d t'i) N reco(nition brin(, to 8'o#[
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!lternati#e &N' %ncomplete

9irst" E7tend the alternati#e of re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern This sol#es all of the ; En*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to the affirmati#es pro(lems allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6ection of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it " allowin* %s to %nco#er there 6%stifications" ass%mptions and %nderl in* c%lt%ral dri#es 4nl this approach allows to know the other and e7perience the other" *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice That:s .pi#ak RG& !ND !dd capitalism sol#enc st%ff !ND We need to re6ect the %topian fantasies of the affirmati#e:s pro6ect) 4nl when reco*ni2in* that it is a fantas can we endlessl tra#erse and *et o#er it) .ta#rakakis REE, Ideo&o($ and Di)cour)e Ana&$)i) 0ro(ra# in t'e De!art#ent o+ 7o"ern#ent at t'e Uni"er)it$ o+ /))e%, 1,,, H 6anni),
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E2 | A I D S
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!lternati#e &NR %ncomplete

!t the top The criticism sol#es and t%rns case Re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6%*ation of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it which %nderlies the affs 6%stification and harms That:s .pi#ak :G& There:s fo%r implications here0 9irst" the onl wa to chan*e the world and answer the pro(lems of realit is the alternati#e We f%ndamentall 3%estion and chan*e the %nderl in* ass%mptions and s%(conscio%s dri#es that ca%se the affirmati#e impacts 4nl the alternati#e can sol#e That:s *i&ber( 411 .econd" the aff:s approach is steeped in s m(oli2in* realit and fi7es onl the wa s in which we interact with o%r perception of realit This is doomed to fail %ntil it we 3%estion how we *ot to the point we:re at and (e*in re6ectin* %topian plans that rel of link chains %pon link chains to some odd impact) This approaches forces %s to (ecome o(sessed with o%r fantas of realit G%ts all sol#enc That:s Sta"rakaki) Z,, Third" E#en if the pro#e that their plan sol#es <DDW of the plan The alternati#e sol#es it as well" with risk of the silencin* of the s%(altern This means risk of the criticism is a #ote ne*ati#e 9o%rth" add cap sol#enc
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EB | A I D S
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,inks
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'apitalism
9irst" $o%r criticism i*nores the s%(altern #oice that is deepl intertwined in the di#ision of la(or This makes the s%(altern silent as well as re+entrenches in the fo%ndation of oppression that allowed capitalism to take hold T%rns the criticism .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI .ome of the most radical criticism comin* o%t of theN West toda is the res%lt of an interested desire to conser#e the s%(6ect ofN the West" or the West as .U(6ect) The theor of pl%rali2ed =s%(6ect+effects=N *i#es an ill%sion of %nderminin* .U(6ecti#e so#erei*nt while often pro#idin*N a co#er for this s%(6ect of knowled*e) A&t'ou(' t'e 'i)tor$ o+ /uro!eN a) SubJect i) narrati"i2ed b$ t'e &a8, !o&itica& econo#$, and ideo&o($ o+ t'eN *e)t, t'i) concea&ed SubJect !retend) it 'a) Ono (eo3!o&itica& deter#ina3 Ntion)AO The m%ch+p%(lici2ed criti3%e of the so#erei*n s%(6ect th%s act%all N ina%*%rates a .%(6ectA I 8i&&
ha#e no other aimN (%t the immediate one of o#erthrowin* the e7istin*N*o#ernment" and the profo%ndl despise the moreN theoretical enli*htenment of the workers as to theirN class interests) Th%s their an*er+not proletarian (%tN ple(ian+at the ha(its noir) Hb&ack coat)I, t'e more orN less ed%cated people who represent Q"ertretenJthat sideN of the mo#ement and of whom the can ne#er (ecomeN entirel independent" as the cannot of the official representati#esN Q e!ra)entantenJof the part )= Baude&aireP)N
EE | A I D S and HIV Free!
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E- | A I D S
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'apitalism?Mar7 .pecific
9irst" $o%r criticism i*nores the s%(altern #oice that is deepl intertwined in the di#ision of la(or This makes the s%(altern silent as well as re+entrenches in the fo%ndation of oppression that allowed capitalism to take hold T%rns the criticism .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI Mar7-s contention 'ere is that the descripti#e definition of a classN can (e a differential one+ its c%ttin* off and difference from all other classes0N =in so far as millions of families li#e %nder economic conditions of e7istenceN that c%t off their mode of life" their interest" and their formation from thoseN of the other classes and place them in inimical confrontation Q+eind&ic'N (a(en+1ber)te&&enS, the form a class)=1D 1'ere i) no )uc' t'in( a) a Oc&a))N in)tinctO at 8ork 'ereA In +act, the collecti#it of familial e7istence" whichN mi*ht (e considered the arena of =instinct"= is discontin%o%s with" tho%*hN operated ( " the differential isolation of classes) In t'i) conte%t, one +ar
#oreN !ertinent to t'e France o+ t'e 1,-0) t'an it can be to t'e internationa& N !eri!'er$, t'e +or#ation o+ a c&a)) i) arti+icia& and econo#ic, and t'e econo#icN a(enc$ or intere)t i) i#!er)ona& becau)e it i) )$)te#atic and 'etero(eneou) )N
This a*enc or interest is tied to the He*elian criti3%e of theN indi#id%al s%(6ect" for it marks the s%(6ect-s empt place in that processN 8it'out a )ubJect 8'ic' i) 'i)tor$ and !o&itica& econo#$A Here the capitalistN is defined as =the conscio%s (earer Q1ra(erS o+ the limitless mo#ement ofN capital)=1E M$ !oint i) t'at Mar7 is not workin* to create an %ndi#idedN s%(6ect where desire and interest coincide) 'lass conscio%sness does notN operate toward that *oal) 1oth in the economic area Hca!ita&i)tI and in theN political H8or&d3 'i)torica& a(entI, Mar7 is o(li*ed to constr%ct models of aN di#ided and dislocated s%(6ect whose parts are not contin%o%s or coherentN with each otherA A ce&ebrated !a))a(e &ike t'e de)cri!tion o+ ca!ita& a) t'eN
Fau)tian #on)ter brin() t'i) 'o#e "i"id&$6 N 1'e +o&&o8in( !a))a(e, continuin( t'e >uotation +ro# 1'e /i('teent' N Bru#aire, i) a&)o 8orkin( on t'e )tructura& !rinci!&e o+ a di)!er)edN and di)&ocated c&a)) )ubJect5 t'e Hab)ent co&&ecti"eI con)ciou)ne)) o+ t'e N )#a&& !ea)ant !ro!rietor c&a)) +ind) it) ObearerO in a Ore!re)entati"eO 8'oN a!!ear) to 8ork in anot'erP) intere)tA 1'e 8ord Ore!re)entati"eO 'ere i) not N Odar)te&&en OT t'i) )'ar!en) t'e contra)t Foucau&t and De&eu2e )&ide o"er,N t'e contra)t, )a$, bet8een a !ro%$ and a !ortraitA 1'ere i), o+ cour)e, aN re&ation)'i! bet8een t'e#, one t'at 'a) recei"ed !o&itica& and ideo&o(ica& N e%acerbation in t'e /uro!ean tradition at &ea)t )ince t'e !oet and t'e )o!'i)t, N t'e actor and t'e orator, 'a"e bot' been )een a) 'ar#+u& )
In the *%ise of aN post+Mar7ist description of the scene of power" we th%s enco%nter a m%chN older de(ate0 (etween representation or rhetoric as tropolo* and as pers%asionAN Dar)te&&en be&on() to t'e +ir)t con)te&&ation, "ertreten38it' )tron(erN )u((e)tion) o+ )ub)titution3to t'e )econdA A(ain, the are related" (%t r%nnin*N them to*ether" especiall in order to sa that (e ond (oth is whereN oppressed s%(6ects speak" act" and know for themsel#es" leads to an essentialist"N %topian politics)N Here i) Mar%P) !a))a(e, u)in( O"ertretenO 8'ere t'e /n(&i)' u)eN Ore!re)ent,O di)cu))in( a )ocia& O)ubJectO 8'o)e con)ciou)ne)) and Vertretun(N Ha) #uc' a )ub)titution a) a re!re)entationI are di)&ocated and inco'erent5N The small peasant proprietors =cannot represent themsel#esO the N m%st (e represented) Their representati#e m%st appear sim%ltaneo%sl asN their master" as an a%thorit o#er them" as %nrestricted *o#ernmental powerN that protects them from the other classes and sends them rain and s%nshineN from a(o#e) The political infl%ence Qin t'e !&ace o+ t'e c&a)) intere)t, )inceN t'ere i) no uni+ied c&a)) )ubJectS of the small peasant proprietors thereforeN finds its last e7pression Qt'e i#!&ication o+ a c'ain o+ )ub)titution)3 Vertretun(en3N i) )tron( 'ereS in the e7ec%ti#e force Q/%ekuti"(e8a&t3Ie)) !er)ona&N in 7er#anS s%(ordinatin* societ to itselfAON .ot on&$ doe) )uc' a #ode& o+ )ocia& indirection3nece))ar$ (a!)N bet8een t'e )ource o+
Oin+&uenceO Hin t'i) ca)e t'e )#a&& !ea)ant !ro!rietor)I, N t'e Ore!re)entati"eO HLoui) .a!o&eonI, and t'e 'i)torica&3!o&itica& !'eno#enon N He%ecuti"e contro&I3i#!&$ a criti>ue o+ t'e )ubJect a) indi"idua& a(entN but a criti>ue e"en o+ t'e )ubJecti"it$ o+ a co&&ecti"e a(enc$A 1'e nece))ari&$N di)&ocated #ac'ine o+ 'i)tor$ #o"e) becau)e Ot'e identit$ o+ t'e intere)t)O N o+ t'e)e !ro!rietor) O+ai&) to !roduce a +ee&in( o+ co##unit$, nationa& &ink),N or a !o&itica& or(ani2ationAO 1'e e"ent o+ re!re)entation a) Vertretun( Hin N t'e con)te&&ation o+ r'etoric3a)3!er)ua)ionI be'a"e) &ike a Dar)te&&un( HorN r'etoric3a)3tro!eI, takin( it) !&ace in t'e (a! bet8een t'e +or#ation o+ aN Hde)cri!ti"eI c&a)) and t'e non+or#ation o+ a Htran)+or#ati"eI c&a))5 OIn
soN far as millions of families li#e %nder economic conditions of e7istence thatN separate their mode of life ))) the form a class) In so far as ))) the identit their interests fails to prod%ce a feelin* of comm%nit ))) the do notN form a classAO 1'e
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co#!&icit$ o+ Vertreten and Dar)te&&en, t'eir identit$3indi++erenceN a) t'e !&ace o+ !ractice3)ince t'i) co#!&icit$ i) !reci)e&$ 8'atN Mar%i)t) #u)t e%!o)e, a) Mar% doe) in 1'e /i('teent' Bru#aire3can on&$ N be a!!reciated i+ t'e$ are not con+&ated b$ a )&ei('t o+ 8ordA N It 8ou&d be #ere&$ tendentiou) to ar(ue t'at t'i) te%tua&i2e) Mar%N too #uc', #akin( 'i# inacce))ib&e to t'e co##on O#an,O 8'o, a "icti# N o+ co##on )en)e, i) )o dee!&$ !&aced in a 'erita(e o+ !o)iti"i)# t'at Mar%P)N irreducib&e e#!'a)i) on t'e 8ork o+ t'e ne(ati"e, on t'e nece))it$ +or de+eti)'i2in( N t'e concrete, i) !er)i)tent&$ 8re)ted +ro# 'i# b$ t'e )tron(e)t N ad"er)ar$, Ot'e 'i)torica& traditionO in t'e airA 1F I 'a"e been tr$in( to !oint N out t'at t'e unco##on O#an,O the
contemporar philosopher of practice"N )o#eti#e) e7hi(its the same
positi#ism)
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'olonial Representation
I J !ttempts to %se the #oice and literat%re of those (ein* oppressed ( postcolonialism merel perpet%ates the s stem ( created a homo*eni2ed representation of one" (i* scar colonialism" i*nore the m%ltiple faces it wears and the m%ltiplicit of people it effects .al#atore :<D Q icardo DA, Uni"er)idad 1orcuato Di 1e&&a, 91'e 0o)tco&onia& in Latin A#erica and t'e Conce!t o+ Co&onia&it$5 A
Hi)torian4) 0oint o+ Vie8;, Vo&A F, .oA 1, Fa&& 2010, ??23?BF, 888Anc)uAeduG!roJectGacontracorriente, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A
The same co%ld (e said a(o%t forms of narratin* or representin*N the national" or the K,atin+!mericanL as different from the E%ropean orN t'e #etro!o&itanA 1'e impet%s to e7amine the s%(+re*ional" the localN h (rid" and the m%ltiplicit of #oices within the national seems at timesN o#ershadowed ( a fascination with the search for tr%er or no#elN representations of .ue)tra Am[rica) There are *est%res to the s%(re*ionalN and to the indi*eno%s (%t m%ch less than one wo%ld e7pect of aN critical work that is s%pposed to %ndo or challen*e the homo*eni2in*N work of colonialism and nation+(%ildin*) In t'e )a#e "ein, while theN #ol%me presents critical reflections on ,atin+!mericanism and ,atinN !merican st%dies" the e7istence of a territor called K,atin !mericaLN seems to ha#e el%ded the disc%ssion of the post+colonial)
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Dele%2e and G%attari?Desire

9irst" Dele%2e confines the decenterin* of the s%(6ect to the s%(6ect of the West" which pro(lemati2es the non+Western other as real and knowa(le) Dele%2e makes it impossi(le to confer with the s%(altern in a disc%rsi#e practice" which ass%mes that the s%(6ect is alwa s alread the s%(6ect of the West) This t%rns the ; ( iss%in* a new 4edipal s stem and *%ts sol#enc " which reinstit%tin* an essentialist s%(6ect of the 4ther .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
/&)e8'ere, Dele%2e
and G%attari ha#e attempted an alternati#e definitionN of desire, re"i)in( t'e one o++ered b$ !)$c'oana&$)i)5 ODesire does not lackN an thin*O it does not lack its o(6ect) It is" rat'er" the s%(6ect that is lackin*N in desire" or desire that lacks a fi7ed s%(6ectO there is no fi7ed s%(6ect e7ceptN ( repression) Desire and its o(6ect are a %nit 5 it i) t'e #ac'ine, a) aN #ac'ine o+ a #ac'ineA Desire is machine" the o(6ect of desire also a connectedN machine" so that the prod%ct is lifted from the process of prod%cin*"Nand somethin* detaches itself from prod%cin* to prod%ct and *i#es a lefto#erN to the "a(abond" nomad s%(6ectAO-N This definition does not alter the specificit of the desirin* s%(6ectN Hor &e+to"er )ubJect3e++ectI that attaches to specific instances of desire or toN prod%ction of the desirin* machineA Moreo"er, when the connection (etweenN desire and the s%(6ect is taken as irrele#ant or #ere&$ re"er)ed, theN s%(6ect+effect that s%rreptitio%sl emer*es is m%ch like the *enerali2ed ideolo*ical N s%(6ect of the theorist) 1'i)
#a$ be t'e &e(a& )ubJect o+ )ocia&i2edN ca!ita&, neit'er &abor nor #ana(e#ent, 'o&din( a O)tron(O !a))!ort, u)in(N a O)tron(O or O'ardO currenc$, 8it' )u!!o)ed&$ un>ue)tioned acce)) to dueN !roce))A It i) certain&$ not t'e de)irin( )ubJect a) :t'erANThe
fail%re o+ De&eu2e and 7uattari to consider the relationsN (etween desire" power" and s%(6ecti#it renders them incapa(le of artic%latin*N a theor of interestsA In t'i) conte%t, t'eir indi++erence to ideo&o($ HaN t'eor$ o+ 8'ic' i) nece))ar$ +or an
under)tandin( o+ intere)t)I i) )trikin(N but con)i)tentA Foucau&tP) co##it#ent to O(enea&o(ica&O )!ecu&ation !re"ent) N 'i# +ro# &ocatin(, in O(reat na#e)O &ike Mar% and Freud, 8ater)'ed)N in )o#e continuou) )trea# o+ inte&&ectua& 'i)tor$AF 1'i) co##it#ent 'a)N created an un+ortunate re)i)tance in Foucau&tP) 8ork to O#ereO ideo&o(ica& N criti>ueA Western
spec%lations on the ideolo*ical reprod%ction of social relationsN (elon* to that mainstream" and it is within this tradition that AIt'u))erN 8rite)5 OThe reprod%ction of la(o%r power re3%ires not onl a reprod%ction N of its skills" (%t also at the same time" a reprod%ction of itsN s%(mission to the r%lin* ideolo* for the workers" and a reprod%ction ofN the a(ilit to manip%late the r%lin* ideolo* correctl for the a*ents ofN e7ploitation and repression" so that the " too" will pro#ide for the dominationN of the r%lin* class -in and ( words- Q!ar &a !aro&e=AO,N *'en Foucau&t con)ider) t'e !er"a)i"e 'etero(eneit$ o+ !o8er,N'e doe) not i(nore t'e
i##en)e in)titutiona& 'etero(eneit$ t'at A&t'u))er N 'ere atte#!t) to )c'e#ati2eA Si#i&ar&$, in )!eakin( o+ a&&iance) and )$)te#) N o+ )i(n), t'e )tate and 8ar3#ac'ine) H#i&&e !&ateau%I, De&eu2e and 7uattari N are o!enin( u! t'at "er$ +ie&dA Foucau&t cannot, 'o8e"er, ad#it t'at aN de"e&o!ed t'eor$ o+ ideo&o($ reco(ni2e) it) o8n #ateria& !roduction inN in)titutiona&it$, a) 8e&& a) in t'e Oe++ecti"e in)tru#ent) +or t'e +or#ation N and accu#u&ation o+ kno8&ed(eO H0C, 102IA Becau)e these
philosophersN )ee# ob&i(ed to re6ect all ar*%ments namin* the concept of ideolo* as onl N schematic rather than te7t%al" the are e3%all o(li*ed to prod%ce a mechanicall N schematic opposition (etween interest and desire) 1'u) the ali*nN themsel#es with (o%r*eois sociolo*ists who fill the place of ideolo* with aN contin%istic =%nconscio%s= or a paras%(6ecti#e =c%lt%re)= 1'e #ec'anica&N re&ation bet8een de)ire and intere)t i) c&ear in )uc'
)entence) a)5 O*e ne"erN de)ire a(ain)t our intere)t), becau)e intere)t a&8a$) +o&&o8) and +ind) it)e&+ N 8'ere de)ire 'a) !&aced itO HFD, 21DIA An undi++erentiated de)ire i) t'e a(ent,Nand !o8er )&i!) in to create t'e e++ect) o+ de)ire5 O!o8er AAA !roduce) !o)iti"e N e++ect) at t'e &e"e& o+ de)ire3 and a&)o at t'e &e"e& o+ kno8&ed(eO H0C, D,IAN 1'i) !ara)ubJecti"e #atri%, cro))3'atc'ed 8it' 'etero(eneit$, N u)'er) in t'e unna#ed SubJect, at &ea)t +or t'o)e inte&&ectua& 8orker) in+&uencedN b$ t'e ne8 'e(e#on$ o+ de)ireA 1'e race +or Ot'e &a)t in)tanceO i)N no8 bet8een econo#ic) and !o8erA Becau)e desire
is tacitl defined on anN orthodo7 model" it is %nitaril opposed to =(ein*
decei#ed)= Ideo&o($ a)N O+a&)e con)ciou)ne))O Hbein( decei"edI 'a) been ca&&ed into >ue)tion b$N A&t'u))erA /"en
eic' i#!&ied notion) o+ co&&ecti"e 8i&& rat'er t'an a dic'oto#$ N o+ dece!tion and undecei"ed de)ire5 O*e #u)t acce!t t'e )crea# N o+ eic'5 no, t'e #a))e) 8ere not decei"edT at a !articu&ar #o#ent, t'e$N actua&&$ de)ired a +a)ci)t re(i#eO HFD, 21DIAN1'e)e !'i&o)o!'er) 8i&& not entertain t'e t'ou('t o+
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con)tituti"e N contradiction3t'at i) 8'ere t'e$ ad#itted&$ !art co#!an$ +ro# t'e Le+tAN In
the name of desire" the reintrod%ce the %ndi#ided s%(6ect into the disco%rseN of power) Foucau&t o+ten )ee#) to con+&ate Oindi"idua&O
and O)ubJectOTN10 and t'e i#!act on 'i) o8n #eta!'or) i) !er'a!) inten)i+ied in 'i)N +o&&o8er)A Becau)e o+ t'e !o8er o+ t'e 8ord O!o8er,O Foucau&t ad#it) toN u)in( t'e O#eta!'or o+ t'e !oint 8'ic' !ro(re))i"e&$ irradiate) it) )urroundin()AO N Suc' )&i!) beco#e t'e ru&e rat'er t'an t'e e%ce!tion in &e))N care+u& 'and)A And t'at radiatin( !oint, ani#atin( an e++ecti"e&$ 'e&iocentric N di)cour)e, +i&&) t'e e#!t$ !&ace o+ t'e a(ent 8it' t'e 'i)torica& )un o+ t'eor$, Nt'e SubJect o+ /uro!eA I IN Foucau&t articu&ate) anot'er coro&&ar$ o+ t'e di)a"o8a& o+ t'e ro&e N o+ ideo&o($ in re!roducin( t'e )ocia& re&ation) o+ !roduction5 an un>ue)tioned N "a&ori2ation o+ t'e o!!re))ed a) )ubJect, t'e OobJect bein(,O a) De&eu2e N ad#irin(&$ re#ark), Oto e)tab&i)' condition) 8'ere t'e !ri)oner)N t'e#)e&"e) 8ou&d be ab&e to )!eakAO Foucau&t add) t'at Ot'e #a))e) kno8 N !er+ect&$ 8e&&, c&ear&$O 3once a(ain t'e t'e#atic) o+ bein( undecei"ed3Ot'e$N kno8 +ar better t'an Qt'e inte&&ectua&S and t'e$ certain&$ )a$ it "er$ 8e&&ON HFD, 20E, 20-IAN*'at 'a!!en) to t'e criti>ue o+ t'e )o"erei(n )ubJect in t'e)eN !ronounce#ent)[ 1'e &i#it) o+ t'i) re!re)entationa&i)t rea&i)# are reac'edN 8it' De&eu2e5 O ea&it$ i) 8'at actua&&$ 'a!!en) in a +actor$, in a )c'oo&, Nin barrack), in a !ri)on, in a !o&ice )tationO HFD, 212IA This
intellect%al within sociali2ed capital" (randishin*N concrete e7perience" can help consolidate the international di#ision of la(or)
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Dele%2e and G%attari?.i*nifier

9irst" Dele%2e confines the decenterin* of the s%(6ect to the s%(6ect of the West" which pro(lemati2es the non+Western other as real and knowa(le) Dele%2e makes it impossi(le to confer with the s%(altern in a disc%rsi#e practice" which ass%mes that the s%(6ect is alwa s alread the s%(6ect of the West) This t%rns the ; ( iss%in* a new 4edipal s stem and *%ts sol#enc " which reinstit%tin* an essentialist s%(6ect of the 4ther .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
1'e unreco(ni2ed contradiction 8it'in a !o)ition t'at "a&ori2e) N t'e concrete e%!erience o+ t'e o!!re))ed, 8'i&e bein( )o uncritica& about N t'e 'i)torica& ro&e o+ t'e inte&&ectua&, i) #aintained b$ a "erba& )&i!!a(eA N 1'u) Dele%2e
makes this remarka(le prono%ncement0 =! theor is like aN (o7 of tools) Nothin* to do with the si*nifier= HFD, 20FIA Con)iderin( t'atN t'e "erba&i)# o+ t'e t'eoretica& 8or&d and it) acce)) to an$ 8or&d de+inedN a(ain)t it a) O!ractica&O i) irreducib&e, s%ch a declaration helps onl theN intellect%al an7io%s to pro#e that intellect%al la(or is 6%st like man%al la(or)NIt i) 8'en )i(ni+ier) are &e+t to &ook a+ter t'e#)e&"e) t'at "erba& )&i!!a(e)N 'a!!enA The si*nifier =representation= is a case in point) In the same dismissi#eN tone that se#ers theor -s link to the si*nifier" Dele%2e declares"N=There is no more representationO there-s nothin* (%t action=+=action ofN theor and action of practice which relate to each other as rela s and formN networksO HFD, 20E3-IA 6et an i#!ortant !oint i) bein( #ade 'ere5 theN prod%ction of theor is also a practiceO the opposition (etween a(stractN =p%re= theor and concrete =applied= practice is too 3%ick and eas )1?N I+ t'i) i), indeed, Dele%2e-s ar(u#ent, 'i) artic%lation o+ it isN pro(lematic) Two senses of representation are (ein* r%n to*ether0 representationN as =speakin* for"= as in politics" and representation as =re+presentation"=N as in art or philosoph ) .ince theor is also onl =action"= theN theoretician does not represent H)!eak +orI the oppressed *ro%pA Indeed, t'eN s%(6ect is not seen as a representati#e conscio%sness Hone re3!re)entin( rea&it$N ade>uate&$IA 1'e)e t8o )en)e) o+
re!re)entation38it'in )tate +or#ation N and t'e &a8, on t'e one 'and, and in )ubJect3!redication, on t'e ot'er3areN re&ated but irreducib&$ di)continuou)A 1o co"er o"er t'e di)continuit$ 8it' N an ana&o($ t'at i) !re)ented a) a !roo+ re+&ect) a(ain a !arado%ica& )ubJect!ri"i&e(in(A N1B
1eca%se =the person who speaks and acts ))) is alwa s a m%ltiplicit "=N no =theori2in* intellect%al ))) SorT part or ))) %nion= can representN =those who act and str%**le= HFD, 20EIA !re those who act and str%**leN m%te" as opposed to those who act and speak HFD, 20EI[ 1'e)e
i##en)eN !rob&e#) are buried in t'e di++erence) bet8een t'e O)a#eO 8ord)5 con)ciou)ne)) N and con)cience Hbot' con)cience in Frenc'I, re!re)entation andN re3!re)entation)
The criti3%e of ideolo*ical s%(6ect+constit%tion within stateN formations and s stems of political econom can now (e effaced" as can theN acti#e theoretical practice of the =transformation of conscio%sness)= TheN (analit of leftist intellect%als- lists of self+knowin*" politicall cann s%(alternsN stands re#ealedO representin* them" the intellect%als represent themsel#esN as transparent)NIf s%ch a criti3%e and s%ch a pro6ect are not to (e *i#en %p" theN shiftin* distinctions (etween representation within the state and politicaleconom " on t'e one 'and, and within the theor of the .%(6ect, on t'eN ot'er, m%st not (e o(literated) Let u) con)ider t'e !&a$ o+ "ertreten HOre!re)entON in t'e +ir)t )en)eI and dar)te&&en HOre3!re)entO in
t'e )econd )en)eIN in a +a#ou) !a))a(e in 1'e /i('teent' Bru#aire o+ Loui) Bona!arte, 8'ere N Mar% touc'e) on Oc&a))O a) a de)cri!ti"e and tran)+or#ati"e conce!t in aN #anner )o#e8'at #ore co#!&e% t'an A&t'u))erP) di)tinction bet8een c&a)) N in)tinct and c&a)) !o)ition 8ou&d a&&o8A
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Democrati2ation
9irst" The %se of militar inter#entions doesn:t ri*ht the wron*s done It allows a 6%stification for new #iolence in the name of the state *%ts sol#enc and props %p reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it .pi#ak :DB H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9 i('tin( *ron();AI H'tt!)5GGb&o()Aco##on)A(eor(eto8nAeduGen(&321F3+a&&2010G+i&e)G i('tin(3*ron()A!d+A =CookAI Acce))ed FG1?G12A
When the UN offers #iolence or the (allot as a choice it is %nrealisticQ (eca%se (ased on another kind of re&ated#i)takea%ne7amined %ni#ersalismMQ the ass%mption that this is a real choice in all sit%ations) It will soonQ lead to militar inter#ention in the name of ri*htin* wron*" in *eopoliticall Q specific places) 9or RRdemocrati2ation:: is not 6%st a code name, a) it )oN o+ten i) in !ractice, for the political restr%ct%rin* entailed ( the transformationQ of Iefficient thro%*h inefficient to wildJ state capitalisms and theirQ colonies to tri(%tar economies of rationali2ed *lo(al financiali2ation) If itQ is to in#ol#e the lar*est sector of the electorate in the *lo(al .o%thMtheQ r%ral pop%lation (elow po#ert le#elMit re3%ires the %ndoin* of cent%riesQ of oppression" with a s%t%rin* ed%cation in r%ral s%(altern normalit " s%pplementin*Q the #iolent *%ilt and shame trips of disaster politics)
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Deontolo* .tate !ctions

9irst" The instit%tionali2ation of ethics for the state creates a new dominatin* force that kills its ethical (e*innin*s and (e*ins to reprod%ce the ethics of the state in a fashion that is reprod%cti#e and heteronormati#e .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e 10GFG200FA =CookA
If this is too E%rocentric" it is (eca%se I need to >ue)tion the readin*N of ;ant t'at is %sed to 6%stif world *o#ernanceAB1 There is a certain de*reeN of self+confidence in s%ch 6%stifications" whereas ;ant:s relentless honest N makes him shackle reason)N In the spatial instit%tion of p%re reason, t'en, we m%st make room forN RRthe effects of *raceA44 And, in the last section of this last RRcriti3%e":: whereN he is speakin* of world *o#ernance" with repeated theolo*ical referencesN H)ince 'e i) +i('tin( t'e t'eo&o(ica& +acu&t$I, 'e insists that a *lo(al instit%tionN (ased on ethical commonness of (ein* is impossi(le) The ethical cannot (eN immediatel instit%tionali2ed)N I
&earn #an$ o+ #$ 8a$) o+ readin( t'e !a)t +ro# Mar%, and t'i) i)N 8'ere I 8ant to read Cant a) Mar% read Ari)tot&e, 8it' ad#iration but 8it' t'eN 'i)torica& ackno8&ed(e#ent t'at he
co%ld not ima*ine the #al%e+form) E#enN within his (rilliantl fract%red model of the oneness of reason" ;ant spoke ofN RReffect of *race:: (eca%se he co%ld not ima*ine a E%ropean+st le %ni#ersit N where the theolo* fac%lt was not dominant) We ha#e to r%n with the re#ol%tionar N force of the word RReffect":: clear o%t of the theolo*ical into the aestheticAN ZZ/++ect44 co#e) a) c&o)e a) Cant can (et to de3tran)cendenta&i2in(N 7raceA 7race i) cau('t in t'e +i(ure o+ )o#et'in( &ike a #eta&e!)i)at'eN e++ect o+ an e++ectA .ince p%re reasonMor indeed an kind of reasonM cannotN know the ca%se" all that is inscri(ed is an effect)
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Disco%rse
9irst" Disco%rse on e3%alit is a site for identit constr%ction that reprod%ces the representation that ca%sed o%r impacts while sim%ltaneo%sl re+entrenchin* the plan in a reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
H'tt!5GGr'i2o#e)AnetGi))ue1BG'onkanenA't#&A =CookAI Acce))ed FG21G12A Q1-S Disco%rses
on e3%alit are strate*ic sites that promote the iteration and repetition of *endered meanin*s) E3%alit disco%rses allow for the reprod%ction of raciali2ed national and *endered identities) 7enea&o(ica&&$ )!eakin(, +or e%a#!&e, Finni)' e>ua&it$ di)cour)e 'a) been a )ite +or identit$ con)truction +or !articu&ar kind o+ O8o#anO t'at )tand) in a !articu&ar re&ation)'i! bot' to t'e O#anO Ht'e Finni)' #anI and t'e nationA The histor of Finni)' women H8ritten in t'e 1,F0) and ear&$ 1,,0)I is a histor of e3%alit " (%t also of normali2ed heterose7%alit HHonkanen, 1,,-IA It i) a 'i)tor$ o+ #o)t&$ #idd&e3c&a)) 8o#enP) )tru((&e) to be ab&e to !artici!ate in 8orkin(3&i+e,
!o&itic) and education and t'e &i+e o+ t'e nationA :ne e%a#!&e o+ t'i) di)cour)e QBS i) t'e 8e&&3kno8n 1'e Lad$ *it' t'e Bo85 t'e Stor$ o+ Finni)' *o#an HManninen X Set_&_, 1,,0IA 1'e book dra8) t'e 'i)tor$ o+ t'i) Oe>ua& &ad$O, t'e &ad$ 8it' t'e bo8, a) +ar back a) to t'e )tone3 a(e, ar(uin( t'at a !articu&ar rock3!aintin( re!re)entin( a +i(ure 8it' 8'at can be read a) brea)t) and a bo8 !ro"e) t'at OFinni)' 8o#en a&8a$) 'a"e 8orked to(et'er 8it' Ot'eirO H'etero)e%ua&I #en HManninen X Set_&_, 1,,05 ,IA These ana&$2ed and decon)tructedA :t'er8i)e t'e$ will
representations )'ou&d be (enea&o(ica&&$ contin%e to (e %sed %ncriticall as part of a =politics o%t of histor = to u)e *end$ Bro8nP) +or#u&ation HBro8n, 2001IA These he*emonic representations" t'i) )ta(in( o+ t'e 8or&d, t'e)e !ortra$a&), ena(le the %nrefle7i#e identit politics o+ t'e e>ua& Finni)' 8o#an and %phold the pro(lem of political intersectionalit a) &on( a) t'e$ are not decon)tructedA Furt'er#ore, this politics is (acked %p thro%*h histor as et another *rand narrati#e ca&&ed Ot'e 'i)tor$ o+ Finni)' 8o#anO H)ee a&)o Honkanen, 200-IAN
Q1FS It )ee#) to be t'e !o&itic) o+ t'i) "er$ )a#e *o#an t'at i) ad"anced in recent di)cu))ion) on t'e Finni)' 8o#enP) )tudie) #ai&in( &i)tA 1'i) di)cu))ion 8a) )tarted b$ 0a)i Ma&#i, a re)earc'er on #en and #a)cu&initie), 8'o ca#e u! 8it' t'e ar(u#ent t'at certain +e#ini)t di)cour)e) o!!re)) #en Ht'e &i)t3arc'i"e) are acce))ib&e and )earc'ab&e in Finni)' on t'e internetQDSIA 1'e di)cu))ion concern) 'o8 )!eci+ic H8ron(I !ortra$a&) o+ 8o#en a++ect t'e 8a$ in 8'ic' #en are )eenA *'at I )ee a) !articu&ar&$ te&&in( in t'i) 'eterocentric debate i) t'at a) &on( a) it +ai&) to na#e it)e&+ +or 8'at it i), it !roceed) end&e))&$ 8it' it) !roduction o+ (endered #eanin()A It a&)o !roceed) a) i+ it 8ere en(a(ed in a #ere&$ de)cri!ti"e enter!ri)ea8it' re)earc'er) atte#!tin( to de)cribe 'o8 cu&tura& #eanin() "ariou)&$ o!!re)) eit'er #en or 8o#enA N Q1,S 1'e 'e(e#on$ o+ t'e t8o3)e% #ode& in Finni)' e>ua&it$ di)cour)e a&)o &ead) to a )trident #enP) #o"e#ent in Fin&and t'at c&ai#) #enP) e>ua& ri('t)A
Their politics is framed within an e3%alit disco%rse and a two+se7 s stem) !ddin* hetero+ oriented men-s st%dies to the academic scene also stren*thens the nat%rali2ation of heteronormati#it ) It %pholds the heterocentrist white academic he*emon ( (ecomin* the relational and complementar co%nter force to the %ncritical =women-s e3%alit disco%rse)= Within this kind of e3%alit disco%rse women and men are %npro(lematicall seen as relational and complementar cate*ories)N
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KDisco#er of !mericaL
I J The disco%rse aro%nd Kdisco#erin* !mericaL is reaped from the occidental colonialit that created those imperial pro6ects We sho%ld instead %se the disco%rse of in#ention" (eca%se this is tr%l what happened Their disco%rse 6%stifies and em(races the lo*ic and epistemolo* of the West Mi*nolo :DZ Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Idea o+ Latin A#erica;, 'tt!)5GGcdnAanon+i&e)Aco#G1?B,0-?2B1,D?A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed
-G11G1?A
!merica, a) a conce!t, *oes hand in hand with that of modernit "N and (oth are the self+ representation of imperial pro6ects and *lo(alN desi*ns that ori*inated in and were implemented ( E%ropeanN actors and instit%tionsA The in#ention of !merica was one of theN nodal points that contri(%ted to create the conditions for imperialN E%ropean e7pansion and a lifest le" in E%rope" that ser#ed as a modelN for the achie#ements of h%manit ) 1'u), t'e Kdisco#er and con3%estN of !mericaL is not 6%st one more e#ent in some lon* and linearN historical chain from the creation of the world to the present,N &ea"in( be'ind a&& t'o)e 8'o 8ere not attenti"e enou(' to Ju#!N onto t'e band8a(on o+ #odernit$A at'er, it was a ke t%rnin*N point in world histor 5 It was the moment in which the demandsN of modernit as the final hori2on of sal#ation (e*an to re3%ire theN imposition of a specific set of #al%es that relied on the lo*ic ofN colonialit for their implementationA The Kin#ention of !mericaL thesis offers, in)tead, a perspecti#eN from colonialit and" in conse3%ence" re#eals that the ad#ances ofN modernit o%tside of E%rope rel on a colonial matri7 of powerN that incl%des the renamin* of the lands appropriated and of theN people inha(itin* them, in)o+ar a) t'e di"er)e et'nic (rou!) andN ci"i&i2ation) in 1a8antin)u$u and Anb'uac, a) 8e&& a) t'o)e +ro#N A+rica, 8ere reduced to 9Indian); and 9B&ack)A; The idea of K!mericaLN and of K,atinL !merica co%ld, o+ cour)e, (e acco%nted for withinN the philosophical framework of E%ropean modernit , e"en i+ t'atN account i) o++ered b$ Creo&e) o+ /uro!ean de)cent d8e&&in( in t'eN co&onie) and e#bracin( t'e S!ani)' or 0ortu(ue)e "ie8 o+ e"ent)AN What co%nts, 'o8e"er, is that the need for tellin* the part of theN stor that was not told re3%ires a shift in the *eo*raph of reasonN and of %nderstandin*) K'olonialit "L t'ere+ore, !oint) to8ard andN intend) to un"ei& an e#bedded &o(ic t'at en+orce) control" domination"N and e7ploitation dis*%ised in the lan*%a*e of sal#ation" pro*ress"N moderni2ation" and (ein* *ood for e#er one) 1'e doub&e re(i)terN o+ #odernit$Gco&onia&it$ 'a), !er'a!), ne"er been a) c&ear a) itN 'a) been recent&$ under t'e
ad#ini)tration o+ US !re)ident 7eor(e N *A Bu)'A
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MUHS
Economic !ssimilation
I J The act of assimilatin* a co%ntr into o%r economic s stem la s the framework for colonialit :s control o#er these nations 9orcin* a nation to adapt and controllin* its f%t%re" insertin* the lo*ic and market orientations of 4ccidentalism More so" these processes are em(odied ( the people of these co%ntries" at the micro le#el" ens%rin* a more harmf%l c%lt%ral and social adaptation to 4ccidentalism Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed -G?G1?A At t'e #eta!'orica& &e"e& at &ea)t, I be&ie"e it i) !o))ib&e to +ind in)!iration +or N inter!retin( t'e &o(ic o+ t'e)e #o"e#ent) in t8o do#ain)5 c$ber)!atia& !ractice), andN t'eorie) o+ co#!&e%it$ in t'e bio&o(ica& and !'$)ica& )cience)A :"er t'e !a)t +e8 'undred N $ear), modernit
and capitalism ha#e or*ani2ed economic and social life lar*el aro%ndN the lo*ic of order" centrali2ation" and hierarch (%ildin* Ht'i) a&)o a!!&ie) to rea&&$N e%i)tin( )ocia&i)#) +or t'e #o)t !artIA In recent decade),
c$ber)!ace Ha) t'e uni"er)e o+N di(ita& net8ork), interaction) and inter+ace)I and t'e )cience) o+ co#!&e%it$ 'a"e #ade N "i)ib&e a di++erent #ode& +or t'e or(ani2ation o+ )ocia& &i+e H)ee /)cobar, 2000, 200?bN +urt'er e%!&anation o+ t'i) #ode& and additiona& re+erence)T 0e&tonen, 200? +or anN a!!&ication o+ co#!&e%it$ to a !articu&ar )ocia& #o"e#ent in Fin&andIA In ter#) o+ N co#!&e%it$ in !articu&ar, ants"
swarmin* molds" cities" certain markets, +or in)tance,N e7hi(it what scientists call Kcomple7 adapti#e (eha#iorA; HTho%sands of in#isi(le sin*lecelled N mold %nits occasionall coalesce into a swarm and create a #isi(le lar*e mold) AntN co&onie) de"e&o!ed o"er a &on( ti#e )!an 8it' no centra& !ace#akerA Medie#al marketsN linked efficientl m riad prod%cers and cons%mers with prices settin* themsel#es in aN wa that was %nderstood locall AI In t'i) t$!e o+ )ituation, simple (e*innin*s lead toN comple7 entities" witho%t the e7istence of a master plan or central intelli*ence plannin* N it) The are (ottom+%p processes" where a*ents workin* at one IlocalJ scale prod%ceN (eha#ior and forms at hi*her scales HeA(A, t'e (reat anti3(&oba&i2ation de#on)tration) o+N t'e &a)t +e8 $ear)IA Si#!&e ru&e) at one &e"e& (i"e ri)e to )o!'i)tication and co#!&e%it$ atN anot'er &e"e& t'rou(' 8'at i) ca&&ed e#er(ence5 the fact that the actions of m%ltipleN a*ents interactin* d namicall and followin* local r%les rather than top+down commandsN res%lt in #isi(le macro+(eha#ior or str%ct%res) .ome times these s stems are Kadapti#eLO N the learn o#er time" respondin* more effecti#el to the chan*in* needs of theirN en#ironment)
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MUHS
Economics General
I J The de#elopment of economic *rowth is the lar*est dri#e in the domination of ,atin !merica and coloni2ation 4nl decoloniali2ation sol#es this epistemic pro(lem !ND !ll of o%r e#idence is (ased off the f%ndamental ass%mption of capital and #al%e dri#in* e#er thin* This calls the str%ct%ral inte*rit of o%r e#idence into 3%estion Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
Glo(ali2ation st%dies" political+econom paradi*ms and world+s stemN anal sis" with onl a few e7ceptions" ha#e not deri#ed the epistemolo*ical andN theoretical implications of the epistemic criti3%e comin* from s%(altern locations inN the colonial di#ide and e%!re))ed in acade#ia t'rou(' et'nic )tudie) and 8o#anN )tudie)A The still contin%e to prod%ce knowled*e from the Western man Kpoint 2eroLN *od+e e #iew) This has led to important pro(lems in the wa we concept%ali2e *lo(alN capitalism and the Kworld+s stem)L These concepts are in need of decoloni2ation andN this can onl (e achie#ed with a decolonial epistemolo* that o#ertl ass%mes aN decolonial *eopolitics and (od +politics of knowled*e as points of depart%re to aN radical criti3%e) 1'e +o&&o8in( e%a#!&e) can i&&u)trate t'i) !ointAN If we anal 2e the E%ropean colonial e7pansion from a E%rocentric point ofN #iew" what we *et is a pict%re in which the ori*ins of the so+called capitalist worlds stemN are primaril prod%ced ( the inter+imperial competition amon* E%ropeanN Empires) The primar moti#e for this e7pansion was to find shorter ro%tes to theN East" which let accidentall to the so+called disco#er and" e#ent%al" .panish andN Port%*%ese coloni2ation o+ t'e A#erica)A Fro# t'i) !oint o+ "ie8, the capitalist worlds stemN wo%ld (e primaril an economic s stem that determine the (eha#ior of theN ma6or social actors ( the economic lo*ic of makin* profits as manifested in theN e7traction of s%rpl%s #al%e and the ceaseless acc%m%lation of capital at a worldscaleAN Moreo"er, the concept of capitalism implied in this perspecti#e pri#ile*esN economic relations o#er other social relations) Accordin(&$" the transformation in theN relations of prod%ction prod%ces a new class str%ct%re t pical of capitalism asN opposed to other social s stems and other forms of domination) 'lass anal sis andN economic str%ct%ral transformations are pri#ile*ed o#er other power relations)
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MUHS
Economic 'ollapse
9irst" The economic narrati#e a(o%t =*lo(al economic collapse= %sed in the <ac is desi*ned to incenti#i2e s%(alterans" specificall woman to adopt Western #al%es and train them to others This reprod%ces reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it in o%r c%lt%ral nationalism .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012
There is a difference" almost a fract%re" (etween *lo(alit and de#elopment on the one hand" and immi*ration and m%ltic%lt%ralism on the other The located *endered s%(altern" often less #icio%sl *endered than the %nderclass mi*rant" (%t facin* the *lo(al directl " falls thro%*h the fract%re The %pper+class" h (rid female is" first" =woman= for the international ci#il societ ser#in* toda -s =economic citi2en=+the finance capital market in the (%siness of de#elopment) .econdl " she is =woman= as s%(6ect of postcolonial" m%ltic%lt%ralist theor ) !nd finall " she is =woman= as trainer of other women to (ecome =woman"= eli*i(le for (ene#olence" for =de#elopment= coded loosel as ethical+political action) It is in the interest of the coalition (etween these women and metropolitan feminism that we are o(li*ed toda to for*et the economic narrati#e) These women ori*inall from the *lo(al .o%th" the h (rid postmodern North are indistin*%isha(le from the indi*eno%s elite women of the .o%th %pon whom" ( a cr%de and classless theor of national identit and the %ni#ersalist politics of feminist solidarit that is hand+in+*lo#e with (iased c%lt%ral relati#ism" the donor a*encies are rel in* more and more A 18ent$3+i"e $ear) a(o, Sa#ir A#in, 8ritin( about
8'at 'e ca&&ed OLe"antine #erc'ant !rince),O #entioned t'e di++icu&t$ o+ a))i(nin( a countr$ to t'e#A 1'e)e 8o#en are t'eir #odern ideo&o(ica&
Their economic co%nterparts" female and male" with the *lass ceilin* and the fe%dalism of heterose7ist =lo#e= worked in" are the secessionist comm%nit descri(ed ( Ro(ert Reich)
counter!art)A
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MUHS
Econom U.
I J ,atin !merica is the colonial test kitchen where the U).) de#elops neoli(eral economic polic that promises indi#id%al ri*hts" (%t onl as lon* as the are economicall profita(le) 'reatin* de(t c cles ( pro#idin* economic assistance leads to reliance" which reinforces U).) colonial he*emon 1!RDER" <H QDanie&, De!art#ent o+ 0o&itica& Studie) X 0ub&ic Ad#ini)tration, A#erican Uni"er)it$ o+ BeirutT 9A#erican He(e#on$
Co#e) Ho#e5 1'e C'i&ean Laborator$ and t'e .eo&ibera&i2ation o+ t'e United State); Ma$, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political ?FH2IS
The !merican+led li(eral order" and its reassertion of he*emon in t'e 1,F0), was in +act predicated %pon the #er need RRto discipline and coerce weaker states" partic%larl in ,atin !merica and t'e Midd&e /a)t44aa) Ikenberr$ 8rite)athro%*h political and economic meansA The de(t crises of the <EGDs were part of this capacit to disciplineA Ho8e"er, t'e)e cri)e), c'aracteri2ed a) 8e&&
b$ t'e e%!&o)i"e de"e&o!#ent o+ +inancia& )ecuriti2ation and t'e !ro&i+eration o+ a))et bubb&e), re!re)ent) 8'at Arri('i ca&&) a ZZ)i(na& cri)i)44 o+ t'e ZZdo#inant re(i#e o+ accu#u&ation44 o+ t'e A#erican !o)t@)econd 8or&d 8ar orderA D? !
si*nal crisis si*nifies a RRdeeper %nderl in* s stemic crisis:: when leadin* capitalist entities (e*in switchin* their economic acti#ities awa from prod%ction and trade to RRfinancial intermediation and spec%lationA44 DB
1'i) initia& #o"e +ro# in"e)t#ent in #ateria& !roduction to t'e +ictitiou) 8or&d o+ +inancia& )!ecu&ation and en(ineerin( initia&&$ +ore)ta&&) and en'ance) t'e ca!acit$ +or 8ea&t' (eneration +or a certain c&a))A .onet'e&e)), it cannot e#bod$ a &a)tin( re)o&ution o+ t'e under&$in( contradiction)A ZZ:n t'e contrar$,44 a) Arri('i 8rite), ZZit
has alwa s (een the pream(le to a deepenin* of the crisis and to the e#ent%al s%persession of the still dominant re*ime of acc%m%lation ( a new oneA44 DD *'at Arri('i ca&&) t'e ZZter#ina& cri)i)44 i) t'en t'e ZZend o+ t'e &on( centur$ t'at enco#!a))e) t'e ri)e, +u&& e%!an)ion, and de#i)e o+ t'at re(i#e44a8'at i) !otentia&&$ occurrin( toda$A DE The si*nal crisis of !merican political and economic he*emon pro#oked a set of policies to enhance capital acc%m%lations (eneficial to !merican (%siness and state to the detriment of the *lo(al .o%thA *'at Ikenberr$ )ee) a) A#erican
be'a"ior bein( ZZcrude&$ i#!eria&44 in certain conte%t) 8a) in +act t'e 8a$ o+ #aintainin( and rein"i(oratin( internationa& +or#) o+ ca!ita& accu#u&ation +or t'e bene+it o+ A#erican 'e(e#on$ and it) a&&ie)A A) I 8i&& )'o8 in t'e &a)t )ection o+ t'i) c'a!ter, this
manifestl neo+imperial economic order was not onl meant to (e applica(le thro%*ho%t the *lo(al .o%thT the ea(an31'atc'er co%nter re#ol%tion was also an internal re#ol%tion that adapted some of the e7periences and practices de#eloped in the *lo(al peripher to reinforce !merican he*emon at home and a(roadA
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MUHS
Econom World
I J The s stem of capital lo*ic on the *lo(al scale creates a hierarch of tho%*ht and c%lt%re that led" #er directl " to the coloni2ation of the !mericas and the perpet%ation" toda " of postcolonialism !ND Their e#idence is not *oin* to call into 3%estion this form of lo*ic It is st%ck in the red%ctionist perspecti#e of the a(stract" not act%alit Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
0o&itica& /cono#$5 1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(30o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A *it'out den$in( t'e i#!ortance o+ t'e end&e)) accu#u&ation o+ ca!ita& at aN 8or&d )ca&e and t'e e%i)tence o+ a !articu&ar c&a)) )tructure in (&oba& ca!ita&i)#, IN rai)e t'e +o&&o8in( e!i)te#ic >ue)tion5 Ho8 8ou&d t'e 8or&d3)$)te# &ook &ike i+ 8e N #o"ed t'e &ocu) o+ enunciation +ro# t'e /uro!ean #an to an Indi(enou) 8o#en inN t'e A#erica), to, )a$, i(oberta Menc'U in 7uate#a&a or Do#iti&a Barrio) de N C'un(ara in Bo&i"ia[ I do not !retend to )!eak +or or re!re)ent t'e !er)!ecti"e o+ N t'e)e indi(enou) 8o#enA *'at I atte#!t to do i) to )'i+t t'e &ocation +ro# 8'ic' N t'e)e !aradi(#) are t'inkin(A The
first implication of shiftin* o%r *eopolitics ofN knowled*e is that what arri#ed in the !mericas in the late fifteenth cent%r was notN onl an economic s stem of capital and la(or for the prod%ction of commodities to (eN sold for a profit in the world market) This was a cr%cial part of" but 8a) not t'e )o&eN e&e#ent in, the entan*led Kpacka*e)L What arri#ed in the !mericas was a (roaderN and wider entan*led power str%ct%re that an economic red%ctionist perspecti#e ofN the world+s stem is %na(le to acco%nt forA Fro# t'e )tructura& &ocation o+ anN indi(enou) 8o#an in t'e A#erica), what arri#ed was a more comple7 world+s stemN than what political+econom paradi*ms and world+s stem anal sis portrait) !N E%ropean?capitalist?militar ?'hristian?patriarchal?white?heterose7%al?male arri#ed inN the !mericas and esta(lished )i#u&taneou)&$ in ti#e and )!ace se#eral entan*ledN *lo(al hierarchies t'at +or
!ur!o)e) o+ c&arit$ in t'i) e%!o)ition I 8i&& &i)t be&o8 a) i+N t'e$ 8ere )e!arate +ro# eac' ot'er5
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MUHS
Epistemolo* 'laims
I J The fact that the claim that some knowled*e is (etter than other forms of knowled*e is the #er (asic form of #al%ation that E%rocentric ideolo*ies %sed to force oppression and occidental tho%*ht" ( claimin* that s%(altern tho%*ht is not as #al%a(le as their E%ropean tho%*ht) Their answers on this flow pro#e their occidental approach and the link Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
This epistemic strate* has (een cr%cial for Western *lo(al desi*ns) 1 hidin*N the location of the s%(6ect o+ enunciation, /uro!ean?E%ro+!merican colonialN e7pansion and domination was a(le to constr%ct a hierarch of s%perior and inferiorN knowled*e and" th%s" of s%perior and inferior people aro%nd the world) We wentN from the si7teenth cent%r characteri2ation of Kpeople witho%t writin*L to theN ei*hteenth and nineteenth+cent%r characteri2ation of Kpeople witho%t histor "L toN the twentieth+cent%r characteri2ation of Kpeople witho%t de#elopmentL and moreN recentl " to the earl twent +first+cent%r of Kpeople witho%t democrac L) We wentN from the si7teenth+cent%r Kri*hts of peopleL HSe!U&"eda "er)u) de &a) Ca)a) debateN in t'e Uni"er)it$ o+ Sa&a#anca in t'e #id3)i%teent' centur$I, to the ei*hteenthcent%r N Kri*hts of manL H/n&i('ten#ent !'i&o)o!'er)I, and to the late twentiethcent%r N Kh%man ri*hts)L !ll of these are part of *lo(al desi*ns artic%lated to theN sim%ltaneo%s prod%ction and reprod%ction of an international di#ision of la(or ofN core?peripher that o#erlaps with the *lo(al racial?ethnic hierarch ofN E%ropeans?non+E%ropeans)
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MUHS
E3%alit Disco%rse
9irst" Disco%rse on e3%alit is a site for identit constr%ction that reprod%ces the representation that ca%sed o%r impacts while sim%ltaneo%sl re+entrenchin* the plan in a reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
H'tt!5GGr'i2o#e)AnetGi))ue1BG'onkanenA't#&A =CookAI Acce))ed FG21G12A Q1-S Disco%rses
on e3%alit are strate*ic sites that promote the iteration and repetition of *endered meanin*s) E3%alit disco%rses allow for the reprod%ction of raciali2ed national and *endered identities) 7enea&o(ica&&$ )!eakin(, +or e%a#!&e, Finni)' e>ua&it$ di)cour)e 'a) been a )ite +or identit$ con)truction +or !articu&ar kind o+ O8o#anO t'at )tand) in a !articu&ar re&ation)'i! bot' to t'e O#anO Ht'e Finni)' #anI and t'e nationA The histor of Finni)' women H8ritten in t'e 1,F0) and ear&$ 1,,0)I is a histor of e3%alit " (%t also of normali2ed heterose7%alit HHonkanen, 1,,-IA It i) a 'i)tor$ o+ #o)t&$ #idd&e3c&a)) 8o#enP) )tru((&e) to be ab&e to !artici!ate in 8orkin(3&i+e,
!o&itic) and education and t'e &i+e o+ t'e nationA :ne e%a#!&e o+ t'i) di)cour)e QBS i) t'e 8e&&3kno8n 1'e Lad$ *it' t'e Bo85 t'e Stor$ o+ Finni)' *o#an HManninen X Set_&_, 1,,0IA 1'e book dra8) t'e 'i)tor$ o+ t'i) Oe>ua& &ad$O, t'e &ad$ 8it' t'e bo8, a) +ar back a) to t'e )tone3 a(e, ar(uin( t'at a !articu&ar rock3!aintin( re!re)entin( a +i(ure 8it' 8'at can be read a) brea)t) and a bo8 !ro"e) t'at OFinni)' 8o#en a&8a$) 'a"e 8orked to(et'er 8it' Ot'eirO H'etero)e%ua&I #en HManninen X Set_&_, 1,,05 ,IA These ana&$2ed and decon)tructedA :t'er8i)e t'e$ will
representations )'ou&d be (enea&o(ica&&$ contin%e to (e %sed %ncriticall as part of a =politics o%t of histor = to u)e *end$ Bro8nP) +or#u&ation HBro8n, 2001IA These he*emonic representations" t'i) )ta(in( o+ t'e 8or&d, t'e)e !ortra$a&), ena(le the %nrefle7i#e identit politics o+ t'e e>ua& Finni)' 8o#an and %phold the pro(lem of political intersectionalit a) &on( a) t'e$ are not decon)tructedA Furt'er#ore, this politics is (acked %p thro%*h histor as et another *rand narrati#e ca&&ed Ot'e 'i)tor$ o+ Finni)' 8o#anO H)ee a&)o Honkanen, 200-IAN
Q1FS It )ee#) to be t'e !o&itic) o+ t'i) "er$ )a#e *o#an t'at i) ad"anced in recent di)cu))ion) on t'e Finni)' 8o#enP) )tudie) #ai&in( &i)tA 1'i) di)cu))ion 8a) )tarted b$ 0a)i Ma&#i, a re)earc'er on #en and #a)cu&initie), 8'o ca#e u! 8it' t'e ar(u#ent t'at certain +e#ini)t di)cour)e) o!!re)) #en Ht'e &i)t3arc'i"e) are acce))ib&e and )earc'ab&e in Finni)' on t'e internetQDSIA 1'e di)cu))ion concern) 'o8 )!eci+ic H8ron(I !ortra$a&) o+ 8o#en a++ect t'e 8a$ in 8'ic' #en are )eenA *'at I )ee a) !articu&ar&$ te&&in( in t'i) 'eterocentric debate i) t'at a) &on( a) it +ai&) to na#e it)e&+ +or 8'at it i), it !roceed) end&e))&$ 8it' it) !roduction o+ (endered #eanin()A It a&)o !roceed) a) i+ it 8ere en(a(ed in a #ere&$ de)cri!ti"e enter!ri)ea8it' re)earc'er) atte#!tin( to de)cribe 'o8 cu&tura& #eanin() "ariou)&$ o!!re)) eit'er #en or 8o#enA N Q1,S 1'e 'e(e#on$ o+ t'e t8o3)e% #ode& in Finni)' e>ua&it$ di)cour)e a&)o &ead) to a )trident #enP) #o"e#ent in Fin&and t'at c&ai#) #enP) e>ua& ri('t)A
Their politics is framed within an e3%alit disco%rse and a two+se7 s stem) !ddin* hetero+ oriented men-s st%dies to the academic scene also stren*thens the nat%rali2ation of heteronormati#it ) It %pholds the heterocentrist white academic he*emon ( (ecomin* the relational and complementar co%nter force to the %ncritical =women-s e3%alit disco%rse)= Within this kind of e3%alit disco%rse women and men are %npro(lematicall seen as relational and complementar cate*ories)N 9irst" The disco%rse of e3%alit is still profo%ndl rooted in /%deo+'hristian ethics and the affirmation of specific forms of e3%alit are an attempt to reprod%ce the c%rrent code of ethics that is at the heart of o%r pro(lem 4nl the alternati#e sol#es Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
So t'e !rob&e#) concernin( +e#ini)#)P ot'er) are co#!&e% one)A 1'i) artic&e ai#) to di)cu)) ot'erin( in re&ation to t'e !o&itic) o+ re!re)entationA I di)cu)) "ariou) e%a#!&e) o+ +e#ini)t !ractice) b$ +ocu)in( on 'o8 t'e)e !ractice) ot'er a )ub)tantia& nu#ber o+ +e#ini)t i))ue) in t'e do#inant Finni)' e>ua&it$ di)cour)e)A :n t'e ba)i) o+ t'i), I ar(ue +or t'e bene+it) o+ a decon)tructi"e +e#ini)t !o&itic)abot' on a !ractica& !o&ic$ &e"e& and an acade#ic t'eoretica& &e"e&A I con)ider t'i) i#!ortant
the power to impose on people representations of themsel#es" or of others on their (ehalf" is intrinsicall oppressi#eO HBraidotti,
in order to take re)!on)ibi&it$ +or t'e !rob&e#) re&ated to re!re)entationa& !o&itic), )ince O 200E5 1?IA 1'eoretica&&$ #$ 8ork i) !redo#inant&$ )ituated a) !art o+ /uro!ean and .ordic t'eoretica& di)cu))ion) concernin( e>ua&it$ di)cour)e and inter)ectiona&
9eminists ha#e shown the pro(lems in#ol#ed in an identit politics H+or a di)cu))ion )ee 0'oeni% X 0att$na#a, 200EI and pointed at the %na#oida(le complicit we ha#e in the #er power we oppose) ! deconstr%cti#e politics that takes this criti3%e serio%sl needs to proceed thro%*h caref%l
t'eorie)AN QBS
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deconstr%ction of the #er disco%rses that it is constit%ted ( ) This ena(les %s to see and pro(lemati2e the e7tent to which o%r practices are constit%ted ( the political climate and *lo(al sit%ation we inescapa(l find o%rsel#es in) We ha#e to (e*in to deconstr%ct the neoli(eral indi#id%alist and /%deo+'hristian #al%es that o%r ideals and #al%es concernin* h%man ri*hts and e3%alit %s%all are (ased on, e)!ecia&&$ in an inte&&ectua& at#o)!'ere 8'ere t'e)e "a&ue) are con)idered
un!rob&e#atica&&$ O)ecu&arAO 1'i) not becau)e one 8ou&d 8ant to (i"e u! a&& "a&ue) and +ina&&$ beco#e )o#e'o8 O)ecu&ar,O but becau)e +e#ini)t), a) kno8&ed(e !roducin( and !o&itica& a(ent), 'a"e a&8a$) 8anted to !rob&e#ati2e our co#!&icit$ in !o8erA A decon)truction o+ t'e e>ua&it$ di)cour)e 'inder) a re+or#i)t a!!roac' t'at 8ou&d +ir#&$ !&ace one in)ide t'e !ara#eter) o+ t'e !articu&ar !o&itica& di)cour)e one o!erate) 8it'A Decon)tructin( t'e e>ua&it$ di)cour)e re"ea&) it) et'ica& rootedne)) in a =udeo3C'ri)tian "a&ue )$)te# and a &ibera& indi"idua& !o&itica& di)cour)e HBadiou, 200BIA />ua&it$ di)cour)e) are e))entia& )$)te#) o+ !o8er t'at
This kind of conte7t%ali2ation and *enealo*ical in#esti*ation helps when there is a wish to a#oid ind%l*in* in another (ranch of moral and reli*io%s =preachin*= directed a*ainst #ario%s othersA /%a#!&e) o+ t'i) kind o+ O#i))ionar$ 8orkO can be +ound in t'e
neo&ibera& #arket econo#ie) o!erate t'rou(' H1'ornton, 200E5 1DDIAN QDS r'etoric o+ 8e)tern and e)!ecia&&$ US ba)ed ci"i&i2in( !roJect), directed a(ain)t I)&a# or t'e #ora&i2in( !reac'in( in t'e na#e o+ e>ua&it$ and 'u#an ri('t) directed at
this moralism is promoted in the name of democrac " h%man ri*hts and God H)ee, +or We ha#e to ask in what wa s the #al%es that feminist critical thinkers and polic makers promote differ from the otherin* practices of conser#ati#e political a*endas) *e 'a"e to a)k t'i) becau)e 8e cannot (e (linded to the fact that o%r #al%es mi*ht take as their depart%re point the #er same disc%rsi#e settin(AN QES A&t'ou(' t'i) artic&e
IranA Ver$ o+ten in)tance, 7eor(e *A Bu)'P) !roc&a#ation on Hu#an i('t) Da$ 200BQ1SIA #ain&$ di)cu))e) e>ua&it$ di)cour)e), I )ti&& 8anted to )'o8 t'at a decon)truction o+ t'e e>ua&it$ di)cour)e and t'e t8o3)e% #ode& t'at it o!erate) 8it' i) an undertakin( t'at 'a) it) conte%t) a&)o on t'i) &e"e& o+ (enera&it$A It i) i#!ortant to rea&i2e t'at t'e !rob&e# o+ e%c&u)ion i) not Ju)t interna& to +e#ini)t di)cour)e) )uc'
It is not 6%st that e3%alit disco%rses can (e shown to operate thro%*h otherin* and e7cl%sion" it is also possi(le to conte7t%ali2e the %n3%estioned nat%re of the #al%e+s stem that e3%alit disco%rses and h%man ri*hts rhetoric =sprin* from=) E3%alit disco%rses , a) )uc', #i('t ha#e e7cl%sionar effects on a more *eneral le#el) These #al%es are also %sed to ad#ance oppression and warfare which makes clear that these disco%rses are not in an sense =innocent= or intrinsicall *oodAN Q-S De)cri!ti"e e3%alit research that onl portra s the sit%ation internal to disco%rse ends %p (ein* conser#ati#eA De)cribin( t'e )tatu) >uo 8it'in a re+or#i)t and con)en)u)
a) e>ua&it$A ridden O!ro(re))i"e t'inkin(O, a t'inkin(, #oreo"er, t'at doe) not conte%tua&i2e it)e&+ #a$ end u! uni"er)a&i2in( a 8e)tern &ibera& "a&ue3)$)te# in !rob&e#atic 8a$)A N QFS A (reat dea& o+ identit$3ba)ed e>ua&it$ !o&itic) )ti&& 'a) to )o&"e t'e !rob&e# o+ re!re)entationA Decon)tructi"e anti3re!re)entationa&i)# )'ou&d be )een a) a !ro+ound&$ et'ica& #o"e, one 8'ere t'e !ractice o+ decon)truction i) an attitude or an ideo&o($, i+ $ou 8i)', t'at )!rin() +ro# et'ic)A Braidotti ca&&) t'i) an et'ica& !ra(#ati)# HBraidotti, 200E5 1BI, and it i) connected to !o&itic) a) it i) t'e )ite at 8'ic' !o&itic) it)e&+ con)titutedA A !roducti"e anta(oni)# HBut&erI and t'e re+u)a& to O)!eak +orO )'ou&d be )een a) t'e !o)t)tructura&i)t !o&itica& and et'ica& )o&ution t'at it i)A Decon)truction i) #uc' #ore t'an a #et'od o+ in"e)ti(ationA 1'e et'ic) o+ decon)truction &ie) in t'e !ractice o+ decon)tructin( re!re)entationa&i)#A 1'i) i) t'e #ain #e))a(e t'at t'i) artic&e ai#) to co##unicateA N Q,S *it'in a con)tructi"i)t e!i)te#o&o($ I a)k 8'at e>ua&it$ di)cour)e) &ea"e un)aid, 8'at i) #ar(ina&i2ed in t'e# and 8'at !o8er #ec'ani)#) are e#bedded in t'e#A I do t'i) b$ decon)tructin( )o#e o+ t'e &an(ua(e t'at e>ua&it$ di)cour)e) circu&ateA I decon)truct t'e t'e#e o+ )e%ua& di++erenceA 1'e )uba&tern i) to #e a too& t'at I 'a"e u)ed to di)cu)) 8a$) in 8'ic' e>ua&it$ di)cour)e )!eak) it) o8n !o&itic) t'rou(' "ariou) :t'er) I u)e it a) a conce!t to o!en u! !o&itica& inter)ectiona&it$A N
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9eminism
9irst" The attempt to sa#e women in the world constit%tes a mindset of the masc%line" west sa#iors to the s%(altern women This reconstit%tes the reprod%cti#e heteronormati#e dri#e within the U." (%t also reinforces the need for the other to reprod%ce and contin%e their c%lt%re in a heteronormati#e fashion .pi#ak :EE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[, =cookAI To mark the moment when not onl a ci#il (%t a *ood societ N is (orn o%t of domestic conf%sion" sin*%lar e#ents that (reak the letter ofN the law to instill its spirit are often in#oked) The protection of women ( N men often pro#ides s%ch an e#ent) I+ 8e re#e#ber t'at t'e
Briti)' boa)tedN o+ t'eir ab)o&ute e>uit$ to8ard and noninter+erence 8it' nati"e cu)to#J N &a8, an in"ocation o+ t'i) )anctioned tran)(re))ion o+ t'e &etter +or t'e )akeN o+ t'e )!irit #a$ be read in =A MA DerrettP) re#ark5 O1'e "er$ +ir)t &e(i)&ation N u!on Hindu La8 8a) carried t'rou(' 8it'out t'e a))ent o+ a )in(&e HinduAON 1'e &e(i)&ation i) not na#ed 'ereA 1'e ne%t )entence, 8'ere t'e #ea)ure N i) na#ed, i) e>ua&&$ intere)tin( i+ one con)ider) t'e i#!&ication) o+ t'eN )ur"i"a& o+ a co&onia&&$ e)tab&i)'ed O(oodO )ociet$ a+ter deco&oni2ation5 O1'eN recurrence o+ )ati in inde!endent India i) !robab&$ an ob)curanti)t re"i"a&N 8'ic' cannot &on( )ur"i"e e"en in a "er$ back8ard !art o+ t'e countr$AOEFN *'et'er t'i) ob)er"ation i) correct or not, 8'at intere)t) #e i)N t'at the
protection of woman Htoda$ t'e Ot'ird38or&d 8o#anOI (ecomes aN si*nifier for the esta(lishment of a *ood societ which m%st" at )uc' in au(urati"eN #o#ent)" trans*ress mere le*alit " or e3%it of le*al polic A In t'i)N !articu&ar ca)e" the process also allowed the redefinition as a crime of whatN had (een tolerated" known" or ad%lated as rit%al) In ot'er 8ord), t'i) oneN ite# in Hindu
&a8 Ju#!ed t'e +rontier bet8een t'e !ri"ate and t'e !ub&icN do#ainAN A&t'ou(' Foucau&tP) 'i)torica& narrati"e, +ocu)in( )o&e&$ on *e)tern N /uro!e, )ee) #ere&$ a to&erance +or t'e cri#ina& antedatin( t'e de"e&o!#ent N o+ cri#ino&o($ in t'e &ate ei('teent' centur$ H0C, B1I, 'i) t'eoretica&N de)cri!tion o+ t'e Oe!i)te#eO i) !ertinent 'ere5 OThe
episteme is the -apparat%s-N which makes possi(le the separation not of the tr%e from the false"N (%t of what ma not (e characteri2ed as scientific= H0C, 1,-I3rit%al asN opposed to crime" the one fi7ed ( s%perstition" the other ( le*al science)N 1'e &ea! o+ )uttee +ro# !ri"ate to !ub&ic 'a) a c&ear and co#!&e%N re&ation)'i! 8it' t'e c'an(eo"er +ro# a #ercanti&e and
co##ercia& to aN territoria& and ad#ini)trati"e Briti)' !re)enceT it can be +o&&o8ed in corre)!ondence N a#on( t'e !o&ice )tation), t'e &o8er and 'i('er court), t'eN court) o+ director), t'e !rince re(entP) court, and t'e &ikeA HIt i) intere)tin(N to note t'at, +ro# t'e !oint o+ "ie8 o+ t'e nati"e Oco&onia& )ubJect,O a&)oN e#er(ent +ro# t'e +euda&i)#3ca!ita&i)# tran)ition, )ati i) a )i(ni+ier 8it' N t'e re"er)e )ocia& c'ar(e5 =Gro%ps
rendered ps cholo*icall mar*inal ( N their e7pos%re to Western impact ))) had come %nder press%re to demonstrate"N to others as well as to themsel#es" their rit%al p%rit and alle*ianceN to traditional hi*h c%lt%re) To man of them sati (ecame an importantN proof of their conformit to older norms at a time when these norms hadN (ecome shak within) OE,IN
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9o%ca%lt?Power
9irst" 9o%ca%lt confines the decenterin* of the s%(6ect to the s%(6ect of the West" which pro(lemati2es the non+Western other as real and knowa(le) 9o%ca%lt makes it impossi(le to confer with the s%(altern in a disc%rsi#e practice" which ass%mes that the s%(6ect is alwa s alread the s%(6ect of the West) This t%rns the ; ( iss%in* a new power s stem and *%ts sol#enc " which reinstit%tin* an essentialist s%(6ect of the 4ther .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
1'e +ai&ure o+ De&eu2e and 7uattari to con)ider t'e re&ation) N bet8een de)ire, !o8er, and )ubJecti"it$ render) t'e# inca!ab&e o+ articu&atin(N a t'eor$ o+ intere)t)A In t'i) conte%t, t'eir indi++erence to ideo&o($ HaN t'eor$ o+ 8'ic' i) nece))ar$ +or an under)tandin( o+ intere)t)I i) )trikin( N but con)i)tentA Foucau&tP) co##it#ent to O(enea&o(ica&O )!ecu&ation !re"ent) N 'i# +ro# &ocatin(, in O(reat na#e)O &ike Mar% and Freud, 8ater)'ed) N in )o#e continuou) )trea# o+ inte&&ectua& 'i)tor$AF 1'i) co##it#ent 'a)N created an un+ortunate re)i)tance in Foucau&tP) 8ork to O#ereO ideo&o(ica&N criti>ueA Western
spec%lations on the ideolo*ical reprod%ction of social relationsN (elon* to that mainstream" and it is within this tradition that AIt'u))erN 8rite)5 OThe reprod%ction of la(o%r power re3%ires not onl a reprod%ctionN of its skills" (%t also at the same time" a reprod%ction of itsN s%(mission to the r%lin* ideolo* for the workers" and a reprod%ction ofN the a(ilit to manip%late the r%lin* ideolo* correctl for the a*ents ofN e7ploitation and repression" so that the " too" will pro#ide for the dominationN of the r%lin* class -in and ( words- Q!ar &a !aro&e=AO,N When 9o%ca%lt considers the per#asi#e hetero*eneit of power"Nhe does not i*nore the immense instit%tional hetero*eneit that !lth%sserN here attempts to schemati2eA Si#i&ar&$, in )!eakin( o+ a&&iance) and )$)te#)N o+ )i(n), t'e )tate and 8ar3#ac'ine) H#i&&e !&ateau%I, De&eu2e and 7uattariN are o!enin( u! t'at "er$ +ie&d) 9o%ca%lt cannot, 'o8e"er, admit that aN de#eloped theor of ideolo* reco*ni2es its own material prod%ction inN instit%tionalit " as well as in the =effecti#e instr%ments for the formationN and acc%m%lation of knowled*eO H0C, 102IA Becau)e these philosophersN )ee# ob&i(ed to re6ect all ar*%ments namin* the concept of ideolo* as onl N schematic rather than te7t%al" the are e3%all o(li*ed to prod%ce a mechanicall N schematic opposition (etween interest and desire) 1'u) the ali*nN themsel#es with (o%r*eois sociolo*ists who fill the place of ideolo* with aN contin%istic =%nconscio%s= or a paras%(6ecti#e =c%lt%re)= 1'e #ec'anica&N re&ation bet8een de)ire and intere)t i) c&ear in )uc' )entence) a)5 O*e ne"er N de)ire
a(ain)t our intere)t), becau)e intere)t a&8a$) +o&&o8) and +ind) it)e&+ N 8'ere de)ire 'a) !&aced itO HFD, 21DIA An undi++erentiated de)ire i) t'e a(ent,Nand !o8er )&i!) in to create t'e e++ect) o+ de)ire5 O!o8er AAA !roduce) !o)iti"e N e++ect) at t'e &e"e& o+ de)ire3and a&)o at t'e &e"e& o+ kno8&ed(eO H0C, D,IAN 1'i) !ara)ubJecti"e #atri%, cro))3'atc'ed 8it' 'etero(eneit$, N u)'er) in t'e unna#ed SubJect, at &ea)t +or t'o)e inte&&ectua& 8orker) in+&uencedN b$ t'e ne8 'e(e#on$ o+ de)ireA 1'e race +or Ot'e &a)t in)tanceO i)N no8 bet8een econo#ic) and !o8erA Becau)e
desire is tacitl defined on anN orthodo7 model" it is %nitaril opposed to =(ein* decei#ed)= Ideolo* asN =false conscio%snessO Hbein( decei"edI has (een called into 3%estion b$N A&t'u))erA /"en eic'
i#!&ied notion) o+ co&&ecti"e 8i&& rat'er t'an a dic'oto#$ N o+ dece!tion and undecei"ed de)ire5 O*e #u)t acce!t t'e )crea# N o+ eic'5 no, t'e #a))e) 8ere not decei"edT at a !articu&ar #o#ent, t'e$N actua&&$ de)ired a +a)ci)t re(i#eO HFD, 21DIAN1'e)e !'i&o)o!'er) 8i&& not entertain t'e t'ou('t o+ con)tituti"e N contradiction3t'at i) 8'ere t'e$ ad#itted&$ !art co#!an$ +ro# t'e Le+tAN In t'e na#e o+ de)ire, t'e$ reintroduce t'e undi"ided )ubJect into t'e di)cour)eN o+ !o8er)
9o%ca%lt often seems to conflate =indi#id%al= and =s%(6ectOTN10 and the impact on his own metaphors is !er'a!) intensified in hisN followers) 1eca%se of the power of the word =power"= 9o%ca%lt admits toN %sin* the =metaphor of the point which pro*ressi#el irradiates its s%rro%ndin*s)=N .%ch slips (ecome the r%le rather than the e7ception in lessN caref%l hands) !nd that radiatin* point" animatin* an effecti#el heliocentricN disco%rse" fills the empt place of the a*ent with the historical s%n of theor "Nthe .%(6ect of E%ropeA I IN Foucau&t articu&ate) anot'er coro&&ar$ o+ t'e di)a"o8a& o+ t'e ro&e N o+ ideo&o($ in re!roducin(
t'e )ocia& re&ation) o+ !roduction5 an un>ue)tionedN "a&ori2ation o+ t'e o!!re))ed a) )ubJect, t'e OobJect bein(,O a) De&eu2e N ad#irin(&$ re#ark), Oto e)tab&i)' condition) 8'ere t'e !ri)oner)N t'e#)e&"e) 8ou&d be ab&e to )!eakAO Foucau&t add) t'at Ot'e #a))e) kno8 N !er+ect&$ 8e&&, c&ear&$O 3once a(ain t'e t'e#atic) o+ bein( undecei"ed3Ot'e$N kno8 +ar better t'an Qt'e inte&&ectua&S and t'e$ certain&$ )a$ it "er$ 8e&&O N HFD, 20E, 20-IAN*'at 'a!!en) to t'e criti>ue o+ t'e )o"erei(n )ubJect in t'e)eN !ronounce#ent)[ 1'e &i#it) o+ t'i) re!re)entationa&i)t rea&i)# are reac'edN
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8it' De&eu2e5 O ea&it$ i) 8'at actua&&$ 'a!!en) in a +actor$, in a )c'oo&, Nin barrack), in a !ri)on, in a !o&ice )tationO HFD, 212IA This
intellect%al within sociali2ed capital" (randishin*N concrete e7perience" can help consolidate the international di#ision of la(or)
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General I,atin !mericaJ

I J The p%rs%it of the West to help ,atin !merican nations is merel an attempt to hide the responsi(ilit the West has for creatin* the conditions seen in the re*ion) This rhetoric of K%nderde#elopmentL and economic inter#ention into these pro(lem re*ions perpet%ate the *rowin* domination of colonialit Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+Q 0o&itica& /cono#$5
1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(3 0o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A A&t'ou(' t'e de!endenti)ta) )tru((&ed a(ain)t t'e)e uni"er)a&i)tG 4ccidentalistN
forms of knowled*e, t'e$ percei#ed t'i) knowled*e as a Ks%perstr%t%reL or anN e!i!'eno#enon of some Keconomic infrastr%ct%reL) De!endenti)ta) ne#er !ercei"edN t'i) kno8&ed(e as constit%ti#e of ,atin !merica:s political+econom ) 'onstr%ctin*N peripheral 2ones )uc' as A+rica and ,atin !merica as Kre*ions with a Kpro(lemL orN with a K(ackward sta*e of de#elopmentL concealed E%ropean and E%ro+!mericanN responsi(ilit in the e7ploitation of these continents) The constr%ction ofN Kpatholo*icalL re*ions in the peripher as opposed to the so+called KnormalLN de#elopment patterns of the KWestL 6%stified an e#en more intense political andN economic inter#ention from imperial powersA 1 treatin* the K4therL asN K%nderde#elopedL and K(ackward"L metropolitan e7ploitation and domination wereN 6%stified in the name of the Kci#ili2in* mission)L
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Glo(ali2ation
Fir)t" The form of *lo(ali2ation that the aff creates entrenches patriarch ( forcin* the woman adopt the he*emonic c%lt%re with her identit This is the (asis of reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012, 07 B23B? Cee!in( 8it'in t'e a&&e(or$ o+ t'e !roduction o+ t'e co&onia& )ubJect, 8it' )o#et'in( &ike a re&ation)'i! 8it' t'e i#!&ied reader o+ Briti)' &iterature, 8e )ee t'e or!'aned brot'er a) t'e +u&&3+&ed(ed +uture co&onia& )ubJect, #ournin( 'i) )i)ter3'i) !er)ona& !a)t3but encirc&ed b$ t'e )a'ibP) &e+t ar#, t'e ri('t i#!&icit&$ !ointin( to a 'i)torica& +utureA It i) S'o)'i, 'o8e"er, 8'o )u!!&e#ent) t'e !icture, c'oo)in( to re#ain in t'e )tatic cu&ture, 8'i&e )endin( t'e $oun( un+or#ed #a&e into t'e d$na#ic co&onia& +utureA A (endered #ode&, t'i), o+ t'e co&onia& reader, not >uite identica& 8it' t'e Orea&O reader and t'ere+ore, in a !atriarc'a& )$)te# o+ reckonin(, #ore &ike a O8o#anAO Ho8, t'en, can 8e con)truct a #ode& o+ t'e 8o#an or #an o+ t'e urban #idd&e c&a)), t'e#)e&"e) 8o"en and !atc'ed a) 8e&& b$ t'e )a#e )trand), o+ t'e )a#e )tu++, readin( in t'e e%citin( identit$3in3di++erence +ra#e o+ #ind, t'e )ubJect &aid out in t'e !a(e) o+ t'e )tor$[ A ric'&$ con)tructed, ric'&$ !rai)ed +e#a&e )ubJect 8'o c'oo)e) to re#ain 8it'in t'e indi(enou) !atriarc'a& )tructureT 8it' con+idence in t'e Ma(i)trate a) +o)ter3+at'er, anot'er #ark o+ 'er 'eroi)#A 1'i) i) t'e co#!&e% o+ attitude) t'at i) t'e condition and e++ect o+ an$ a!!ro!riate readin( o+ t'e )tor$A 1'e )tructure )ur"i"e)T Mad'u Ci)'8ar 8i&& not ca&& 'er)e&+ a O+e#iO ni)tO becau)e t'e 8ord i) too #uc' #arked b$ t'e *e)t, but 8i&& 8ork +or Hot'erI 8o#enP) ri('t)A, 1'e Ma(i)trate i) con)tructed a) a )ubJect 8'o #i('t be !ri"$ to t'e t'ri&& o+ t'i) a#bi"a&enceA 1'e !o))ibi&it$ i) &od(ed in t'i) e%c'an(e5 O1'e )a'eb a)ked, P*'ere 8i&& $ou (oAP S'o)'i )aid, PI 8i&& return to #$ 'u)bandP) 'ou)e, I 'a"e not'in( to 8orr$ aboutAP 1'e )a'eb )#i&ed a &itt&e and, )eein( no 8a$ out AA APP B$ contra)t, t'e nei('bor 1ara, 8'o o!!o)e) 'u)band) i+ t'e$ are )coundre&) at t'e be(innin( o+ t'e )tor$, and roar) out 'er ra(e at t'e end, i) di)!&ea)ed 8'en S'o)'i &ea"e) 'er 'u)bandP) 'ou)e to &ook a+ter 'er )ick brot'er5 OI+ $ou 'a"e to +i('t $our 'u)band 8'$ not )it at 'o#e 1H/ BU D/. :F /.7LISH B? do itT 8'atP) t'e !oint # &ea"in( 'o#e[ A 'u)band, a+ter a&&O 2FFIA 1'e Ma(i)trate HBrit LitI H!er'a!)I under)tand) be)t o+ a&& t'at S'o)'i #u)t )acri+ice 'er)e&+ to 'er o8n cu&ture, but take) c'ar(e o+ .i&#oni Ht'e inde+inite +utureIA A crude but reco(ni2ab&e #ode& o+ 8'at t'e Obe)tO #ana(e3)a$in( O$e)O and OnoO to t'e S'o)'i3+unction, a) it 8ere3in our Brit Lit c&a))e)A
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Good?1ad .tate
9irst" The depiction of *ood states and (ad states friends and enemies props %p state nationalism that is at the heart of reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atriC'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e 10GFG200FA In t'e #id)t o+ 8'at )ee#ed to be a di)a)trou) en(a(e#ent 8it' Ira>,N I 8ent back to readin( Martin Lut'er Cin( =rA4) ZZBe$ond Vietna#,44 t'e 1,E-N )!eec' 'e de&i"ered at i"er)ide C'urc' in .e8 6ork, a #inute4) 8a&k +ro#N 8'ere I &i"e no8A A(ain and a(ain in t'e te%t o+ t'e )!eec', I +ound DrA Cin(N e%'ortin( u) to ZZ)!eak +or t'o)e 8'o 'a"e been de)i(nated a) our ene#ie),44 N becau)e ZZt'e 'u#an )!irit Qdoe) notS #o"e 8it'out (reat di++icu&t$ a(ain)tN a&& t'e a!at'$ o+ con+or#i)t t'ou('t 8it'in one4) o8n bo)o# and in t'e )urroundin(N 8or&dA44 ZZHo8 do t'e$ Jud(e u)[44 Cin( a)kedA ZZ*'en 8e a)k 8'$N t'e$ do not &ea! to ne(otiate, t'e)e t'in() #u)t be re#e#bered,44 'e )aidAN It 8a) +ir)t in Ha8aii t'at I 8a) ab&e to connect #$ e++ort) to i#a(ine t'eN )uicide bo#ber 8it' t'e)e e%'ortation)A I )!oke t'ere o+ t'e +act t'at t'i)N re)onance 8it' DrA Cin(4) e++ort 'ad recei"ed 'o)ti&e re)!on)e) +ro# "ariou) N !er)on) and Journa&) and t'i) in it)e&+ 8a) cau)e +or a&ar#A I re+erred to t'e N )!eec' (i"en in /bene2er Ba!ti)t C'urc' in At&anta on A!ri& ?0, 1,E-, 8'ic'N contained t'e)e !o8er+u& 8ord)5 RRDon:t
let an (od make o% think that GodN chose !merica as His di#ine messianic force to (eMa sort of policeman ofN the whole world) God has a wa of standin* (efore the nations with 6%d*ment"N and it seems that I can hear God sa in* to !merica0 R$o% are tooN arro*antF If o% don:t chan*e o%r wa s" I will rise %p and (reak the (ack(oneN of o%r power): 44 I 8onderedae"en a) I re!eated t'e
a!o&o(ia o++eredN to DrA Mic'ae& Bernetai+ t'e)e 8ord) a!!&ied to t'e curtai&#ent o+ ci"i& &ibertie),N inc&udin( inte&&ectua& +reedo#, t'e e%acerbation o+ #i&itar$ !er#i))i"ene)), N t'e de+or#ation o+ t'e !o&it$ t'rou(' racia& !ro+i&in(, and t'e re3N de)i(nin( o+ t'e entire cu&ture +or t'e !re"ention o+ autoi##unit$, o+ 8'ic'N I )!oke in )ection 1ANI
pointed o%t that we are now so %sed to the idea that it is the UnitedN .tates: responsi(ilit as the new Empire to police the world that we 3%i((leN o#er containment or war" war o#er oil as opposed to a 6%st war" assassinationN as opposed to re*ime chan*e) I )'ared 8it' t'at audience #$ co##ent),N #ade to t'e t'en !ro"o)t o+ Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, a+ter
&i)tenin( to a cra2$N debate on Ira> bet8een A&an Der)'ko8it2 and 7eor(e 0A F&etc'er5N I +e&t t'at I cou&d not actua&&$ a)k on&$ a >ue)tionato an e%tent t'eN re)!on)e cou&d not co#e +ro# 8'at t'e debater) 'ad !re)entedA ItN 8a) !rett$ un)ett&in( to 'ear ZZIt i) )o#eti#e) better to do t'e ri('t N t'in( rat'er t'an t'e &e(a& t'in(A44 1'i) i) o+ cour)e t'e (round) +orN ci"i& di)obedience, but !reci)e&$ becau)e it i) ci"i&A We
cannot speakN of states operatin* in this wa ) When it comes to state practice" itN t%rns to #i*ilantism" precisel (eca%se there is no a%thorit to RRdiso(e A44N I 8a) a&)o a bit unner"ed t'at t'ere 8ere
'and) u! in t'e roo#N +or condonin( t'e ri('t ZZto ki&&A44 /"en one 'and u! +or t'i) i) unner"in(a N )ince 8e 8ere not )!eakin( o+ ca!ita& !uni)'#ent, 8'ic' I doN o!!o)e, but 8'ic' at &ea)t can be di)cu))ed 8it'in an idea o+ &a8AN It i) not correct to t'ink t'at, becau)e ZZina&ienab&e44 ri('t) 'a"e beenN a(ain and a(ain "io&ated, t'e$ do not e%i)tA Sure&$, the
differenceN (etween ha#in* tort%re warrants and ha#in* an indi#id%al policemanN decide that tort%re was oka is that the latter can (e p%nished ifN disco#eredF 1'e !rob&e# 8it' decidin( in +a"or o+ &e(a&i2ed tar(etedN a))a))ination i) )ure&$ t'at i+ a co"ert tar(eted
a))a))ination i) di)co"ered,N t'en, at &ea)t, in !er'a!) a uto!ian "i)ion o+ t'e ru&e o+N &a8, )uc' a t'in( can be retroacti"e&$ !uni)'ed[ It 8a) troub&e)o#e N to )ee 'o8 a debate !re)u#ab&$ on our ri('t to in"ade Ira> turnedN into )uc' a r'etorica& tirade a(ain)t 0a&e)tineA HHere I 8ou&d 8antN to u)e )tron(er 8ord)AI The
repetiti#e condemnation of PalestiniansN showed no a(ilit to ima*ine them in a material conte7t where IsraelN fi*%red as an thin* other than RRa *ood fi*%re):: 1'i) i) 8'ere 7eor(eN F&etc'er4) idea in o#antic) at 8ar, that romanticism was simpl aN #ariet of irrationalism" #a$ be >ue)tionab&eA?2 *e #u)t ca&& t'e (&a))N 'a&+ +u&& rat'er t'an 'a&+ e#!t$A o#antici)# 8a) a )trike +or a robu)tN
i#a(inationa+or #e, it i) )u##ari2ed in S'e&&e$4) re#ark, !reci)e&$N in t'e conte%t o+ t'e be(innin() o+ ca!ita&i)#, t'at ZZ8e 8ant t'e creati"e N +acu&t$ to i#a(ine t'at 8'ic' 8e kno8A44?? It
is the a(ilit to ima*ineN the other side as another h%man (ein*" rather than simpl anN enem to (e ps ched o%t" that is the *reatest *ift of romanticismAN *'at I 8a) )a$in( t'e ot'er da$ about the h%manities comes in here"N (eca%se this is the terrain where a solid *ro%ndin* in the h%manitiesN allows one to think the spirit rather than the letter of the law" andN not think of the ima*ination as mere %nreasonA A&t'ou(' I do t'inkN t'at
Mike Da"i), in 'i) ne8 book Dead Citie), i) )o#e8'at o"er t'eN to!, 'e certain&$ doe) 'a"e a (ood dea& o+ docu#ented #ateria& t'atN 8ou&d not a&&o8 u) to t'ink t'at 8e are abo"e t'e &a8 becau)e 8e N 8i&& ne"er be irre)!on)ib&e 8it' 8ea!on) o+ #a)) de)tructionA?B .ot N to #ention A(ent :ran(e! I (rant t'at I a# )o#e8'at out)ide t'eN (round) o+ t'e debate becau)e 'i)torica& e%!erience #ake) #e "er$ N unco#+ortab&e 8it' t'e !re3 co#!re'ended a))u#!tion on bot' )ide)N t'at A#erica )'ou&d t'ink o+ it)e&+ a) 'a"in( an i#!eria& #andateAN I ad#it t'at 7eor(e F&etc'er4)
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re!eated a))ertion t'at there
are noN *ood or (ad states" (%t e3%al states" can (e read as a 3%estionin*N of this pre+comprehensionAN It troub&ed #e t'en t'at t'ere 8ere )tudent 'and) u! in t'at La8N Sc'oo& auditoriu# condonin( #urder, a&beit to be carried out b$ t'e )tateAN 1'i) too i) a coerci"e rearran(e#ent o+ de)ireA !nd s%ch a possi(ilit N makes it necessar to call %pon the ro(%st ima*ination" once a*ain" toN %ndo the (inar opposition (etween (ad cop and *ood copMand remem(erN that the are (oth cops) The imp%lse to help ( enforcin* h%man ri*hts"N ( *i#in* thin*s" *i#in* mone " commodif in* literac " i*norin* *enderconscio%sness"N has a relationship with the imp%lse to kill) I >uote Cant5N ZZA&t'ou(' A A ) there can still (e le*all *ood actions" SifT ) ) ) themind:s attit%deN is ) ) ) corr%pted at its root ) ) ) the h%man (ein* is desi*nated as e#ilA44?D 1oda$,N 8it' t'e endor)e#ent o+ t'e a))a))ination o+ S'eik' 6a))in, the (ack(oneN of the r%le of law is (roken)
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He*emon
PPP!,.4 5I4,EN'E IMPM!'TPPP I J The new form of imperialism and control is economic he*emon " (%t the same #iolent" war+mon*erin* effects take place" destro in* entire nations" and s%(6%*atin* all who are in the co%ntries the U. tries to economicall en*a*e Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A Be+ore #o"in( on, it
is important to complete this ro%*h representation of toda :s *lo(alN capitalist modernit b$ &ookin( at t'e US3&ed in"a)ion o+ Ira> in ear&$ 200?A A#on( ot'erN t'in(), t'i) e!i)ode 'a) #ade at &a)t t8o t'in() !articu&ar&$ c&ear5 first" the willin*ness toN %se %nprecedented le#els of #iolence to enforce dominance on a *lo(al scaleO second" theN %nipolarit of the c%rrent empire) In a)cen)ion )ince t'e 1'atc'er3 ea(an $ear), thisN %nipolarit reached its clima7 with the post+E?<< re*ime" (ased on a new con#er*ence ofN militar " economic" political and reli*io%s interests in the United .tate)A In A&ain =o%e4)N H2002I co#!e&&in( "i)ion o+ i#!eria& (&oba&it$, 8'at 8e 'a"e been 8itne))in( )ince t'e N +ir)t 7u&+ *ar i) the rise of an empire that increasin*l operates thro%*h the mana*ementN of as mmetrical and spatiali2ed #iolence" territorial control" s%(+contracted massacres"N and Kcr%el little wars"L all of which are aimed at imposin* the neo+li(eral capitalistN pro6ect) !t stake is a t pe of re*%lation that operates thro%*h the creation of a newN hori2on of *lo(al #iolence) This empire re*%lates disorder thro%*h financial and militar N means" p%shin* chaos to the e7tent possi(le to the o%tskirts of empire" creatin* aN Kpredator L peace to the (enefit of a *lo(al no(le caste and lea#in* %ntold po#ert andN s%fferin* in its path) It is an empire that does not take responsi(ilit for the well(ein* ofN those o#er whom it r%lesA A) =o%e !ut) it5 9The world toda is %nited ( a new form ofN chaos" an imperial chaos" dominated ( the imperi%m of the United .tate), t'ou(' notN contro&&ed b$ itA *e &ack t'e 8ord) to de)cribe t'i) ne8 )$)te#, 8'i&e bein( )urroundedN b$ it) i#a(e)A \ World leadership thro%*h chaos" a doctrine t'at a rationa& /uro!eanN )c'oo& 8ou&d 'a"e di++icu&t$ i#a(inin(, necessaril leads to weakenin* states e#en inN the United .tate)athro%*h the emer*in* so#erei*nt of corporations and markets)LN H20025 -F, 21?IA
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Helpin* 'olonials
PPP! lot of the framework cards e7tend this ar*%mentPPP I J 9rom the perspecti#e of workin* for colonials" not from a colonial perspectives" epistemolo*ical t%rns sol#enc Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
0o&itica& /cono#$5 1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(30o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A In :ctober 1,,F, t'ere 8a) a con+erenceGdia&o(ue at Duke Uni"er)it$ N bet8een t'e Sout' A)ian Suba&tern Studie) 7rou! and t'e Latin A#erican Suba&ternN Studie) 7rou!A 1'e dia&o(ue initiated at t'i) con+erence e"entua&&$ re)u&ted in t'e N !ub&ication o+ )e"era& i))ue) o+ t'e Journa& ./0A.1LAA Ho8e"er, t'i) con+erence 8a)N t'e &a)t ti#e t'e Latin A#erican Suba&tern Studie) 7rou! #et be+ore t'eir )!&itA N A#on( t'e #an$ rea)on) and debate) t'at !roduced t'i) )!&it, t'ere are t8o t'at IN 8ou&d &ike to )tre))A 1'e #e#ber) o+ t'e Latin A#erican Suba&tern Studie) 7rou!N 8ere !ri#ari&$ Latina#ericani)t )c'o&ar) in t'e USAA Despite
their attempt atN prod%cin* a radical and alternati#e knowled*e" the reprod%ced the epistemicN schema of !rea .t%dies in the United .tate)A *it' a +e8 e%ce!tion), the prod%cedN st%dies a(o%t the s%(altern rather than st%dies with and from a s%(alternN perspecti#eA Like t'e i#!eria& e!i)te#o&o($ o+ Area Studie), theor was still locatedN in the North while the s%(6ects to (e st%died are located in the .o%thA 1'i) co&onia&N e!i)te#o&o($ 8a) crucia& to
#$ di))ati)+action 8it' t'e !roJectA A) a Latino in t'eN United State), I 8a) di))ati)+ied 8it' t'e e!i)te#ic con)e>uence) o+ t'e kno8&ed(e N !roduced b$ t'i) Latina#ericani)t (rou!A The
%nderestimated in their workN ethnic?racial perspecti#es comin* from the re*ion" while *i#in* pri#ile*eN predominantl to Western thinkers) 1'i) i) re&ated to #$ )econd !oint5 the *a#eN epistemic pri#ile*e to 8'at t'e$ ca&&ed the Kfo%r horses of the apocal pse; HMa&&onN 1,,BT odrV(ue2 2001I, t'at i), Foucau&t, Derrida, 7ra#)ci and 7u'aA A#on( t'eN +our #ain t'inker) t'e$ !ri"i&e(e, three are E%rocentric thinkers 8'i&e t8o o+ t'e#N HDerrida and Foucau&tI +or# !art o+ t'e !o)t)tructura&i)tG!o)t#odern *e)tern canonAN 4nl one" inaJit 7u'a, is a t'inker t'inkin( from the .o%th) 1 pri#ile*in* WesternN thinkers as their central theoretical apparat%s" the (etra ed their *oal to prod%ceN s%(altern st%dies)
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Homo*eni2in* '%lt%re
I J The ideas of national c%lt%res are adopted and twisted ( imperial powers to assert their dominance o#er those c%lt%res seen as different Mi*nolo :DZ Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Idea o+ Latin A#erica;, 'tt!)5GGcdnAanon+i&e)Aco#G1?B,0-?2B1,D?A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed
-G11G1?A 9'%lt%re,; in ot'er 8ord), created
national %nit 0 national lan*%a*es"N national literat%re" national fla* and anthem, etcA were allN sin*%lar manifestations of a Knational c%lt%re)L It ser#ed to name andN instit%te the homo*eneit of the nation+stateA Ho8e"er, in)o+ar a)N the term emer*ed in t'e nineteent' centur$ 8'en /n(&and andN France 8ere e#barkin( on t'e second wa#e of colonial e7pansion"N Kc%lt%reL also ser#ed the colonial p%rpose of namin* and descri(in*N those alien and inferior Kc%lt%resL that wo%ld (e %nder E%ropeanN Kci#ili2ation)L While E%ropean ci#ili2ation was di#ided into nationalN c%lt%res" most of the rest of the pop%lation of the world wo%ld (eN concei#ed as ha#in* Kc%lt%reL (%t not ci#ili2ationA 9,atinL !mericansN had a c%lt%re" created in part in complicit with the 9rench ideolo*%esN of K,atinidad"L (%t not a ci#ili2ation" since the ancient !2tec"N Inca" and Ma a ci#ili2ations were alread consi*ned to a for*ottenN past) 'onse3%entl " K,atinL !mericans were considered second+classN E%ropeans who lacked the science and sophisticated histor ofN E%ropeA Durin( t'e Co&d *ar t'at
i#a(e 8a) )ti&& in !&ace and itN 8a) e%tended to t'e entire 1'ird *or&dA
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H%manitarian !id
9irst" The %sa*e of h%manitar aid allows the U. to claim it is the sa#ior of the world This props %p state nationalism that is at the heart of reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atriC'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e 10GFG200FA In t'e #id)t o+ 8'at )ee#ed to be a di)a)trou) en(a(e#ent 8it' Ira>,N I 8ent back to readin( Martin Lut'er Cin( =rA4) ZZBe$ond Vietna#,44 t'e 1,E-N )!eec' 'e de&i"ered at i"er)ide C'urc' in .e8 6ork, a #inute4) 8a&k +ro#N 8'ere I &i"e no8A A(ain and a(ain in t'e te%t o+ t'e )!eec', I +ound DrA Cin(N e%'ortin( u) to ZZ)!eak +or t'o)e 8'o 'a"e been de)i(nated a) our ene#ie),44 N becau)e ZZt'e 'u#an )!irit Qdoe) notS #o"e 8it'out (reat di++icu&t$ a(ain)tN a&& t'e a!at'$ o+ con+or#i)t t'ou('t 8it'in one4) o8n bo)o# and in t'e )urroundin(N 8or&dA44 ZZHo8 do t'e$ Jud(e u)[44 Cin( a)kedA ZZ*'en 8e a)k 8'$N t'e$ do not &ea! to ne(otiate, t'e)e t'in() #u)t be re#e#bered,44 'e )aidAN It 8a) +ir)t in Ha8aii t'at I 8a) ab&e to connect #$ e++ort) to i#a(ine t'eN )uicide bo#ber 8it' t'e)e e%'ortation)A I )!oke t'ere o+ t'e +act t'at t'i)N re)onance 8it' DrA Cin(4) e++ort 'ad recei"ed 'o)ti&e re)!on)e) +ro# "ariou) N !er)on) and Journa&) and t'i) in it)e&+ 8a) cau)e +or a&ar#A I re+erred to t'e N )!eec' (i"en in /bene2er Ba!ti)t C'urc' in At&anta on A!ri& ?0, 1,E-, 8'ic'N contained t'e)e !o8er+u& 8ord)5 RRDon:t
let an (od make o% think that GodN chose !merica as His di#ine messianic force to (eMa sort of policeman ofN the whole world) God has a wa of standin* (efore the nations with 6%d*ment"N and it seems that I can hear God sa in* to !merica0 R$o% are tooN arro*antF If o% don:t chan*e o%r wa s" I will rise %p and (reak the (ack(oneN of o%r power): 44 I 8onderedae"en a) I re!eated t'e
a!o&o(ia o++eredN to DrA Mic'ae& Bernetai+ t'e)e 8ord) a!!&ied to t'e curtai&#ent o+ ci"i& &ibertie),N inc&udin( inte&&ectua& +reedo#, t'e e%acerbation o+ #i&itar$ !er#i))i"ene)), N t'e de+or#ation o+ t'e !o&it$ t'rou(' racia& !ro+i&in(, and t'e re3N de)i(nin( o+ t'e entire cu&ture +or t'e !re"ention o+ autoi##unit$, o+ 8'ic'N I )!oke in )ection 1ANI
pointed o%t that we are now so %sed to the idea that it is the UnitedN .tates: responsi(ilit as the new Empire to police the world that we 3%i((leN o#er containment or war" war o#er oil as opposed to a 6%st war" assassinationN as opposed to re*ime chan*e) I )'ared 8it' t'at audience #$ co##ent),N #ade to t'e t'en !ro"o)t o+ Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, a+ter
&i)tenin( to a cra2$N debate on Ira> bet8een A&an Der)'ko8it2 and 7eor(e 0A F&etc'er5N I +e&t t'at I cou&d not actua&&$ a)k on&$ a >ue)tionato an e%tent t'eN re)!on)e cou&d not co#e +ro# 8'at t'e debater) 'ad !re)entedA ItN 8a) !rett$ un)ett&in( to 'ear ZZIt i) )o#eti#e) better to do t'e ri('t N t'in( rat'er t'an t'e &e(a& t'in(A44 1'i) i) o+ cour)e t'e (round) +orN ci"i& di)obedience, but !reci)e&$ becau)e it i) ci"i&A We
cannot speakN of states operatin* in this wa ) When it comes to state practice" itN t%rns to #i*ilantism" precisel (eca%se there is no a%thorit to RRdiso(e A44N I 8a) a&)o a bit unner"ed t'at t'ere 8ere
'and) u! in t'e roo#N +or condonin( t'e ri('t ZZto ki&&A44 /"en one 'and u! +or t'i) i) unner"in(a N )ince 8e 8ere not )!eakin( o+ ca!ita& !uni)'#ent, 8'ic' I doN o!!o)e, but 8'ic' at &ea)t can be di)cu))ed 8it'in an idea o+ &a8AN It i) not correct to t'ink t'at, becau)e ZZina&ienab&e44 ri('t) 'a"e beenN a(ain and a(ain "io&ated, t'e$ do not e%i)tA Sure&$, the
differenceN (etween ha#in* tort%re warrants and ha#in* an indi#id%al policemanN decide that tort%re was oka is that the latter can (e p%nished ifN disco#eredF 1'e !rob&e# 8it' decidin( in +a"or o+ &e(a&i2ed tar(etedN a))a))ination i) )ure&$ t'at i+ a co"ert tar(eted
a))a))ination i) di)co"ered,N t'en, at &ea)t, in !er'a!) a uto!ian "i)ion o+ t'e ru&e o+N &a8, )uc' a t'in( can be retroacti"e&$ !uni)'ed[ It 8a) troub&e)o#e N to )ee 'o8 a debate !re)u#ab&$ on our ri('t to in"ade Ira> turnedN into )uc' a r'etorica& tirade a(ain)t 0a&e)tineA HHere I 8ou&d 8antN to u)e )tron(er 8ord)AI 1'e re!etiti"e conde#nation o+ 0a&e)tinian) N )'o8ed no abi&it$ to i#a(ine t'e# in a #ateria& conte%t 8'ere I)rae&N +i(ured a) an$t'in( ot'er t'an ZZa (ood +i(ureA44 1'i) i) 8'ere 7eor(e N F&etc'er4) idea in o#antic) at 8ar, t'at ro#antici)# 8a) )i#!&$ aN "ariet$ o+ irrationa&i)#, #a$ be >ue)tionab&eA?2 *e #u)t ca&& t'e (&a)) N 'a&+ +u&& rat'er t'an 'a&+ e#!t$A o#antici)# 8a) a )trike +or a robu)t N i#a(inationa+or #e, it i) )u##ari2ed in S'e&&e$4) re#ark, !reci)e&$N in t'e conte%t o+ t'e be(innin() o+ ca!ita&i)#, t'at ZZ8e 8ant t'e creati"e N +acu&t$ to i#a(ine t'at 8'ic' 8e kno8A44?? It
is the a(ilit to ima*ineN the other side as another h%man (ein*" rather than simpl anN enem to (e ps ched o%t" that is the *reatest *ift of romanticismAN *'at I 8a) )a$in( t'e ot'er da$ about the h%manities comes in here"N (eca%se this is the terrain where a solid *ro%ndin* in the h%manitiesN allows one to think the spirit rather than the letter of the law" andN not think of the ima*ination as mere %nreasonA A&t'ou(' I do t'inkN t'at
Mike Da"i), in 'i) ne8 book Dead Citie), i) )o#e8'at o"er t'eN to!, 'e certain&$ doe) 'a"e a (ood dea& o+ docu#ented #ateria& t'atN 8ou&d not a&&o8 u) to t'ink t'at 8e are abo"e t'e &a8 becau)e 8e N 8i&& ne"er be irre)!on)ib&e 8it' 8ea!on) o+ #a)) de)tructionA?B .ot N to #ention A(ent :ran(e! I (rant t'at I a# )o#e8'at out)ide t'eN (round) o+ t'e debate becau)e 'i)torica& e%!erience #ake) #e "er$ N unco#+ortab&e 8it' t'e !re3 co#!re'ended a))u#!tion on bot' )ide)N t'at A#erica )'ou&d t'ink o+ it)e&+ a) 'a"in( an i#!eria& #andateAN I ad#it t'at 7eor(e F&etc'er4) re!eated a))ertion t'at t'ere are noN (ood or bad )tate), but e>ua& )tate), can be read a) a >ue)tionin( N o+ t'i) !re3co#!re'en)ionAN It troub&ed #e t'en t'at t'ere 8ere )tudent 'and) u! in t'at La8N Sc'oo& auditoriu# condonin( #urder, a&beit to be carried out b$ t'e )tateAN 1'i) too i) a
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coerci"e rearran(e#ent o+ de)ireA !nd
s%ch a possi(ilit N makes it necessar to call %pon the ro(%st ima*ination" once a*ain" toN %ndo the (inar opposition (etween (ad cop and *ood copM and remem(erN that the are (oth cops) The imp%lse to help ( enforcin* h%man ri*hts"N ( *i#in* thin*s" *i#in* mone " commodif in* literac " i*norin* *enderconscio%sness"N has a relationship with the imp%lse to kill) I >uote Cant5N ZZA&t'ou(' A A ) there can still (e le*all *ood actions" SifT ) ) ) themind:s attit%deN is ) ) ) corr%pted at its root ) ) ) the h%man (ein* is desi*nated as e#ilA44?D 1oda$,N 8it' t'e endor)e#ent o+ t'e a))a))ination o+ S'eik' 6a))in, the (ack(oneN of the r%le of law is (roken)
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H%man Ri*hts Generic

PPPUse the Militar ?H%man Ri*hts ,ink for ,PPP 9irst" H%man Ri*hts are co+opted ( imperialists to enforce ci#ili2in* missions" reprod%cin* the nation in a heteronormati#e fashion .pi#ak &DDH 7u$atri, Inter"ie8 8it' Mi&e")ka, 9 e)i)tance t'at cannot be eco(ni2ed a) Suc',; Journal For Politics, Gender and Culture" 5ol &" No &" Winter &DDH
1'i) i) a "er$ i#!ortant >ue)tion5 t'e u)e o+ 'u#an ri('t) a) an a&ibi +or )e&+3)t$&ed #ora& entre!reneur), t'e )o ca&&ed #inoritarian)uba&terni)t)A And t'i) i) co#!&ete&$ &ike cra2$ ta&k, ab)urd to (i"e t'e# an a&ibi +or, $ou kno8 e"en in t'e o&d i#!eria&i)#, not t'e "er$ o&d, but t'i) i#!eria&i)# o+ t'e &ate nineteent' centur$ and t8entiet', $ou 'a"e t'i) idea o+ a ci"i&i2in( #i))ion, no8 $ou 'a"e t'i) #ora& enter!ri)e, and it )ee#) to #e t'at 'u#an ri('t) acro)) t'e board i) an a&ibi +or t'i) kind o+ inter"ention 8it'out an$ )ocia& contract, an$ de#ocratic !rocedure, I kno8 t'at t'e de#ocratic !rocedure i) too idea&i)tic to t'ink t'at t'ere i) an$t'in( in it but at &ea)t t'ere i) t'e "a(ue !o))ibi&it$ o+ a con)titution to addre)) 8'erea) t'ere i) not'in( in t'i) ci"i& )ocia& +oru# cro8d t'at are out o+ t'e #ora& outra(e and out o+ t'e +or#) o+ inJu)tice +ro# t'e U. countrie) in t'e na#e o+ 'u#an ri('t)A 1'e$ (o out to inter"ene 8it'out an$ kind o+ rea& !re!aration, 8it'out earnin( t'e ri('t becau)e t'i) doin( A(oodA i) >uite i#!ortant and i) in +act on t'e )a#e )!ectru# a) 7eor(e *A Bu)' (oin( out to ki&& !eo!&e to (i"e t'e# 'u#an ri('t)A And becau)e o+ t'i) )ocia& +oru# o+ +o&k) ta&kin( about )u)tainabi&it$ t'ere are connection) to bi( tran)3nationa& a(encie), t'e IMF, t'e *or&d Bank, )o#eti#e) t'e$ donAt e"en kno8 8'at it i) and )o#eti#e) kno8in(&$ t'e$ t'ink t'at t'i) i) (ood, t'at de"e&o!#ent i) +reedo#, t'at I t'ink i) a "er$ )car$ t'in(, )o I do be&ie"e t'at a&t'ou(' it i) not bad to u)e 'u#an ri('t) 8'en it i) a!!ro!riate, it i) #uc' #ore i#!ortant, t'at i) 8'$ I be(an b$ ta&kin( about re3in"entin( t'e ab)tract )tate a) t'e A)ite o+ con)titutiona&it$ in t'e (&oba& Sout'AA It i) #uc' #ore i#!ortant to t'ink about t'i) a!art'eid o+ !eo!&e 8'o 'a"e 'u#an ri('t) in t'eir 'and) and !eo!&e 8'o are a&8a$) "i)itin( /uro!eA I 8ou&d re+er t'e reader to read a !iece o+ #ine ca&&ed A i(t'in( *ron()AA It i) !ub&i)'ed b$ :%+ord Uni"er)it$ 0re)) in a book ca&&ed5 Human Rights, Human Wrongs. And I 'a"e a)ked :bradSa"ic to tran)&ate it and I 'o!e t'at t'e reader) 8ou&d be ab&e to read itA 1'ere I 8a) tr$in( to +ind a&ternati"e) +or 'u#an ri('t) a) a (enera& e%cu)e +or one (rou! 8it'out a )ocia& contract inter"enin( in a&& di++erent kind) o+ 8a$) in t'e re)t o+ t'e 8or&d and t'en reducin( t'e 8or&d into do#e)tic !o&itic) &ike re+u(ee) and i##i(rant)A
.econd" Their concept of h%man ri*hts is nonsense %nder heteronormati#it .pi#ak &DDH 7u$atri, Inter"ie8 8it' Mi&e")ka, 9 e)i)tance t'at cannot be eco(ni2ed a) Suc',; Journal For Politics, Gender and Culture" 5ol &" No &" Winter &DDH
7A SA5 6e) t'atA) itA !
wa of reco*nition that this h%man ri*hts (%siness is nonsense) 'o%ntr after co%ntr was forced to si*n this a*reement + the are *i#in* the carrot in which the are completel %ninterested" (%t at the same time holdin* the stick) Here I am tr in* to mer*e m #oice with o%rs) National li(eration is 4);) when it is onl a means" (%t once it (ecomes an end" there is no possi(ilit of decoloni2ation at all) In t'i) ca)e it i) ob"iou) t'at US i) treatin(
Macedonia 8it' conte#!tA
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Independence?Democrac
I J Independence is not so independent Economic s stems of domination still e7ist when states of ,atin !merica are p%shed into a lesser economic position as Western powers These new KindependentL trade partners are merel (ein* shaped into a new s%(ordinate position" perpet%atin* the oppression of colonialit Re6ectin* this m th is ke to tr%l pro*ressin* and sol#in* the oppression Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
The m tholo* of the Kdecoloni2ation of the worldL o(sc%res the contin%itiesN (etween the colonial past and c%rrent *lo(al colonial?racial hierarchies andN contri(%tes to the in#isi(ilit of Kcolonialit L toda A For t'e &a)t +i+t$ $ear), peripheralN states that are toda formall independent" followin* the dominant E%rocentricN li(eral disco%rses H*a&&er)tein, 1,,1aT 1,,DI, constr%cted ideolo*ies of KnationalN identit "L Knational de#elopment"L and Knational so#erei*nt L that prod%ced anN ill%sion of Kindependence"L Kde#elopment"L and Kpro*ressA; $et their economic andN political s stems were shaped ( their s%(ordinate position in a capitalist worlds stemN or*ani2ed aro%nd a hierarchical international di#ision of la(or
H*a&&er)tein, N 1,-,T 1,FBT 1,,DIA 1'e #u&ti!&e and 'etero(eneou) !roce))e) o+ t'e 8or&d3)$)te#, N to(et'er 8it' t'e !redo#inance o+ /urocentric cu&ture) HSaid,
a K*lo(alN colonialit L (etween E%ropean?E%ro+!merican peoples and non+E%ropean peoples AN 1'u), 9co&onia&it$; i) entan(&ed 8it', but i) not
1,-,T *a&&er)tein,N 1,,1bT 1,,DT Lander 1,,FT MuiJano 1,,FT Mi(no&o 2000I, con)titute reducib&e to, t'e internationa& di"i)ionN o+ &aborA 1'e (&oba& racia&Get'nic 'ierarc'$ o+ /uro!ean) and non3/uro!ean), i) anN inte(ra& !art o+ t'e de"e&o!#ent o+ t'e
J) In these KpostindependenceLN times the KcolonialL a7is (etween E%ropeans?E%ro+!mericans andN non+E%ropeans is inscri(ed not onl in relations of e7ploitation Hbet8een ca!ita& andN &aborI and relations of domination Hbet8een #etro!o&itan and !eri!'era& )tate)I, (%tN in the prod%ction of s%(6ecti#ities and knowled*e) In )u#, part of the E%rocentricN m th is that we li#e in a so+called KpostL+colonial era and that the world and, inN !articu&ar, metropolitan centers" are in no need of decoloni2ation) In t'i)N con"entiona& de+inition, co&onia&it$
ca!ita&i)t 8or&d )$)te#4) internationa& di"i)ion N o+ &abor H*a&&er)tein, 1,F?T MuiJano, 1,,?T Mi(no&o, 1,,D i) reduced to t'e !re)ence o+ co&onia&N ad#ini)tration)A Ho8e"er, a) t'e 8ork o+ 0eru"ian )ocio&o(i)t AnVba& MuiJano H1,,?,N 1,,F, 2000I 'a) )'o8n 8it' 'i)
we still li#e in aN colonial world and we need to (reak from the narrow wa s of thinkin* a(o%t colonialN relations" in order to accomplish the %nfinished and incomplete twentieth+cent%r N dream of decoloni2ationA 1'i) +orce) u) to e%a#ine ne8 deco&onia& uto!ianN a&ternati"e)
9co&onia&it$ o+ !o8er; !er)!ecti"e, be$ond /urocentric and 91'ird8or&di)t; +unda#enta&i)#)A
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Identit Politics
9irst" Policies that %se identit politics to at aidin* mar*inali2ed *ro%ps are %sed to chan*e the s%(alteran-s life in a wa that s%its the needs of the *lo(ali2ed world" reprod%cin* the pro(lem and reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it + empiricall pro#en .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012 1'e con)truction o+ t'e !o)tco&onia& )ubJect 8a) to code t'e +ai&ure o+ deco&oni2ation a) #u&ticu&tura&i)#, in #etro!o&itan )!ace, to race, it)e&+ re8ritten a) a +anta)#atic nationa& identit$ a) it) )ubJectA So i+ t'e +ir)t 8a) c&a)) t'e )econd i) race a) #u&ticu&ture3cu&tura& ri('t)A
Identitarian politics s%cceeds insofar as class and *ender remain s%(s%med to this notion of a national and postnational identit ) The constr%ction" on the other hand" of the *lo(ali2ed s%(6ect is thro%*h the man%fact%rin* of a *ender alliance) The female s%(6ect?a*ent of *lo(ali2ation often collecti#el le*itimati2es itself in the name of a *enerali2ed ethical a*enda) This is where she crosses the capital?c%lt%re aporia on the side of capital) $et to work for *lo(al 6%stice as a principle is as ri*ht a decision as to work for strate* +dri#en *lo(ali2ation) 1%t the interests of *lo(ali2ation from a(o#e and from (elow cancel each other) This too contri(%tes to the pro(lem of thinkin* ethics for the other womanA In 1,,F, .ationa& 7eo(ra!'ic )'o8ed !icture) o+ 8o#en )a&utin( t'e #a&e +ie&d8orker) o+ t'e 7ra#een Bank a) t'e$ "o8 not to
'a"e too #an$ c'i&drenA 1? *i&& #ain)trea# +e#ini)# e"er t'ink critica&&$ o+ t'i) #ode& o+ cu&tura& indoctrination, e"en a) 7ra#een (et) #ore )a""$[ Di++erent o++icer) o+ *o#enP) *or&d Bankin( re!eated&$ in"oke C'andra Be'n, a #e#ber o+ t'e ce&ebrated Se&+ /#!&o$ed *o#enP) A))ociation or S/*A, a) t'eir &e(iti#ationA At t'e )a#e ti#e, t'e$ )!eak o+ o!enin( Ot'e 'u(e unta!!ed #arket o+ !oor Sout'ern 8o#en to t'e internationa& co##ercia& )ectorAO *'en S/*A 8a) +ounded in t'e ear&$ 1,E0), /&a B'att, t'e +ounder, 'ad no )uc' a#bitionA O1'e *or&d BankP) QCon)u&tati"e 7rou! to A))i)t t'e 0oore)tS AAA a!!ear) to be narro8&$ +ocu)ed on #icro&endin( a) an end in it)e&+A And t'e #ean) to t'at end,
This was the placin* of the poorest women of the .o%th %pon the spectral *rid of finance capital) =Pa %p e#er week or else= is once a*ain the instr%mentali2ation of (od and the mone +form in the interest of the a(stract) .EW! had made the s%(altern women co+operati#e owners of their own (ank" precisel to ( pass the predations of commercial capital as the started life chan*es0 dri#in* ( strate* " not dri#en ( crisis mana*ement) Under t'e initiator /&a B'attP) +ierce &e+t3&abor 7and'iani)#, t'e +ree3c'oice cu&tura&3identit$ )&ot 8a) anti3Fordi)t, 'i3re&i(iou) HMu)&i#GHinduI 8orkerP) !ride, 8'ic' &a)t) to t'i) da$, a&t'ou(' one )en)e) a certain unea)e no8, a#on( t'e 8orkin(3c&a)) Hindu 8o#en, in !ronouncin( t'e O&a i&a'a AAA O3t'ere i) no 7od but 7od3t'e Mu)&i# credoA
critic) c'ar(e, #a$ do #ore da#a(e to Pe#!o8er#ent &eader)P &ike S/*A t'an (oodAO 1B
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International ,aw
I J International law de#eloped as a wa to 3%estion what to do with irrational and lesser (ein*s This epistemolo*ical framin* em(odies and perpet%ates racism and colonialit that strips (ein*s of #al%e Mi*nolo :DE Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 9Co&onia&it$5 1'e Darker Side o+ Modernit$;,
'tt!5GG#1Aant"i&&eAor(G)taticG#1G+i&e)G8a&terY#i(no&oY#oderno&o(ie)Yen(A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2EG1?A
It is not common to think of international law as related to the makin* of Rmodernit :AN I 8i&& ar(ue in t'i) )ection t'at international law H#ore e%act&$ &e(a& t'eo&o($I N contri(%ted in the si7teenth cent%r to the creation M a creation demanded ( N the Rdisco#er : of !merica M of racial differences as we sense them toda ) What toN do" .panish le*al theolo*ians asked themsel#es" with the RIndians: Hin t'e S!ani)'N i#a(inar$I and, #ore concrete&$, with their land> International law was fo%ndedN on racial ass%mptions0 RIndians: had to (e concei#ed" if h%mans" as not 3%iteN rational" altho%*h read for con#ersionA2F ZModernit : showed %p its face in theN epistemic ass%mptions and ar*%ments of le*al theolo* to decide and determineN who was what) .im%ltaneo%sl " the face of Rcolonialit : was dis*%ised %nder the N inferior stat%s of the in#ented inferior) Here o% ha#e a clear case of colonialit asN the needed and constit%ti#e darker side of modernit ) Modernit$Gco&onia&it$ i)N articu&ated 'ere on t'e onto&o(ica& and e!i)te#ic di++erence)0 Indians are" ontolo*icall "N lesser h%man (ein*s and, in con)e>uence, not +u&&$ rationa&A2,
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,iterat%re
9irst" The link is the aff-s speech act and the #al%es that it presents + each piece of literat%re has an implied reader who is forced to em(race the c%lt%ral #al%es of the writer perpet%atin* *lo(ali2ation and the eradication of s%(alteran c%lt%res This is the most (asic form of reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012, 07 ?E3?*'at i) t'e ba)ic di++erence bet8een teac'in( a )econd &an(ua(e a) an in)tru#ent o+ co##unication and teac'in( t'e )a#e &an(ua(e )o t'at t'e )tudent can a!!reciate &iterature[ It i) certain&$ !o))ib&e to ar(ue t'at in t'e #o)t )ucce))+u& ca)e) t'e di++erence i) not ea)$ to di)cernA But t'ere i) a certain di++erence in orientation bet8een t'e &an(ua(e c&a))roo# and t'e &iterature c&a))roo#A In t'e +or#er, t'e (oa& i) an acti"e and re+&e%i"e u)e o+ t'e #ec'anic) o+ t'e &an(ua(eA In t'e &atter, t'e (oa& i) at &ea)t to )'a!e t'e #ind o+ t'e )tudent )o t'at it can re)e#b&e t'e #ind o+ t'e )o3 ca&&ed i#!&ied reader o+ t'e &iterar$ te%t, e"en 8'en t'at i) a 'i)torica&&$ di)tanced cu&tura& +ictionA 1'e +i(ure o+ an i#!&ied reader i) con)tructed 8it'in a con)o&idated )$)te# o+ cu&tura& re!re)entationA 1'e a!!ro!riate cu&ture in t'i) conte%t i) t'e one )u!!o)ed&$ indi(enou) to t'e &iterature under con)iderationA In our ca)e, t'e cu&ture o+ a "a(ue )!ace ca&&ed Britain, e"en /n(&and, in it) tran)action 8it' /uro!eanne)) H#eanin(, o+ cour)e, *e)tern /uro!eI, He&&eni)# and Hebrai)#, t'e ad"ent o+ /ura#ericani)#, t'e trendine)) o+ Co##on8ea&t' &iterature, and t'e &ikeA O7&oba& /n(&i)'O 8a) not $et a !&a$erA :ur idea& )tudent o+ Briti)' &iterature 8a) e%!ected )o to interna&i2e t'i) !&a$ o+ cu&tura& )e&+3re!re)entation t'at )'e 8ou&d be ab&e to, to u)e t'e ter#) o+ t'e #o)t nai"e kind o+ &iterar$ !eda(o($, Ore&ate to t'e te%t,O Oidenti+$O 8it' itA Ho8e"er nai"e t'e)e ter#), t'e$ de)cribe t'e )ubt&e)t kind o+ cu&tura& and e!i)te#ic tran)+or#ation, a kind o+ u!8ard race3#obi&it$, an entr$, 'o8e"er re#ote, into a (eo3!o&itica& rat'er t'an #ere&$ nationa& OIndianO3ne))A It i) +ro# t'i) ba)e t'at A CA .ara$an can )!eak o+ O/n(&i)' in IndiaO a) i+ it 8ere a Jo&&$ )a+ari arran(ed b$ )o#e better3bred "er)ion o+ t'e India 1ouri)t Board and, con"er)e&$, it i) a&)o u!on t'i) ba)e t'at a critica& )tud$ o+ co&onia& di)cour)e can be bui&tA2 1H/ BU D/. :F /.7&iSH ?- It i) 8it' t'i) in #ind t'at #an$ deco&oni2ed inte&&ectua&) +ee& t'at t'e )trai('t+or8ard idea& o+ teac'in( /n(&i)' &iterature in t'e t'eater oR Reco&oni2ation continue) t'e !roce)) o+ !roducin( an out3o+3date, Bntt)' Counci&3)t$&e co&onia& bour(eoi)ie in a c'an(ed (&oba& conte%tA I a# not )u((e)tin( +or a #o#ent t'at, (i"en t'e t$!e o+ )tudent 8'o c'oo)e) /n(&i)' a) a +ie&d o+ )tud$ in t'e (enera& Indian conte%t o+ )ocia& o!!ortunit$ H8'ate"er t'at #i('t beI, t'i) kind o+ ideo&o(ica& !roduRtion i) )ucce))+u&&$ ac'ie"edA 1'e de#and +or a O(enera& cu&tura& !artici!antO in t'e co&onie) 'a) at an$ rate c'an(ed 8it'A t'e Adi)#ant&in( oR actua& territoria& i#!eria&i)#A 1oda$, t'e )tudent o+ /n(')' &iterature 8'o 1) t'ere becau)e no ot'er #ore !otentia&&$ &ucrati"e cour)e o+ )tud$ i) o!en to 'i# i) a&ienated +ro# 'i) 8ork in a !articu&ar 8a$A 1o #ake 'i#G'er t'e )ubJect o+ an Oae)t'etic educationO i) a !ecu&iar !rob&e#A It cannot be i(nored t'at t'ere i) a c&a))3ar(u#ent &urkin( 'ere, a&t'ou(' it i) con)iderab&$ c'an(ed +ro# #$ )tudent da$) in t'e #id3 to &ate 1,D0)A 1'e rea)on) 8'$ a !er)on 8'o ob"iou)&$ take) no !&ea)ure in /n(&i)' te%t) c'oo)e) /n(&i)' 'onor) are too co#!&e% to e%!&ore 'ereA At an$ rate, t'e c&a))3"a&ue o+ t'e c'oice o+ /n(&i)' 'onor) i) (endered, and i) di++erent accordin( to t'e 'ierarc'$ o+ in)titution)3in t'e #etro!o&itan, urban, )uburban, and rura& center)A 1'e )a#e ta%ono#$ a) it o!erate) a#on( )tudent) o+ /n(&i)' &iterature a) a 0a)) H(enera& )ubJect roundin( out t'e )tud$ o+ t'e Honor) )ubJect, or !art o+ a non3'onor) (enera& bac'e&orP) de(reeI and t'e teac'erP) acco##odation 8it'in it a) Brit Lit beco#e &e)) and &e)) nor#ati"e, are #uc' #ore de#o(ra!'ica&&$ and !o&itica&&$ intere)tin(A I 'a"e not t'e )ki&&) to )tud$ it, and )o 8i&& turn to a #ore &iterar$3critica& to!ic and return to t'e Oi#!&ied readerAO A) t'e $ear) 'a"e !a))ed, it i) on t'e )uba&tern e&e#entar$ &e"e& t'at I 'a"e con+ronted t'e i##en)e !rob&e# o+ t'e !re!aration +or an ae)t'etic educationA But I 8a) not to kno8 it t'enA 1'e i#!&ied reader i) i#a(ined, e"en in t'e #o)t )i#!&e readin(, accordin( to rudi#entar$ or )o!'i)ticated '$!ot'e)e) about !er)on), !&ace), and ti#e)A 6ou cannot #ake )en)e o+ an$t'in( 8ritten or )!oken 8it'out at &ea)t i#!&icit&$ a))u#in( t'at it 8a) de)tined +or $ou, t'at $ou are it) i#!&ied readerA *'en t'i) )en)e o+ t'e &atent de)tin$ o+ t'e te%t) o+ a &iterar$ tradition i) de"e&o!ed a&on( di)ci!&inar$ &ine), e"en t'e )tudent) H#o)t&$ 8o#enI 8'o co#e to /n(&i)' )tudie) in a )e&+3con)ciou)&$ !ur!o)i"e 8a$3a&& )tudent) at Mirandac Hou)e 8ou&d 'a"e to be inc&uded 'ere3#i('t )ti&& be o!en, under t'e be)t circu#)tance), to an a&ienatin( cu&tura& indoctrination t'at i) out o+ )te! 8it' t'e 'i)torica& #o#entA 1'i) beco#e) a&& t'e #ore dubiou) 8'en t'e be)t o+ t'e# beco#e !ur"e$or) o+ nati"e cu&ture abroadA
.econd" The !99s peda*o* allows for a lo*ic in which certain #al%es are e7cl%ded simpl on the (asis of the lan*%a*e %sed in con#ersation e7cl%din* the s%(alteran .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012, 07 B23B? 7ordi#er i) !&a$in( a 8'o&e )et o+ "ariation) on t'e to!o) o+ &an(ua(e) a) e!i)te#e)A 1o be(in 8it', t'e i#!eriou) (e)ture, o+ t'e !rono#ina& addre)) a) i#!erati"e5 O$ou,O but e"en be+ore t'at, and )urre!titiou)&$, t'e )udden incur)ion o+ M8a8ateP) Oin)ideO into t'e no"e&5 O7o, 'e 8i&&edO He#!'a)i) addedIA It re#ain) !aratactic3cannot be )ta(ed a) beco#in( )$ntactic in t'e 'and) o+ t'i) 8'ite aut'or 8o#an 8ritin( about a +e#a&e 8'ite !rota(oni)t, !reci)e&$ becau)e bot' are !ain+u&&$ !o&itica&&$ correctA 1'e )entence) can )tart on&$ a+ter t'at enab&in( )'i+ter, O$ou,O H)ta(ed b$ t'e 8riter a)I !ronounced b$ t'e i#!er+ect )!eaker o+ /n(&i)'A 0ut t'i) on a )!ectru#c o+ conte#!orar$ arti)t) u)in( t'i) to!o) in #an$ di++erent 8a$)5 1oni Morri)on, =A MA Coet2ee, 7ui&&er#o 7E#e230eiia, =a#e&ie Ha))anA?2 In t'e 'and) o+ a radica& creo&e 8riter &ike 7ordi#er, t'e i#!&ied b&ack reader o+ a 8'ite te%t cannot be in a )ubJect3!o)ition, not e"en a co#!ro#i)ed one &ike S'o)'iP)A 1'e te%t be&on() to t'e nati"e )!eakerA But t'e r'etorica& conduct o+ t'e te%t under#ine) and co#!&icate) t'i) a &otA 1'e de)ire o+ t'e radica& nati"e )!eaker i) in t'at )entence5 OS'e under)tood a&t'ou(' )'e kne8 no 8ordAO Ho8 +ra(i&e t'e &o(ic o+ t'at )entence i)T t'ere are no (uarantee)A It i) a) i+ t'e 8'ite #a(i)trate in Ot'e e&der )i)terO )'ou&d enunciate t'e de)ire +or under)tandin( S'o)'iP) a#bi"a&ence, 8'ic' t'e 8riter a) c&a))ed #a&e co&onia& )ubJect articu&ate) b$ 8a$ o+ t'e re!re)entation o+ 'i) )&i('t )#i&eA And in 7ordi#erP) te%t t'ere i) t'e )tron( )u((e)tion t'at rat'er t'an under)tand t'e OburdenO o+ M8a8ateP) 8ord), t'e !ecu&iar )ituation o+ bein( addre))ed b$ 'i# in 'i) ton(ue !roduce) in 'er an under)tandin( o+ a narrati"e o+, !reci)e&$, t'e
102 | A I D S
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in+e&icit$ o+ t'eir co##unicationA Hi) #ea)ure 8a) e&)e8'ereA OHe )!oke iR /n(&i)' 8'at be&on(ed in /n(&i)'AO =u)t a) M8a8ateP) )ubJect3)!ace i) )$ntactica&&$ inacce))ib&e in t'e r'etoric o+ t'e no"e&, )o i) t'e dubiou) a))ertion o+ Ounder)tandin(O un#oored +ro# t'e !a))a(e t'at te&&) $ou 8'at )'e under)toodA And, in addition, t'e #an )!eakin( 'i) #ot'er ton(ue3t'e ot'er ton(ue +ro# /n(&i)'3i) de&iberate&$ di)tanced b$ a #eton$# 8it' nature5 M8a8ate +&ickerin(, adJacent to t'e #oon and t'e !arac'ute )i&k c&oud)A 0ut t'i) on a )!ectru# 8it' t'e neat di"i)i"e &ocati"e) o+ nature and #ind in BinodiniP) )e&+3)ta(in(!
10? | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
Mar7?'apitalism ;s
9irst" !nti+capitalist mo#ements ine#ita(l fall into a sociali2ation of the female (od " a(stractin* la(or This specter ha%nts the worker and remo#es their s%(6ecti#it from the world Their alternati#e works in a s stem that reprod%ces itself a*ain and a*ain in the s%(conscio%s and the contin%ation of their s stem .pi#ak :EZ H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 97'o)t8ritin(;, =cookAI
I 8ou&d e%!and t'i), (
wa of a Mar7ist theori2ation of reprod%cti#e en*ineerin*N and pop%lation control" as the sociali2ation of reprod%cti#e la(or+power" not =theN femini2ation of la(or)=
H1'e none%'au)ti"e ta%ono#$ t'at )uc' a t'eori2ation 'a) N a&&o8ed #e, tentati"e&$, to +or#a&i2e in t'e c&a))roo# I o++er 'ere in )'ort'and, in t'e 'o!eN t'at Mar%i)t3+e#ini)t) acti"e in (&oba& econo#ic re)i)tance 8i&& be ab&e to re!roduce t'e N ana&$)i)A But 8i&& t'e$ be intere)ted in S!ecter) o+ Mar%[ At an$ rate, here
is the shorthandN ta7onom of the coded disc%rsi#e mana*ement of the new sociali2ation of the reprod%cti#eN (od 0 H1Ire!roducti"e ri('t) H#eton$#ic )ub)titution o+ t'e ab)tract a"era(e
)ubJectN o+ ri('t) +or 8o#anP) identit$IT H2I)urro(ac$ H#eta!'oric)ub)titutiono+ ab)tract a"era(e N re!roducti"e &abor !o8er a) +u&+i&&ed +e#a&e )ubJect o+ #ot'er'oodIT H?I tran)!&antN Hdi)!&ace#ent o+ erotici)# and (enera&i2ed !re)u!!o)ed )ubJect o+ i##ediate a++ectIT HBI N !o!u&ation contro& HobJecti+ication o+ t'e +e#a&e )ubJect o+ e%!&oitation to !roduce a&ibi) N +or '$!er)i2e t'rou(' de#o(ra!'ic rationa&i2ationIT HDI !o)t3 Fordi)t 'o#e8orkin(N Hc&a))ica& codin( o+ t'e )!ectra&it$ o+ rea)on a) e#!irici)t indi"idua&i)#, co#!&icated b$ N (ender ideo&o($IA It i) on&$ a+ter a di)cu))ion o+ a !o))ib&e ta%ono#$ o+ t'e recodin( o+ N t'i) )ocia&i2ation t'at I 8ou&d de)cribe t'e t'eatre o+ (&oba& re)i)tance 8'ere t'e)e i))ue) N are no8 !ara#ountAIPN Accordin(, t'en, to t'e )tricte)t Mar%ian )en)e, the
reprod%cti#e (od of woman hasN now (een =sociali2ed=+comp%ted into a#era*e a(stract la(or and th%s released into whatN I call the spectralit of reason+a specter that ha%nts the merel empirical" dislocatin* itN from itself) !ccordin* to Mar7" this is the specter that m%st ha%nt the dail life of the class conscio%s N worker" the f%t%re socialist" so that she can dislocate him?herself into the co%nterint%iti#e a#era*e part+s%(6ect Ia*entJ of la(or" reco*ni2e that" in the e#er da , e) )!ukt) It is onl then that the fetish character of la(or+power as commodit can (e *rasped and can (ecome the pi#ot that wrenches capitalism into socialism Qdi)cu))ed at (reaterN &en(t' in S!i"ak, :ut)ide 10- ++ASA HIt 8a)nPt Freud a&one3a) 7&a) in)i)t)38'oN )!ecu&ated 8it' t'e +eti)'AI Mar7 did indeed i*nore somethin*0 that the differantial pla (etween capital+ism andN social+ism was a case o+ a #ore ori(inar$ a(on5 (etween self and otherT
a di++erantiation N !er'a!) nece))ar$ +or t'e bu)ine)) o+ &i"in(, a di++erantiation t'at #a$ be de)cribed a) t'e N +ort3da o+ t'e (i+t o+ ti#e in t'e te#!ori2in(o+ & iRe) ARHFo#re , t'e (eniu) o+ Derrida i) t'atN 'e &ead) #e to t'ink t'i) a) no one e&)e can, e"en i+ 'e !er'a!) (oo+) a bit b$ !uttin( Mar%N do8n a) a c&o)et idea&i)t about Oe#!irica&O actua&it$, a&t'ou(' cann$ about t'e idea&i)# N o+ idea&i)# QSM 22D1AI 1'at ori(inar$ a(on co#e) c&eare)t in t'e codin(3t'e +i(uration33N o+ birt' and c'i&drearin(A H:nce I +ini)' t'i) !iece, I #u)t (et on 8it' a co##entar$N on Me&anie C&einP) tea)in( out o+ t'i) codin( QOMe&anie C&einOSAI Reprod%cti#e la(or isN (ein* sociali2ed and =freed)= H1'e Co&u#bia S!ectator a!!arent&$ ran an ad o++erin( 'i('N !rice) +or t'e un+erti&i2ed o"a o+ )tudent)A C'icken) 'a"e )u!!&ied t'i) co##odit$ N 8it'out con)ent or re#uneration +or )o#e ti#e no8A In Mar%ian ter#), do#e)ticated N !ou&tr$ i) in)trurnentu# de#i3"oca&e, do#e)ticated 'u#an +e#a&e) cau('t in +euda&N !attern) o+ &o$a&t$ He&aborate&$ coded b$ !)$c'oana&$)i) a)dee!3)tructura&I are in)'3u#enta N "oca&e, and t'e )tudent) are O+ree &abRr A O I PAR) reprod%cti#e
la(or is sociali2ed andN =freed"= it will (e %na(le to i*nore that a(on, +or t'e co##odit$ in >ue)tion i) c'i&drenAN If this la(or were to %se the fetish+character of itself as Ireprod%cti#eJ la(or+power IasN commodit J pharmakonicall to (rin* a(o%t *ender+ ne%tral socialism in its traffic"N e3%ita(le ( need and capacit " from a common f%nd" wo%ld that (e 6%st> 1'e i))ue i) notN )i#!&$ to 8ei(' in t'e ba&ance t'e !ain&e)) donation o+ )!er# +or )!er# bank) a) o!!o)edN to t'e !o))ib&$ !ain+u& donation o+ e(() +or t'e 'atc'erie), a) te&e"i)ion di)cu))ion) N in"ariab&$ e#!'a)i2e)=N .ince .pecters of Mar7 cannot (rin* in women" I will not p%rs%e this f%rther here)
10B | A I D S
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Me7ican 1orders
I J 1orders are a microcosm for U.+Me7ico relationship 4ne of E%rocentric" 4ccidental colonialit towards the KlesserL Me7ico
:&i"ia Wood, ,31?320<D, 6ear ? Sin(&e Honour) A#erican and Canadian Studie), 9An In"e)ti(ation into /%!&oitation o+ t'e Me%ican Fe#a&e Bod$ a&on( t'e UASA3Me%ico Border,; 'tt!5GG888A8o#enont'eborderAor(Gdocu#ent)G:&i"ia*ooddi))ertationA!d+, !A D?3D,, C0 /++ect on *o#en4) Bodie)5 9 a!e a) a 8ea!on o+ *ar;2E1 9alc\n
and others ha#e likened (order militari2ation to Klow+intensit +conflict I,I'JL militar doctrine" which in#ol#es %sin* non+militar (odies adoptin* militar tactics" tar*eted at ci#ilian pop%lations,2E2 and i) 9t$!ica&&$ acco#!anied 8it' a &ack o+ (o"ern#ent accountabi&it$A;2E? 4ne effect has (een to 6%stif the %se of #iolence when apprehendin* or detainin* immi*rants as a necessar tactic of war)2EB Furt'er#ore, Fa&cWn )u((e)t) t'at 9t'e e%ecution o+ LIC doctrine can create a c&i#ate conduci"e to ra!eA;2ED 1'i) i) becau)e, inspired ( a disco%rse and polic that constr%cts Me7ican mi*rants as a threat to national sec%rit " the 1order Patrol espo%ses an KR%s #ers%s them: philosoph L 2EE that inf%ses their enco%nters 8it' #i(rant) with hostilit ) Moreo"er, this Kcontri(%tes to the constr%ction of a raciali2ed enem L Ht'e i##i(rantI that has !articu&ar&$ (ecome associated 9with women:s (odies" which s m(oli2e a nation; IMe7icoJ)2E- 1'u), a&t'ou(' #en too +re>uent&$ encounter "io&ence 8it' border !er)onne&, women:s (odies in !articu&ar represent conflict (etween the U).) and Me7ico) Rape powerf%ll s m(oli2es their %ne3%al colonial relationship" as male (odies I!mericanJ are %sed to con3%er Iph sicall and s m(olicall J se7%ali2ed and raciali2ed female (odies IMe7icanJ) Fa&cWn conc&ude) t'ere+ore t'at Krape is a weapon of warL0 a Khe*emonic toolL emplo ed ( the U).) to wield Kpower and controlL o#er Me7ico)2EF This practice is 9)$)te#atic;, a) ca)e) are Knot random or isolatedL" (%t o+ten planned and Kinstit%tionall s%pportedL)2E,! final factor contributin( to Border 0atro& ra!e is the climate of h per+ masc%linit within the or*ani2ation fostered ( militari2ation) 1'i) i) d%e to the o#erwhelmin* male dominance of IN. personnel and the masc%lini2ed nat%re of militar doctrine and !ractice traditiona&&$A2-0 5iolence takes on a *endered dimension when male officers tar*et the weakest, #o)t e%!&oitab&e (rou! H8o#enIA 1 rapin* women" men demonstrate the power of the nation thro%*h ph sical domination, 8'i&e )i#u&taneou)&$ reaffirmin* their masc%linit " *ratif in* their se7%al desires ( a(%sin* Me7ican women:s (odies) 1'u) patriarch " h per+ masc%linit " nati#ism" and colonialism ha#e all helped ind%ce an en#ironment cond%ci#e to rape at the Me%ican (order) Ca)e Studie) Be&o8 I !ro"ide t8o e%a#!&e) o+ Border 0atro& ra!e to )'o8 'o8 t'e UASA4) !o&itic) o+ i##i(ration a++ect) t'e &i"e) o+ rea& 8o#en tra"er)in( t'e borderA =uanita 7W#e25 :n ? Se!te#ber 1,,?, t8ent$3t8o3$ear3o&d /%anita G\me2 and 'er +e#a&e cou)in, Ana, cro))ed t'rou(' a 'o&e in t'e +ence bet8een .o(a&e), Sonora, and .o(a&e), Ari2onaA2-1 A+ter #eetin( t8o #a&e +riend) at a McDona&d4) on t'e UASA )ide, t'e (rou! was apprehended ( 1order Patrol a*ent" ,arr Dean .elders) The officer detained the two women in 'i) "e'ic&e, 8'ere 'e 9a)ked t'e# i+ t'e$ 'ad !a!er),; 8'ic' t'e$ did notA2-2 He then threatened to take them to the station Kfor processin* and deportation to Me7icoL if the wo%ld not ha#e se7 with him)2-? The women declined Se&der)4 !ro!o)ition, followin* which he a&&e(ed&$ 9in)tructed Ana to (et out o+ t'e truck, and A A A dro#e awa with /%anita,; s%(se3%entl rapin* her)2-B A+ter8ard), /%anita went to the Me7ican 'ons%late, 8'ere Ana 'ad a&read$ re!orted 'er kidna!!in() 1oth women identified .elders in a photo line%pO howe#er" the detecti#es Kdid not (elie#e either of the women:s statements)L2-D 1'e$ a&)o a))ert t'at one detecti#e in3%ired if the were prostit%tes and threatened them with imprisonment)2-E =uanita reca&&)5 91'e$ treated #e a) i+ I
8ere (ui&t$ o+ )o#et'in(, not a "icti#A;2-- Hu#an i('t) *atc' re!ort) t'at 9+ro# t'e be(innin(, t'e 'and&in( and in"e)ti(ation o+ t'e ca)e indicated inco#!etence and bia)A;2-F Important
e#idence was lost" s%ch as .elders: clothes, a) police incompetence meant he was Knot picked %p for 3%estionin* %ntil a+ter E 0AMA, more than three
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ho%rs after /%anita reported her rape);2-, A&)o, 9!o&ice re!orted&$ )ei2ed t'e 8ron( Border 0atro& "e'ic&e, and 'e&d it +or
a 8eek and a 'a&+ be+ore t'e$ rea&i2ed t'eir #i)take, t'ereb$ en)urin( t'at a&& #eanin(+u& e"idence 8a) de)tro$edA;2F0 Se&der) re#ained e#!&o$ed 8it' t'e a(enc$ unti& 'e ne(otiated a 9no3conte)t !&ea; o+ t'e 9&o8e)t c&a)) o+ +e&on$ a"ai&ab&e,; )entenced to on&$ one $ear in !ri)on, and !aro&ed a+ter )i% #ont')A2F1 1'e ca)e re#ained under re"ie8 b$ +edera& !ro)ecutor) 'o8e"er and .elders &ater !&eaded (ui&t$ to c'ar(e) o+ ci"i& ri('t) "io&ation)A2F2 Hi) sentence
was onl fo%rteen months imprisonment and he Krecei#ed credit for time ser#edL Ha8aitin( tria&IA2F? Maria5 Maria was stopped ( 1order Patrol officer" ,%is Este#es in Ca&e%ico, Ca&i+ornia, on 1E Dece#ber 1,F,A2FB Este#es asked to see her papers and then in#ited her on a date t'at e"enin(, 8'ic' )'e cautiou)&$ acce!tedA Maria re!ort) t'at shortl after pickin* her %p t'at e"enin(, Este#es l%red her to his home so he co%ld Kchan*e his clothes"L soon after which he Ktold her she had to ha#e se7 with him)L2FD K9earf%l for her lifeL as Este#es had Kpositioned a *%n on each side of the (ed"L Maria complied)2FE S'e &ater recounted t'at /)te"e) 9+orced an obJect into 'er "a(ina, !&aced
'i) 'and) into "ariou) !art) o+ 'er bod$, ora&&$ co!u&ated 'er and +orced 'er to 'a"e intercour)e 8it' 'i#A;2F- Ho8e"er Maria did not )'o8 u! to t'e !re&i#inar$ 'earin( and con)e>uent&$ t'e c'ar(e) 8ere dro!!edA2FF Este#es
res%med Kacti#e d%t as an a*entL2F, %ntil he was arrested in <EE& after a&&e(ed&$ rapin* another woman, 9+ound (ui&t$ on t'ree count) o+ +e&oniou) )e%ua& #i)conduct, and )entenced to t8ent$3+our $ear) in !ri)onA;2,0 Ho8e"er he appealed and was 9ac3%itted on a&& c'ar(ed
in Dece#ber 1,,BA;2,1 /)te"e) actua&&$ 'ad a 'i)tor$ o+ "io&ence a(ain)t 8o#en, 8it' !a)t do#e)tic "io&ence a&&e(ation) and a re!utation o+ 9!rob&e#atic be'a"ior to8ard 8o#en ear&$ in 'i) careerA;2,2 Fa&cWn a))ert) t'at t'e I.S i) !artia&&$ to b&a#e +or a&&o8in( /)te"e) 9to co##it
The case st%dies ill%strate man elements of 1order Patrol rape) 9irst" the hi*hli*ht the s stematic nat%re of a(%ses" as (oth demonstrated an element of plannin*) =uanita, +or e%a#!&e, c&ai#ed .elders had seen the *irls crossin* thro%*h the fence initiall " (%t waited %ntil later to apprehend them)2,B Second, t'e$ re"ea& that rape is instit%tionall s%pported0 in =uanita4) ca)e a) police incompetence and indifference (oth hindered the in#esti*ation and %ndermined t'e inte*rit of her stor ) 1'e dist%r(in*l short sentences ser#ed b$ bot' #en, and the fact the contin%ed workin* as a*ents %ntil their con#ictions, a&)o raises alarmin* 3%estions re(ardin( t'e conduct o+ Ju)ticeA Furt'er#ore, a&&
#u&ti!&e act) o+ "io&ence a(ain)t 8o#en; b$ +ai&in( to conduct a t'orou(' back(round c'eck be+ore 'irin( 'i#A2,? Conc&u)ion t'ree re!ort) 8'ic' I 'a"e con)u&ted denounce t'e I.S +or inade>uate !re"ention and redre)) o+ abu)e) a(ain)t border3cro))er)A 0articu&ar i))ue) o+ concern are5 t'e )ub)tandard co#!&aint) )$)te# +or re!ortin( abu)e)T2,D !oor trainin( o+ ne8 o++icer)T2,E &ack o+ an inde!endent re"ie8 )ta++T2,- an en"iron#ent o+ inti#idation, di)coura(in( "icti#) +ro# co#in( +or8ardT2,F and
a Kcode of silenceL within the a*enc " deterrin* officers from testif in* a*ainst one another)2,, 1'ird, (oth men e7ploited their power as law+enforcement officers and the women:s con#erse #%lnera(ilit as H!otentia&&$I %ndoc%mented mi*rants Ha&t'ou(' Maria did 'a"e !a!er)I, in =uanita4) ca)e, threatenin* 'er 8it' deportation) This shows the disco%rse of U).) imperialism in practiceO the !merican male in power e7ploitin* the Me7ican woman:s inferior le*al stat%s thro%*h the se7%al de*radation of her (od ) La)t&$, it i) a&)o intere)tin( t'at a detecti"e in =uanita4) ca)e in#oked the moralit Iprostit%tionJ disco%rseO %sed as a tool of power (oth within ma3%iladoras to o(6ectif women" and in the official rhetoric s%rro%ndin* the m%rders in 'i%dad /%]re2 to 6%stif the crimes) 1'i) )'o8) t'at U).) personnel ha#e a&)o (een infl%enced ( the disco%rse, 8'ic' propa*ates a de*raded moral ima*e of Me7ican women in the (order" and 6%stifies t'e #iolence and se7%al oppression t'e$ +aceA It i) c&ear, t'ere+ore, t'at the IN. and 1order Patrol are in need of serio%s reform to address the corr%ption and imp%nit that contin%es to permit #iolence a*ainst women and a(%ses a*ainst people of ,atin ori*in in *eneral at the (order) De)!ite takin( )o#e )te!) to8ard) re+or# in re)!on)e to
!re))ure +ro# 'u#an ri('t) or(ani2ation), +or e%a#!&e +or#in( a 9Citi2en) Ad"i)or$ 0ane&;,?00 #an$ o+ t'e )u((e)ted initiati"e) 'a"e not been i#!&e#ented and t'e abu)e) continueA?01 1'u) it i) doubt+u& t'at t'e Border 0atro& i) &i"in( u! to t'e )tandard) it 'a) !roc&ai#ed5 9!ro+e))iona&i)#, 'onor, inte(rit$, QandS re)!ect +or 'u#an &i+eA;?02
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Militar ? Militar 1ases

I J The U. %se of militar (asis and militar e7pansion is merel the dri#in* force of modern colonialit " attemptin* to assert dominance o#er the colonial world" in the form of the aff Mi*nolo :DZ Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Idea o+ Latin A#erica;, 'tt!)5GGcdnAanon+i&e)Aco#G1?B,0-?2B1,D?A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed
-G11G1?A
.ome wo%ld sa H#ain&$ be+ore t'e ,G11 attack) on t'e USI thatN the U. was not an imperial co%ntr (eca%se it has no colonies &ikeN t'o)e o+ S!ain or /n(&andA This o!inion, 'o8e"er" conf%ses KcolonialismLN with ha#in* KcoloniesL in t'e )en)e o+ #aintainin( t'eN !'$)ica& !re)ence o+ in)titution), ad#ini)trator), and ar#ie) in t'eN co&oni2ed countr$ or re(ionA !nd it con+u)e) a&)o KcolonialismL withN Kcolonialit )L 'olonialit is the lo*ic of domination in the modern?N colonial world, be$ond t'e +act t'at t'e i#!eria&Gco&onia& countr$N 8a) once S!ain, t'en /n(&and and now the U.) Modern technolo* "N alon*side political and economic restr%ct%rin* in the second half ofN the twentieth cent%r " 'a) #ade it unnece))ar$ to co&oni2e in t'eN o&d, #ore ob"iou), #annerA Sti&&, the U. doe) in +act maintain militar N (ases in strate*ic parts of the world HeA(A, t'e Midd&e /a)t andN Sout' A#ericaIA Like8i)e, the occ%pation of Ira3 and conse3%entN press%re ( the U. for the appointment of a *o#ernment fa#ora(leN to imperialist power reflects a clear method of colonialism toda AN A+ter ,G11, &ibera& "oice) in t'e US be(an to reco(ni2e t'at i#!eria&i)#N 8a) nece))ar$T but, bein( &ibera&), t'e$ ca&&ed it 9re&uctant;N 1'e A#erica), C'ri)tian /%!an)ion, and aci)#N or Kli*htL imperialism) No matter what it is called" imperialismN implies colonialism in some form" as it is diffic%lt to ima*ine an N empire witho%t colonies" e#en if colonies take different shapes atN different points in histor )B
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Militar Inter#ention?H%man Ri*hts ,!

I J Toda " the West imposes infl%ence and control on ,atin !merican nations thro%*h militar inter#ention and the idea of infl%encin* co%ntries for the p%rs%it of Kh%man ri*htsL while den in* the h%manit of the people we seek to help) This reifies colonialit thro%*ho%t the places we attempt to infl%ence Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
0o&itica& /cono#$5 1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(30o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A 1'e i#!o)ition o+ C'ri)tianit$ in order to con"ert t'e )o3ca&&ed )a"a(e) andN barbarian) in t'e 1Et' centur$, +o&&o8ed b$ t'e i#!o)ition o+ 98'ite #an4) burden;N and 9ci"i&i2in( #i))ion; in t'e 1Ft' and 1,t' centur$, t'e i#!o)ition o+ t'eN 9de"e&o!#enta&i)t !roJect; in t'e 20t' centur$ and, #ore recent&$, the
imperialN pro6ect of militar inter#entions %nder the rhetoric of Kdemocrac L and Kh%manN ri*htsL in the &<st cent%r " ha#e all (een imposed ( militarism and #iolence %nderN the rhetoric of modernit of sa#in* the other from its own (ar(arianismsA 18oN re)!on)e) to t'e /urocentric co&onia& i#!o)ition are t'ird 8or&d nationa&i)#) andN +unda#enta&i)#)A Nationalism pro#ides E%rocentric sol%tions to an E%rocentric *lo(alN pro(lem) It reprod%ces an internal colonialit of power within each nation+state andN reifies the nation+state as the pri#ile*ed location of social chan*e H7ro)+o(ue& 1,,EIAN Stru((&e) abo"e and be&o8 t'e nation3)tate are not con)idered in nationa&i)t !o&itica&N )trate(ie)A Moreo"er, nationalist responses to *lo(al capitalism reinforce the nationstateN as the political instit%tional form per e7cellence of the modern?colonialN capitalist?patriarchal world+ s stemA In t'i) )en)e, nationalism is complicit withN E%rocentric thinkin* and political str%ct%res) :n t'e ot'er 'and, Third WorldN f%ndamentalisms o+ di++erent kind) respond with the rhetoric of an e))entia&i)t 9!ureN out)ide )!ace; or Ka(sol%te e7teriorit ; to #odernit$A 1he are Kanti+modernN modernL forces that reprod%ce the (inar oppositions of E%rocentric thinkin*A I+N /urocentric t'inkin( c&ai#)
9de#ocrac$; to be a *e)tern natura& attribute, 1'irdN *or&d +unda#enta&i)#) acce!t t'i) /urocentric !re#i)e and c&ai# t'at de#ocrac$ N 'a) not'in( to do 8it' t'e non3*e)tA 1'u), it is an inherent E%ropean attri(%te N imposed ( the West) Bot' den$ t'e +act t'at #an$ o+ t'e e&e#ent) t'at 8e ca&&N toda$ to be !art o+ #odernit$ )uc' a) de#ocrac$ 8ere +or# in a (&oba& re&ation N bet8een t'e *e)t and t'e non3*e)tA E%ropeans
took a lot of its %topian thinkin*N from the non+Western historical s stems the enco%nter in the colonies andN appropriated them as part of E%rocentered modernit A 1'ird *or&d +unda#enta&i)#)N re)!ond to t'e i#!o)ition o+ /urocentered #odernit$ a) a (&oba&Gi#!eria& de)i(n 8it'N an anti3
#odern #odernit$ t'at i) a) /urocentric, 'ierarc'ica&, aut'oritarian and antide#ocratic N a) t'e +or#erA
I J The %se of militar inter#entions doesn:t ri*ht the wron*s done It allows a 6%stification for new #iolence in the name of the state *%ts sol#enc .pi#ak :DB H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
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Militar Inter#ention Generic

9irst" The %se of militar inter#entions doesn:t ri*ht the wron*s done It allows a 6%stification for new #iolence in the name of the state *%ts sol#enc and props %p reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it .pi#ak :DB H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
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N!9T!? T9!!? !,'!

I J !s !r*entina pro#es" inte*ration into new" Western led economic plans like YYthe affYY act co%nterprod%cti#el on these co%ntries in#ol#ed) The lead to militar action" #iolence" fascism" deh%mani2ation and the worst effects of colonialit Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed -G?G1?A 2A It
is clear b$ no8 that the !r*entinean crisis was ca%sed not ( ins%fficient inte*rationN into the *lo(al econom (%t rather (eca%se of an e7cess of it) E#en duti+u&&$ +o&&o8in(N the neo+li(eral ad#ise of the IM9 or 'o#e(ro8n econo#i)t) did not sa#e this importantN co%ntr from a profo%nd crisis) Wh can:t we dare to ima*ine the %naima*ina(le" thatN !r*entina co%ld ha#e a (etter chance ( steppin* somewhat o%tside and (e ond imperial N *lo(alit " rather than sta in* f%ll within it> Can !artia& de&inkin( @)e&ecti"e de&inkin(N and )e&ecti"e reen(a(e#entao++er an a&ternati"e !at', !er'a!) at
t'e &e"e& o+ 8or&d N re(ion) HeA(, Sout'ern ConeI, or net8ork o+ 8or&d re(ion)[ 1'i) #ean) t'at it 8ou&d be N !o))ib&e to ret'ink t'e !ro!o)a& o+ de&inkin( introduced b$ Sa#ir A#in in t'e 1,-0) to +itN t'e ne8 condition)A10 .eed&e)) to )a$, e#er
thin* seems to militate a*ainst thisN possi(ilit A The proposal for a 9ree Trade !rea of the !mericas HALCA, a) it i) kno8nN in Latin A#erica and F1AA a) it i) kno8n in .ort' A#ericaI is (ein* p%shed forwardN with considera(le force ( the United .tate) and most ,atin !merican leaders) !nd ofN co%rse an co%ntr or re*ion that dares to attempt a path of a%tonom is (o%nd to inc%rN the ire of empire" riskin* militar actionA This is wh opposition a*ainst !,'! is toda N indeli(l linked to opposition a*ainst militarism ( most acti#ist or*ani2ations)N These are 6%st two e7amples of the kind of KmacroL thinkin* that while notN radical" co%ld create (etter conditions for the str%**le a*ainst imperial *lo(alit andN *lo(al colonialit A I+ a!!roac'ed +ro# t'i) "anta(e !oint, t'e$ are &ike&$ to contribute toN ad"ance t'e idea t'at ot'er 8or&d) are !o))ib&eA The social mo#ements of the past decadeN are, in e++ect, a si*n that this str%**le is alread %nder wa ) I#a(inin( 9a+ter t'e 1'irdN *or&d; cou&d beco#e a #ore inte(ra& !art o+ t'e i#a(inar$ o+ t'e)e #o"e#ent)T thisN wo%ld in#ol#e, a) 8e )a8, ima*inin* (e ond modernit and the re*imes of econom "N war" colonialit " e7ploitation of people and nat%re" and social fascism it has (ro%*htN a(o%t in its imperial *lo(al incarnationA
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Nationalism I?,
9irst" Nationalism %ses reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it as a so%rce of le*itimac It:s in e#er pore of reprod%cin* the nation as its main *oal .pi#ak :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI
A) I 8a) (ro8in( u!, t'en, I rea&i2ed t'at nationalism
was related toN reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it as so%rce of le*itimac A A) I #o"ed to t'eN United State) and beca#e acti"e around t'e 8or&d, I rea&i2ed t'at the ali(iN for transnational a*encies (acked e7plicitl ( e7ceptionalist nationalismHN )I@ was nationalism in the de#elopin* world) Gender was an ali(i hereN e#en for militar inter#ention in the name of h%manitarian inter#entionA I be&ie"eN 8it' /ric Hob)ba8# t'at there is no nation (efore nationalism a&t'ou('N I do not &ocate nationa&i)# a) 'e doe) in t'e &ate 1Ft' centur$ HHob)ba8#,N 1,,0IAN When and how does the lo#e of mother ton*%e" the lo#e of m littleN corner of *ro%nd (ecome the nation thin*[ I )a$ nation t'in( rat'er t'anN nationa&i)# becau)e )o#et'in( &ike nation), collecti#ities (o%nd ( (irth" t'atN a&&o8ed in )tran(er) (in(er&$, ha#e (een in e7istence lon* (efore nationalism N ca#e aroundA .tate formations chan*e" (%t the nation thin* mo#esN thro%*h historical displacements and I t'ink Hanna' Arendt 8a) a&to(et'erN !erce!ti"e in )u((e)tin( t'at the p%ttin* to*ether of nationalism with theN a(stract str%ct%re of the state was an e7periment or a happenin* that has aN limited histor and a limited f%t%re) We are li#in*, a) Haber#a) )a$), in postnationalN sit%ationsA *e4&& )eeA
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Nat%ral Reso%rces
I J The %se and Kde#elopmentL of K,atinL !merica for the %se of cheap la(or and reso%rces is the em(odiment of s%(6%*ation thro%*h new means" a colonialit (ased perspecti#e that works to maintain modern imperalism Mi*nolo :DZ Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Idea o+ Latin A#erica;, 'tt!)5GGcdnAanon+i&e)Aco#G1?B,0-?2B1,D?A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed
-G11G1?A
$o% can still see the same pro6ects toda in the appropriation ofN areas of Knat%ral reso%rcesL HeA(A, in t'e A#a2on or oi&3ric' Ira>IAN Land cannot be re!roduced) $o% can reprod%ce seeds and otherN Kprod%ctsL of landO (%t land itself is limited" which is another reasonN wh the appropriation of land is one of the prime tar*ets of capitalN acc%m%lation toda A The KideaL of ,atin !merica is that of a lar*eN mass of land with a wealth of nat%ral reso%rces and plent of cheapN la(or) That, o+ cour)e, is the dis*%ised ideaA What the rhetoric o+N #odernit$ to%ted ( t'e IMF, t'e *or&d Bank, and the Washin*tonN consens%s wo%ld sa is that K,atinL !merica is 6%st waitin* for itsN t%rn to Kde#elop)L 6ou cou&d a&)o +o&&o8 t'e e%!&oitation o+ &aborN +ro# t'e A#erica) to t'e Indu)tria& e"o&ution to the mo#ementN of factories from the U. to de#elopin* nations in order to red%ce N costs) A) +or +inancia& contro&, Ju)t co#!are t'e nu#ber and )i2e o+N bank), +or e%a#!&e, in .e8 6ork, London, or Frank+urt, on t'e oneN
'and, "er)u) t'e one) in Bo&i"ia, Morocco, or India, on t'e ot'erA
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MUHS
4mission
9irst" ta* .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
0ierre Mac'ere$ !ro"ide) t'e +o&&o8in( +or#u&a +or t'e inter!retation N o+ ideo&o($5 P4*'at
is important in a work is what it does not sa )N This is not the same as The careless notation -what it ref%ses to sa "- a&t'ou('N t'at 8ou&d in it)e&+ be intere)tin(0 a method mi*ht (e (%ilt on it" with the N task of meas%rin* silences" whether acknowled*ed or %nacknowled*ed) ButN rat'er t'i), what the work cannot sa is important" (eca%se there the ela(orationN of the %tterance is carried o%t" in a sort of 6o%rne to silence)=B-N Machere P) idea) can be de"e&o!ed in direction) 'e 8ou&d be un&ike&$ toN +o&&o8A /"en a) 'e 8rite), o)ten)ib&$, o+ t'e &iterarine)) o+ t'e &iterature o+N /uro!ean !ro"enance, 'e artic%lates a method applica(le to the social te7tN of imperialism, )o#e8'at a(ain)t t'e (rain o+ 'i) o8n ar(u#entA A&t'ou(' N t'e notion O8'at it re+u)e) to )a$O #i('t be care&e)) +or a &iterar$ 8ork, N )o#et'in( &ike a collecti#e ideolo*ical ref%sal can (e dia*nosed for the codif in*N le*al practice of imperialism) This wo%ld open the field for a political economicN and m%ltidisciplinar ideolo*ical reinscription of the terrain) Becau)eN t'i) i) a O8or&din( o+ t'e 8or&dO on a )econd &e"e& o+ ab)traction, aN concept of ref%sal (ecomes pla%si(le hereA 1'e arc'i"a&, 'i)torio(ra!'ic,N di)ci!&inar$3critica&, and, ine"itab&$, inter"entioni)t 8ork in"o&"ed 'ere i)N indeed a ta)k o+ O#ea)urin( )i&ence)AO This can (e a description of =in#esti*atin*" identif in*" and meas%rin* ))) the de#iation= from an ideal that is N irred%ci(l differential) )N When we come to the concomitant 3%estion of the conscio%snessN of the s%(altern the notion of what the work cannot sa (ecomes important)N In the semioses of the social te7t" ela(orations of ins%r*enc stand in theN place of =the %tterance)=
1'e )ender3Ot'e !ea)antO3i) #arked on&$ a) aN !ointer to an irretrie"ab&e con)ciou)ne))A A) +or t'e recei"er, 8e #u)t a)kN 8'o i) Ot'e rea& recei"erO o+ an Oin)ur(enc$[O 1'e 'i)tonan, tran)+or#in( N Oin)ur(enc$O into Ote%t +or kno8&ed(e,O i) on&$ one Orecei"erO o+ an$ co&&ecti"e&$ N intended )ocia& act)
With no possi(ilit of nostal*ia for that lostN ori*in" the historian m%st s%spend Ias far as possi(leJ the clamor of his orN her own conscio%sness Hor con)ciou)ne))3e++ect, a) o!erated b$ dIRcI!'nRr$N trainin(I, so that the ela(oration of the ins%r*enc " packa*ed with an ins%r*ent+ conscio%sness" does not free2e into an o(6ect of in#esti*ation" or"N worse et" a model for imitationA OThe s%(6ect= implied ( the te7ts ofN ins%r*enc can onl ser#e as a co%nterpossi(ilit for the narrati#e sanctionsN *ranted to the colonial s%(6ect in the dominant *ro%psA 1'e !o)tco&onia&N inte&&ectua&) &earn t'at t'eir !ri"i&e(e i) t'eir &o))A In this the are a paradi*mN of the intellect%als)N It i) 8e&& kno8n t'at t'e notion o+ t'e +e#inine Hrat'er t'an t'eN )uba&tern o+ i#!eria&i)#I 'a) been u)ed in a )i#i&ar
8a$ 8it'in decon)tructi"eN critici)# and 8it'in certain "arietie) o+ +e#ini)t critici)#ABF In t'e N +or#er ca)e, a +i(ure o+ O8o#anO i) at i))ue, one 8'o)R #inir5nR& !redication N a) indeter#inate i) a&read$ a"ai&ab&e to t'e !'a&&ocentnc tradIt&d5#A .%(alternN
historio*raph
raises 3%estions of method that wo%ld pre#ent It from %sin*N s%ch a r%seA For t'e O+i(ureO o+ 8o#an, t'e re&ation)'i! bet8eer5 womanN and silence can (e plotted ( women themsel#esO race and class dIfferencesN are s%(s%med %nder that char*e) .%(altern historio*raph m%st confrontN the impossi(ilit of s%ch *est%res) The narrow epistemi)c #iolence o)f imperialismN *i#es %s an imperfect alle*or of the *eneral 5I4lence that I. theN possi(ilit of an epistemeAB,N eN *it'in t'e
e++aced itinerar$ o+ t'e )uba&tern )ubJect, t'e track o+ N )e%ua& di++erence i) doub&$ e++acedA 1'e >ue)tion i) not o+ +e#a&e !artici!ation N in in)ur(enc$, or t'e (round ru&e) o+ t'e )e%ua& di"i)ion o+A&abor, N +or bot' o+ 8'ic' t'ere i) Oe"idenceAO It i), rat'er, t'at, bot' a) obJect o+ N co&onia&i)t 'i)torio(ra!'$ and a) )ubJectA o+ in)ur(Rnc$, t'e ideo&o(ica& coAn)truction N o+ (ender kee!) t'e #a&e do##antA If"
in the conte7t of colonial prod%ction" the s%(altern has no histor and cannot speak" the s%(altern asN female is e#en more deepl in shadow)
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MUHS
Pro(lem Re*ions
I J The p%rs%it of the West to help ,atin !merican nations is merel an attempt to hide the responsi(ilit the West has for creatin* the conditions seen in the re*ion) This rhetoric of K%nderde#elopmentL and economic inter#ention into these pro(lem re*ions perpet%ate the *rowin* domination of colonialit Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+Q 0o&itica& /cono#$5
1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(3 0o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A A&t'ou(' t'e de!endenti)ta) )tru((&ed a(ain)t t'e)e uni"er)a&i)tG 4ccidentalistN
forms of knowled*e, t'e$ percei#ed t'i) knowled*e as a Ks%perstr%t%reL or anN e!i!'eno#enon of some Keconomic infrastr%ct%reL) De!endenti)ta) ne#er !ercei"edN t'i) kno8&ed(e as constit%ti#e of ,atin !merica:s political+econom ) 'onstr%ctin*N peripheral 2ones )uc' as A+rica and ,atin !merica as Kre*ions with a Kpro(lemL orN with a K(ackward sta*e of de#elopmentL concealed E%ropean and E%ro+!mericanN responsi(ilit in the e7ploitation of these continents) The constr%ction ofN Kpatholo*icalL re*ions in the peripher as opposed to the so+called KnormalLN de#elopment patterns of the KWestL 6%stified an e#en more intense political andN economic inter#ention from imperial powersA 1 treatin* the K4therL asN K%nderde#elopedL and K(ackward"L metropolitan e7ploitation and domination wereN 6%stified in the name of the Kci#ili2in* mission)L
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MUHS
P%(lic Intellect%al
9irst" The claim that specific people ha#e a ke role in an mo#ement to stop oppression" or that this is the onl wa reprod%ces the nation a*ain and a*ain aro%nd the world" sol#in* e#er pro(lem and crisis This instit%tes a reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it on all politics .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
The stereot pe of the p%(lic intellect%al" +ro# Fareed Kakaria o+N .e8)8eek Internationa& to C'ri)to!'er Hitc'en), t'e +ree&ance Briti)' (ad+&$, N wo%ld offer statements descri(in* U. polic " comin* o%t promptl in N response to e#er crisis) This is %ndo%(tedl worth " often re3%irin* personalN co%ra*e" (%t it is not a response) It enhances the charisma of the intellect%alN and prod%ces in the reader a feelin* of (ein* in the thick of thin*s)N This t pe of co*niti#e mappin*" 'ea"i&$ de!endent u!on t'e +ie&d8ork o+N +ront&ine in"e)ti(ati"e Journa&i)t) and 'u#b&e (at'erer) o+ )tati)tic), le*itimatesN b$ re"er)a& the idea that knowled*e is an end in itself" or that thereN is a strai*ht line from knowin* to doin* politics as h%man ri*hts or streetN theater) But to re)!ond #ean) to re)onate 8it' t'e ot'er, conte#!&ate t'eN !o))ibi&it$ o+ co#!&icit$ a8renc'in( con)ciou)ne))3rai)in(, 8'ic' i) ba)edN on ZZkno8in( t'in(),44 'o8e"er )u!er+icia&&$, +ro# it) co#!&acenc$A ResponseN pre+ fi*%res chan*e) eadin( Ari)tot&e and S'e&&e$, )tudent) t$!ica&&$ a)k,N *'at i) t'e di++erence bet8een !rediction and !re3+i(uration[ 1'e
di++erenceN i), ne(ati"e&$, in t'e intendin( )ubJect4) a!!arent &ack o+ !reci)ion, inN t'e +i(ureT !o)iti"e&$, it i) t'e +i(ure4) i##en)e ran(e in ti#e and )!aceAN 1'e +i(ure di)ru!t) con+idence in con)ciou)ne))3rai)in(A That
is the risk ofN a response that hopes to resonate thro%*h fi*%ration) When we confine o%rN idea of the political to co*niti#e control alone" this does not 6%st a#oid theN risk of response" it closes off response alto*ether) We end %p talkin* to o%rsel#es"N or to o%r clones a(road) Predicta(l " on ,eft and Ri*ht" o% lose s%pportN when o% stop %s+and+them+in*" when o% take awa the %nself+critical N con#enience of doin* *ood or p%nishin*)N
11D | A I D S
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MUHS
Re*%lations
I J Re*%lations are the cr%7 of colonial modernit p%shin* forward a*ainst chan*e to the economic s stems of control This destro s sol#enc for modern pro(lems" ( %sin* the s stem that creates these pro(lems The onl wa to sol#e the aff and colonialit is to mo#e awa from this s stem Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A Boa"entura de Sou)a Santo) 'a) +orce+u&&$ #ade t'e ar(u#ent t'at we
are mo#in*N (e ond the paradi*m of modernit in two senses0 epistemolo*icall " and sociopoliticall AN Epistemolo*icall " this mo#e entails a transition from the dominance ofN modern science to a pl%ral landscape of knowled*e forms) .ociall " the transition isN (etween *lo(al capitalism and emer*ent forms of which we onl ha#e *limpses inN toda :s social mo#ements and e#ents )uc' a) t'e *or&d Socia& Foru#) The cr%7 of thisN transition, in Santo)4 ri(orou) conce!tua&i2ation, is an %ntena(le tension (etweenN modernit :s core f%nctions of social re*%lation and social emancipationA, in turn re&atedN to t'e (ro8in(
i#ba&ance bet8een e%!ectation) and e%!erienceA Intended to (uarantee N order in )ociet$, )ocia& re(u&ation i) t'e )et o+ nor#), in)titution) and !ractice) t'rou(' N 8'ic' e%!ectation) are )tabi&i2edT it i) ba)ed on t'e !rinci!&e) o+ )tate, #arket, and N co##unit$A Socia& e#anci!ation c'a&&en(e) t'e order created b$ re(u&ation in t'e na#e N o+ a di++erent orderin(T to t'i) end, it 'a) recour)e to ae)t'etic, co(niti"e3)cienti+ic, andN et'ica& rationa&itie)A 1'e)e t8o tendencie) 'a"e beco#e increa)in(&$ contradictor$, N re)u&tin( in e"er #ore noticeab&e e%ce))e) and de+icit), !articu&ar&$ 8it' neo3&ibera&N (&oba&i2ationA 1'e #ana(e#ent o+ t'e)e contradiction) @c'ie+&$ at t'e 'and) o+ )cience N and &a8ai) it)e&+ in cri)i)A
The res%lt has (een the h per+scientifici2ation ofN emancipation Iall claims to a (etter societ ha#e to (e filtered thro%*h the rationalit ofN scienceJ" and the h per+marketi2ation of re*%lation Imodern re*%lation is ceded to theN marketO to (e free is to accept market re*%lationJ" and, indeed, a collapse of emancipationN into re*%lationA Hence t'e need +or a !aradi(#atic
tran)ition t'at enab&e) u) to t'inkN ane8 about t'e !rob&e#atic o+ re(u&ation and )ocia& e#anci!ation, 8it' t'e u&ti#ate (oa& N o+ de3*e)terni2in( )ocia& e#anci!ation HSanto), 20025 1320IA 1o t'i) end, a ne8N a!!roac' to )ocia& t'eor$, 9o!!o)itiona& !o)t#oderni)#,; i) ca&&ed +or H20025 1?, 1BI5N 1'e condition) t'at brou('t about t'e cri)i) o+ #odernit$ 'a"e not $et beco#e t'e N condition) to o"erco#e t'e cri)i) be$ond #odernit$A Hence t'e co#!&e%it$ o+ ourN tran)itiona& !eriod !ortra$ed b$ o!!o)itiona& !o)t#odern t'eor$5 we
are facin*N modern
pro(lems for which there are no modern sol%tions) 1'e )earc' +or aN !o)t#odern )o&ution i) 8'at I ca&&
o!!o)itiona& !o)t#oderni)# \A *'at i)N nece))ar$ i) to )tart +ro# t'e di)Junction bet8een t'e #odernit$ o+ t'e !rob&e#) N and t'e !o)t#odernit$ o+ t'e !o))ib&e )o&ution), and to turn )uc' di)Junction intoN t'e ur(e to (round t'eorie) and !ractice) ca!ab&e o+ rein"entin( )ocia& N e#anci!ation out o+ t'e 8recked e#anci!ator$ !ro#i)e) o+ #odernit$A2 N Santo) t'u) !oint) at an ot'er !aradi(#, di)tinct +ro# #odernit$, e"en i+ )ti&& not +u&&$N "i)ib&e, t'at #ake i#a(inin( be$ond #odernit$ !&au)ib&eA Hi) readin( o+ #odernit$ N bui&d) on "ariou) readin() o+ ca!ita&i)#, di)tin(ui)'in( bet8een t'o)e t'at !o)it an end toN ca!ita&i)#, e"en i+ in t'e "er$ &on( run HeA(A *a&&er)tein4) ana&$)i) o+ Condratie++ c$c&e), N 2000I, and 8'ic' t'u) ad"ocate +or tran)+or#ati"e !ractice)T and t'o)e t'at concei"e o+ N t'e +uture a) )o #an$ #eta#or!'o)e) o+ ca!ita&i)#, and 8'o +a"or ada!ti"e )trate(ie)N 8it'in ca!ita&i)# HeA(A, Ca)te&&), 1,,ET )ee Santo), 20025 1ED31,?IA For t'i) &atter (rou!, N one
ma sa
that *lo(ali2ation is the last sta*e of capitalist modernit O +or t'e +or#er,N (&oba&i2ation i) t'e be(innin( o+ )o#et'in( ne8A A) 8e )'a&& )ee )'ort&$, the ,atin !merican modernit ?colonialit perspecti#e wo%ld s%**est that transformati#e practicesN are takin* place now" and need to (e sociall amplified)
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MUHS
Rememoration
9irst" The reprod%cti#e dri#e of nations (ecomes em(edded in o%r s%(concio%sness" in o%r c%lt%ral li#es" and dri#e %s to f%rther this reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it Their claims of remem(erin* the horror we all faced in the past is a rememoration pro6ect that attempts to em(ed the nation in o%r c%lt%ral memories .pi#ak :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI
1'e nationalism I 'a"e been de)cribin( operates
in the p%(lic sphere)N 1%t the s%(altern affect where it finds its mo(ili2in* is pri#ate, t'ou(' t'i)N !o))ibi&it$ o+ t'e !ri"ate i) not deri"ed +ro# a )en)e o+ t'e !ub&ic, an %nderi#edN pri#ate, 8'ic' i) "er$ di++icu&t +or /uro!e to t'inkA *o#en, #en andN >ueer) are not nece))ari&$ di"ided a&on( t'e !ub&ic3 !ri"ate &ine e"er$8'ereA IN 'a"e a&read$ &et )&i! t'at nationalism is a recodin* of this %nderi#ed pri#ateN as the anton m of the p%(lic sphere) When o% (e*in to think nationalism N this %nderi#ed pri#ate has (een recoded" reterritoriali2ed as the anton m ofN the p%(licA 1'en it i) a) i+ it i) t'e o!!o)ite o+ t'e
!ub&icA 1'i) )'i+t i) 'i)torica&,N o+ cour)e, but it i) a&)o &o(ica&A 1'e )uba&tern +o&k) I a# ta&kin( about are N in our !re)ent, but ke!t !re3#odernAN I 8i&& not re'ear)e 'ere t'e #o)t&$ He(e&ian 'i)torica& )tor$ o+ t'e e#er(ence N o+ t'e !ub&ic )!'ereA In 8'ate"er nationa&i)t co&or) it i) dre))ed,N 8'et'er c'rono&o(ica& or &o(ica&, the
imp%lse to nationalism is Kwe m%st controlN the workin*s of o%r own p%(lic sphereL) The reclaimin* of the past is inN that interestA So#eti#e) nationa&i)# &ead) to t'e
re)o&"e to contro& ot'er)4N !ub&ic )!'ere), a&t'ou(' t'i) i) not a nece))ar$ outco#eA *it' t'i) co#e) N t'e nece))ar$ t'ou(' o+ten unackno8&ed(ed )en)e o+ bein( uni>ue and,N a&a), better @it4) a >uick )'i+t@ becau)e born t'i) 8a$A N /"er$ dia)!oric +ee&) a !u&& o+ )o#e8'ere e&)e 8'i&e &ocated 'ereA I+ 8eN con)ider t'e #ode& o+ e%o(a#ou) #arria(e 8it' re+erence to t'at )entence,N 8e #i('t 'a"e to re"i)e t'e entire cit$Gcountr$ #ode& i#!&icit in 9Metro!o&i);,N and t'ink t'at t'e 8o#en in (enderin( 'a"e a&8a$) )'ared t'i) c'aracteri)tic N 8it' 8'at 8e, toda$, 'a"e &earnt to ca&& ODia)!oraO, e"en 8'en it doe)nPt N 'a"e #uc' o+ a re)e#b&ance 8it' 8'at 'a!!ened )o &on( a(o in A&e%andriaAN And $et, #eton$#i2ed a) not'in( but t'e birt'3cana&, 8o#an i) t'e #o)tN !ri#iti"e in)tru#ent o+ nationa&i)#A N I 'a"e 'ere o++ered a readin( o+ nationa&i)# t'at a&&o8) u) to )ee 8'$,N altho%*h
nationalism is the condition and effect of the p%(lic sphere"N nationalisms are not a(le to work with the fo%ndin* lo*ic of the p%(licN sphere0 t'at a&& reason i) oneA It is sec%red ( the pri#ate con#iction of specialN (irth and hops ri*ht from the %nderi#ed pri#ate comfort which is no moreN than a thereness in one:s corner)N If nationalism sec%res itself ( an appeal to the most pri#ate" democrac N in its most con#enient and ascertaina(le form is sec%red ( the most tri#iall N p%(lic %ni#ersal each e3%als one) That flims arithmetic" %nprotected ( N rational choice" can also (e manip%lated ( nationalismA I a# not con"incedN t'at t'e
)tor$ o+ 'u#an #o"e#ent to a (reater contro& o+ t'e !ub&ic )!'ere i) N nece))ari&$ a )tor$ o+ !ro(re))A 1'e re&i(ionG)cience debate #ake) t'i) N a))u#!tion, +or(ettin( t'at t'e i#a(ination, +or(ettin( t'at &iterature and t'eN art), be&on( neit'er to rea)on, nor to unrea)onA 1'at &iterature and t'e art)N can )u!!ort an ad"anced nationa&i)# i) no )ecretA The
6oin them in the taskN of a massi#e rememoration pro6ect" sa in* Kwe all s%ffered this wa " o% remem(er"N this is what happened" o% remem(erL" so that histor is t%rned intoN c%lt%ral memor ) Literature can t'en Join in t'e ta)k o+ a #a))i"e counterre#e#orationN !roJect )u((e)tin( t'at 8e 'a"e a&& !a))ed t'rou(' t'e )a#e N (&oriou) !a)t, the same *rand national li(eration (attles, t'e )a#e re&i(iou)N to&erance or 8'ate"erA I a# (oin( to )u((e)t b$ t'e end o+ t'i) @becau)eN )o#eti#e) I a#
#i)under)tood@ t'at t'e &iterar$ i#a(ination can i#!act on N de3tran)cendenta&i2ed nationa&i)#A 1'at i) not 8'at I a# di)cu))in( 'ereA IN a# )u!!ortin( t'e c&ic'^ t'at ima*ination feeds nationalism" and (oin(N +or8ard to8ard t'e &iterar$ i#a(ination and teac'in( t'e 'u#anitie), t'rou('N t'e teac'in( o+ t'e 'u#anitie) to !re!are t'e reader&$ i#a(ination to recei"e N t'e &iterar$ and t'u) (o be$ond t'e )e&+3 identit$ o+ nationa&i)# to8ard t'eN co#!&e% te%tua&it$ o+ t'e internationa&A I 8i&& co#e to t'at &aterA
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Representation
9irst" The affirmati#e:s *enealo* enacts the same representational and epistemolo*ical #iolence that the hope to confront) The affirmati#e conflates two senses of the word representation) 9irst" Representation as in direct pro7 or political representation) !nd second" re+presentation as in paintin* a portrait) When the conflate the two senses" the create a static" %nified" whole 4ther" from which we can learn or know the tr%th of the sit%ation or e7perience) There is no one concrete e7perience of the 4ther from which we can (ase a *enealo* or a politics) The affirmati#e:s *enealo* en*a*es in this pro(lematic representational strate* that erases their own s%(6ect position and political interest and creates #iolent essentialist %topian politics) This t%rns case) .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, A criti>ue o+ !o)tco&onia& rea)on5 to8ard a 'i)tor$ o+ t'e "ani)'in( !re)entI
prod%ction of theor isN also a practiceO the opposition (etween a(stract =p%re= theor and concreteN =applied= practice is too 3%ick and eas A,? But De&eu2eP) articu&ationN o+ t'e ar(u#ent i) !rob&e#aticA Two senses of representation areN (ein* r%n to*ether0 representation as =speakin* for"= as in politics" andN representation as =re+presentation"= as in art or philosoph ) .ince theor is also onl =action"= the theoretician does not represent H)!eak +orINthe oppressed *ro%p) Indeed, the s%(6ect is not seen as a representati#eN conscio%sness Hone re3!re)entin( rea&it$ ade>uate&$IA These two sensesN of representation+within state formation and the law" on the oneN hand" and in s%(6ect+predication" on the other+are related (%t irred%ci(l N discontin%o%s) To co#er o#er the discontin%it with an analo* N that is presented as a proof reflects a*ain a parado7ical s%(6ect+pri#ile*in*AN ,B Becau)e Othe person who speaks and acts ))) is alwa s a m%ltiplicit "=N no =theori2in* intellect%al ))) SorT part or ))) %nion= canN represent =those who act and str%**le= HFD 20EIA !re those who act andN str%**le m%te" as opposed to those who act)and speak HFD 20EI[ TheseN immense pro(lems are (%ried in the differences (etween t'e O)a#eON 8ord)5 con)ciou)ne)) and con)cience Hbot' con)cience in Frenc'I, representationN and re+presentation) The criti3%e of ideolo*ical s%(6ectconstit%tionN within state formations and )$)te#) o+ !o&itica& econo#$Ncan now (e effaced" as can the acti#e theoretical practice of the =transformationN of conscio%sness)= 1'e bana&it$ o+ &e+ti)t inte&&ectua&)P &i)t) o+N )e&+3kno8in(,
in)tinctO at 8ork 'ereA In +act, t'e co&&ecti"it$N o+ +a#i&ia& e%i)tence, 8'ic' #i('t be con)idered t'e arena o+ Oin)tinct,O N i) di)continuou) 8it', t'ou(' o!erated b$, t'e di++erentia& i)o&ation o+ N c&a))e)A In t'i) conte%t, one +ar #ore !ertinent to t'e France o+ t'eN 1,-0) t'an it can be to t'e internationa& !eri!'er$, t'e +or#ation o+ aN c&a)) i) arti+icia& and econo#ic, and t'e econo#ic a(enc$ or intere)t i) N i#!er)ona& becau)e it i) )$)te#atic and 'etero(eneou)A 1'i) a(enc$ orN intere)t i) tied to t'e He(e&ian criti>ue o+ t'e indi"idua& )ubJect, +or it N #ark) t'e )ubJectP) e#!t$ !&ace in t'at !roce)) 8it'out a )ubJect 8'ic'N i) 'i)tor$ and !o&itica& econo#$A Here t'e ca!ita&i)t i) de+ined a) Ot'eN con)ciou) bearer Q1rii(erS o+ t'e &i#ide)) #o"e#ent o+ ca!ita&AO M$N !oint i) t'at Mar7
is not workin* to create an %ndi#ided s%(6ect whereN desire and interest coincide) 'lass conscio%sness does not operate towardN that *oal) 1oth in the economic area Hca!ita&i)tI and in the politicalN H8or&d3'i)torica& a(entI, Mar7 is o(li*ed to
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constr%ct models of a di#idedN and dislocated s%(6ect whose parts are not contin%o%s or coherentN with each otherA A ce&ebrated !a))a(e &ike t'e de)cri!tion o+ ca!ita& a)N t'e Fau)tian #on)ter brin() t'i) 'o#e "i"id&$A
th%s enco%nter a m%ch older de(ate0 (etween representationN or r'etoric as tropolo* and as pers%asionA Dar)te&&en be&on()N to t'e +ir)t con)te&&ation, "ertreten38it' )tron(er )u((e)tion) o+ )ub)titution3 N to t'e )econdA A(ain, the are related" (%t r%nnin* them to*ether"N especiall in order to sa that (e ond (oth is where oppressedN s%(6ects speak" act" and know for themsel#es" leads to an essentialist"N %topian politics that can, 8'en tran)+erred to )in(&e3i))ue (ender rat'erN t'an c&a)), *i#e %n3%estionin* s%pport tMB3t'e 5+inancia&i2ation o+ t'eN (&obe, which r%thlessl constr%cts a *eneral will in the credit+(aitedN r%ral woman e#en as it =format=s her thro%*h UN Plans of !ction soN that she can (e =de#eloped)= 1e ond this concatenation" transparent asN rhetoric in the ser#ice of =tr%th= has alwa s made itself o%t to (e" is theN m%ch+in#oked oppressed s%(6ect Ias WomanJ" speakin*" actin*" andN knowin* that *ender in de#elopment is (est for her) It is in the shadowN of this %nfort%nate marionette that the histor of the %nheeded s%(alternN m%st %nfold) .econd" This representational politics and mo#ement %ncriticall (% into the #al%e+s stem that *ro%ps and s stems %se for the oppressi#e and h%rtf%l p%rposes o% tr to stop T%rns case Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
! deconstr%cti#e approach does not seek essences (ehind t'e 'i)torica&, )ocia& and &in(ui)tic processes that prod%ce meanin* (%t rather in#esti*ates these *enealo*ies) The practice of representation has to (e made e7plicit and the pro(lems in#ol#ed in seein* lan*%a*e as 6%st a means of referrin* to o(6ects or thin*s =o%tside it= has to (e repeatedl remem(ered) The two senses of representation I=speakin* for= and representation as sta*in*J (ecome rele#ant 'ereA If representation as =speakin* for= some(od " as (ein* a pro7 for Iwithin the state and the politicalJ and representation as theoretical description" as a sta*in* of the world" as a portra al of oneself and the other are complicit and if this complicit " when %ne7plicated" prod%ces silences and he*emonies" the onl wa to appreciate this d namic is to deconstr%ct these kinds of operations HS!i"ak, 1,,B5 -0, -2IA 1'e )ta(in( o+ t'e 8or&d !roduce) t'e !rob&e# o+ !o&itica& inter)ectiona&it$ and )tructura& inter)ection) ca&& +or !ro%$ !o&itic)A N Q1ET The #er prod%ction of cate*ories s%ch as =woman= is a political act and we need not see that these prod%cti#e representational practices are =necessar = to f%rther politics that wo%ld (ecome possi(le =after= the cate*or is prod%ced) 1'e !o&itic) o+ re!re)entation i) t'e +ir)t t'in( to take )eriou)&$ 8it'in critica& e>ua&it$ di)cour)eA :t'er8i)e it falls into a naV#e identit politics where =women"= =workin*+class"= =transse7%al"= =les(ian"= and #ario%s other cate*ories are %tili2ed to ena(le a =politics of ri*hts= and representation for ins%rrectionar s%(6ects) The ins%rrectionar s%(6ect needs its pro7ies) A&t'ou(' it can be ar(ued t'at t'i) #i('t be 'e&!+u& +or )o#e O(rou!)O )o#e8'ere, I do not 8i)' u) to )ett&e +or t'i)A In a neoli(eral #ein we circ%late a lan*%a*e that =takes into acco%nt= identities s%ch as class" ethnicit " se7%alit witho%t an epistemolo*ical H(enea&o(ica&I awareness of o%r own academic representational practice) We %ncriticall (% into the #er same #al%e+s stem that is %sed
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( conser#ati#e re*imes for oppressi#e p%rposes) We help prod%ce the pro(lem of political intersections)
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Reso%rces?Markets
PPPMarketsPPP I J 'ontrol of colonialit has shifted from direct imperial control to indirect macro+ economics" s%ch as markets" creatin* new s stems of control that replicate the same pro(lems and #iolence PPPReso%rcesPPP I J 'ontrol of colonialit has shifted from direct imperial control to indirect macro+ economics" s%ch as markets" creatin* new s stems of control that replicate the same pro(lems and #iolence The p%rs%it of reso%rces is the life(lood of this s stem Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A
The new empire th%s operates not so m%ch thro%*h con3%est" (%t thro%*h the imposition N of norms Ifree+markets" U.+st le democrac and c%lt%ral notions of cons%mption, and )oN +ort'IA 1'e +or#er 1'ird *or&d i), abo"e a&&, the theatre of a m%ltiplicit of cr%el littleN wars which, rat'er t'an barbaric t'ro8back), are linked to the c%rrent *lo(al lo*icA Fro#N Co&o#bia and Centra& A#erica to A&(eria, )ub3Sa'aran A+rica and t'e Midd&e /a)t t'e)eN wars take place within states or re*ions" witho%t threatenin* empire (%t fosterin*N conditions fa#ora(le to itA For #uc' o+ t'e +or#er 1'ird *or&d Hand o+ cour)e to t'eN 1'ird *or&d 8it'in t'e coreI i) re)er"ed 9t'e *or&d3c'ao); H10-I, +ree3#arket )&a"er$, N and )e&ecti"e (enocideA In )o#e ca)e), t'i) a#ount) to a sort of Kpaleo+ microcolonialismLN within re*ions H1D-I, in ot'er) to ba&kani2ation, in $et ot'er) to bruta&N interna& 8ar) and massi#e displacement to free %p entire re*ions for transnational capitalN H!articu&ar&$ in the case of oil" (%t also diamonds" tim(er" water" *enetic reso%rces" andN a*ric%lt%ral landsJ) :+ten ti#e) t'e)e crue& &itt&e 8ar) are +ue&ed b$ Ma+ia net8ork), andN intended for macro+economic *lo(ali2ation) It i) c&ear t'at this new Glo(al Empire H9t'eN .e8 *or&d :rder o+ t'e A#erican i#!eria& #onarc'$,; !A 1-1I articu&ate) the Kpeacef%lN e7pansionL of the free+market econom with omnipresent #iolence in a no#el re*ime ofN economic and militar *lo(alit @in ot'er 8ord), the *lo(al econom comes to (eN s%pported ( a *lo(al or*ani2ation of #iolence and #ice #ersa H200IA :n t'e )ubJecti"eN )ide, what increasin*l one finds in the .o%ths Hinc&udin( t'e Sout' 8it'in t'e .ort'I areN Kdiced identitiesL and the transformation of c%lt%res of solidarit into c%lt%res ofN destr%ction)
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.ocial Redistri(%tion? Economic Restr%ct%rin*

9irst" Economic restr%ct%rin* and social redistri(%tion inherentl lie at nationalism heart" makin* the new economic s stem as the %ltimate state priorit ) The philanthropia of the state comes down to all the people" s%(6%*atin* them and makin* the reprod%ction of the nation a top priorit " retrenchin* %s in reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it and *%ttin* sol#enc ( onl workin* for the nations *ood" i*norin* other possi(le" more effecti#e options .pi#ak :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI Economic re+str%ct%rin*, a) 8e kno8" remo#es (arriers (etween nationalN and international capital so that the same s stem of e7chan*e can (e esta(lishedN *lo(all ) 0ut )o )i#!&$, t'ere need not be an$t'in( 8ron( 8it' itA Indeed,N t'i) 8a) t'e +ond 'o!e o+ t'at &on(3&o)t #ira(e, internationa& )ocia&i)#A N 1%t the indi#id%al states are themsel#es in s%ch a predicament that theirN sit%ation sho%ld (e transparent) Mere nationalism" i(norin( t'at econo#icN (ro8t' i) not auto#atic redi)tributi"e Ju)tice, can lead %s astra here) TheatricalN or philanthropic wholesale co%nter+ or alter+*lo(alism" 8'ate"er t'atN #i('t be, t'e de#on)tration) at Seatt&e or 7enoa, are not *%arantees of redistri(%ti#eN 6%stice eitherA It 'a) &on( been #$ "ie8, e)!ecia&&$ a) a +e#ini)t, N t'at e#en li(erationist nationalisms sho%ld treat a seamless identit as somethin*N thr%st %pon them ( the oppositionA In t'i) conte%t, /d8ard *A Said4)N reJection o+ t'e t8o3)tate )o&ution
in 0a&e)tine i) e%e#!&ar$A N /"en be+ore t'e ad"ent o+ econo#ic re3)tructurin(, an$one 8orkin( in N t'e area) I )!oke o+ cou&d 'a"e to&d $ou t'at con)titutiona& )anction) do notN #ean #uc' t'ereA But no8, 8ith
state priorities increasin*l altered"N redistri(%ti#e 6%stice thro%*h constit%tionalit is less and less eas if notN impossi(le) Philanthrop is now comin* top+down from the international ci#ilN societ O t'e )tate i) bein( de +acto Hand )o#eti#e) de JureI un3con)titutiona&"N (eca%se it is asked to (e mana*erial and take free market imperati#esTN Hu#an i('t) *atc' notice) it and t'en t'e !'i&ant'ro!ic in)titution)N inter"eneA *e in t'e Sout' cannot u)ua&&$ en(a(e
con)titutiona&&$ to ac'ie"eN #uc' @'o8 can Haber#a) H1,,2I )!eak about con)titutiona& !atrioti)#, N )ittin( in 7er#an$, in a !o)t3nationa& 8or&d[ It
is %nmindf%l of the c%rrentN stat%s of *lo(alit ) !s for patriotism, e"en #ore t'an nationa&i)#, it is anN affect that the a(stract str%ct%re of a f%nctionin* state harnesses lar*el forN defense5
Du&ce et decoru# e)t !ro !atria #oriA I a# back 'u##in( t'atN c'i&d'ood )on( +ro# Mebar 0atan, co#!o)ed in (a&&ant $et ideo&o(ica&&$ N tarni)'ed nationa& &iberationi)#5 take u! ar#)!N It
is this effortf%l task" of keepin* the ci#ic str%ct%re of the state clear ofN nationalism and patriotism" alterin* the redistri(%ti#e priorities of the state"N creatin* re*ional alliances" rat'er t'an (oin( t'e e%tra3)tate or non3(o"ern#entN route a&one, t'at t'e ne8 co#!arati"e &iterature, 8it' it) a&&iance) 8it'N t'e )ocia& )cience), can 8ork at cea)e&e))&$A I t'ink +e#ini)t teac'er) o+ t'e N 'u#anitie) 'a"e a )!ecia& ro&e 'ereA 9or (ehind this rearran*ement of desiresN the desire to win in the name of a nation is the work of de+transcendentali2in*N the r%se of analo*i2in* from the most pri#ate sense of %n3%estionin*N comfort to the most ferocio%s lo alt to named land" a r%se thatN %ses and %tili2es the a7ioms of reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it ) /##anue&N Le"ina) +or e%a#!&e o++er) u) t'e ru)e a) t'e
e)tab&i)'#ent o+ a nor# @t'eN +e#inine e)tab&i)'in( 'o#e a) 'o#e@ &eadin( to t'e #a)cu&ine e%c'an(e o+ N &an(ua(e @8'ic' ine%orab&$ &ed, +or Le"ina), to a !o&itic) o+ a #o)t a((re))i"e N nation3)tati)#, anc'ored in a #$t' o+ identitariani)# &on( !redatin( t'e N 'i)torica& narrati"e o+ t'e ri)e o+ nation) HLe"ina), 1,E,5 1DB31DEIA
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.peech !ct Theor

9irst" Ta* .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI
Ca"e&& 8rite)5 OFor #e it
is e#ident that the rei*n of repressi#e philosophicalN s stemati2in*3)o#eti#e) ca&&ed #eta!'$)ic), )o#eti#e) ca&&edN &o(ica& ana&$)i)3has depended %pon the s%ppression of the h%manN #oice) It is as the reco#er of this #oice Ha) +ro# an i&&ne))I that ordinar N lan*%a*e philosoph is ) ) ) to (e %nderstood= H!A 1-?IA errida ad#ire)N t'i) !roJect and re&ate) it to .iet2)c'eP) attention to t'e +orce o+ &an(ua(e N rat'er t'an it) )i(ni+ication a&oneA What Derrida criti3%es is 8'at Ca"e&&N )ee#) to be )'o8in( 'ere5 the tendenc common to most radicalN philosophies" incl%din* speech+act theor " to percei#e their task as theN restoration of #oice) The s stematic philosophies" on t'e ot'er 'and,N a&t'ou(' t'eir aura )ee#) to be a&to(et'er #ediated and t'ere+ore akinN to t'e co##on under)tandin( H'ere Ca"e&&P)I o+ 8ritin(, de"e&o! )$)te#) N 8'ic' depend %pon phonocentrism as their final referenceA 1'u) theN commonsense perception+that s stematic philosophies s%ppress andN radical philosophies restore #oice+depends %pon #arieties ofN phonocentric ass%mptionsA OWritin*= in this #iew (ecomes the name forN that which m%st (e e7cl%ded so that the interiorit of a s stem can (eN defined and *%arded) =The essential predicate of StheT specific difference=N (etween writin* and the field of #oice is seen in s%ch a readin* as =theN a(sence of the sender SandT of the recei#er Ide)t2nateurJ" from the markN that he a(andonfAOf The place of s%ch an %nderstandin* of writin*N within a self+professed pro6ect of the restoration of speech sho%ld (eN clear)N Writin* as the name of that which m%st (e e7cl%ded as the other inN order to conser#e the identit of the same can (e related to Mac'ere$P)N other form%lation5 O*'at i) i#!ortant in t'e 8ork i) 8'at it doe) notN )a$A 1'i) i) not t'e )a#e a) t'e care&e))
notation P8'at it re+u)e) to )a$,PN a&t'ou(' t'at 8ou&d in it)e&+ be intere)tin(A A A A But rat'er t'an t'i), 8'atN t'e 8ork cannot )a$ i) i#!ortant becau)e t'ere t'e e&aboration o+ t'eN Journe$ i) acted out, in a )ort o+ Journe$ to )i&enceAOIt i) not )ur!ri)in(N t'at, 8it'in a de+inition o+ 8ritin( a) a de&iberate 8it''o&din( o+ "oice, t'eN one )en)e o+ OturnO3 in 1'oreauP) O6ou on&$ need )it )ti&& &on( enou(' N in )o#e attracti"e )!ot in t'e R"ood) t'at a&& it) in'abitant) #a$ e%'ibitN t'e#)e&"e) to $ou b$ turn)O3t'at Ca"e&& doe) not Hcannot[I #ention i) N Otro!e,O t'e irreducib&e turn o+ +i(uration t'at i) t'e condition o+ Hi#I3N !o))ibi&it$ o+ an$ rede#!tion o+ "oiceAN It
is in terms of sa#in* the freel choosin* s%(6ect whose conceptN insin%ates itself into the most radical comm%nIalJist politics of collecti#it N t'at Said %ses bcriture as a code word s%**estin* HI cannot be )ure, )inceN t'e 8ord 'an() une%!&ained on t'e border) o+ 'i) e))a$I lin*%istic red%ctionismN at a second remo#e) The th%m(nail e7planation o+ bcrRturea )N the e7cl%ded other that I ha#e *i#en a(o#e wo%ld ha#e helped his *eneral ar*%ment0 =! principle of silent e7cl%sion operates within and at theN (o%ndaries of disco%rseO this has now (ecome so internali2ed that fields"N disciplines" and their disco%rses ha#e taken on the stat%s of imm%ta(leN d%ra(ilit O H!A 1EIA
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Terrorism
I J The fear of terrorism is the newest mo#e in colonialit No one" e7cept those people workin* in the interest of the U. are *ood" and e#er one is a am(i*%o%sl drawn terrorist Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A So#e !artia& conc&u)ion)5 'olonialit
incorporates colonialism and imperialismN (%t *oes (e ond themO this is wh colonialit did not end with the end of colonialism N H+or#a& inde!endence o+ nation )tate)J" (%t was re+artic%lated in terms of the post+WorldN War II ima*inar of three worlds H8'ic' in turn re!&aced t'e !re"iou) articu&ation) inN terms of 4ccidentalism and :rienta&i)#IA Si#i&ar&$, the Kend of the Third WorldL entailsN a reartic%lation of the colonialit of power and knowled*e) !s we ha#e seen" thisN reartic%lation takes the form of (oth imperial *lo(alit Hne8 (&oba& &ink bet8eenN econo#ic and #i&itar$ !o8erI and *lo(al colonialit Ht'e e#er(ent c&a))i+icator$ order)N and +or#) o+ a&teri2ation t'at are re!&acin(
t'e Co&d *ar orderIA 1'e ne8 co&onia&it$N re(i#e i) )ti&& di++icu&t to di)cernA ace, c&a)) and et'nicit$ 8i&& continue to be i#!ortant, N but ne8, or ne8&$ !ro#inent, area) o+ articu&ation co#e into e%i)tence, )uc' a) re&i(ion N Hand (ender &inked to it, e)!ecia&&$ in t'e ca)e o+ I)&a#ic )ocietie), a) 8e )a8 +or t'e 8arN on A+('ani)tanIA Ho8e"er, the
sin*le most prominent #ehicle of colonialit toda seemsN to (e the am(i*%o%sl drawn fi*%re of the Kterrorist)L Linked #o)t +orce+u&&$ to t'eN Midd&e /a)t, and t'u) to t'e
i##ediate US oi& and )trate(ic intere)t) in t'e re(ion H"i) <N "i) t'e /uro!ean Union and u))ia, on t'e one 'and, and C'ina and India in !articu&ar onN t'e ot'er, a) t'e #o)t +or#idab&e !otentia& c'a&&en(er)I, the
ima*inar of the terrorist canN ha#e a wide field of application Hit has alread (een applied to 1as3%e militants andN 'olom(ian *%errillas" for instanceJ) Indeed" after E?<<" we are all potential terrorists"N %nless o% are !merican" White" conser#ati#e 'hristian" and Rep%(lican in act%all orN epistemicall Ithat is" in mindsetJ) I J The cate*or terrorist means that there-s an e#er present threat of terrorism" so there-s a constant need for co%nter+terrorism" and war and peace (ecome indistin*%isha(le M This (l%rrin* of peace and war is the epitome of how Western states contin%e their control o#er life" a colonialit of modernit This t%rns the root of their impacts .pi#ak :DB Q7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e -G?G1?, =CookAS I 'a"e been tr$in( to o!en u! t'at ab)tractionaZZterror44ato +i(ure N out )o#e !o))ibi&itie)A Durin( t'e)e e++ort), it 'a) )ee#ed increa)in(&$ N c&ear to #e t'at RRterror::
is the name loosel assi*ned to the flip side ofN social mo#ementsMe7tra+ state collecti#e actionMwhen s%ch mo#ementsN %se ph sical #iolence) IWhen a state is named a RRterrorist state":: the intentN implicit in the namin* is to withold state stat%s from it, )o t'at, tec'nica&&$, itN enters the cate*or of RRe7tra+state collecti#e action)::J20 ZZ1error44 i), o+ cour)e,N a&)o t'e na#e o+ an a++ectA In the polic +makin* arena" RRterror:: as socialN mo#ement and RRterror:: as affect come to*ether to pro#ide a pla%si(le fieldN for *ro%p ps cholo*ical spec%lation) The social mo#ement is declared toN ha#e ps cholo*ical identit ) In ot'er 8ord), makin* terror (oth ci#il andN nat%ral pro#ides a rationale for e7ercisin* ps cholo*ical dia*nostics" theN most mali*n in*redient of racismA I 'a"e neit'er t'e trainin( nor t'e ta)teN +or )uc' e%erci)e)A But I #u)t )ti&& )a$ t'at in t'e ca)e o+ ZZterror44a)&idin(N i#!erce!tib&$ into ZZterrori)#44aa) )ocia& #o"e#ent, the word is perhapsN no more than an anton mMfor RRwar":: which names le*itimate #iolence" (%tN also" parado7icall " for peaceA And 'ere 8e cou&d 8ander in t'e &ab$rint'N 8'ere war and peace (ecome interchan*ea(le terms, a&t'ou(' t'e )tatu)N
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o+ 8ar a) a(ent and !eace a) obJect ne"er 8a"er)A *e 'a"e co#e to acce!t Nthe o7 moron0 RRpeacekeepin* forces):: 1'e United .ation) Hi(' Co##i))ion N +or e+u(ee) and Sa"e t'e C'i&dren3UC, in a re!ort o+ Februar$ 2002,N a)ked !eacekee!in( #i))ion) to )to! tra++ickin( in 8o#en and (ir& c'i&drenAN Fe#ini)t) a(itate a(ain)t t'e )e%ua&&$ ra!aciou) be'a"ior o+ ZZ!eacekee!in( N !er)onne&A44 21 1'e )canda& o+ ra!e 8it'in t'e US Ar#$ i) no8 8e&& kno8nA N At t'e )a#e ti#e, Barbara Cro))ette o++er) t'e con"entiona& 8i)do#, in N an artic&e entit&ed ZZHo8 to 0ut a .ation Back 1o(et'er A(ain,44 t'at ZZ+a)ter#o"in( N ar#ie) are nece))ar$A4422 Here i) t'e u)ua& di"i)ion bet8een t'e "ariou) N )!'ere) o+ di)cour)e, but t'e$ 8ork 8it'in t'e )a#e cu&tura& i#a(inar$, N t'i) ti#e a&#o)t (&oba&5 Con>uerin( ar#ie) "io&ate 8o#enA N *'ere ZZterror44 i) an a++ect, t'e &ine bet8een a(ent and obJect 8a"er)A N :n t'e one 'and"
the terrorists terrori2e a comm%nit " fill their e#er da withN terror) 1%t there is also a sense in which the terrorist is taken to (e n%m(edN to terror" does not feel the terror of terror" and has (ecome %nlike the restN of %s ( #irt%e of this transformation) When the soldier is not afraid to die"N s?he is (ra#e) When the terrorist is not afraid to die" s?he is a coward) TheN soldier kills" or is s%pposed to kill" desi*nated persons) The terrorist kills" orN ma kill" 6%st persons) In the space (etween RRterrorism:: as a social mo#ementN and terror as affect" we can declare #ictor ) !ltho%*h ci#il li(erties"N incl%din* intellect%al freedom" are c%rtailed" and militar permissi#enessN e7acer(ated" altho%*h racial profilin* deforms the polit and the entire c%lt%re N redesi*ns itself for pre#ention, and a&t'ou(', )tartin( on Se!te#ber 2F,N 2001, t'e U. Securit$ Counci& ado!t) 8ide3ran(in( antiterrori)#
#ea)ure),N 8e can )ti&& tran)+er t'e re(i)ter to a++ect and )a$, ZZ*e are not terrori2ed,N 8e 'a"e 8onA44 And t'e o&d to!o) o+ inter"enin( +or t'e )ake o+ 8o#en continue)N to be de!&o$edA It i) to )a"e A+('an 8o#en +ro# terror t'at 8e #u)t N kee! t'e !eace b$ +orce o+ ar#)A I
want to
distin*%ish the s%icide (om(er"N the kamika2e pilot" from these recei#ed (inaries)N I J !ctions taken in response to terrorism are at the heart of all reprod%cti#e heteronormati#e dri#es .pi#ak :DB H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e 10GFG200FA =CookAI
The RRwar:: on the Tali(an" repeatedl declared on media ( representati#esN of the United .tates *o#ernment +ro# t'e !re)ident on do8n, wasN onl a war in the *eneral senseA .ot 'a"in( been dec&ared b$ act o+ Con(re)),N it cou&d not a))u#e t'at !ro!er na#eA !nd e#en as s%ch it was notN a response to war) The detainees at G%antanamo 1a , a) 8e 'a"e beenN re!eated&$ re#inded b$ i('t and Le+t, are not prisoners of war and cannotN (e treated accordin* to the Gene#a 'on#ention Hit)e&+ unen+orceab&eIN becau)e, a) Dona&d u#)+e&d )a$), a#on( ot'er t'in(), RRthe did not fi*htN in %niform)::2 The U. is fi*htin* an a(stract enem 0 terrorism) De+inition) inN 7o"ern#ent 'andbook), or U. docu#ent), e%!&ain &itt&eA The war is partN of an ali(i e#er imperialism has *i#en itself" a ci#ili2in* mission carried toN the e7treme" as it alwa s m%st (e) It is a war on terrorism red%ced at homeN to d%e process" to a criminal case0 US "A
Kacaria) Mou))aoui, aka ZZS'a>i&,44N aka ZZAbu C'a&id a& Sa'ra8i,44 8it' t'e nineteen dead 'iJacker) na#edN a) unindicted co3con)!irator) in t'e indict#entAN 1'i) i) 8'ere I can be(in5 a 8ar 2oo#ed do8n to a &a8)uit andN 2oo#ed u! to +ace an ab)tractionA E#en
on the most
*eneral le#el" thisN (inar opposition will no lon*er standA For t'e )ake o+ con)tructin( a re)!on)e,N 'o8e"er, a
binar$ i) u)e+u&A 1o re!eat, t'en, do8n to a ca)e, u! toN an ab)tractionA I cannot )!eak inte&&i(ent&$ about t'e &a8, about ca)e)A I a#N not ZZre)!on)ib&e44 in itA I turn to t'e ab)traction5 terror3i)#A
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Totali2in* ,ens
9irst" ta* .pi#ak :EE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
I 'a"e d8e&t )o &on( on t'i) !a))a(e in Mar% becau)e it )!e&&)N out t'e inner d$na#ic) o+ Vertretun(, or re!re)entation in t'e !o&itica& N conte%tA
Representation in the economic conte7t is Dar)te&&un(, t'e philosophicalN concept of representation as sta*in* or, indeed, si*nification" whichN relates to the di#ided s%(6ect in an indirect wa ) 1'e #o)t ob"iou) !a))a(eN i) 8e&& kno8n5 OIn t'e e%c'an(e re&ation)'i! QAu)tau)c'"er'a&tni)J o+ co##oditie)N t'eir
e%c'an(e3"a&ue a!!eared to u) tota&&$ inde!endent o+ t'eirN u)e3"a&ueA But i+ 8e )ubtract t'eir u)e3"a&ue +ro# t'e !roduct o+ &abour, 8e N obtain t'eir "a&ue, a) it 8a) Ju)t deter#ined Qbe)ti##tJA 1'e co##on e&e#ent N 8'ic' re!re)ent) it)e&+ Q)ic' dar)te&&tJ in t'e e%c'an(e re&ation, or t'e N e%c'an(e "a&ue o+ t'e co##odit$, i) t'u) it) "a&ueAO21N Accordin( to Mar%, under ca!ita&i)#, "a&ue, a) !roduced in nece))ar$N and )ur!&u) &abor, i) co#!uted a) t'e re!re)entationG)i(n o+ obJecti+iedN &abor H8'ic' i) ri(orou)&$ di)tin(ui)'ed +ro# 'u#an acti"it$IA Con"er)e&$, N in
the a(sence of a theor of e7ploitation as the e%tractionN Hprod%ctionJ" appropriation" and reali2ation of H)ur!&u)I #al%e as representationN of la(or power" capitalist e7ploitation m%st (e seen as a #ariet ofN domination Ithe mechanics of power a) )uc'IA O1'e t'ru)t o+ Mar%i)#,ON De&eu2e )u((e)t),
O8a) to deter#ine t'e !rob&e# Qt'at !o8er i) #ore di++u)eN t'an t'e )tructure o+ e%!&oitation and )tate +or#ationS e))entia&&$ in ter#) N o+ intere)t) H!o8er i) 'e&d b$ a ru&in( c&a)) de+ined b$ it) intere)t)IO HFD,N 21BJ)N
4ne cannot o(6ect to this minimalist s%mmar of Mar7-s pro6ect,N Ju)t a) one cannot i(nore t'at, in !art) o+ t'e Anti3:edi!u), De&eu2e andN 7uattari bui&d t'eir ca)e on a bri&&iant i+ O!oeticO (ra)! o+ Mar%P) t'eor$ o+N t'e #one$ +or#A 6et we mi*ht consolidate o%r criti3%e in the followin*N wa 0 the relationship (etween *lo(al capitalism He%!&oitation in econo#ic)IN and nation+state alliances Hdo#ination in (eo!o&itic)J is so macrolo*ical thatN it cannot acco%nt for the microlo*ical te7t%re of power) To mo#e towardN s%ch an acco%ntin* one m%st mo#e toward theories of ideolo* +of s%(6ectN formations that microlo*icall and often erraticall operate the interests thatN con*eal the macrolo*ies) .%ch theories cannot afford to o#erlook the cate*or N of representation in its two senses) The m%st note how the sta*in* ofN the world in representation+it) )cene o+ 8ritin(, it) Dar)te&&un(3dissim%latesN the choice of and need for =heroes"= paternal pro7ies" a*ents of power Vertretun(AN M$ "ie8 i) that radical practice sho%ld attend to this do%(leN session of representations rather than reintrod%ce the indi#id%al s%(6ect N thro%*h totali2in* concepts of power and desire) It i) a&)o #$ "ie8 t'at, inN keepin* the area of class practice on a second le#el of a(straction" Mar7N was in effect keepin* open the HCantian andI He(e&ian criti3%e of the indi#id%alN s%(6ect as a*entA22 This #iew does not o(li*e me to i*nore that" ( N implicitl definin* the famil and the mother ton*%e as the *ro%nd le#elN where c%lt%re and con#ention seem nat%re-s own wa of or*ani2in* =her=N own s%(#ersion" Mar7 himself rehearses an ancient s%(terf%*e)2? In t'e conte%tN o+ !o)t)tructura&i)t c&ai#) to critica& !ractice, t'i) )ee#) #ore recu!erab&eN
t'an t'e c&ande)tine re)toration o+ SubJecti"e e))entia&i)#A
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Trade
I J The de#elopment of e7port economies of trade coincide with the most recent form of modernit in ,atin !merica" a form of E%rocentric control that contin%es and intensifies c%rrent postcolonial trends .al#atore :<D Q icardo DA, Uni"er)idad 1orcuato Di 1e&&a, 91'e 0o)tco&onia& in Latin A#erica and t'e Conce!t o+ Co&onia&it$5 A
Hi)torian4) 0oint o+ Vie8;, Vo&A F, .oA 1, Fa&& 2010, ??23?BF, 888Anc)uAeduG!roJectGacontracorriente, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A
The notion of Kmodernit L as %nderstood in 'olonialit at Lar(eN reflects a similar am(i#alence as the concept of Kcolonialit )L It)N te#!ora&it$ i) o!a>ue and it) "er$ nature re#ain) i#!reci)e&$ de+inedAN Historians co%ld a*ree with the effect of colonialism in .panish andN Port%*%ese !merica,
but not nece))ari&$ 8it' t'e "ie8 t'at t'eN !er)i)tence o+ co&onia& +or#) and )tructure) !re"ented t'e ado!tion o+ N /uro!ean #odernit$A :ne cou&d ar(ue t'at &ate 1,t' and ear&$ 20t'N centur$ modernit
contin%ed and pro(a(l intensified theN mar*inali2ation and o(6ectification of indi*eno%s peoples in ,atinN !mericaA But few wo%ld want to defend the similarit (etween <^th cent%r N .panish colonialism and the period of e7port economies,N rai&road), bank), and #oderni)t no"e&)A In ot'er 8ord), 'i)torian) areN &ike&$ to re)i)t t'e 'o#o(eni2ation into a
)in(&e !o&arit$N H#odernit$Gco&onia&it$I o+ di++erent t$!e) or 8a"e) o+ #odernit$A N 1'e #odernit$ t'at t'e ABC nation) HAr(entina, Bra2i& andN C'i&eI e"oked at t'e ti#e o+ t'eir +ir)t centenar$ 8a) neit'er t'e +ir)t N #odernit$ o+ t'e )i%teent' centur$, nor t'e )econd #odernit$ o+ t'eN /n&i('ten#entA It
was alread a completel altered confi*%ration thatN we mi*ht call a third
modernit
, t'e !roduct o+ t'e )econd 8a"e o+ N tec'no&o(ica& inno"ation), in+&uenced b$ current) o+ t'ou('t )uc' a)N e"o&utioni)#, !o)iti"i)#, and &iterar$ #oderni)#A 1'i) 8a) aN ci"i&i2ationa& !roJect in 8'ic' 9!ro(re)); 8a) endo8ed 8it' N tran)+or#ati"e !otenc$ (reater t'an t'at (ranted b$ /n&i('ten#entN t'inker) or o#antic 8riter)A 4n
the economic terrain this t pe ofN modernit coincided with the emer*ence of e7port+economies in theN re*ion" a process that *enerated an intense inte*ration into the worldN econom in terms of flows of capital" la(or" and technolo* A It i) notN c&ear to #e to 8'at e%tent t'e conce!t o+ #odernit$Gco&onia&it$ re+&ect)N a!!ro!riate&$ t'i) #o#ent o+ ra!id
tran)+or#ation) t'at )o#e LatinN A#erican re!ub&ic) e%!erienced caA1FF0 and 1,?0A
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Uni#ersal ;nowled*e?Prescriptions
I J The #iew of knowled*e as separate and detached from the person is a s mptom of Western ideolo* and tho%*ht) This is illo*ical to detach the s%(6ect from the #iew of knowled*e the hold" epistemolo*icall indictin* the entiret of their aff !ND It detaches the #iew of people as ha#in* personhood" perpet%atin* the #iew of s%(altern *ro%ps as lesser and false Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
0o&itica& /cono#$5 1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(30o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A en^ Descartes, t'e +ounder o+ Modern *e)tern 0'i&o)o!'$, inau(urate) aN new moment in the histor of Western tho%*ht) He replaces God" as the fo%ndationN of knowled*e in the Theo+politics of knowled*e o+ t'e /uro!ean Midd&e A(e), 8it'N IWesternJ Man as the fo%ndation of knowled*e in E%ropean Modern times) !ll t'eN attri(%tes o+ 7od are no8 e7trapolated to IWesternJ Man) Uni#ersal Tr%th (e ondN time and space pri#ile*es access to the laws of the Uni#erse" and the capacit toN prod%ce scientific knowled*e and theor is now placed in the mind of Western ManAN 1'e Carte)ian 9Co(ito er(o )u#; H9I think" therefore I amKJ is the fo%ndation ofN modern Western sciences) 1 prod%cin* a d%alism (etween mind and (od andN (etween mind and nat%re" Descartes was a(le to claim non+sit%ated" %ni#ersal" God e edN #iew knowled*e) 1'i) i) 8'at t'e Co&o#bian !'i&o)o!'er Santia(o Ca)tro3 N 7W#e2 ca&&ed the Kpoint 2eroL perspecti#e of E%rocentric philosophies HCa)tro37W#e2N 200?IA 1'e Kpoint 2eroL is the point of #iew that hides and conceals itself as (ein*N (e ond a partic%lar point of #iew, t'at i)" the point of #iew that represents itself asN (ein* witho%t a point of #iew) It is this K*od+e e #iewL that alwa s hides its local andN partic%lar perspecti#e %nder an a(stract %ni#ersalism) Western philosoph pri#ile*es N Ke*o politics of knowled*eL o#er the K*eopolitics of knowled*eL and the K(od +politics N of knowled*e)L Historicall " this has allowed Western man Ht'e (endered ter# i)N intentiona&&$ u)ed 'ereI to represent his knowled*e as the onl one capa(le ofN achie#in* a %ni#ersal conscio%sness" and to dismiss non+Western knowled*e asN partic%laristic and" th%s" %na(le to achie#e %ni#ersalit )
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U. ;e
9irst" The calls for the U. to sol#e e#er pro(lem reprod%ces the nation a*ain and a*ain aro%nd the world" sol#in* e#er pro(lem and crisis This instit%tes a reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it on all politics .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
The stereot pe of the p%(lic intellect%al" +ro# Fareed Kakaria o+N .e8)8eek Internationa& to C'ri)to!'er Hitc'en), t'e +ree&ance Briti)' (ad+&$, N wo%ld offer statements descri(in* U. polic " comin* o%t promptl in N response to e#er crisis) This is %ndo%(tedl worth " often re3%irin* personalN co%ra*e" (%t it is not a response) It enhances the charisma of the intellect%alN and prod%ces in the reader a feelin* of (ein* in the thick of thin*s)N This t pe of co*niti#e mappin*" 'ea"i&$ de!endent u!on t'e +ie&d8ork o+N +ront&ine in"e)ti(ati"e Journa&i)t) and 'u#b&e (at'erer) o+ )tati)tic), le*itimatesN b$ re"er)a& the idea that knowled*e is an end in itself" or that thereN is a strai*ht line from knowin* to doin* politics as h%man ri*hts or streetN theater) But to re)!ond #ean) to re)onate 8it' t'e ot'er, conte#!&ate t'eN !o))ibi&it$ o+ co#!&icit$ a8renc'in( con)ciou)ne))3rai)in(, 8'ic' i) ba)edN on ZZkno8in( t'in(),44 'o8e"er )u!er+icia&&$, +ro# it) co#!&acenc$A ResponseN pre+ fi*%res chan*e) eadin( Ari)tot&e and S'e&&e$, )tudent) t$!ica&&$ a)k,N *'at i) t'e di++erence bet8een !rediction and !re3+i(uration[ 1'e
di++erenceN i), ne(ati"e&$, in t'e intendin( )ubJect4) a!!arent &ack o+ !reci)ion, inN t'e +i(ureT !o)iti"e&$, it i) t'e +i(ure4) i##en)e ran(e in ti#e and )!aceAN 1'e +i(ure di)ru!t) con+idence in con)ciou)ne))3rai)in(A That
is the risk ofN a response that hopes to resonate thro%*h fi*%ration) When we confine o%rN idea of the political to co*niti#e control alone" this does not 6%st a#oid theN risk of response" it closes off response alto*ether) We end %p talkin* to o%rsel#es"N or to o%r clones a(road) Predicta(l " on ,eft and Ri*ht" o% lose s%pportN when o% stop %s+and+them+in*" when o% take awa the %nself+critical N con#enience of doin* *ood or p%nishin*)N
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MUHS
Western 'riticism?.%(6ect
9irst" Their criticism confines the decenterin* of the s%(6ect to the s%(6ect of the West" which pro(lemati2es the non+Western other as real and knowa(le) It makes it impossi(le to confer with the s%(altern in a disc%rsi#e practice" which ass%mes that the s%(6ect is alwa s alread the s%(6ect of the West) This t%rns the ; ( iss%in* a new YYYYtheir (ad thin*YYY and *%ts sol#enc " which reinstit%tin* an essentialist s%(6ect of the 4ther .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI .ome of the most radical criticism comin* o%t of theN West toda is the res%lt of an interested desire to conser#e the s%(6ect ofN the West" or the West as .U(6ect) The theor of pl%rali2ed =s%(6ect+effects=N *i#es an ill%sion of %nderminin* .U(6ecti#e so#erei*nt while often pro#idin*N a co#er for this s%(6ect of knowled*e) A&t'ou(' t'e 'i)tor$ o+ /uro!eN a) SubJect i) narrati"i2ed b$ t'e &a8, !o&itica& econo#$, and ideo&o($ o+ t'eN *e)t, t'i) concea&ed SubJect !retend) it 'a) Ono (eo3!o&itica& deter#ina3 Ntion)AO The m%ch+p%(lici2ed criti3%e of the so#erei*n s%(6ect th%s act%all N ina%*%rates a .%(6ectA I 8i&&
ha#e no other aimN (%t the immediate one of o#erthrowin* the e7istin*N*o#ernment" and the profo%ndl despise the moreN theoretical enli*htenment of the workers as to theirN class interests) Th%s their an*er+not proletarian
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MUHS
(%tN ple(ian+at the ha(its noir) Hb&ack coat)I, t'e more orN less ed%cated people who represent Q"ertretenJthat sideN of the mo#ement and of whom the can ne#er (ecomeN entirel independent" as the cannot of the official representati#esN Q e!ra)entantenJof the part )= Baude&aireP)N
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MUHS
4mission
9irst" ta* .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
0ierre Mac'ere$ !ro"ide) t'e +o&&o8in( +or#u&a +or t'e inter!retation N o+ ideo&o($5 P4*'at
is important in a work is what it does not sa )N This is not the same as The careless notation -what it ref%ses to sa "- a&t'ou('N t'at 8ou&d in it)e&+ be intere)tin(0 a method mi*ht (e (%ilt on it" with the N task of meas%rin* silences" whether acknowled*ed or %nacknowled*ed) ButN rat'er t'i), what the work cannot sa is important" (eca%se there the ela(orationN of the %tterance is carried o%t" in a sort of 6o%rne to silence)=B-N Machere P) idea) can be de"e&o!ed in direction) 'e 8ou&d be un&ike&$ toN +o&&o8A /"en a) 'e 8rite), o)ten)ib&$, o+ t'e &iterarine)) o+ t'e &iterature o+N /uro!ean !ro"enance, 'e artic%lates a method applica(le to the social te7tN of imperialism, )o#e8'at a(ain)t t'e (rain o+ 'i) o8n ar(u#entA A&t'ou(' N t'e notion O8'at it re+u)e) to )a$O #i('t be care&e)) +or a &iterar$ 8ork, N )o#et'in( &ike a collecti#e ideolo*ical ref%sal can (e dia*nosed for the codif in*N le*al practice of imperialism) This wo%ld open the field for a political economicN and m%ltidisciplinar ideolo*ical reinscription of the terrain) Becau)eN t'i) i) a O8or&din( o+ t'e 8or&dO on a )econd &e"e& o+ ab)traction, aN concept of ref%sal (ecomes pla%si(le hereA 1'e arc'i"a&, 'i)torio(ra!'ic,N di)ci!&inar$3critica&, and, ine"itab&$, inter"entioni)t 8ork in"o&"ed 'ere i)N indeed a ta)k o+ O#ea)urin( )i&ence)AO This can (e a description of =in#esti*atin*" identif in*" and meas%rin* ))) the de#iation= from an ideal that is N irred%ci(l differential) )N When we come to the concomitant 3%estion of the conscio%snessN of the s%(altern the notion of what the work cannot sa (ecomes important)N In the semioses of the social te7t" ela(orations of ins%r*enc stand in theN place of =the %tterance)=
1'e )ender3Ot'e !ea)antO3i) #arked on&$ a) aN !ointer to an irretrie"ab&e con)ciou)ne))A A) +or t'e recei"er, 8e #u)t a)kN 8'o i) Ot'e rea& recei"erO o+ an Oin)ur(enc$[O 1'e 'i)tonan, tran)+or#in( N Oin)ur(enc$O into Ote%t +or kno8&ed(e,O i) on&$ one Orecei"erO o+ an$ co&&ecti"e&$ N intended )ocia& act)
With no possi(ilit of nostal*ia for that lostN ori*in" the historian m%st s%spend Ias far as possi(leJ the clamor of his orN her own conscio%sness Hor con)ciou)ne))3e++ect, a) o!erated b$ dIRcI!'nRr$N trainin(I, so that the ela(oration of the ins%r*enc " packa*ed with an ins%r*ent+ conscio%sness" does not free2e into an o(6ect of in#esti*ation" or"N worse et" a model for imitationA OThe s%(6ect= implied ( the te7ts ofN ins%r*enc can onl ser#e as a co%nterpossi(ilit for the narrati#e sanctionsN *ranted to the colonial s%(6ect in the dominant *ro%psA 1'e !o)tco&onia&N inte&&ectua&) &earn t'at t'eir !ri"i&e(e i) t'eir &o))A In this the are a paradi*mN of the intellect%als)N It i) 8e&& kno8n t'at t'e notion o+ t'e +e#inine Hrat'er t'an t'eN )uba&tern o+ i#!eria&i)#I 'a) been u)ed in a )i#i&ar
8a$ 8it'in decon)tructi"eN critici)# and 8it'in certain "arietie) o+ +e#ini)t critici)#ABF In t'e N +or#er ca)e, a +i(ure o+ O8o#anO i) at i))ue, one 8'o)R #inir5nR& !redication N a) indeter#inate i) a&read$ a"ai&ab&e to t'e !'a&&ocentnc tradIt&d5#A .%(alternN
historio*raph
raises 3%estions of method that wo%ld pre#ent It from %sin*N s%ch a r%seA For t'e O+i(ureO o+ 8o#an, t'e re&ation)'i! bet8eer5 womanN and silence can (e plotted ( women themsel#esO race and class dIfferencesN are s%(s%med %nder that char*e) .%(altern historio*raph m%st confrontN the impossi(ilit of s%ch *est%res) The narrow epistemi)c #iolence o)f imperialismN *i#es %s an imperfect alle*or of the *eneral 5I4lence that I. theN possi(ilit of an epistemeAB,N eN *it'in t'e
e++aced itinerar$ o+ t'e )uba&tern )ubJect, t'e track o+ N )e%ua& di++erence i) doub&$ e++acedA 1'e >ue)tion i) not o+ +e#a&e !artici!ation N in in)ur(enc$, or t'e (round ru&e) o+ t'e )e%ua& di"i)ion o+A&abor, N +or bot' o+ 8'ic' t'ere i) Oe"idenceAO It i), rat'er, t'at, bot' a) obJect o+ N co&onia&i)t 'i)torio(ra!'$ and a) )ubJectA o+ in)ur(Rnc$, t'e ideo&o(ica& coAn)truction N o+ (ender kee!) t'e #a&e do##antA If"
in the conte7t of colonial prod%ction" the s%(altern has no histor and cannot speak" the s%(altern asN female is e#en more deepl in shadow)
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MUHS
1?? | A I D S
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MUHS
Impacts
1?B | A I D S
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MUHS
9ascism
I J The res%lt of colonialit " especiall when applied to economics of de#elopin* nations" is the de#elopment of financial fascism ! s stem that s%(6%*ates entire nations in the process of *lo(ali2ation Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
4ne of the main conse3%ences, +or Santo), of the collapse of emancipation into re*%lationN is the str%ct%ral predominance of e7cl%sion o#er incl%sionA /it'er becau)e o+ t'eN e%c&u)ion o+ #an$ o+ t'o)e +or#er&$
inc&uded, or becau)e t'o)e 8'o in t'e !a)t 8ereN candidate) +or inc&u)ion are no8 !re"ented +ro# bein( )o, t'e !rob&e#atic o+ e%c&u)ion N 'a) beco#e terrib&$ accentuated, 8it' e"er (ro8in( nu#ber) o+ !eo!&e t'ro8n into a N "eritab&e 9)tate o+ natureA; The
si2e of the e7cl%ded class #aries of co%rse with theN centralit of the co%ntr in the world s stem" (%t it is partic%larl sta**erin* in A)ia,N A+rica and ,atin !merica) The res%lt is a new t pe of social fascism a) 9a )ocia& andN ci"i&i2ationa& re(i#e; H!A BD?IA This re*ime, !arado%ica&&$, coe7ists with democraticN societies" hence its no#elt ) This fascism ma operate in #ario%s modes0 in terms ofN spatial e7cl%sionO territories str%**led o#er ( armed actorsO the fascism of insec%rit ON and o+ cour)e the deadl financial fascism" which at times dictates the mar*inali2ation of N entire re*ions and co%ntries that do not f%lfill the conditions needed for capital, accordin(N to t'e IMF and it) +ait'+u& #ana(e#ent con)u&tant) H!!A BB-3BDFIA 1o t'e +or#er 1'irdN *or&d corre)!ond) t'e 'i('e)t &e"e&) o+ )ocia& +a)ci)# o+ t'e)e kind)A This is, in )u#, t'eN world that is (ein* created ( *lo(ali2ation from a(o#e" or he*emonic *lo(ali2ation A
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Racism?Domination
I J 'olonialit e7ists as a matri7 of different dominatin* factors Race" politics" and world economics This m%ltiplicit of different s stems creates the world order that la(els people as inferior and s%perior" often (ased on race This is the controllin* impact in the de(ate Race controls e#er s stem in the world Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
It is not an accident that the concept%ali2ation of the world+s stem from N decolonial perspecti#es of the .o%th will 3%estion its traditional concept%ali2ations N prod%ced ( thinkers from the NorthA Fo&&o8in( 0eru"ian Socio&o(i)t AnVba& MuiJanoN H1,,1T 1,,FT 2000I, we co%ld concept%ali2e the present world+s stem as aN historical+str%ct%ral hetero*eneo%s totalit with a specific power matri7 t'at 'e ca&&)N a Kcolonial power matri7L H9!atrWn de !oder co&onia&;IA This matri7 affects allN dimensions of social e7istence s%ch as se7%alit " a%thorit " s%(6ecti#it and la(orN HMuiJano 2000IA 1'e )i%teent' centur$ initiate) a ne8 (&oba& co&onia& !o8er #atri%N t'at b$ t'e &ate nineteent' centur$ ca#e to co"er t'e 8'o&e !&anetA 1akin( a )te!N +urt'er +ro# MuiJano, I concept%ali2e the colonialit of power as an entan*lement or,N to u)e UASA 1'ird *or&d Fe#ini)t conce!t, inter)ectiona&it$ HCren)'a8 1,F,T Fre(o)oN 200?I of m%ltiple and hetero*eneo%s *lo(al hierarchies H9'eterarc'ie);I of se7%al"N political" epistemic" economic" spirit%al" lin*%istic and racial forms of domination andN e7ploitation where the racial?ethnic hierarch of the E%ropean?non+E%ropean di#ideN trans#ersall reconfi*%res all of the other *lo(al power str%ct%res) *'at i) ne8 in t'eN 9co&onia&it$ o+ !o8er; !er)!ecti"e i) 'o8 t'e idea o+ race and racism (ecomes theN or*ani2in* principle that str%ct%res all of the m%ltiple hierarchies of the world+s stemN HMuiJano 1,,?IA For e%a#!&e, the different forms of la(or that are artic%lated toN capitalist acc%m%lation at a world+scale are assi*ned accordin* to this racialN hierarch T coerci"e Hor c'ea!I &abor i) done b$ non3/uro!ean !eo!&e in t'e !eri!'er$N and 9+ree 8a(e &abor; in t'e coreA The *lo(al *ender hierarch is also affected ( N race0 contrar$ to !re3/uro!ean !atriarc'ie) 8'ere a&& 8o#en 8ere in+erior to a&&N #en, in t'e
ne8 co&onia& !o8er #atri% )o#e 8o#en Ho+ /uro!ean ori(inI 'a"e a N 'i('er )tatu) and acce)) to re)ource) t'an )o#e #en Ho+ non3/uro!ean ori(inIA TheN
idea of race or*ani2es the world:s pop%lation into a hierarchical order of s%perior andN inferior people that (ecomes an or*ani2in* principle of t'e internationa& di"i)ion o+N &abor and o+ the *lo(al patriarchal s stem) Contrar$ to t'e /urocentric !er)!ecti"e,N race, (ender, )e%ua&it$, )!iritua&it$, and
e!i)te#o&o($ are not additi"e e&e#ent) toN t'e econo#ic and !o&itica& )tructure) o+ t'e ca!ita&i)t 8or&d3)$)te#, but an inte(ra&, N entan(&ed and con)tituti"e !art o+ t'e broad entan(&ed 9!acka(e; ca&&ed t'e N E%ropean
modern?colonial capitalist?patriarchal
world+s stem H7ro)+o(ue& 2002IAN /uro!ean =udeo3C'ri)tian !atriarc'$ and /uro!ean notion) o+ )e%ua&it$, N e!i)te#o&o($ and )!iritua&it$ were *lo(ali2ed and e7ported to the rest of the worldN thro%*h the colonial e7pansion as the he*emonic criteria to raciali2e" classif andN patholo*i2e the rest of the world:s pop%lation in a hierarch of s%perior and inferiorN race)AN 1'i) conce!tua&i2ation 'a) enor#ou) i#!&ication) t'at I can on&$
brie+&$N #ention 'ere5N 1I 1'e o&d /urocentric idea t'at )ocietie) de"e&o! at t'e &e"e& o+ t'e nation3)tate in N ter#) o+ a &inear e"o&ution o+ #ode) o+ !roduction +ro# !re3ca!ita&i)t to ca!ita&i)tN i) o"erco#eA *e are a&& enco#!a))ed 8it'in a ca!ita&i)t 8or&d3)$)te# t'atN articu&ate) di++erent +or#) o+ &abor accordin( to t'e racia& c&a))i+ication o+ t'eN 8or&d4) !o!u&ation HMuiJano 2000T 7ro)+o(ue& 2002IAN 2I 1'e o&d Mar%i)t !aradi(# o+ in+ra)tructure and )u!er)tructure i) re!&aced b$ aN 'i)torica&3'etero(eneou) )tructure HMuiJano 2000I, or a 9'eterarc'$; N HConto!ou&o) 1,,?I, t'at i), an entan(&ed articu&ation o+ #u&ti!&e 'ierarc'ie), inN 8'ic' )ubJecti"it$ and t'e )ocia& i#a(inar$ i) not deri"ati"e but con)tituti"e o+ N t'e )tructure) o+ t'e 8or&d3)$)te# H7ro)+o(ue& 2002IA In t'i) conce!tua&i2ation, N race in)tru#enta& to an o"erarc'in( &o(ic o+N ca!ita&i)t accu#u&ationT the
and racism are not s%perstr%ct%ral or are constit%ti#e of ca!ita&i)t accu#u&ation at aN 8or&d3)ca&eA The Kcolonial power matri7L is an or*ani2in* principle in#ol#in*N e7ploitation and domination e7erci2ed in m%ltiple dimensions of social life" fromN economic" se7%al" or *ender relations" to political or*ani2ations" str%ct%res ofN knowled*e" state instit%tions" and ho%seholds HMuiJano 2000IA
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I J Racism is the direct res%lt of colonlialit Mi*nolo :DZ Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Idea o+ Latin A#erica;, 'tt!)5GGcdnAanon+i&e)Aco#G1?B,0-?2B1,D?A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed
-G11G1?A
The comple7 artic%lation and disartic%lation of di#erse historiesN for the (enefit of one, t'e 'i)tor$ o+ t'e di)co"erer), con>ueror),N and co&oni2er)" left to posterit a linear and homo*eneo%s concept N of histor that also prod%ced the KideaL of !mericaA But in orderN +or one 'i)tor$ to be )een a) !ri#ar$, a s stem of classification toN mar*inali2e certain knowled*es" lan*%a*es" and (ein*s needs to (eN in placeA Th%s" coloni2ation and the 6%stification for the appropriationN of land and the e7ploitation of la(or in the process of theN in#ention of !merica re3%ired the sim%ltaneo%s ideolo*ical constr%ctionN of racismA The emer*ence of the Indians in the E%ropeanN conscio%sness" the sim%ltaneo%s e7p%lsion of the Moors and /ewsN +ro# t'e Iberian !enin)u&a in t'e &ate +i+teent' centur$, and theN redefinition of the !frican 1lacks in sla#er prompted a specificN classification and rankin* of h%manit ) The !re)u#!tuou) KmodelLN of ideal h%manit on 8'ic' it was (ased 8a) not e)tab&i)'ed b$N 7od a) a natura& order, but accordin* to the perception of 'hristian"N White" and E%ropean malesA 1'e (eo3 and bod$ !o&itic) o+ kno8&ed(eN 8ere 'idden and )ub&i#ated into an ab)tract uni"er)a& co#in( +ro# 7od orN +ro# t'e tran)cendenta& e(oA Con)e>uent&$, the *eo+politics and (od N politics of knowled*es that %nfolded from the (orders of imperialN e7periences in the colonies Ht'at i), i#!eria&Gco&onia& e%!erience)IN offer not on&$ a new and distinct epistemolo* HiAeA, border e!i)te#o&o($I,N but a&)o a !er)!ecti"e +ro# 8'ic' to ana&$2e t'e &i#it) o+N t'e re(iona& uni"er)a&i2in( o+ under)tandin( ba)ed on bot' t'eo&o($ N and e(o&o($ HiAeA, t'eo3 and e(o3!o&itic) o+ kno8&ed(eIA The o#erallN classification and rankin* o+ t'e 8or&d do not Ju)t re"ea& a rea&it$N out t'ere, in t'e 8or&d, t'at t'e$ re+&ect, &ike in a #irrorA 1'e$ a&)oN hide the fact that s%ch classification and rankin* are #alid onl N from a K*i#en perspecti#eL or &ocu) o+ enunciation @ t'e (eo'i)torica&N and bio3(ra!'ica& e%!erience o+ t'e kno8in( )ubJect o+N t'e !'i&o)o!'ica& !rinci!&e) o+ t'eo&o($, the historical e7periences N of Western 'hristians" and the wa of lookin* at the world asN a male)
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5iolence
PPP!,.4 HEGE ,IN;PPP I J The new form of imperialism and control is economic" (%t the same #iolent" war+ mon*erin* effects take place" destro in* entire nations" and s%(6%*atin* all who are in the co%ntries the U. tries to economicall en*a*e Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A Be+ore #o"in( on, it
is important to complete this ro%*h representation of toda :s *lo(alN capitalist modernit b$ &ookin( at t'e US3&ed in"a)ion o+ Ira> in ear&$ 200?A A#on( ot'erN t'in(), t'i) e!i)ode 'a) #ade at &a)t t8o t'in() !articu&ar&$ c&ear5 first" the willin*ness toN %se %nprecedented le#els of #iolence to enforce dominance on a *lo(al scaleO second" theN %nipolarit of the c%rrent empire) In a)cen)ion )ince t'e 1'atc'er3 ea(an $ear), thisN %nipolarit reached its clima7 with the post+E?<< re*ime" (ased on a new con#er*ence ofN militar " economic" political and reli*io%s interests in the United .tate)A In A&ain =o%e4)N H2002I co#!e&&in( "i)ion o+ i#!eria& (&oba&it$, 8'at 8e 'a"e been 8itne))in( )ince t'e N +ir)t 7u&+ *ar i) the rise of an empire that increasin*l operates thro%*h the mana*ementN of as mmetrical and spatiali2ed #iolence" territorial control" s%(+contracted massacres"N and Kcr%el little wars"L all of which are aimed at imposin* the neo+li(eral capitalistN pro6ect) !t stake is a t pe of re*%lation that operates thro%*h the creation of a newN hori2on of *lo(al #iolence) This empire re*%lates disorder thro%*h financial and militar N means" p%shin* chaos to the e7tent possi(le to the o%tskirts of empire" creatin* aN Kpredator L peace to the (enefit of a *lo(al no(le caste and lea#in* %ntold po#ert andN s%fferin* in its path) It is an empire that does not take responsi(ilit for the well(ein* ofN those o#er whom it r%lesA A) =o%e !ut) it5 9The world toda is %nited ( a new form ofN chaos" an imperial chaos" dominated ( the imperi%m of the United .tate), t'ou(' notN contro&&ed b$ itA *e &ack t'e 8ord) to de)cribe t'i) ne8 )$)te#, 8'i&e bein( )urroundedN b$ it) i#a(e)A \ World leadership thro%*h chaos" a doctrine t'at a rationa& /uro!eanN )c'oo& 8ou&d 'a"e di++icu&t$ i#a(inin(, necessaril leads to weakenin* states e#en inN the United .tate)athro%*h the emer*in* so#erei*nt of corporations and markets)LN H20025 -F, 21?IA I J This homo*eni2in* #iew of (oth Western lo*ic and the K(ar(aricL ,atin !merica defends a old" o%t+of+date #iew of people and c%lt%res that onl leads to #iolence in its defense Mi*nolo :DZ Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Idea o+ Latin A#erica;, 'tt!)5GGcdnAanon+i&e)Aco#G1?B,0-?2B1,D?A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed
-G11G1?A 1'ere i) one !ro"i)o5 at t'i) !oint in ti#e, the
colonial differenceN m%st (e kept in #iew" (eca%se 'reoles in the !mericas of E%ropeanN descent Heit'er Latin or An(&oI, a) 8e&& a) Creo&e) o+ /uro!eanN de)cent around t'e 8or&d, #a still see ci#ili2ation and (ar(arismN as ontolo*ical cate*ories" and therefore the ma ha#e tro%(leN acceptin* Indian Hor I)&a#ic, +or t'at #atterI ci#ili2ational processesN and histories when enterin* into dialo*%eA There are no ci#ili2ationsN o%tside of E%rope or" i+ t'ere are, &ike t'o)e o+ I)&a#, C'ina or =a!anN Hto +o&&o8 Huntin(ton4) c&a))i+ication5 )ee c'a!ter 1I, t'e$ remain inN the past and ha#e had to (e (ro%*ht into the present of WesternN ci#ili2ation) 1'at i) t'e co&onia& di++erence t'at )'ou&d be ke!t inN #indA The f%t%re can no lon*er (e tho%*ht of as the Kdefense ofN Western ci#ili2ation"L constantl waitin* for the (ar(arians) !s (ar(ariansN are %(i3%ito%s Ht'e$ cou&d be in t'e !&ain) or in t'e #ountain)N a) 8e&& a) in (&oba& citie)J" so are the ci#ili2ed) There is no safeN place to defend and" e#en worse"
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MUHS
(elie#in* that there is a safe placeN that m%st (e defended is Hand 'a) beenJ the direct road to killin*)N Dialo*%e, !ro!er&$ )!eakin(" cannot take place %ntil there are noN more places to (e defended and the power differential" conse3%entl "N can (e redressedA Dia&o(ue toda$ i) a uto!ia, a) 8e
are 8itne))in( inN Ira>, and it )'ou&d be reconcei"ed a) uto!i)tic5 a doub&e #o"e#ent N co#!o)ed o+ a critica& take on t'e !a)t in order to i#a(ine andN con)truct +uture !o))ib&e 8or&d)A 1'e deco&onia& )'i+t i) o+ t'eN e))ence i+ 8e 8ou&d )to! )eein( 9#odernit$; a) a (oa& rat'er t'anN )eein( it a) a /uro!ean con)truction o+ 'i)tor$ in /uro!e4) o8n N intere)t)A Dia&o(ue can on&$ take !&ace once 9#odernit$; i) deco&oni2ed N and di)!o))e))ed o+ it) #$t'ica& #arc' to8ard t'e +utureA I a#N not de+endin( 9de)!oti)#; o+ an$ kind, :rienta& or :ccidenta&A IN a# Ju)t )a$in( t'at 9dialo*%eL
can onl take place when the Kmonolo*%eLN of one ci#ili2ation IWesternJ is no
lon*er
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MUHS
&N' 5iolence
I J 4ccidental tho%*ht perpet%ates *lo(al str%**les thro%*ho%t the world and pla o%t in #astl #iolent ends This is the root ca%se of o%r impacts T%rns case Iken(err :DB Q7A =o'n, 1'eori)t o+ internationa& re&ation) and United State) +orei(n !o&ic$, and a !ro+e))or o+ 0o&itic) and Internationa&
A++air) in t'e *oodro8 *i&)on Sc'oo& o+ 0ub&ic and Internationa& A++air) at 0rinceton Uni"er)it$, e"ie8 o+ :ccidenta&i)#5 1'e *e)t in t'e /$e) o+ It) /ne#ie) b$ Ian Buru#a and A"i)'ai Mar(a&it +or Forei(n A++air), 'tt!5GG888A+orei(na++air)Aco#Gartic&e)GD,DD-G(3Jo'n3 ikenberr$Goccidenta&i)#3t'e38e)t3in3t'e3e$e)3o+3it)3ene#ie), =CookAS Acce))ed EG2EG1?A In t'i) (rand&$ i&&u#inatin( )tud$ o+ t8o centurie) o+ anti3*e)tern idea), Buru#a and Mar(a&it contend t'at the
hostilit of Islamic 6ihadists toward the United .tate) is but the most recent manifestation of a lon*+r%nnin*" worldwide reaction to the rise of Western modernit ) The call the cl%ster of pre6%dices and %nflatterin* ima*es of the West con6%red ( its enemies =4ccidentalism"O a !'eno#enon t'at
ori(inated 8it'in t'e *e)t it)e&+ in t'e &ate ei('teent' centur$ and on&$ &ater )!read to t'e Midd&e /a)t, A)ia, and be$ondA 7er#an ro#antic), reactin( to t'e /n&i('ten#ent and t'e ri)e o+ ca!ita&i)#, e%!re))ed it in t'eir reJection of
a coldl rational E%rope ++ a =machine ci#ili2ation"= manifest in imperialism" %r(anism" and cosmopolitanism) Fro# t'ere, similar themes appear in 4ccidentalism-s other #ariants0 the sinf%lness and rootlessness of %r(an lifeO the corr%ption of the h%man spirit in a materialistic" market+dri#en societ O the loss of or*anic comm%nit O the *lor of heroic self+sacrifice in o#ercomin* the timidit of (o%r*eois life) *e)tern &ibera&i)# i) a t'reat 33 to re&i(iou) +unda#enta&i)t), !rie)t3kin(), and radica& co&&ecti"i)t) a&ike 33 becau)e it de+&ate) t'e !reten)ion) o+ t'eir o8n brand o+ 'eroic uto!iani)#A U&ti#ate&$, t'e pict%re that emer*es is not of a clash of ci#ili2ations (%t of deepl rooted tensions that e(( and flow within and across ci#ili2ations" reli*ions" and c%lt%resA *'at t'e *e)t can do about :ccidenta&i)#, 'o8e"er, i) &e)) c&earA 1'e anti3*e)tern i#!u&)e) in nineteent'3
centur$ /uro!e and inter8ar =a!an 8ere on&$ tran)itiona&, o"er8'e&#ed b$ t'e +orce) o+ )ocioecono#ic ad"ance#entA *'et'er t'e :ccidenta&i)# o+ !re)ent3da$ I)&a#ic radica&) 8i&& a&)o co#e to acco##odate #odernit$ i) t'e (reat >ue)tion o+ our ti#eA Buru#a and Mar(a&it do not "enture an an)8er, but t'eir e"ocati"e )tud$ )'o8) t'at, whate#er
happens in the end" it will pla o%t as a
lon* and #iolent historical drama)
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War
9irst" This reprod%cti#e Heteronormati#it ends in the co%ntless 6%stification of wars !s nations reprod%ce themsel#es in masc%line wa s" war is fo%*ht amon*st the protection of the female" and the protection of the nation:s reprod%cti#e a(ilities This makes war ine#ita(le ( re+entrenchin* in the heterose7ism that prod%ces the 6%stifications for wars in the first place 4nl the alternati#es (reak awa from this s stem of reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it sol#es the impact) Glo(al 9eminism:s BD& :DG HA#$ 1A, *rite) on t'e 8ar in Ira> and !articu&ar&$ it) i#!act on 8o#en, 91'e 7ender o+ *ar;,
Dece#ber 1D, 200FAI H'tt!5GG(&oba&+e#ini)#)A8ord!re))Aco#G200FG12G1DGt'e3(ender3o+38arGA =CookAI Acce))ed FG21G12A
War is an act of #iolence" domination" of takin* awa someone:s power ( assertin* and reif in* o%r own) War is a clash of (rawn and phallic *%ns) In o%r *endered societ " war is witho%t a do%(t coded masc%lineAN 1'ink about a 8arriorA I) t'i) 8arrior a #an or a 8o#an[ .o8 t'ink about a )o&dierA Man or 8o#an[ The traditionall maleness of warriors is one wa that war (ecomes *endered) Histor (ooks and stor (ooks alike paint a pict%re alwa s of a male warrior" *enerall #er ph sicall impressi#e" so an*ered that someone or somethin* is threatenin* what is Rhis: that he will resort to #iolent means to protect it) The anatomical maleness of the t pical warrior isn:t eno%*h to render war masc%line" t'ou(' @ (ender i) )ocia&&$ con)tructed, )o it4) t'e
#a)cu&ine3coded attribute) o+ t'e)e 8arrior) t'at rea&&$ #a)cu&ini2e) 8arA 1'e )tren(t', abi&it$ to !rotect, )en)e o+ o8ner)'i! o"er ot'er) and 8i&&in(ne)) to u)e "io&ent #ean) t'at t$!i+$ t'e 8arrior are a&)o #an$ o+ t'e trait) t'at 'e&! to con)truct #a)cu&init$ )
The militar is is
+urt'er masc%lini2ed (eca%se of its heteronormati#it T Don4t A)k Don4t 1e&& in t'e United State) #ean) t'at out 'o#o)e%ua&) are not e"en a&&o8ed to )er"eA Ho#o)e%ua& )o&dier) c'a&&en(e t'e 'etero3#a)cu&ine )!'ere o+ t'e )o&dier and !rob&e#ati2e t'e undeniab&$ 'o#o)ocia& at#o)!'ere created b$ t'e !re)ence o+ )o #an$ #en in t'e )a#e )!ace 8it' "er$ +e8 8o#en a&&o8ed in)ideA N War
also coded masc%line (eca%se of the femini2ation of what warriors RprotectO: in o%r heterose7ist world that which is protected and therefore less dominant cannot remain masc%line" and masc%linit and femininit are #iewed in (inar opposition and therefore complementar ) In &e(end t'e 1roJan *ar 8a) +ou('t o"er a 8o#anA Land i) +e#ini2ed, a) in Mot'er /art' and ca&&in( countrie) 9t'e
#ot'er&and and )'e;AQ1S *o#en4) re&ation to 8ar beco#e) about 'o8 t'e$ are 9in need o+ t'e !rotection t'e #i&itar$ can !ro"ide t'e#;AQ2S
Wars (e*in to protect and sa#e women" (eca%se patriarch wants e#er one to (elie#e that women don:t ha#e the a*enc to protect or sa#e themsel#esA 1'i) +e#ini2ation o+ t'at o"er 8'ic' 8ar i) +ou('t i) )i#u&taneou)&$ t'e re)u&t o+ and t'e rea)on be'ind 8ar bein( coded a) #a)cu&ineA Masc%lini2ation of war attempts to red%ce women to propert " (ein*s witho%t a*enc to 3%ite literall call their own shots)N 4ftentimes women:s ri*hts (ecome a kind of capital o#er which men fi*htA *'en 8ar i) +ou('t in
order to )a"e 8o#en, t'en >ue)tion) o+ 8'ic' (rou! a++ord) #ore ri('t) to 8o#en beco#e) an i))ue not o+ co##it#ent to (ender e>ua&it$ but rat'er in 8'o can c&ai# 'i('er #ora& (roundA 0atriarc'$ and t'e )$)te#) o+ o!!re))ion 8it' 8'ic' it inter)ect) are 'a!!$ to !er+or# concern +or t'e 8e&&3bein( o+ t'e "er$ (rou!) t'e$ o!!re)) 8'en doin( )o 8i&& rei+$ t'eir o8n !o8er and (&or$A 7a$atri .pi#ak
has termed the intersection of patriarch and white s%premac as a phenomenon of Kwhite menNsa#in* (rown women from (rown menL)Q?SN The world of (inar oppositions a&)o en*a*es in essentialismT t'at i)" linkin* an anatomical realit to a sociall constr%cted set of (eha#iors) Masc%linit and maleness" t'ou(' not t'e )a#e t'in(, are ne"ert'e&e)) ine7trica(l linked ( essentialism) 9rom this essentialism and (inar opposition comes a sense that men" and t'ere+ore masc%line (ein*s" m%st co%nteract and compensate for the feminine and female (eha#iors that are %nreacha(le for masc%lini2ed male (odiesA Ki&&a' /i)en)tein b&unt&$ )u##ari2e) t'i) t'eor$5 98'i&e 8o#en birt', #en ki&&;AQBS 1eca%se women ha#e reprod%cti#e power" men compensate for this ina(ilit ( claimin* power o#er death0 decidin* who *ets to die when and on whose terms)N War is e#en *endered in its defeat) 7rou!) are e#a)cu&ated in de+eat, &ike t'e US a+ter it) +ai&ure in Vietna#AQDS *'en 8ar beco#e)
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about 9#a)cu&ine !o)turin(;QES and 9+acin( u! to a bu&&$,;Q-S t'en ad#ittin( de+eat #ean) ad#ittin( a &ack o+ #a)cu&ine !otenc$ and )tren(t'A Star'a8k 8rite t'at 9Q)So&dier) can be coerced into d$in( +or ki&&in( 8'en t'eir +ear o+ bein( ca&&ed 8o#an&ike or co8ard&$ o"erride) t'eir re&uctance to +ace deat' or to in+&ict inJur$ on ot'er)A;QFS *ar, "io&ence and ki&&in( beco#e a 8a$ to !ro"e #an&ine)) and #a)cu&init$A Add in t'e !'a&&ic i#a(e) o+ #uc' o+ #odern 8ea!onr$ and 8ar beco#e) a batt&e o+ 8'o 'a) a bi((er !eni), 8'o i) t'e bi((er and #ore #a)cu&ine #anA N 1'e US occu!ation o+ Ira> i) de+inite&$ (endered #a)cu&ine and ea)i&$ #atc'e) t'e do#inant narrati"e o+ #a)cu&ini2ed 8arA N 1'e US (o"ern#ent u)ed t'e 8e&&3bein( o+ 8o#en to Ju)ti+$ t'eir in"a)ionA /"en t'ou(' t'e 8ar i) rea&&$ about i#!eria&i)#, *e)tern do#inance, and ca!ita&i)t (reed, t'e US c&ai#ed t'at it 8anted to Z&iberate4 t'e Mu)&i# 8o#en @ o+ cour)e re#e#berin( to re!re)ent t'e)e 8o#en a) an :rienta&i)t #ono&it'A /i)en)tein de)cribe) t'at KRThe
West: is often descri(ed as em(racin* R*ender e3%alit ": while M%slim co%ntries are depicted as non+democratic and patriarchalL)S,S Here women:s ri*hts are commodified" %sed as capital to 6%stif #iolence" a**ression" (latant 4therin* racism and reli*io%s pre6%dice) 1'i) di)cour)e continue) to con)truct 8o#en a) obJect) to !rotect and )a"e rat'er t'an reco(ni2in( t'eir
a(enc$ and )tatu) a) +u&& 'u#an bein()AN 1'e US 8ar o+ a((re))ion on Ira> 8a) a&)o a c&a)' o+ #a)cu&initie), &ea"in( +e#ininit$ on t'e )ide&ine) a) on&$ )o#et'in( to !rotectA Laura SJober( e%!&ain) 'o8 t'i) '$!er#a)cu&ini2ation inter)ected 8it' raci)# a) US +orce) +e#ini2ed and :t'ered Ira>i +orce)5N 1'e )tor$ o+ con+&ict 8a) not to&d on&$ in ter#) o+ A#erican #an&ine)), but in ter#) o+ t'e "ictor$ o+ A#erican #an&ine)) o"er t'e #i)taken and in+erior #a)cu&initie) o+ t'e Ira>i o!!onentA A#erican #a)cu&init$ 8a) 8innin( o"er Ira>i #a)cu&init$ and terrori)t #a)cu&init$, bot' o+ 8'ic' 8ere in+eriorA Q10SN 9or
U. troops" not onl were the Rmotherland: and the (rown women to which 7a$atri .pi#ak refers at risk" (%t also at risk was the #er concept of what masc%linit looks like in !mericaA :+ cour)e t'e on&$ 8a$ to )o&"e t'e di&e##a 8a) to "io&ent&$ and a((re))i"e&$ )'o8 t'o)e 9#i)taken; Ira>i) 8'o rea&&$ 'ad #ore !o8er, 8'o 8a) rea&&$ tou('er and #an&ierAN The masc%linit of war cannot (e co%ntered ( femininit alone (%t ( deconstr%ctin* o%r ri*id essentialist *ender roles A *'en #en don4t 'a"e to !ro"e t'eir #a&ene)) t'rou(' #a)cu&init$, "io&ence and do#ination 8i&& cea)e to 'o&d )uc' i#!ortance in our &i"e)A We m%st constr%ct stren*th as comin* from somethin* different than 6%st ph si3%e" power and intimidation o#er others) Reima*inin* o%r concepts of *ender will help %s to en#ision a world free from war)
1B2 | A I D S
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MUHS
5al%e to ,ife
Not #er *ood 9irst" Reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it destro s the spirit of h%man life It controls o%r actions and o%r (asic %nconscio%s" remo#in* an tr%e freedom .pi#ak !%*%st &D<& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 9 e5 Di)cu))ion o+ 6our Idea) and Acade#ic Debate;,
'tt!5GGe#ai&)8it'debateaut'or)Ab&o()!otAco#G2012G0FGcon"er)ation38it'3(a$atri3)!i"akA't#&, =CookAI Acce))ed FG2EG12A
I think o% are a(sol%tel ri*ht in 3%estionin* =(est+ness)= H:n&$ $e)terda$ I )id to an Indian (rou! 33 #$ +a#i&$ 33 Onationalist competition kills the h%man spirit)=J 1'at )aid, a&&o8 #e to #ake a (ent&e critici)#A I a&8a$) te&& #$ )tudent), Ot'eor$ i) not t'ere +or a!!&icationA 1'eori2in( i) a !racticeA Read theor for its own sake so that it-s internali2ed and o%r readin* practice is chan*edA Do not #ake t'in() into i&&u)tration) o+ t'eor$AO So, )ee i+ $ou
can (et be'ind #$ t'inkin(, a) i+ $ouPre t'inkin( t'e# rat'er t'an +o&&o8in( t'e# and )ee 8'at 'a!!en)A N N A&)o, I a&8a$) 'a"e t8o 8a$) o+ &ookin( at t'in()5 )'ort ter# X &on( ter#A A) Adrienne ic' )o !o8er+u&&$ )a$)5 O,earn Co&&e(e Co##ence#ent Addre))IA Does
from o%r own histor = H1,-, S#it' increasin* speed in tra#el act%all decrease *asolene cons%mption> What does histor teach %s> !nd does lessened *asolene cons%mption lead to a 6%ster world a%tomaticall with no trainin* for epistemolo*ical performance> Wo%ld infrastr%ct%ral chan*e help s%(altern *ro%ps (e heard> N
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HI5?!IDs
9irst" Reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it leads nations like the U. to p%ll f%ndin* from HI5 and !IDs pro*rams .pi#ak :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI
In Au(u)t, 200?, at t'e !ub&ic 'earin( o+ cri#e) a(ain)t 8o#en inN Ban(&ade)', t'e Jur$ 'ad )u((e)ted HI 8a) !art o+ t'e Jur$I t'at t'e Sout' N A)ian A))ociation +or e(iona& Coo!eration, or SAA C, be re>ue)ted to !utN in !&ace tran)3)tate Juri)diction )o t'at !er!etrator) cou&d be a!!re'endedN 8it' (reater ea)e, and )ur"i"or3+riend&$ &a8) cou&d )u!!ort tra++icked 8o#en, N o+ten &i"in( 8it' HIVGAIDS, acro)) )tate &ine)A
.%ch feminist work wo%ld notN onl )u!!&e#ent t'e ric' cu&tura& #u&c' o+ t'e te)ti+$in( 8o#en t'e#)e&"e), N re+codin* their li#es thro%*h se7+work collecti#es workin* to monitor andN ad#ise" it wo%ld also" b$ )u!!ortin( t'e )e%38ork a8arene)) o+ t'e)e 8o#en, N pro#ide an acti#e criticism of the reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it that isN makin* the United .tates withdraw aid from the most s%ccessf%l HI5?!ID.N pro*rams as in 1ra2il or G%atemala (eca%se the will not simpl criminali2eN prostit%tion^) There the m%ltilin*%al and re*ional comparati#e work wo%ldN (e immensel prod%cti#e)N
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4theri2ation
If o%:re *oin* to read this as an impact read framework with it the onl wa an o%twei*hs and there:s some prett *ood polic fail%re st%ff with it o%:ll win
Reprod%cti#e Heteronormati#it forces the postcolonial to (ecome the other .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
co%rse" chan*es in the mode of prod%ction of #al%e do not (rin* a(o%t matchin* chan*es in the constit%tion of the s%(6ect) 1%t one is often s%rprised to notice how neatl the r%ses chan*e in the arena that en*a*es in codin* s%(6ect+prod%ction0 c%lt%ral politics ) And t'e uni"er)itie), t'e Journa&), t'e in)titute), t'e e%'ibition), t'e !ub&i)'3 A er)P )erie) are rat'er o"ert&$ in"o&"ed 'ereA Cee!in( t'e bana& !redictabi&it$ o+ t'e cu&tura& a!!aratu) in tran)nationa& )ociet$ +ir#&$ in #ind, it can (e said that the shift into transnationalism (ro%*ht a softer and more (ene#olent third worldism into the E%ramerican academ ) This was indeed a ricorso from the (asicall conser#ati#e social scientific approach that matched the initial dismantlin* of the old empires) It is in this newer conte7t that the postcolonial diasporic can ha#e the role of an ideolo*%e) This =personO Ha&t'ou(' 8e are on&$ na#in( a )ubJect3!o)ition 'ereJ" (elon*in* to a (asicall colla(orati#e elite" can (e %neas for different kinds of reasons with (ein* made the o(6ect of %n3%estionin* (ene#olence as an inha(itant of the new third world) I.Jhe is more at home in prod%cin* and sim%latin* the effect of an older world constit%ted ( the le*itimi2in* narrati#es of c%lt%ral and ethnic specificit and contin%it " all feedin* an almost seamless national identit +a species of= retrospecti#e hall%cination)= <B This prod%ces a comforta(le =other= for transnational postmodernit " =*ro%nd+le#el acti#it "= =emer*ent disco%rses)= The radical critic can t%rn her attention on this h perreal third world to find" in the name of an alternati#e histor " an arrested space that reproaches postmodernit ) In +act, #o)t !o)tco&onia& area) 'a"e a c&a))3)!eci+ic acce)) to t'e )ociet$ o+ in+or#ation3co##and te&e#atic) in)cribed b$ #icroe&ectronic tran)nationa&i)#A And indeed, t'e di)cour)e o+ cu&tura& )!eci+icit$ and di++erence, !acka(ed +or tran)nationa& con)u#!tion a&on( t'e &ine) )ketc'ed abo"e, i) o+ten de!&o$ed b$ t'i) )!eci+ic c&a))A *'at i) di))i#u&ated b$ t'i) broad)troke !icture i) t'e tre#endou) co#!&e%it$ o+ !o)tco&onia& )!ace, e)!ecia&&$ 8o#an)!aceA1D
1? :+
.econd" This %se women and feminism as a wa to %ni#ersali2e identit + creates an international ci#il societ that makes the r%ral poor the other .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012 In 1,FD, 8e 'ad not $et +u&&$ ackno8&ed(ed our acce)) to a !o)t#odern e&ectronic ca!ita&i)# in t'e +ie&d o+ (ender ideo&o($ )
International feminist politics was still in the condition of moderni2in*) The condition and effect of constr%ctin* other women was =women in de#elopment)= In the *lo(ali2in* postmodern" she is em(edded in the more a(stract frame of =Gender and de#elopment"= which is the c%rrent slo*an of the a*encies ina%*%ratin* o%r =modernit = that I mention a(o#e) Moderni2ation was international) Postmoderni2ation is *lo(al) The (o%ndaries of nation+states are now increasin*l incon#enient" et m%st (e reckoned with" (eca%se the
1BD | A I D S
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limits and openin*s of a partic%lar ci#il societ are state+fi7ed) The *lo(ali2ation of capital re3%ires a post+state s stem) The %se of women in its esta(lishment is the %ni#ersali2ation of feminism of which the United Nations is increasin*l (ecomin* the instr%ment) In this re+ territoriali2ation the colla(orati#e international non*o#ernmental or*ani2ations ING4sJ are increasin*l (ein* called an international ci#il societ " precisel to efface the role of the state as a*ent of social redistri(%tion) .askia .assen has located a new =economic citi2enship= of power and le*itimation in the finance capital markets)^ Th%s" elite" %pwardl mo(ile" *enerall academic women of the new diasporas 6oin hands with similar women in the so+called de#elopin* world to cele(rate a new *lo(al p%(lic or pri#ate =c%lt%re= often in the name of the %nderclass or the r%ral poor as =other)= HI no8 ca&& t'i) !'eno#enon, (oin( +ar be$ond +e#ini)#, O+euda&it$ 8it'out +euda&i)#AOg
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.tr%ct%ral 5iolence
Reprod%cti#e Heteronormati#it tasks women with the 6o( of maintainin* c%lt%re makin* them (ecome the self and the other) This ca%ses str%ct%ral #iolence (eca%se the man #ents his a**ression on them (eca%se the woman (ecomes a s m(ol of the *lo(al .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
This m%ch at least is clear0 to ima*ine or fi*%re the other as another self" o% need to en*a*e the mo#in* ed*e of c%lt%re as it lea#es its traces in idiom) To red%ce it to lan*%a*e+ to semiotic s stems that are or*ani2ed as lan*%a*e+was a str%ct%ralist dream) 1%t at least" whate#er the s%(6ect+position of the str%ct%ralist in#esti*ator" there was ri*or in the enterprise) Its tempo was different from the impatience of a %ni#ersalist feminism re+ codin* *lo(al capital) 9rom e7istin* e#idence" it is clear that indi#id%al+ri*hts or %ni#ersalist feminists infiltrate the *enderin* of the r%ral .o%th to recast it hastil into the indi#id%al ri*hts model) The simpl take for *ranted that coloni2ed c%lt%res are ine#ita(l patriarchalA I will not enter into historical spec%lation) I will take shelter in a fi*%re+the fi*%re or topos" that in postcolonialit the
past as the %n(%ried dead calls %s) This past has not (een appropriatel mo%rned" not (een *i#en the rites of the dead" as the other s stem (ro%*ht in ( colonialism imposed itself) There was no contin%o%s sheddin* of a past into an %nmarked modernit ) I am not necessaril s%**estin* that there can (e s%ch contin%it ) It is 6%st that when a sense of that contin%it is a(sent" in different wa s" in an entire c%lt%re" there are immense pro(lems in the practice of freedom in a modernit not marked ( a locational ad6ecti#e) In later chapters" I will speak of ;haled Aiadeh and 9arhad Ma2har to speak of these predicaments of infelicito%s or %nmo%rned modernities)
In the field of political c%lt%re" to en*a*e in a strate* +dri#en *lo(ali2ation" to step into a modernit not fore#er marked ( the West and contrasted to a tradition necessaril defined as static" it is to the past as the call of the %n(%ried dead that the postcolonial m%st strain to *ain access) HIn t'e inter"enin( $ear), I 'a"e rea&i2ed, a) I 'a"e !&un(ed #ore and #ore into t'e )!eci+ic ta)k o+ t'e
uncoerci"e rearran(e#ent o+ de)ire) at t8o end) o+ t'e )!ectru#3re!re)ented 'ere a) a doub&e bind3t'at )trate($3dri"en (&oba&i2ation i) t'e o&d (oa& o+ internationa& )ocia&i)# recoded into t'e (&oba&T and t'at it )ti&& need) )u!!&e#entation b$ a !er)i)tent&$ re!eated, di"er)i+ied, ae)t'etic education +or a&&A But I (et a'ead o+ #$)e&+ )J
Men and women are (oth in this sit%ation of attendin* to the past so that it can (e %nderstood as another access to contemporaneit " (%t not e3%all 9or" first" across the classes" it is women who are *enerall asked to hold the marks of a necessaril sta*natin* traditional c%lt%re) !nd %na(le to confront the real so%rce of domination" it is %pon the domesticated woman" in the pri#ate sphere" that the %nderclass man" fr%strated ( *lo(alit " #ents his fr%stration) !nd" finall " famil law" a strictl codified+rather than d namicall fle7i(le+#ersion of precolonial laws" allowed to flo%rish ( coloni2in* powers to keep indi*eno%s patriarch satisfied still f%nctions across the immi*rant+femini2ed la(or e7port di#ide 5)eneOOORP 1'u) it i) !o))ib&e to ar(ue t'at une>ua& (enderin( i) e%acerbated under co&onia&i)#, )ub)e>uent&$ in underc&a)) #i(ranc$, and t'ru)t into a be8i&derin( )i#u&acru# o+ +reedo# in t'e underbe&&$ o+ (&oba&i2ationA 1o undo t'i) i) not a #atter o+ a >uick3+i% (ender trainin(, brin(in( t'e internationa& +e#ini)t into t'e +ra(i&it$ o+ t'e +a#i&$A
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Deontolo*
Ta* me .pi#ak &DDZ 7u$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; Postcolonial Studies 5ol) G No) B" pp) BUZ+BG^" &DDZ Ro%tled*e
A) $ou can )ee, 'o8e"er, in 8'at I a# 8ritin( toda$, t'e !rob&e#) t'at e#er(ed out o+ ZCan t'e Suba&tern S!eak[4, _G t'e !rob&e# o+ )ubJect3 )'i! and a(enc$, and t'e ca&& to bui&d Zin+ra)tructure4 in t'e co&&o>uia&, not t'e Mar%i)t )en)e, )o t'at a(enc$ 8ou&d e#er(e _G, 'a"e not &e+t #eA At t'at )ta(e a&read$, I )a8 a(enc$ a) in)titutiona& "a&idation, 8'erea) )ubJect +or#ation e%ceeded t'e border) o+ t'e intendin( )ubJect, to !ut it bruta&&$ brie+&$A And I )a8 re!roducti"e 'eteronor#ati"it$ a) t'e broade)t (&oba& in)titutionA .o8, in addition, I )ee a(enc$ a) t'e !&a$ o+ )e&+3 )$necdoc'i)in( in a #eton$#A 1o Zre)tore ri('t) to t'e !eo!&e4 8it'out &a$in( t'e (round8ork +or t'i) H!o&itica&I 8i&& can be 8e&&3intentioned but on&$ t'at, and on&$ at be)tA In (enera&, t'e &eader) o+ co&&ecti"itie) _G Z(ood4 or Zbad4 _G 'a"e t'e ri('t to t'e #eton$#G)$necdoc'e co#!&e%A 1'at t'e rank and +i&e do not, )o#eti#e) (et) o"er&ookedA 1'at I be&ie"e i) t'e di++erence bet8een Z(ood4 and Zbad4 #o"e#ent)A M$ +ora$ into teac'er3 trainin( +or t'e )uba&tern i) becau)e t'e$ a&)o are citi2en), the na#e +or 'e(e#on$A In order to 8ork +or t'e#, I )et a)ide #$ di++erence) _G Co&u#bia 0ro+e))or, do&&ar inco#e, c&a))ed ca)te3birt', and a&& t'at co#e) 8it' it )
I s necdochise m self as nothin* (%t a citi2en of India" which is where m st%dents" their parents and relati#es" and I" can form a collecti#it " in search of a*enc ) 4n the other hand" the are not" mentall or materiall Ithe two (leed into each otherJ" free to p%t aside their differences) The effort is to (%ild infrastr%ct%re so that the can" when necessar " when the p%(lic sphere calls for it" s necdochise themsel#es witho%t identitarian e7ploitationIsometimes well+meanin* (%t e3%all destr%cti#eJ" from a(o#e) The sol%tion, a) I )ee it, is not to cele(rate or den difference" (%t find o%t what specific case of ine3%alit (rin*s a(o%t the %se of difference and who can den it on occasion) The sol%tion is also not to create Ra politics of reco*nition: where this pro(lematic is alto*ether i*noredA2D The sol%tion cannot come to %s from the international ci#il societ " self+selected moral entreprene%rs who distri(%te philanthrop witho%t democrac A2E I be&ie"e t'e e%i)tin( debate) about contin(enc$ and uni"er)a&it$ 'a"e not taken into accountA2- Here i) anot'er e%a#!&e, +ro# t'e ot'er end o+ t'e )!ectru#A Dona&d 0ea)e t'e A#ericani)t 'a) )u((e)ted t'at, in the wake of E?<<, 8it' ci"i& &ibertie) con)trained b$ t'e 0atriot Act and t'e (enera& at#o)!'ere o+ )u)!icion and +ear, the will of the citi2en of the United .tates has (ecome separated from the stateA2F This too is a kind of s%(alternit (eca%se the part is no lon*er part of the whole" and therefore the power to self+s necdochise has (een taken awa A Bruce Acker#an 'ad )u((e)ted )o#e $ear) a(o t'at, Z*e t'e !eo!&e4 in t'e United State) !o&it$ are not en(a(ed on an
ordinar$ da$A It i) on&$ 8'en t'ere are tran)+or#ati"e Su!re#e Court deci)ion) and !o!u&ar #andate) t'at t'e$ actA2, And no8 Dona&d 0ea)e 8a) )u((e)tin( t'at e"en t'at 'a) been c'an(edA He, 'o8e"er, 8a) not ab&e to )ee t'at H. kick) in 'ere a) 8e&& )
!ltho%*h the citi2en is s%(alternised inside the nation+state Y? the United .tates Y?" o%tside in the world" a*enc is reclaimed" a*ain and a*ain" and across the political spectr%m" *enerall in the name of *ender) Gender is the ali(i for m%ch U. interference a(road) That has as little pers%asi#eness for the thinkin* of s%(alternit as a position witho%t identit as does *enderoppression in the name of c%lt%ral difference) RPeople: will pla into (oth these e7tremes)If we *rasp s%(alternit as a position witho%t identit we will think of (%ildin* infrastr%ct%re for a*enc ) Ethical sameness cannot (e compromised) The point is to ha#e access to the sit%ation" the meton m" thro%*h a self+s necdoche that can (e withdrawn when necessar rather than conf%sed with identit )
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Reprod%cti#e Heteronormati#it 9irst

9irst" Ta* me (etter .pi#ak and Mookher6ee :<& H7a$atri and .a$anikaA 9
*ar o+ 1,-1;, Socia& 1e%t 111AVo&A ?0, .oA 2A Su##er 2012AI 7a$atriC'akra"ort$S!i"ak 'a) been 8orkin( 8it' an or(ani2ation N in Ban(&ade)' 8'ic' +ocu)e) on eco&o(ica& +ar#in( and t'e )tru((&e a(ain)t N +orced contrace!tion Hin !articu&ar, t'e du#!in( o+ De!o30ro"era andN ot'er !'ar#aceutica&)IA S'e 'a) a&)o been !art o+ t'i) or(ani2ation4) educationa&N !ro(ra# +or 8o#en and teac'er trainin( cour)e in rura& Ban(&ade)'A N In 'er o8n 8ork )'e 'a) 8ritten critica&&$ about t'e "ariou) inter"entioni)tN and )a"ior !aradi(#) o+ tran)nationa& or(ani2ation) in Ban(&ade)', 8'ic'N )'e 'a) re+erred to a) an 9enab&in( "io&ation a o+ t'at o+ t'e !roduction o+N t'e )ubJectA;1 In t'i) conte%t )'e 'a) been critica& o+ 9(ender trainin(; aN t'e &abe& (i"en b$ internationa& or(ani2ation) to !roce))e) t'at )ee#in(&$N 9e#!o8er; 8o#en and (i"e t'e# a 9"oiceA; S!i"ak +ir)t 8ent to Ban(&ade)'N 8'i&e )'e 8a) acco#!an$in( 'er #ot'er, Si"aniC'akra"ort$, on aN "i)it to one o+ t'e)e re'abi&itation center), and took !'oto(ra!') o+ t'e N 8o#en and t'e re'abi&itation !ro(ra# in D'aka in =anuar$ 1,-? H)ee !a(eN 121 and +i(A 1IA The e!roducti"e Heteronor#ati"it$ and Se%ua& Vio&ence in t'e Ban(&ade)'
followin* disc%ssion hi*hli*hts the personal" political"N and intellect%al conte7t within which .pi#ak %ndertook this #isit toN 1an*ladesh" alon* with a deconstr%cti#e readin* of se7%al #iolence d%rin*N wars" which she refers to as the Ktacit *lo(ali2ation of reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it )LN 1'i) di)cu))ion 8a) inter)!er)ed 8it' &ookin(
t'rou('N nu#erou) !'oto a&bu#) 8it' S!i"ak, )earc'in( +or and ta&kin( t'rou(' N !'oto(ra!') o+ 8o#enAN(a$atric'akra"ort$)!i"ak I don4t >uite kno8 8'ere to be(in in t'i)N introduction, .a$anikaA Derrida 'a) t'i) idea o+ de)tinerrance a t'at a N t'in( a&8a$) err) a8a$ +ro# it) de)tination, and I +ee& t'at !u&&in( t'e)eN !icture) u! +ro# -1G-2 'a) been a&#o)t an a&&e(or$ o+ t'atA 1'e)e !ic Nture) 8ere not record) o+ an$t'in( +or #e a I )'ou&d )a$ 'ere I a# not aN !'oto(ra!'erA I a# co#!&ete&$ e%cited b$ and co##itted to t'e un"eri+iab&eAN :n t'e ot'er 'and, in t'e dee!e)t !o))ib&e 8a$ I a# dedicatedN to 9enterin( t'e !rotoco&) o+ t'eir e!i)te#e,; atte#!tin( to in'abit t'eN o+ten3#eta!'orica&N)$ncate(ore#e) t'at &ink t'eir !re)u!!o)ition), a) oneN enter) t'e te%t one read), 8'ic' i) a "er$ di++erent t'in(A A) $ou 8i&& )ee,N t'e)e !icture) are !oor !icture)A 1'e$ 8ere taken becau)e 8e 8ere t'ereAN M$ #ot'er and I 8ere in"o&"ed in 8orkin( +or t'e e)tab&i)'#ent N o+ Ban(&ade)' a) a )tateA *e did !ub&icit$ a 8e ta&ked to t'e 8o#en aN &ot a but not to inter"ie8, but to ener(i2e, to under)tand, to e%!&ainA I don4t N kno8 8'et'er $ou 'a"e 'eard #e )a$ t'i) )ince $ou )a8 #e at Ca#brid(e,N t'at reprod%cti#e
heteronormati#it M the para+reasona(leN ass%mptionN that prod%cin* children ( male+femaleN co%plin* *i#es meanin* to an N life M is the oldest" (i**est s%stainin* instit%tion in the world" a tacit *lo(ali2er) N !nd war and rape (elon* there) .o8 $ou 8i&& )ee t'e !icture o+ oneN $oun( 8o#an 8'o 8a) co#!&ete&$ un'in(ed, ne"er )!oke a 8ord at a&& a IN
+e&t )'e 8a) co#!&ete&$ un'in(ed a 8'ic' i) a&)o a Derridean t'in( a out N o+ JointA 1'e 9out o+ !&ace; Hato!o)I, +o&&o8in( Socrate), i) a))i(ned aN certain (ent&e 8i)do#A Niet2sche
assi*ns to postreprod%cti#e women aN certain c nical wisdom) !nti*one, "o&ub&e, 'onorar$ #a&e, is, )a$) Lacan,N 9(e ond !te)L !ll these narrati#es were %seless to descri(e her) I ne"erN +o&&o8ed u! on t'e)e !icture) a t'i) i) not #$ 8ork, it 8a) a 9&iterar$;N or di)ci!&inar$ di)inc&ination to turn 'er into #$ obJect o+ in"e)ti(ationA NThis is somethin* that happened on the wa ) This is almost for me like N a primal scene of acti#ism a I did not e"en t'ink )o ti&& $ou and I be(anN ta&kin( about t'i)A I a# readin( Frederick Dou(&a)), and
t'ere i) a(ain andN a(ain 8'at cou&d be a !ri#a& )ceneT a) a )&a"e 'e 8a) denied t'e )o3ca&&ed N nor#a& acce)) to re!roducti"e 'eteronor#ati"it$A So t'e)e are i#a(e) o+N bare3c'e)tedN 8o#en bein( 8'i!!ed unti& t'e$ b&eed uncontro&&ab&$, andN I 8a) rea&i2in( 8e need t'e)e kind) o+ )cene) t'at are ori(inar$ and notN rationa&i2ed into 8'at 8e &ater doANna$anika#ook'erJee I 8anted to a)k $ou about 8'at $ou )aid about t'e)e N i#a(e) a) bein( o+ t'e e!i)te#ic ori(inar$A NM
analo* for the ori*inar is a stick+shiftN car0 e#er time o% start theN car o% take the cl%tch o%t M it is somewhere which remains lod*ed M asN the first necessar mo#e" so it is not ori*in) I feel as if what happenedN %nselfconscio%sl as I faced these women was a reference to" or a representationN of" the ori*inar in the field of m work for readin* the world) IN didn4t tr$ it 8it' t'e)e 8o#enT I 8a)n4t read$A I feel that silent %nreadin*N of the scene of #iolation was ori*inar to all this) It 8a), a) it 8ere, a &e))onN not to read too )oonAN 8ant to co#e back to t'e !oint o+ i#a(e)A There is a certain kind of standardi2ation N of ima*es that has happened in terms of wartime e7periences to theN e7tent that people feel (ored a(o%t it M the citational point a(o%t the Kenem )LN 6e) and t'rou(' t'i) t'e +ee&in( i) t'at once dea&t 8it' t'e$ need not beN brou('t u! a(ainA I a# (&ad $ou brou('t t'i) u!A I am talkin* a(o%t thisN entire constr%ct 8'ic' contained #$ a!!roac' to it a and I 'ad no !&anAN
And 8e 'adn4t (one to do t'i)A *'at I a# ta&kin( about i) !rei#a(i)ticA IN do not 9+o&&o8; Freud, but Freud i) "er$ cann$ a 'e )a$) t'at t'e drea#N in it) 8ork 'a) to )tart 8it' 8ord) but it )&o8&$ undoe) t'e 8ord4) 8ort'ine))A N Freud i) ta&kin( about t'e +act t'at in t'e drea# t'e )i(ni+icance3>ua&it$N o+ t'e i#a(e i) undone, t'e #eanin( #akin( o+ t'e i#a(e (et) N undone a in order t'at the
dreamer can dream the #er last thin* theN dream does" the dream work does" makin* a representation) It concealsN all this work ( prod%cin* a dream narrati#e) It is this dream narrati#e N that I
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am talkin* a(o%t)N I 8ant to )'o8 $ou t'e !icture) +ir)tA It i) intere)tin( to #e t'atN t'e$ are #i%ed in 8it' ot'er !icture) a &et #e (et a
bi((er tab&e +or t'eN !'oto(ra!')A I 8ant to )'o8 $ou t'e !icture o+ t'e 8o#an 8'o 8a) co#!&ete&$ N #utedA I be&ie"e t'i) i) )'eA I 'a"e +or(otten 'er na#e a t'ere areN t8o !icture) 8'ic' are near&$ t'e )a#eA 1'e)e are a8+u& !icture) a t'e)e N are )o#e o+ t'e 8o#en, and t'i) i) o+ t'at 8o#an 8'o 8a) a&8a$) >uietAN 1'e !'oto(ra!') are o+ =anuar$ 4-?A I don4t kno8 i+ t'e)e !icture) #eanN an$t'in( to $ouAN 1'e )ettin() o+ t'e)e i#a(e) are )i#i&ar to i#a(e) ot'er Ban(&ade)'i )ocia&N 8orker) 'a"eA Ma$be $ou cou&d te&& #e 'o8 $ou 8ent 8it' $our #ot'er toN Ban(&ade)' a 8'at tri((ered it o++AN 1'at i) intere)tin( indeedA I 8a) o+ t'at i##ediate&$ !o)tco&onia& (eneration N t'at 8ent to 0re)idenc$ Co&&e(e in Ca&cutta in 1,D-A I 8a) a&8a$)N en(a(ed 8it' 8'ate"er 8a) (oin( on a t'at 8a) not ne8A I ca#e to t'e N US in 1,E1, and I 8ou&d )a$ t'at t'e +ir)t cou!&e o+ $ear) I 8a) )&i('t&$N detac'ed +ro# 8'at 8a) on t'e (roundA A&t'ou(' durin( t'at ti#e =a#e)N Bro8n and Ma&co&# ` debated at Corne&&, Sc'8erner and 'i) a))ociate)N 8ent do8n )out' and 8ere ki&&ed in Mi))i))i!!iA 1'ere 8a) a &ot o+ )tu++N (oin( onA But )ince I a# not )o#eone 8'o 8ou&d 8ant to Join +or Joinin(, N I 8a)n4t c&uin( inA And t'en ca#e t'e Vietna# *ar and I 8a) a bit N #ore )enior, ri('t[ 4ED a I beca#e an a))i)tant !ro+, and I +ound #$)e&+ N co#!&ete&$ )ucked into t'e anti@Vietna#N *ar #o"e#entA And one o+ t'eN t'in() t'at ke!t not Ju)t #e but #o)t o+ t'e internationa& )tudent) on t'eN &e+t )e!arate +ro# it a &itt&e 8a) our con"iction t'at !eo!&e 8it' 8'o# N 8e 8ere )tru((&in( a SDS, DS:C, .AM QStudent) +or a De#ocraticN Societ$, De#ocratic Socia&i)t :r(ani2in( Co##ittee, and .e8 A#erican N Mo"e#entS a t'e$ )ee#ed #ore intere)ted in rec&ai#in( A#ericaN t'an enterin( t'e !rotoco& o+ t'e e!i)te#e o+ t'e Vietcon(5 'o8 Mar%N i) tran)+or#ed in A)ia a t'e ato!o) in Socrate) a t'at 8a) not t'e )tor$A N Becau)e )tudent acti"i)t) tend to c&u)ter and I 8a) beco#in( >uite "i)ib&e N and I 8a) c&ear&$ a Ben(a&i a into t'i) ca#e t'e Ban(&ade)'i acti"i)t) N abroad, 8'o 8ere 8orkin( "er$ 'ardA 1'i) 8a) in Io8a a t'e Mid8e)t N 8a) a )o&id ba)e o+ t'e anti@Vietna#N *ar #o"e#entA And )o it 8a) t'ereN t'at t'e Ban(&ade)'i) and I +ound eac' ot'erA I re#e#ber t'e (u$ ca&&edNSa$adA&a# a t'e da$ t'at Ban(&ade)' 8a) !roc&ai#ed and t'ere 8a) aN 'u(e ce&ebration at our 'ou)e, Marc' 4-1A And )o I 8a) in contact 8it' N #$ #ot'er in Ca&cutta a Mot'er 'ad o+ten )aid to #e t'at t'e be)t da$) N o+ 'er &i+e 8ere )!ent in D'akaAN M$ +at'er4) na#e 8a) 0are) C'andra C'akra"ort$, and #$ #ot'er4)N na#e 8a) Si"aniC'akra"ort$A So 8'at 'a!!ened 8a) a #$ +at'er 8a)N a)ked b$ t'e Briti)' (o"ern#ent to (i"e +a&)e e"idence in a ra!e tria& inN 1,B1 in D'aka, and in a )econd 'e de)tro$ed 'i) career b$ re+u)in(A :+N cour)e, Mot'er re#e#bered t'e entire narrati"e "i"id&$A A+ter t'at #$N +at'er &e+t D'akaA M$ #ot'er4) (rand#ot'er Bara'ini Debi 8a) (i"en inN 8ido8 re#arria(eA Her +at'er 8a) a +riend o+ I)8arc'andraVid$a)a(ar,N t'e (reat nineteent'3centur$N Ben(a&i re+or#erA Bra'#in) in #$ +at'er4)N "i&&a(e 'ad t'ere+ore +e&t t'at #$ +at'er4) +at'er 'ad &o)t 'i) Bra'#inica&N )tandin( b$ (i"in( 'i) )on into )uc' a ru&e3breakin(N 'ou)e'o&dA So 'e toreN 'i) )acred t'read and "o8ed ne"er to co#e back to t'e "i&&a(e a(ainA M$N #ot'er 'ad ne"er )een #$ +at'er4) birt'!&aceA !ll
of these stories ha#e toN do with the c%lt%ral policin* of reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it ) ! widowN remarried is akin to a rape #ictim" a trans*ressor) So no8, co#in( to ta&kN to $ou, I rea&i2e t'i) in"entor$ 8it'out trace), 7ra#)ci4) (reat +or#u&a +orN t'e
'i)torio(ra!'$ o+ t'e )uba&ternAN I (et #$ !o&itica& !a))ion +ro# bot' #$ !arent), and t'e entire narrati"e N 8a) in #$ #ot'er4) #indA A) t'i) dra#a 8a) bein( !&a$ed in Io8aN b$ #e t'irt$ $ear) &ater, #$ #ot'er )aid 8e )'ou&d (o to Ban(&ade)' andN )'e )tarted to #ake contact)A So in 4-1 Mot'er and I to(et'er 8ent toN Ban(&ade)', and t'i) 8a) Ju)t about t'e end a 8e&&, t'e brid(e) 8ere )ti&& N do8nA So #$ c'rono&o($ i) not accurate a t'i) 8a) not bein( undertakenN +or an$ acade#ic tran)codin(A It 8a) an e#otiona& t'in( a #ot'er andN dau('ter (oin( back to 8'ere #ot'er 'ad been 'a!!ie)tA 7oin( back toN 8'ere no one in t'e +a#i&$ 'ad been a+ter 1,B0A It 8a) e%tre#e&$ e%citin(N and Mot'er4) MA 8a) in Ben(a&i &iterature and )'e cou&d )!eak a&& o+ N t'e dia&ect)A A) 8e are (oin( nort' I under)tand #$ #ot'er ton(ue &e)) N and &e))A M$ Ben(a&i i) not bad, but )'e 8a) beco#in( t'e inter!reterN and )'e 8a) ta&kin( to t'e#, 8'erea) I cou&d not ta&k and I cou&d not N under)tand eit'erA So it 8a) "er$ #uc' a 8o#en4) e#otiona& Journe$A IntoN t'i) a becau)e )'e 'ad c&ear&$ 8orked in t'e 8o#en4) )ector, and 8'i&e I N 'ad 8orked in t'e (enera& ne83nation N )ector a &ike t'e anti @ Vietna# *arN #o"e#ent a I be(an to di)co"er t'at t'rou(' 'er I #et &ot) o+ (rou!) o+ N u!!er3 #idd&e3c&a))N nationa&i)t 8o#enA 1'e 0unorba)'onCendra) Hre'abi&itation N center)I t'at $ou #entioned a!!roac'ed Mot'er, and I 8ent N a&on(A 1'at i) 'o8 it 'a!!enedA I 8a) t8ent$3nineAN I 'adn4t be(un an$ o+N #$ acti"i)t 8ork o+ t'e #id3F0)N a t'at 8a) #uc' &aterA And )o I 8a) "er$N #uc' #$ #ot'er4) a))i)tantA
1D0 | A I D S
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MUHS
4ntolo*
!ff is responsi(le for their representations and forces a flawed ontolo* + the act of readin* forces one to constr%ct a self in opposition to their own Salso can (e %sed as a perm card if its somethin* to the effect of all other instances or do (oth since it foc%ses on the role of the affs literat%reT .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012, 07 DF *ritin( and readin( in )uc' (enera& )en)e) #ark t8o di++erent !o)ition) in re&ation to t'e une"en #an$3)trandedne)) o+ Obein(AO *ritin( i) a !o)ition 8'ere t'e ab)ence o+ t'e 8ea"er +ro# t'e 8eb i) )tructura&&$ nece))ar$A eadin( i) a !o)ition 8'ere I Hor a (rou! o+ u) 8it' 8'o# I )'are an identi+icator$ &abe&I #ake t'i) anon$#ou) 8eb #$ o8n, e"en a) I +ind in it a (uarantee o+ #$ e%i)tence a) #e, one o+ u)A Bet8een t'e t8o !o)ition), t'ere are di)!&ace#ent) and con)o&idation), a di)Junction in order to conJu(ate a re!re)entati"e )e&+A H/"en )o&itude i) +ra#ed in a re!re)entation o+ ab)ent ot'er)AI In t'e arena o+ cu&tura& !o&itic), 8'o)e di)ci!&inar$ condition and e++ect are 'i)tor$, ant'ro!o&o($, and cu&tura& )tudie), t'i) di)JunctionGconJunction i) o+ten i(noredA 1'e )ociu), it i) c&ai#ed, i) not 8o"en in t'e !redication o+ 8ritin(, not te%t3i&eA It i) +urt'er c&ai#ed t'at, 8'en 8e !u)' our)e&"e), or t'e obJect) o+ our )tud$, +or8ard a) a(ent) o+ an a&ternati"e 'i)tor$, our o8n e#er(ence into t'e court o+ c&ai#) i) not de!endent u!on t'e tran)+or#ation and di)!&ace#ent o+ 8ritin( into )o#et'in( readab&eA B$ t'at rea)onin(, 8e )i#!&$ di)co"er or unco"er t'e )ociu) and )ecure t'e ba)i) o+ cu&tura& or et'nic !o8er t'rou(' t'e c&ai# to kno8&ed(eA B$ t'at rea)onin(, !o8er i) co&&ecti"e, in)titutiona&, !o&itica& "a&idationA I do not ad"i)e (i"in( u! t'i) !ractica& notion o+ !o8erA I+, 'o8e"er, 8e Ore#ake 'i)tor$O on&$ t'rou(' t'i) &i#ited notion o+ !o8er a) co&&ecti"e "a&idation, 8e #i('t a&&o8 our)e&"e) to beco#e in)tru#ent) o+ t'e cri)i)3#ana(e#ent o+ t'e o&d in)titution), t'e o&d !o&itic)A *e +or(et at our !eri& t'at 8e (et out o+ Joint 8it' t'e !rete%t, t'e 8ritin( o+ our de)ire +or "a&idation, 8'ic' one can on&$ (ra)! b$ bein( Ono#ina&i)tic, no doubt5 !o8er i) not an in)titution, and not a )tructureT neit'er i) it a certain )tren(t' )o#e are endo8ed 8it'T it i) t'e na#e t'at one &end) to a co#!&e% )trate(ica& )ituation in a !articu&ar )ociet$,O )o t'at one can read t'at 8ritin(A ?
1D1 | A I D S
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MUHS
.p%rlock
9irst" We challen*e the (inar of the %ni#ersal partic%lar these di#isions rest %pon reprod%cti#e Heteronormati#it .pi#ak RDZ 7u$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; 0o)tco&onia& Studie) Vo&A
F .oA B, !!A B-D3BFE, 200D out&ed(e I 'a"e )aid t'at the
Rsin*%lar:, a) it com(ats the %ni#ersal+partic%lar (inar opposition, i) not an indi"idua&, a !er)on, an a(entT #u&ti!&icit$ i) not #u&titudeA If" 'o8e"er, we are thinkin* of potential a*ents" when s?he is not p%(licl empowered to p%t aside difference and self+s necdochise to form collecti#it " the *ro%p will take difference itself as its s necdochic element) Difference slides into Rc%lt%re:" o+ten indi)tin(ui)'ab&e +ro# Zre&i(ion4A !nd then the instit%tion that pro#ides a*enc is reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it H H.IA It is the (roadest and oldest *lo(al instit%tion) 6ou )ee no8 8'$ 6%st writin* a(o%t women does not sol#e the pro(lem of the *endered s%(altern" Ju)t a) c'ronic&in( t'e !o!u&ar i) not )uba&tern )tudie)A In search of the s%(altern I first t%rned to m own class0 the 1en*ali middle class5 B'ubane)'8ari B'aduri and Ma'a)8eta De"iA 9rom 9rench theor that is all I co%ld do) 1%t I did not remain thereA In t'e #idd&e c&a)), accordin( to 0art'a C'atterJee, B'ubane)'8ari B'aduri 8a) #eta&e!tica&&$ )ub)titutin( e++ect +or cau)e and !roducin( an idea o+ nationa& &iberation b$ 'er )uicideA C'atterJee4) ar(u#ent i) t'at an idea of national li(eration was prod%ced ( , )o3ca&&ed, terrorist mo#ementsA2? It was a fri*htenin*" solitar " and R'l temnestralike: pro6ect for a woman)
1D2 | A I D S
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MUHS
T%rns 'ase
9irst" Ethical Interr%ptions of the s stematic norm are the onl wa to make lastin* chan*e to pre#ent the ine#ita(le #iolence that the case foc%ses on !ND 4nl the alternati#e alone can sol#e The openness to the other r%ns co%nter to state action and com(inator acts 7a$atriC'akra"ort$ .pi#ak RDG, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+
t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e 10GFG200FA 6et, bein( a citi2en o+ t'e 8or&d 8'o a)!ire) to &i"e and !ro)!er underN ZZt'e ru&e o+ &a8,44 I 8i&& ri)k a 8ordA *'en we
(elie#e that to p%nish the per+Npetrators as criminals wo%ld (e smarter than" or e#en more correct than"N militar inter#ention" we are not necessaril mo#in* toward a lastin* peace)N Unless we are trained into ima*inin* the other, a nece))ar$, i#!o))ib&e,N and inter#inab&e ta)k, nothin* we do thro%*h politico+le*al calc%lation willN last" e#en with the chanciness of the f%t%re anterior0 )o#et'in( 8i&& 'a"eN been 8'en 8e !&an a )o#et'in( 8i&& beA Be+ore t'e re>uire#ent o+ the emer*enceN of a specific sort of RRp%(lic sphere::Mcorollar to imperial s stemsN and t'e #o"e#ent o+ !eo!&e), 8'en di++erent ZZkind)44 o+ !eo!&e ca#e to &i"eN to(et'era)uc' trainin( 8a) !art o+ (enera& cu&tura& in)tructionA? A+ter, it hasN (ecome the especial (%rden of an instit%tionali2ed fac%lt of the h%manitiesAN I )>ua)' an entire 'i)tor$ 'ereA Cant4) en&i('tened )ubJect i) a )c'o&arAB InN
ZZCriti>ue o+ 0o8er44 BenJa#in 8rite), ZZ8'at )tand) out)ide o+ t'e &a8 a) t'e N educati"e !o8er in it) !er+ected +or#, i) one o+ t'e +or#) o+ a!!earance o+N di"ine !o8erA44D I 'a!!en to be a /uro!eani)t, but I 'a"e no doubt at a&& t'atNhistoricall
marked int%itions a(o%t the importance of the ed%cati#e momentN is to (e fo%nd in e#er c%lt%ral s stem) *'at )ee#) i#!ortant toda$, in theN face of this %nprecedented attack on the temple of Empire" is not onl anN %nmediated inter#ention ( wa of the calc%lations of the p%(lic sphereMN war or law M(%t trainin* Ht'e e%erci)e o+ t'e educati"e !o8erI into a preparationN for the er%ption of the ethical) I %nderstand the ethical" and this is aN deri#ati#e position" to (e an interr%ption of the epistemolo*ical" which is theN attempt to constr%ct the other as o(6ect of knowled*e) Epistemolo*ical constr%ctionsN (elon* to the domain of the law" which seeks to know the other"N in his or her case" as completel as possi(le" in order to p%nish or ac3%itN rationall " reason (ein* defined ( the limits set ( the law itself) The ethicalN interr%pts this imperfectl " to listen to the other as if it were a self" neither toN p%nish nor to ac3%it) .econd" 4nl ( ima*inin* and in#esti*atin* o%r c%lt%ral ima*inations allows %s to sol#e the root ca%se of the pro(lem !n other sol%tion re+entrenches the pro(lem" t%rnin* case .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e 10GFG200FA I a# a&)o not )u((e)tin( t'at !o&itica& ana&$)e) and re)i)tance) and,N on anot'er &e"e&, aid and 'u#an ri('t), are unnece))ar$A I a# )u((e)tin( N t'at if
in the ima*ination we do not make the attempt to fi*%re the otherN as ima*inati#e actant" political Iand militar J sol%tions will not remo#e theN (inar which led to the pro(lem in the first place) Hence c%lt%ral instr%ctionN in the e7ercise of the ima*ination)N /"en 8it'in t'i) )u((e)tion, I a# not de)cribin( a&& t'e act) o+ Se!te#berN 11, 2001, a) ZZ)ub&i#e44 in t'e Cantian )en)eA It is an ima*inati#e e7erciseN in e7periencin* the impossi(leMsteppin* into the space of the otherM N witho%t which political sol%tions come drearil %ndone into the contin%ationN of #iolence) 1o !ara!'ra)e De"i5 ZZthere are man to offer political anal sesN and sol%tions" (%t no one to li*ht
1D? | A I D S and HIV Free!
MUHS
the fire):: '%lt%ral instr%ctions thro%*h theN ima*ination in time of war is seen" at (est" as aesthetici2ation and" at worst"N as treason) 1%t that too is sit%ational)
1DB | A I D S
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MUHS
Ed%cation
9irst" Epistemic #iolence is rooted in the s%(6%*ation of man modes of knowled*e and ed%cation We m%st attack this idea of s%preme tho%*ht in an form to de#elop a tr%e wa of learnin* that is freed of all ed%cational colonialism .pi#ak :EE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI The clearest a"ai&ab&e e%a#!&e of s%ch epistemic #iolence is theN remotel orchestrated" far+fl%n*" and hetero*eneo%s pro6ect to constit%te the colonial s%(6ect as 4ther) This pro6ect is also the as metrical o(literationN of the trace of that 4ther in its precario%s .%(6ect+i#it ) It i) 8e&& kno8nN t'at 9o%ca%lt locates epistemic #iolence" a complete o#erha%l of the episteme"N m the redefinition of sanit at the end of the E%ropean ei*hteenthN cent%r )2F 1%t 8'at i+ that partic%lar redefinition was onl a part of theN narrati#e of histor in E%rope as well as in the colonies> *'at i+ the twoN pro6ects of epistemic o#erha%l worked as dislocated and %nacknowled*edN parts of a #ast two+handed en*ine[ 0er'a!) it i) no #ore t'an to a)k t'atN t'e )ubte%t o+ t'e palimpsestic narrati#e of imperialism (e reco*ni2ed asN =s%(6%*ated knowled*e"= =a whole set of knowled*es that ha#e (een dis3%alifiedN as inade3%ate to their task or ins%fficientl ela(orated0 nai#eN knowled*es" located low down on the hierarch " (eneath the re3%ired le#elN of co*nition or scientificit = H0C, F2IA AThis is not to descri(e the wa thin*s reall were= or to pri#ile*e) The narrati#e of histor as imperialism as the (est #ersion of histor A2, ItN is, rat'er, to offer an acco%nt of how an e7planation and narrati#e of realit N was esta(lished as the normati#e one) 1o e&aborate on t'i) &et u) con)iderN brie+&$ t'e under!innin() o+ t'e Briti)' codi+ication o+ Hiddu La8A
1DD | A I D S
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MUHS
T%rns 'ase
Theor is %seless in practical and specific applications and is not #al%e+ne%tral *%ts sol#enc and t%rns case .pi#ak RDH H7a$atri, *inter 200?, 9 e)i)tance 1'at Cannot be eco(ni)ed a) Suc'5 Inter"ie8 8it' 7a$atriC'akra"ort$S!i"ak;, =ourna&
+or 0o&itic), 7ender and Cu&ture, Vo&A II, .oA 2, 1"BI
So I will learn as much fromwhat I callpost-imperial scholarin this kind conjuncturewith a financialised goal, and what I began with, you know, the group of seven, especially Europe-America in
competition, Europe talking about its past empires as it corrects United tates as a future empire, if you look at the !rankfurter Allemaine"eitung for #$st %ay you will see that there is a whole bunch of European intellectuals who are talking about Europe in this way&I
say to do thisthing, this imperial competition, in the context of the post-imperialworld, with the financialisation of the globe, sometimes called globali'ation, itis a very different scenario, but what else is new? Who expects to be able to have theories that are as contingent as the way things are? Theory will never be like that (ne must know how to use theory and I thinkour way of doingpostcolonial theory can be very useful if one is notwaiting for the theory that exactly matches your situation because that would be useless !nd in this conte)t I would like to say whatever you think of Althusser and we have lots of criticism about Althusser, that his essay *ontradiction and (verdetermination says this so clearly and for so many years ago , this business ofnotthinking,you know hewas speakingfrom the bosom of the!renchcommunist party, it was a courageous thing to say& +,ot thinking that the theory is going to be pure, to find a field for pure application&We know thisas a schemeis finebut like most schemes it is too schematic -hats why I saidyou can"t use theory for a specific situation -hat is one of the best e)amples&So don"t askme to produce a theory that would be good for you, no theories are generally good# when you are norming them you have to internali$e them so that it changes
1DE | A I D S
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MUHS
No .ol#enc
9irst" The 4ther as a s%(6ect cannot (e accessed in the i#or towers of Dele%2e and 9o%ca%lt The conte7ts of the indi#id%al is need" the s%(altern cannot speak The cannot (reak down the conditions the are in $o% affirmati#e i*nores this fact G%ts sol#enc The alternati#e is a prere3%isite to o%r affirmati#e .pi#ak :EE H7a$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
1'e)e aut'oritie) are t'e "er$ be)t o+ t'e )ource) +or t'e non)!ecia&i)t N Frenc' inte&&ectua&P) entr$ into t'e ci"i&i2ation o+ t'e :t'erA I
am"N 'o8e"er" not referrin* to intellect%als and scholars of postcolonial prod%ction" N &ike S'a)tri" when I sa that the 4ther as .%(6ect is inaccessi(le toN 9o%ca%lt and Dele%2e) I am thinkin* of the *eneral nonspecialist" nonacademicN pop%lation across the class spectr%m" for whom the episteme operatesN its silent pro*rammin* f%nction) *it'out con)iderin( t'e #a! o+ e%!&oitation,N on 8'at (rid o+ Oo!!re))ionO 8ou&d t'e$ !&ace t'i) #ot&e$ cre8[N Let %s now mo#e to consider I the mar*ins Ione can 6%st as wellN sa the silent" silenced centerJ of the circ%it marked o%t ( this epistemicN #iolence" men and women amon* the illiterate peasantr " the tri(als" theN lowest strata of the %r(an s%(proletariat) !ccordin* to 9o%ca%lt and Dele%2eN Hin t'e Fir)t *or&d, under t'e )tandardi2ation and re(i#entation o+ )ocia&i2edN ca!ita&, t'ou(' t'e$ do not )ee# to reco(ni2e t'i)I the oppressed"N if *i#en the chance Ht'e !rob&e# o+ re!re)entation cannot be b$!a))ed 'ereJ"N and on the wa to solidarit thro%*h alliance politics Ha Mar%i)t t'e#aticN i) at 8ork 'ereI can speak and know their conditions) We m%st now confront N the followin* 3%estion0 4n the other side of the international di#ision of N la(or from sociali2ed capital" inside and o%tside the circ%it of the epistemicN #iolence of imperialist law and ed%cation s%pplementin* an earlier economicN te7t" can the s%(altern speak>
QS!i"ak continue) &ater in t'e e))a$S OThe
task of research= pro6ected here is =to in#esti*ate" identif Q and meas%re the specific nat%re and de*ree of the de#iation of StheT elementsQ Sconstit%tin* item HT from the ideal and sit%ate it historicall )= OIn"e)ti(ate,N identi+$, and #ea)ure t'e )!eci+icO5 a !ro(ra# cou&d 'ard&$ be #ore e))entia&i)t and ta%ono#icA 6et a c%rio%s methodolo*ical imperati#e is at work)Q I 'a"e ar(ued t'at, in the 9o%ca%lt+ Dele%2e con#ersation" a postrepresentationalistQ #oca(%lar hides an essentialist a*endaA In )uba&tern )tudie), (eca%seQ of the #iolence of imperialist epistemic" social" and disciplinar inscription"Q a pro6ect %nderstood in essentialist terms m%st traffic in a radicalQ te7t%al practice of differences) The o(6ect of the *ro%p-s in#esti*ation" inQ the case not e#en of the people as s%ch (%t of the floatin* (%ffer 2one ofQ the re*ional elite+s%(altern" is a de#iation from an ideal3t'e !eo!&e or )uba&tern3N 8'ic' i) it)e&+ de+ined a) a di++erence +ro# t'e e&iteA It is toward thisQ str%ct%re that the research is oriented" a predicament rather different fromQ the self+dia*nosed transparenc of the first+world radical intellect%al) *'atN ta%ono#$ can +i% )uc' a )!ace[ *'et'er or not t'e$
t'e#)e&"e) !ercei"eN it3in +act 7u'a )ee) 'i) de+inition o+ Ot'e !eo!&eO 8it'in t'e #a)ter3)&a"eN dia&ectic3t'eir te%t articu&ate) t'e di++icu&t ta)k o+ re8ritin( it) o8n condition)N o+ i#!o))ibi&it$ a) t'e condition) o+ it) !o))ibi&it$A =!t
the re*ional and local le#els Sthe dominant indi*eno%s *ro%psTQ ))) if (elon*in* to social strata hierarchicall inferior to those of the dominantQ all3Indian *ro%ps acted in the interests of the latter and not in conformit Q to interests correspondin* tr%l to their own social (ein*)= *'enN t'e)e 8riter) )!eak, in
t'eir e))entia&i2in( &an(ua(e, o+ a (a! bet8een intere)tN and action in t'e inter#ediate (rou!, t'eir conc&u)ion) are c&o)er to Mar%N t'an to t'e )e&+3con)ciou) nai"ete o+ De&eu2eP) !ronounce#ent on t'e i))ueAN 7u'a, &ike Mar%, )!eak) o+ intere)t in ter#) o+ t'e )ocia& rat'er t'an t'e N &ibidina& bein(A The
Name+of+the+9ather ima*er in 1'e /i('teent' Bru#aireN can help to emphasi2e that" on the le#el of class or *ro%p action"Q =tr%e correspondence to own (ein*= is as artificial or social as the patron mic)
1D- | A I D S
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1DF | A I D S
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!esthetic Ed%cation !lternati#e
1D, | A I D S
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MUHS
.ol#es
The aff %ses a flawed epistemolo* that s%**ests that pro(lems can (e sol#ed thro%*h em(racin* a certain set of ass%mptions + 4nl em(racin* the ideas of aesthetic ed%cation can allow for effecti#e pro(lem sol#in* and scholarship + literat%re is the ke place to start an em(race of alternati#e methods of tho%*ht (eca%se it is loaded with the ass%mptions of the writer and is desi*ned to e#oke certain feelin*s and passions in the reader .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012, 07 D3In 'i) e))a$ Bate)on )!e&&ed out t'e trainin( o+ t'e i#a(ination in ter#) o+ a #i)e3en3ab$#e, an inde+inite )erie) o+ #utua& re+&ection)5 I.1 :DUC1I:. 3 333 R333333)!eakin( o+ Odi&e##aQ)S AAA not con+ined to t'e conte%t) o+ )c'i2o!'reniaO H/M, !A 2DFI, 'e di)tin(ui)'e) bet8een O!eo!&e and AAA robot) in t'e +act o+ &earnin( AAA +ro# !a))in( on +ro# )o&ution to )o&ution, a&8a$) )e&ectin( anot'er )o&ution 8'ic' i) !re+erab&e to t'at 8'ic' !receded itO H/M, !A 2B0IA He Oen&ar(eQ)S t'e )co!e o+ 8'at i) to be inc&uded 8it'in t'e conce!t o+ &earnin(O b$ 8a$ o+ O'ierarc'ic )erie) Qt'atS 8i&& t'en con)i)t o+ #e))a(e, #eta#e))a(e, #eta3#eta #e))a(e and )o onO H/M, !!A 2B-32BFIA 1'i) Otrainin(,O t'e bu&8ark o+ an ae)t'etic education, 'abitua&&$ +ai&) 8it' re&i(ion and nationa&i)#5 OU! in t'e di# re(ion 8'ere art, #a(ic, and re&i(ion #eet and o"er&a!, 'u#an bein() 'a"e e"o&"ed t'e P#eta!'or t'at i) #eant,P t'e +&a( 8'ic' #en 8i&& die to )a"e, and t'e )acra#ent t'at i) +e&t to be #ore t'an Pan out8ard and "i)ib&e )i(n, (i"en unto u)P O H/M, !A 1F? IT it i) intere)tin( t'at Freud #ention) t'e )a#e t8o ite#)3O1'rone and A&tarO3in OFeti)'i)#,O a) t'e #onitor) o+ +eti)'i)tic i&&o(icA1E 0&a$ trainin(, an ae)t'etic education, 'abitua&&$ +ai&) 8it' +&a( and )acra#ent, t'rone and a&tarA Bate)on de)cribed 'abit a&to(et'er un)enti#enta&&$A A !ractitionerP) &ine connect) 'i# 'ere to t'e *ord)8ort' o+ t'e L$rica& Ba&&ad), intere)ted in undoin( t'e bad e!i)ternaGa++ecti"e con)e>uence) o+ na)cent ca!ita&i)#, and to 7ra#)ci &ookin( to !roduce t'e )uba&tern inte&&ectua& out o+ Ot'e #an Q)icS o+ t'e #a))e)O in a !&ace and ti#e 8'ere c&an !o&itic) 8ere not unkno8nA1- Here i) Bate)on5 In t'e +ie&d o+ #enta& !roce)), 8e are "er$ +a#i&iar 8it' t'i) )ort o+ econo#ic) Qo+ tria& and error ada!tabi&it$S, and in +act a #aJor and nece))ar$ )a"in( i) ac'ie"ed b$ t'e +a#i&iar !roce)) o+ 'abit +or#ationA *e #a$, in t'e +ir)t in)tance, )o&"e a (i"en !rob&e# b$ takin( t'e# out o+ t'e ran(e o+ )toc'a)tic o!eration and 'andin( o"er t'e )o&ution) to a dee!er and &e)) +&e%ib&e #ec'ani)#, 8'ic' 8e ca&& O'abitAO H/M, !A 2D-I 1'e !a))a(e abo"e 8a) 8ritten in 1,D,A 1en $ear) &ater, at a )$#!o)iu# on t'e doub&e bind, Bate)on (enera&i2e) 'abitA Here t'e !ractitionerG !'i&o)o!'erP) connection i) 8it' t'e Freud 8'o atte#!ted to (o be$ond t'e !&ea)ure !rinci!&e to a #ore (enera& Oor(anic co#!u&)ion to re!eat Qt'atS &ieQ)S in t'e !'eno#ena o+ 'eredit$ and t'e +act) o+ e#br$o&o($O HS/ 1F, !A ?-IA Here, a(ain, i) Bate)on5 B$ )u!er!o)in( and interconnectin( #an$ +eedback &oo!), 8e Hand a&& ot'er bio&o(ica& )$)te#)I not on&$ )oR"e !articu&ar !rob&e#) but a&)o +or# 'abit) 8'ic' 8e a!!&$ to t'e )o&ution o+ c&a))e) o+ !rob&e#)A *e act a) t'ou(' a 8'o&e c&a)) o+ !rob&e#) cou&d be )o&"ed in ter#) o+ a))u#!tion) or !re#i)e), +e8er in nu#ber t'an t'e #e#ber) o+ t'e c&a)) o+ !rob&e#)A In ot'er 8ord), 8e Hor(ani)#)I &earn to &earn AAAA Q1'eS ri(idit$ Qo+ 'abit)S +o&&o8) a) a nece))ar$ coro&&ar$ o+ t'eir )tatu) in t'e 'ierarc'$ o+ ada!tationA 1'e "er$ econo#$ o+ tria& and error 8'ic' i) ac'ie"ed b$ 'abit +or#ation i) on&$ !o))ib&e becau)e 'abit) are co#!arati"e&$ O'ard !ro(ra##edAO AAA 1'e econo#$ con)i)t) !reci)e&$ in not re3e%a#inin( or redi)co"erin( t'e !re#i)e) o+ 'abit e"er$ ti#e t'e 'abit i) u)edA *e #a$ )a$ t'at t'e)e !re#i)e) are !art&$ Ouncon)ciou)O, or3i+ $ou !&ea)e3a 'abit o+ not e%a#inin( t'e# i) de"e&o!edA H/M, !A 2-BI 1'e ae)t'etic )'ort3 circuit) t'e ta)k o+ )'akin( u! t'i) 'abit o+ not e%a#inin( t'e#, !er'a!)A I )aid to be(in 8it' t'at in t'e ear&ier )ta(e) 8e cou&d +ind in Briti)' o#antici)# our #ode&)A But a) &on( a) 8e take t'e &iterar$ a) )ub)tanti"e )ource o+ (ood t'inkin( a&one, 8e 8i&& +ai& in t'e ta)k o+ t'e ae)t'etic education 8e are !ro!o)in(5 at a&& co)t to enter anot'erP) te%tA :t'er8i)e, 8e 8i&& notice t'at *i&&ia# *ord)8ort'P) !roJect i) dee!&$ c&a))3 #arked, and t'at 'e doe) not Jud(e 'abitA He i) c&ear about bein( )u!erior to ot'er) in bein( a !oet, unu)ua&&$ (i+ted 8it' a too3)tron( i#a(ination, ca!ab&e o+ or(ani2in( ot'er !eo!&eP) 'abit)A I 8i&& >uote at &en(t' to )'o8 'i) &ack o+ intere)t in 8orkin( 8it' t'e )uba&tern, a&t'ou(' 'e certain&$ ackno8&ed(e) t'e !o8er o+ t'eir Orea&O &an(ua(eA Hi) c'ie+ intere)t i) in c'an(in( t'e ta)te o+ t'e reader) o+ !oetr$T 'i) con+idence in Ot'e !oetP)O Ht'e trace o+ t'e aut'or[I (i+t) i) e&aborate&$ e%!re))ed in t'e)e !a))a(e), a(ain e"en a) t'e Hun)e&+3con)ciou)[I !o8er o+ t'e Orea&O &an(ua(e o+ O#enO i) reco(ni2ed5 For our continued in+&u%e) o+ +ee&in( are #odi+ied and directed b$ our t'ou('t), 8'ic' are indeed t'e re!re)entati"e) o+ a&& our !a)t +ee&in()T and, a) b$ conte#!&atin( t'e re&ation o+ t'e)e (enera& re!re)entati"e) to eac' ot'er, 8e di)co"er 8'at i) rea&&$ i#!ortant to #en, )o, b$ t'e re!etition and continuance o+ t'i) act, our +ee&in() 8i&& be connected 8it' i#!ortant )ubJect), ti&& at &en(t', i+ 8e be ori(ina&&$ !o))e))ed o+ #uc' )en)ibi&it$, )uc' 'abit) o+ #ind 8i&& be !roduced, t'at, b$ obe$in( b&ind&$ and #ec'anica&&$ t'e i#!u&)e) o+ t'o)e 'abit), 8e )'a&& de)cribe obJect), and utter )enti#ent), o+ )uc' a nature, and in )uc' conne%ion 8it' eac' ot'er, t'at t'e under)tandin( o+ t'e eader #u)t nece))ari&$ be in )o#e de(ree en&i('tened, and 'i) a++ection) )tren(t'ened and !uri+iedA HLB, !A 12EI Q1'e !oetS i) a #an )!eakin( to #en5 a #an, it i) true, endued 8it' #ore &i"e&$ )en)ibi&it$, #ore ent'u)ia)# and tenderne)), 8'o 'a) a (reater kno8&ed(e o+ 'u#an nature, and a #ore co#!re'en)i"e )ou&, t'an are )u!!o)ed to be co##on a#on( #ankindT a #an !&ea)ed 8it' 'i) o8n !a))ion) and "o&ition), and 8'o reJoice) #ore t'an ot'er #en in t'e )!irit o+ &i+e t'at i) in 'i#T de&i('tin( to conte#!&ate )i#i&ar "o&ition) and !a))ion) a) #ani+e)ted in t'e (oin()3on o+ t'e Uni"er)e, and 'abitua&&$ i#!e&&ed to create t'e# 8'ere 'e doe) not +ind t'e#A 1o t'e)e >ua&itie) 'e 'a) added a di)!o)ition to be a++ected #ore t'an ot'er #en b$ ab)ent t'in() a) i+ t'e$ 8ere !re)entT an abi&it$ o+ conJurin( u! in 'i#)e&+ !a))ion), 8'ic' are indeed +ar +ro# bein( t'e )a#e a) t'o)e !roduced b$ rea& e"ent), $et He)!ecia&&$ in t'o)e !art) o+ t'e (enera& )$#!at'$ 8'ic' are !&ea)in( and de&i('t+u&I do #ore near&$ I.1 :DUC1I:. - re)e#b&e t'e !a))ion) !roduced b$ rea& e"ent), t'an an$ t'in( 8'ic', +ro# t'e #otion) o+ t'eir o8n #ind) #ere&$, ot'er #en are accu)to#ed to +ee& in t'e#)e&"e)T 8'ence, and +ro# !ractice, 'e 'a) ac>uired a (reater readine)) and !o8er in e%!re))in( 8'at 'e t'ink) and +ee&), and e)!ecia&&$ t'o)e t'ou('t) and +ee&in() 8'ic', b$ 'i) o8n c'oice, or +ro# t'e )tructure o+ 'i) o8n #ind, ari)e in 'i# 8it'out i##ediate e%terna& e%cite#ent AAAA HLB, !A 1?FI But, 8'ate"er !ortion o+ t'i) +acu&t$ 8e #a$ )u!!o)e e"en t'e (reate)t 0oet to !o))e)), t'ere cannot be a doubt but t'at t'e &an(ua(e 8'ic' it 8i&& )u((e)t to 'i#, #u)t, in &i"e&ine)) and trut', +a&& +ar )'ort o+ t'at 8'ic' i) uttered b$ #en in rea& &i+e, under t'e actua& !re))ure o+ t'o)e !a))ion), certain )'ado8) o+ 8'ic' t'e 0oet t'u) !roduce), or +ee&) to be !roduced, in 'i#)e&+A Ho8e"er e%a&ted a notion 8e 8ou&d 8i)' to c'eri)' o+ t'e c'aracter o+ a 0oet, it i) ob"iou), t'at, 8'i&e 'e de)cribe) and i#itate) !a))ion), 'i) )ituation i) a&to(et'er )&a"i)' and #ec'anica&, co#!ared 8it' t'e +reedo# and !o8er o+ rea& and )ub)tantia& action and )u++erin(A So t'at it 8i&& be t'e 8i)' o+ t'e 0oet to brin( 'i) +ee&in() near to t'o)e o+ t'e !er)on) 8'o)e +ee&in() 'e de)cribe), na$, +or )'ort )!ace) o+ ti#e !er'a!), to &et
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'i#)e&+ )&i! into an entire de&u)ion, and e"en con+ound and identi+$ 'i) o8n +ee&in() 8it' t'eir)T #odi+$in( on&$ t'e &an(ua(e 8'ic' i) t'u) )u((e)ted to 'i#, b$ a con)ideration t'at 'e de)cribe) +or a !articu&ar !ur!o)e, t'at o+ (i"in( !&ea)ure AAAA HLB, !!A 1?F31?,I But it #a$ be )aid b$ t'o)e 8'o do not obJect to t'e (enera& )!irit o+ t'e)e re#ark), t'at, a) it i) i#!o))ib&e +or t'e 0oet to !roduce u!on a&& occa)ion) &an(ua(e a) e%>ui)ite&$ +itted +or t'e !a))ion a) t'at 8'ic' t'e rea& !a))ion it)e&+ )u((e)t), it i) !ro!er t'at 'e )'ou&d con)ider 'i#)e&+ a) in t'e )ituation o+ a tran)&ator, 8'o dee#) 'i#)e&+ Ju)ti+ied 8'en 'e )ub)titute) e%ce&&ence) o+ anot'er kind +or t'o)e 8'ic' are unattainab&e b$ 'i#T and endea"our) occa)iona&&$ to )ur!a)) 'i) ori(ina&, in order to #ake )o#e a#end) +or t'e (enera& in+eriorit$ to 8'ic' 'e +ee&) t'at 'e #u)t )ub#itA HLB, !A 1?,I 1'u) 'e #a$ be a O#an )!eakin( to #enAO For 'i#, 'o8e"er, Mar%P) t'ird t'e)i) on Feuerbac' 8ou&d 'a"e 'e&d no a!!ea&5 t'at )ince t'e kno8&ed(e (a! bet8een teac'er and tau('t cannot be circu#"ented, not to &et t'i) de"e&o! into a !o8er (a! i) a con)tant ta)k t'at 8i&& kee! )ociet$ a&8a$) in t'e )tate o+ u!'ea"a& t'at i) nece))ar$ +or &iberationA H1'e /n(&i)' tran)&ation o+ u!'ea"a&3U#8ii&2un(3i) u)ua&&$ Ore"o&utionO rat'er t'an Ou!'ea"a&,O t'u) de)tro$in( Mar%P) i#!ortant 8arnin(5 t'e educator) #u)t be educatedAI 1F 1'e dee!&$ indi"idua&i)tic t'eor$ o+ t'e o#antic creati"e i#a(ination in *ord)8ort' #u)t re#ain anti3)$)te#icA 1, B$ contra)t, 7ra#)ciP) entire ener(ie) are de"oted to !roducin( t'e )uba&tern inte&&ectua&, b$ in)tru#enta&i2in( t'e One8 inte&&ectua&O5
.econd" The onl wa to sol#e this reprod%cti#e heteronormati#e dri#e that nationalism prod%ces is to em(race a comparati#e approach to nations that is e3%i#alent when lookin* at one another This is (est done thro%*h literat%re and the h%manities" which allow %s to find empath in the other wa s of life and to learn to acknowled*e that other thin*s can occ%p the %ni3%e place of the e7ample of m first lan*%a*e This side steps all of o%r offense and sol#es .pi#ak :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI Nationalism is the prod%ct of a collecti#e ima*ination constr%ctedN thro%*h rememoration) It is the comparati#ist ima*ination that %ndoes thatN possessi#e spell) The ima*ination m%st (e trained to take pleas%re in s%chN stren%o%s pla ) $et social priorities toda are not s%ch that hi*her ed%cationN in the h%manities can prosper, certain&$ not in India a) it i) ri)in( to take it)N !&ace a) a co#!etitor in a 9de"e&o!ed; 8or&d, and certainl not in the UnitedN .tates) The h%manities are pro*ressi#el tri#iali2ed and?or self+tri#iali2ed intoN (elles+lettristic or 3%antitati#e workA I+ I 'a"e &earned an$t'in( in #$ +ort$3+i"eN $ear) o+ +u&&3ti#e teac'in(, it i) the tra*ed of the tri#iali2ation of the h%manities"N a kind of c%lt%ral death) .o %nless the polit #al%es the teachin* of literat%re N in this wa rather than 6%st literar histor and content and a fakeN scientism" the ima*ination will not (e no%rished)
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;e to Ethics
!ffirmin* a correct #iew of peda*o* is the onl wa in which ethical decisions can (e made and epistemolo* is critical to the process (eca%se ed%cation forms the ha(its that affect decision makin* .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012, 07 F310 In an i#!ortant co##ent on Mar%, 7ra#)ci di)tin(ui)'e) bet8een t'e !)$c'o&o(ica&, t'e #ora& Hour 8ord 8ou&d !er'a!) be Oet'ica&OI, and t'e e!i)te#o&o(ica&A :ur ta)k i) to Oab3u)eO t'i), not to e%cu)e it) )ee#in( I.1 :DUC1I:. , )$)te#ic con+idence Hbe&ied b$ #uc' o+ t'e 'e)itation o+ 8'at 7ra#)ci 8rote in !ri)onI, nor to accu)e it o+ t'at "er$ t'in(, but to )ee in t'e addition o+ t'e e!i)te#o&o(ica& a 8a$ o+ readin( 7ra#)ci 8it' O'i)tor$ in t'e readin(O5 2B 1'e !ro!o)ition contained in t'e 0re+ace to A Contribution to t'e Criti>ue o+ 0o&itica& /cono#$ to t'e e++ect t'at #en ac>uire con)ciou)ne)) o+ )tructura& con+&ict) on t'e &e"e& o+ ideo&o(ie) )'ou&d be con)idered a) an a++ir#ation o+ e!i)te#o&o(ica& and not )i#!&$ !)$c'o&o(ica& and #ora& "a&ueA Fro# t'i), it +o&&o8) t'at t'e t'eoretica&3!ractica& !rinci!&e o+ 'e(e#on$ 'a) a&)o e!i)te#o&o(ica& )i(ni+icance, and it i) 'ere t'at I&$ic' QLeninSP) (reate)t t'eoretica& contribution to t'e !'i&o)o!'$ o+ !ra%i) QiAeA, Mar%i)#S )'ou&d be )ou('tA In t'e)e ter#) one cou&d )a$ t'at I&$ic' ad"anced !'i&o)o!'$ a) !'i&o)o!'$ in )o +ar a) 'e ad"anced !o&itica& doctrine and !racticeA 1'e rea&i2ation o+ a 'e(e#onic a!!aratu), in )o +ar a) it create) a ne8 ideo&o(ica& terrain, deter#ine) a re+or# o+ con)ciou)ne)) and o+ #et'od) o+ kno8&ed(e5 it i) a +act o+ kno8&ed(e, a !'i&o)o!'ica& +actA In Crocean ter#)5 8'en one )ucceed) in introducin( a ne8 #ora&it$ in con+or#it$ 8it' a ne8 conce!tion o+ t'e 8or&d, one +ini)'e) b$ introducin( t'e conce!tion a) 8e&&T in ot'er 8ord), one deter#ine) a re+or# o+ t'e 8'o&e o+ !'i&o)o!'$A 2D 1'e re&ation)'i! bet8een education and t'e 'abit o+ t'e et'ica& i) a) t'e re&ation)'i! 8it'out re&ation)'i! bet8een re)!on)ibi&it$ and t'e (i+t t'at 8e #u)t i#a(ine in order toe account +or re)!on)ibi&it$3an unre)tricted tran)cendenta& deduction, i+ $ou &ikeA2E 1rainin( +or t'e 'abit o+ t'e et'ica& can on&$ be 8orked at t'rou(' attendin( to t'e )$)te#ic ta)k o+ e!i)te#o&o(ica& en(a(e#entA *e O&earn to &earnO HBate)onP) #ore (enera& !'ra)eI 'o8 to teac' +ro# t'e 'i)torico3cu&tura& te%t 8it'in 8'ic' a certain (rou! o+ )tudent) #i('t be !&acedA 1'u) 7ra#)ci in"oke) t'e acti"e re&ation)'i! 8'ic' e%i)t) bet8een Qt'e inte&&ectua&S and t'e cu&tura& en"iron#ent 'e i) !ro!o)in( to #odi+$A 1'e en"iron#ent react) back on t'e !'i&o)o!'er and i#!o)e) on 'i# a continua& !roce)) o+ )e&+3critici)#A It i) 'i) Oteac'erAO AAA For t'e re&ation)'i! bet8een #a)ter and di)ci!&e in t'e (enera& )en)e re+erred to abo"e i) on&$ rea&i)ed, 8'ere t'i) !o&itica& condition e%i)t), and on&$ t'en do 8e (et t'e O'i)torica&O rea&i)ation o+ a ne8 t$!e o+ !'i&o)o!'er, 8'o# 8e cou&d ca&& a Ode#ocratic !'i&o)o!'erO in t'e )en)e t'at 'e i) a !'i&o)o!'er con"inced t'at 'i) !er)ona&it$ i) not &i#ited to 'i#)e&+ a) a !'$)ica& indi"idua& but i) an acti"e )ocia& re&ation)'i! o+ #odi+ication o+ t'e cu&tura& en"iron#ent0 An ae)t'etic education teac'e) t'e 'u#anitie) in )uc' a 8a$ t'at a&& )ubJect) are Oconta#inatedAO I 'a"e re!eated t'at I 'a"e not #uc' 'o!e +or t'i) in t'e current conte%tA Let #e at &ea)t >uote 7ra#)ciP) 'o!e5 1'e #ode o+ bein( o+ t'e ne8 inte&&ectua& can no &on(er con)i)t in e&o>uence, AAA but in acti"e !artici!ation in !ractica& &i+e, AAA )u!erior to t'e ab)tract #at'e#atica& )!iritT +ro# tec'ni>ue3a)38ork one !roceed) to tec'ni>ue3a)3)cience and to t'e 'u#ani)tic conce!tion o+ 'i)tor$, 8it'out 8'ic' one re#ain) O)!ecia&i)edO and doe) not beco#e Odirecti"eO H)!ecia&i)ed and !o&itica&IA2F I 8i&& co#e &ater to 7ra#)ciP) Otec'no3)cienti+icO &e))on, O)u!erior to t'e ab)tract #at'e#atica& )!iritAO For no8, &et u) re#e#ber t'at t'e !ri)on notebook), bein( note) to one)e&+ +or +uture 8ork, are nece))ari&$ in an o!en +or# t'at re>uire) care+u& ac>uaintance 8it' t'e !rotoco&) o+ t'e te%tA I 8ou&d &ike to !ro!o)e t'at t'e trainin( o+ t'e i#a(ination t'at can teac' t'e )ubJect to !&a$3an ae)t'etic education3can a&)o teac' it to di)co"er Ht'eoretica&&$ or !ractica&&$I t'e !re#i)e) o+ t'e 'abit t'at ob&i(e) u) to tran)cendenta&i2e re&i(ion and nation Ha) Bate)on and Freud bot' !oint outIA I+, 'o8e"er, t'i) i) on&$ a Orearran(e#ent o+ de)ireO or t'e )ub)titution o+ one 'abit +or anot'er t'rou(' !eda(o(ica& )&ei('t3o+'and, t'ere 8i&& be no abi&it$ to reco"er t'at di)co"er$ +or a continuit$ o+ e!i)te#o&o(ica& e++ortA *e #u)t &earn to do "io&ence to t'e e!i)te#oe!i)te#o&o(ica& di++erence and re#e#ber t'at t'i) i) 8'at education Oi)O and t'u) kee! u! t'e 8ork o+ di)!&acin( be&ie+ onto t'e terrain o+ t'Pe i#a(ination, atte#!t to acce)) t'e e!i)te#icA 1'e di)!&ace#ent o+ be&ie+ onto t'e terrain o+ t'e i#a(ination can be a de)cri!tion o+ readin( in it) #o)t robu)t )en)eA It i) a&)o t'e irreducib&e e&e#ent o+ an ae)t'etic educationA In t'e conte%t o+ t'e be(innin( o+ t'e t8ent$3+ir)t centur$, to &earn to de3 tran)cendenta&i2e re&i(ion and Ht'e birt' o+ aI nation into t'e i#a(inati"e )!'ere i) an in"a&uab&e (i+tA But t'i) !articu&ar +unction o+ readin( i) i#!ortant in a (enera& and continuin( 8a$ a) 8e&&A /&)e8'ere I 'a"e ar(ued t'at t'i) t$!e o+ education, 8it' care+u& con)ideration o+ )ocia& conte%t, can be !art o+ education +ro# t'e e&e#entar$ &e"e&, 8'ere it i) e"en #ore +or#a& rat'er t'an )ub)tanti"eA In t'i) book, t'at ar(u#ent +&a)'e) u! 'ere and t'ere, but t'e (enera& terrain o+ t'e book i) tertiar$ and !o)t(raduate education, t'e re!roduction o+ citi2en) and teac'er)A 1'i) i) 8'ere 8e u)e t'e &e(ac$ o+ t'e /n&i('ten#ent, re&ocate t'e tran)cendenta& +ro# be&ie+, 8it' a "ie8 to it) doub&e bind, !roducin( a )i#!&er )o&ution5 !ri"ati2e be&ie+, rationa&i2e t'e tran)cendentA 1'i) !articu&ar )o&ution, o++ered a) &ibera& education a) )uc', )uit) ca!ita&i)# betterA *e )a8 brie+&$ 'o8 Bate)on take) t'e doub&e bind out o+ t'e &i#ited conte%t or narro8 )en)e o+ a #enta& Odi)ea)eAO Indeed, it #a$ 'a"e beco#e, +or 'i#, a (enera& de)cri!tion o+ a&& doin(, a&& t'inkin( a) doin(, a&& )e&+3con)ciou) &i"in(, u!)trea# +ro# ca!ita&i)#, a >ue)tion o+ de(ree)A Contradictor$ in)truction) co#e to u) at a&& ti#e)A *e &earn to &i)ten to I.1 :DUC1I:. 11 t'e# and re#ain in t'e (a#eA *'en and a) 8e decide, 8e kno8 t'ere+ore t'at 8e 'a"e broken t'e doub&e bind into a )in(&e bind, a) it 8ere, and 8e a&)o kno8 t'at c'an(e 8i&& 'a"e to be undertaken )oon, or, t'in() 8i&& c'an(e5 ta)k or e"entA Cno8in( t'i), t'e t$!ica& e#otion t'at acco#!anie) deci)ion)3et'ica&, !o&itica&, &e(a&, inte&&ectua&, ae)t'etic, and indeed deci)ion) o+ t'e dai&$ (rind3i) a )!ectru# o+ re(ret and re#or)e to at &ea)t unea)e, ot'er8i)e )e&+3con(ratu&ation +o&&o8ed b$ denia& or be8i&der#entA 1'i) i) di++erent +ro# t'e une%a#ined 'o!e 8'ic' ani#ate) #uc' (&oba&i)t and a&ter3(&oba&i)t enter!ri)e toda$, in t'e United State) a) in t'e (&oba& e&iteA
1E2 | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
1order Thinkin* !lternati#e
1E? | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
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&N' .ol#es
I J 1order thinkin* empiricall has worked" and is adapta(le to e#en the first world It:s rethinkin* of epistemolo*ical relations (reaks down the holds of colonialit Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A 1'e coro&&ar$ i) t'e need to bui&d narrati"e) +ro# t'e !er)!ecti"e o+ #odernit$Gco&onia&it$ N 9(eared to8ard) t'e )earc' +or a di++erent &o(ic; H22IA
This pro6ect has to do with theN reartic%lation of *lo(al desi*ns from local historiesO with the artic%lation (etweenN s%(altern and he*emonic knowled*e from the perspecti#e of the s%(alternO and with theN remappin* of colonial difference towards a worldl c%lt%re s%ch as in the AapatistaN pro6ect" that remaps Mar7ism" thirdworldism" and indi*enism" witho%t (ein* either ofN them" in an e7cellent e7ample of (order thinkin*A 1'u), it (ecomes possi(le to think ofN Kother local histories prod%cin* either alternati#e totalities or an alternati#e to totalit LN H?2,IA These alternati#es wo%ld not pla on the K*lo(ali2ation?ci#ili2ationL co%pletN inherent to modernit ?colonialit O the wo%ld rather (%ild on a 9#undia&i2aciWnGc%lt%reLN relation centered on the local histories in which colonial *lo(al desi*ns are necessaril N transformedA 1'e di"er)it$ o+ #undia&i2aciWn i) contra)ted 8it' t'e 'o#o(eneit$ o+N (&oba&i2ation" aimin* at m%ltiple and di#erse social orders 33in )u#, !&uri"er)a&it$A :neN #a$ )a$, 8it' Mi(no&o H20005 ?0,I, t'at t'i) a!!roac' 9i) certain&$ a t'eor$ +ro#Go+ t'eN 1'ird *or&d, but not on&$ +or t'e 1'ird *or&d AAAAA Third World theori2in* is also for theN 9irst World in the sense that critical theor is s%(s%med and incorporated in a newN *eoc%lt%ral and epistemolo*ical locationA; I J 4nl (order thinkin* opens the dialo*%e of politics" so that the s%(altern can (e incl%ded and so that colonialit cannot ha#e social" c%lt%ral" economic and epistemolo*ical control Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
'ritical and dialo*ic cosmopolitanism as a re*%lati#e principle demands ieldin* N *enero%sl H9con"i"ia&&$; )aid VitoriaT 9+riend&$; )aid CantI toward di#ersit N as a %ni#ersal and cosmopolitan pro6ect in which e#er one participates instead ofN K(ein* participated)L .%ch a re*%lati#e principle shall replace and displace theN a(stract %ni#ersal cosmopolitan ideals HC'ri)tian, &ibera&, )ocia&i)t, neo&ibera&I N that 'ad 'e&!ed Hand continue to 'e&!I to hold to*ether the modern?colonial worldN s stem and to preser#e the mana*erial role of the North !tlanticA And 'ere i)N 8'en t'e &oca& 'i)torie) and (&oba& de)i(n) co#e into t'e !ictureA While cosmopolitanismN was tho%*ht o%t and pro6ected from partic%lar local histories Ht'atN beca#e t'e &oca& 'i)tor$ o+ t'e #odern 8or&d )$)te#I !o)itioned to de#ise andN enact *lo(al desi*ns" other local histories in the planet had to deal with thoseN *lo(al desi*ns that were" at the same time" a(stract %ni#ersals HC'ri)tian, &ibera&,N or )ocia&i)tIA For t'at rea)on, cosmopolitanism toda has to (ecome (order thinkin*"N critical and dialo*ic" from the perspecti#e of those local histories that had toN deal all alon* with *lo(al desi*ns) Di#ersalit sho%ld (e the relentless practice of N critical and dialo*ical cosmopolitanism rather than a (l%eprint of a f%t%re andN ideal societ pro6ected from a sin*le point of #iew Ht'at o+ t'e ab)tract uni"er)a&IN that will ret%rn %s Ha(ain!I to t'e 7reek !aradi(# and to E%ropean le*aciesN HKh i2hek 1,,FIA
1EB | A I D S
and HIV
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&N' Aapatistas
I J The Aapatistas pro#e that (order thinkin* can (e applied to politics We need to rethink how we en*a*e in the *o#ernment" so we can work to chan*e colonialit " (%t %nder o%r definition and terms Mi*nolo :DD Q*a&ter DA, Ar(entine )e#iotician H]co&e de) Haute) ]tude)I and !ro+e))or at Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Man$ Face) o+ N Co)#o3
!o&i)5 Border 1'inkin(N and Critica& Co)#o!o&itani)#;, 0ub&ic Cu&ture 12H?I5 -21@-BF, Co!$ri('t i 2000 b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re)), =CookAS Acce))ed -G?G1?A
The Aapatistas ha#e %sed the word democrac " altho%*h it has different meanin*N for them than it has for the Me7ican *o#ernment) Democrac for theN Aapatistas is not concept%ali2ed in terms of E%ropean political philosoph (%t inN terms of Ma a social or*ani2ation (ased on reciprocit " comm%nal Iinstead ofN indi#id%alJ #al%es" the #al%e of wisdom rather than epistemolo* , and )o +ort'AN 1'e Me7ican *o#ernment doesn:t possess the correct interpretation of democrac "N %nder which the 4ther will (e incl%dedA But, +or t'at #atter, neit'er do theN Aapatistas ha#e the ri*ht interpretation) Howe#er" the Aapatistas ha#e no choiceN (%t to %se the word that political he*emon imposed" altho%*h %sin* the wordN doesn:t mean (endin* to its mono+lo*ic interpretationA 4nce democrac is sin*ledN o%t ( the Aapatistas" it (ecomes a connector thro%*h which li(eral concepts ofN democrac and indi*eno%s concepts of reciprocit and comm%nit social or*ani2ationN for the common *ood m%st come to termsA 1order thinkin* is what I amN namin* the political and ethical mo#e from the Aapatistas: perspecti#e" ( displacin*N the concept of democrac A Border t'inkin( i)
not a !o))ibi&it$, at t'i) !oint, N +ro# t'e !er)!ecti"e o+ t'e Me%ican (o"ern#ent, a&t'ou(' it i) a need +ro# )uba&ternN !o)ition)A In t'i) &ine o+ ar(u#ent, a 8'ic'N re!&aced Cant4) ab)tract uni"er)a&I is
new a(stract %ni#ersal H)uc' a) Vitoria4),N or Cant4), 8'ic' re!&aced Vitoria4), or t'e ideo&o(ie) o+ tran)nationa&i)#, no lon*er either possi(le or desira(le)
1ED | A I D S
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MUHS
.ol#es Econom
I J The alternati#e pro#ides a (etter incorporation of co%ntries into economic partnerships" allowin* for %s to sol#e o%r aff (est !ND 4%r alternati#e spills o#er and impro#es all of economics Aein+Eladin :DE Q/i#an :A, Frank&in X Mar)'a&& Co&&e(e, De!art#ent o+ /cono#ic), 9/cono#ic), !o)tco&onia& t'eor$ and t'e N !rob&e#
o+ cu&ture5 in)titutiona& ana&$)i) N and '$bridit$;, 'tt!5GGre&oone$A+atco8Aco#G00Y.e8Y?1??A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2EG1?A 0o)tco&onia& t'eor$, on t'e ot'er 'and, t'ou(' #uc' critici)ed +or ne(&ectin( t'e N econo#$, 'a) (enerated tre#endou) in)i('t) on i))ue) o+ cro))3 cu&tura& 'e(e#on$, t'at i),N t'e creation o+ a !o&itica& c&i#ate t'at e&icit) t'e )uba&tern H)ubordinatedI (rou!)4 con)ent N to a do#inant ideo&o($, and t'e ro&e o+ kno8&ed(e con)truction in t'i) !roce)) HKein3N /&abdin and C'aru)'ee&a, 200BIA 'olonial HB'ab'a, 1,F?T Said, 1,-,IN opens
disco%rse anal sis %p a space for comprehendin* the twentieth cent%r notion of de#elopment asN a disco%rse of power rather than a c%lt%rall ne%tral" scientificall knowa(le *rowth path ofN an econom H/)cobar, 1,,DT :&)on, 1,,BIA2 Postcolonialit presents a promisin* entr N point for %nderstandin* a contemporar world in which the c%lt%re of E%ropean modernit N H#o)t notab&$, nation+state" market s stem, urban a((&o#erationI has e7panded farN (e ond its historical and *eo*raphical ori*ins and has (een im(ricated with other c%lt%res N in deep and comple7 formsA This %nderstandin* co%ld potentiall allow the c%lt%res ofN societies c%rrentl theorised in economics as less?%nderde#eloped to e3%all participate inN the *lo(al constr%ction of meanin* and definitions of the terms of economic (ein* andN (ecomin*) 0er'a!) t'e (reate)t !ro#i)e o+ !o)tco&onia& in)i('t) i) t'e !o))ibi&it$ o+N i#a(inin( di++erent econo#ic re&ation) and )ocia& et'ic), and there( aidin* in the searchN for answers to the presentl da%ntin* 3%estions of ecolo*ical s%staina(ilit and social well(ein*AN Takin* postcolonial theor on (oard calls for a more profo%nd rethinkin* of the place ofN c%lt%re and of c%rrentl de#al%ed c%lt%res in economicsA In !articu&ar, Ho#i B'ab'a4)N H1,FD, 1,,BI idea o+ '$bridit$ Hdee! cu&tura& #i%in(I o++er) a +ruit+u& ana&$tica& tool forN (etter e7aminin* economies sit%ated in m%ltiple and dense cross+c%lt%ral intersections"N and impro#es o%r %nderstandin* of contemporar economic phenomena at lar*e)2 Suc'N
'$bridit$ i) e%'ibited in t'e conte#!orar$ econo#ie) o+ A+rica, $et A+rica i) a&)o t'e N >uinte))entia& re!re)entati"e o+ cu&tura& )uba&ternit$ in econo#ic), current&$ de+ined a) t'eN &ea)t de"e&o!ed 8or&d re(ion and 'abitua&&$ a))ociated 8it' cri)i) and +ai&ureA? 1raditiona&&$, N #o)t )i(ni+icant de)cri!tion) o+ A+rican econo#ie) 8ere !roduced b$ ant'ro!o&o(i)t) N HeA(A, Bo'annan and Da&ton, 1,E2IA Un+ortunate&$, t'e)e et'no(ra!'ie) 8ere rare&$ takenN u! in econo#ic) on t'e !re#i)e t'at #o)t o+ t'e ob)er"ed be'a"iour and in)titution) N a#ounted to &itt&e #ore t'an ob)o&ete tradition) t'at 8ou&d ine"itab&$ be )u!!&anted b$N #odern )tructure) and attitude)A An i#!ortant outco#e o+ t'e current attention to cu&tureN in econo#ic) 'a) been t'e (eneration o+ #ore )ub)tanti"e e%a#ination) o+ econo#ic N condition) in A+rica HCo&&ier and 7unnin(, 1,,,T Fa+c'a#!), 200BT Sc'neider, 1,,,TN 1ru&))on, 1,,-IA 1'i) )#a&& &iterature "arie) in it) &e"e& o+ detai& and a!!&ication o+ in)titutiona&i)t N !rinci!&e), but it (enera&&$ 'i('&i('t) t'e !re"a&ence o+ (i+t (i"in(, )'arin(, N )tron( kin)'i! ob&i(ation and ot'er )ocio3econo#ic !attern) !re"iou)&$ identi+ied b$ ant'ro!o&o(i)t)AN 1'e !er)i)tence o+ t'e)e !attern), in t'e #id)t o+ )ub)tantia& econo#ic N c'an(e, !re)ent) a c'a&&en(e to t'eoretica& !er)!ecti"e) t'at conce!tua&i)e t'e# a) !re#odern N or tran)itor$A N In t'i) !a!er I ar(ue t'at instit%tional
economics" with its paradi*matic emphasis onN c%lt%re and lon* standin* openness to inter+ disciplinarit " is (est positioned to (rid*e theN *ap (etween postcolonial theor and economics) In !articu&ar, t'e t'eoretica& +ra#e8orkN o+ in)titutiona&i)#, 8'ic' under)core) cu&tura& e#beddedne)) and an unte&eo&o(ica&,
nonet'nocentricN conce!tion o+ )ocia& c'an(e HMa$'e8, 1,,FI, nece))ari&$ acco##odate) N a conce!t o+ '$bridit$A It )ee#) 'ard&$ coincidenta& t'at t'e ear&ie)t re+erence toN !o)tco&onia& criti>ue in econo#ic) i) 0au&ette :&)on4) H1,,B, !A --I e++ort to !u)' Zt'e N boundarie) o+ radica& in)titutiona&i)# b$ e%a#inin( A A A t'e !o)tco&onia& criti>ue o+8e)ternN 'u#ani)#4A :&)on a!!&ied t'e notion o+ orienta&i)# in order to 'ei('ten in)titutiona&i)t)4N attention to Zraci)t, )e%i)t and c&a))i)t bia)e)4 in #ain)trea# econo#ic)A Here, I )'o8 t'at N drawin*
on the postcolonial idea of h (ridit can stren*then the instit%tionalist emphasisN on c%lt%re, and
a&&o8 #ore i&&u#inatin(, tru&$ )ub)tanti"e ana&$)i)A S!ace doe) not a&&o8 N a +u&& account o+ '$bridit$, nor an e%tended e%!&oration o+ it) i#!&ication), but on&$N a (enera& out&ine to indicate it) re&e"ance and !otentia& !roducti"it$ +or in)titutiona& N econo#ic)A
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H%man Ri*hts !lternati#e
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!lternative text# The %nited States federal government should engage in a process of harnessing responsibility for accountability, check up on other directedness without persistent training and feudalism We reserve the right to clarify This solves human rights, &!' and gender oppression ( It also avoids Social )arwinism, *ssentialism, and the exacerbation of &!' harms through the affirmatives inevitable propagation of colonial education .pi#ak DB H7a$atriA Su##er 200B, 9 i('tin( *ron();, The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vo&u#e 10?, .u#ber 2G?, S!rin(GSu##er 200B, !!A
D2?3DF1, 1"BI
The idea of human rights, in other words, may carry within itself the agenda of a kind of social )arwinism+the fittest must shoulder the burden of righting the wrongs of the unfit+and the possibility of an alibi (nly a ++kind of ocial .arwinism, of course& /ust as ,,the white man"s burden,"" undertaking to civili$e and develop, was only ++a kind of oppression& It would be silly to footnote the scholarshipthat has been written to showthat the latter may have been an alibi
for economic, military, and political intervention& It is on that model that I am using the concept-metaphor of the alibi in these introductory paragraphs&0 1aving arrived here, the usual thing is to complain about the Eurocentrism of human rights& I have no such intention& I am of course troubled by the use of human rights as an alibi for interventions of various sorts& 2ut its so-called European provenance is for me in the same category as the ++enabling violation of the production of the colonial subject&# (ne cannot write off the righting of wrongs& -he enablement must be used even as the violation is renegotiated&0'olonialism
was committed to the education of a certain class It was interested in the seemingly permanent operation of an altered normality & 3arado)ically,
human rights and ++development work today cannot claim this self-empowerment that high colonialism could& 4et, some of the best products of high colonialism, descendants
of the colonial middle class, become human rights advocatesin the countries of the outh& I will e)plain through an analogy&0 .octors without !rontiers5I find this translation more accurate than the received )octors without -orders5dispense healing all over the world, traveling to solve health problems as they arise& They cannotbe involved in the repetitive work of primary
health care, which re6uires changes in the habit of what seems normal living7 permanent operation of an altered normality& -his group cannot learn
all the local languages, dialects, and idioms of the places where they provide help They use local interpreters& It is as if, in the field of class formation through education, colonialism, and the attendant territorial imperialism had combined these two imperatives+clinic and primary health care+by training the interpreters themselves into imperfect yet creative imitations of the doctors The class thus formed+both8pseudo9doctor and interpreter, as it were5was the colonial sub.ect&0 -he end of the econd :orld :ar inaugurated the postcolonial dispensation& 0 :e must 6uestion the assumption that, if the sense of doing for the other is not produced on call from a sense of the self as sovereign, packaged with the sense of being fittest, the alternative assumption, romantic or e)pedient, of an essence of subalternity as the source of
such a sense, denies the depradations of history& 3aulo !reire, in his celebrated 3edagogy of the (ppressed, written during the era of guerilla warfare in ;atin America, warns us against subalternist essentialism, by reminding us that, ++ during
the initial stages of the struggle, the oppressed & & & tend themselves to become oppressors& <=0 In addition, in the faceof U, /uman 0ights policy-making, we must be on guard against subalternist essentialism, both positive and negative& If the self-permission for continuing to right wrongs is premised implicitly on the former+they will never be able to help themselves+the latter nourishes false hopes that will as surely be dashed and lead to the same result7 an unwilling conclusion that they must always be propped up& Indeed, in the present state of the
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world, or perhaps always and everywhere, simply harnessing responsibility for accountability in the South, checking up on other directedness, as it were, without the persistent training, of ,,no guarantees,"" were produce and consolidate what can only be called ++feudalism, where a benevolent despot like ;ee >uan 4ew can claim collectivity rather than individualism when expedient& In the present state of the world, it also reproduces and consolidates gender oppression, thus lending plausibility to the instant right speak of the gender lobby of the
international civil society and 2retton :oods&
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Trace !lternati#e
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.ol#es
Reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it codes and scripts *enealo*ical realities thro%*h the nat%ral machine of translation" pro*rammin* the mind and ind%cin* irre#ersi(le #iolence the alternati#e is to rearran*e reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it into a field of traces in its deepest *eneralit separatin* a*enc and s%(6ectship) .pi#ak RDZ H7a$atri, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e
Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$,9.ote) to8ard a 1ribute to =ac>ue) Derrida;, .o"e#ber 200D, 1VBI In e"er$ !o))ib&e )en)e, tran)&ation i) nece))ar$ but i#!o))ib&eA Me&anie C&ein, t'e Vienne)e !)$c'oana&$)t 8'o# t'e B&oo#)bur$ 7rou! ki&&ed 8it' kindne)), )u((e)ted t'at t'e 8ork o+ tran)&ation i) an ince))ant )'utt&e t'at i) a 9&i+eA;10 The
h%man infant*ra(s on to some one thin* and then thin*s) This *ra((in* S(e*reifenT of an o%tside indistin*%isha(le from an inside constit%tes an inside" *oin* (ack and forth and codin*e#er thin* into a si*n+ s stem ( the thin*IsJ *rasped) 4ne can call this cr%de codin* aKtranslation)L In this ne#er endin* wea#in*" #iolence translates into conscience and #ice #ersa) 9rom (irth to death" this Knat%ralL machine" pro*rammin* the mind perhaps as *enetic instr%ctions pro*ram the (od Iwhere does (od stop and mind (e*in>J" is partl metaps cholo*ical and therefore o%tside the *rasp of the mind) Th%sKnat%reL passes and repasses into Kc%lt%re"L in a work or sh%ttlin* site of #iolence0 the #iolent prod%ction of the precario%s s%(6ect of reparation and responsi(ilit ) 1o !&ot t'i) 8ea"e, t'e readerain #$ e)ti#ation, C&ein 8a) #ore a reader t'an an ana&$)t in t'e
)trict Freudian )en)eatran)&atin( t'e ince))ant tran)&atin( )'utt&e into t'at 8'ic' i) read, #u)t 'a"e t'e #o)t inti#ate kno8&ed(e o+ t'e ru&e) o+ re!re)entation and !er#i))ib&e narrati"e) t'at #ake u! t'e )ub)tance o+ a cu&ture, and #u)t a&)o beco#e re)!on)ib&e and accountab&e to t'e 8ritin(Gtran)&atin( !re)u!!o)ed ori(ina&AN*'en )o3ca&&ed et'no!'i&o)o!'ie) de)cribe t'e e#bedded et'ico3cu&tura& )ubJect bein( +or#ed !rior to t'e terrain o+ rationa& deci)ion #akin(, t'e$ are di)#i))ed a) +ata&i)ticA 1%t
the insi*ht that the constit%tion of the s%(6ect in responsi(ilit is a certain kind of translation of a *enealo*ical scriptin*" which is not %nder the control of the deli(erati#e conscio%sness" is not somethin* that 6%st comes from Melanie ;lein) What is interestin* a(o%t Melanie ;lein is that she does indeed want to to%ch responsi(ilit +(ased ethical s stems rather than 6%st ri*hts+(ased ethical s stems and therefore she looks at the #iolent translation that constit%tes the s%(6ect in responsi(ilit ) It is in this sense that the h%man infant" on the c%sp of the nat%ral and the c%lt%ral" is in translation" e7cept the word translation loses its dictionar sense ri*ht there) Here" the (od itself is a scriptMor perhaps one sho%ld sa a ceaseless inscri(in* instr%ment) IKTranslation as '%lt%reLJ These self+3%otations *i#e an indication of some of the wa s in which the a*enc in feminism emer*ed for me" rearran*in* reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it into a field of traces in its deepest *eneralit " #ia ;lein" workin* with children for a democrac to come" literali2in* Derrida) It is the part of Derrida that makes me know the limits of s%ch re*%lati#e work) It is in the %nnamea(le name of the e#ent that I ha#e proposed the methodolo*ical con#enience of the separation of a*enc and s%(6ectship0 re*%lation and the trace)
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E7tension
9irst" Write the alt e7tension here .econd" The si*n s stem of reprod%cti#e Heteronormati#it m%st (e destro ed 4nl the trace sol#es at the most (asic le#el .pi#ak RDZ H7a$atri, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e
Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$,9.ote) to8ard a 1ribute to =ac>ue) Derrida;, .o"e#ber 200D, 1VBI
What" then" is a trace> It is or is not" or" more important" is in the possi(ilit of alwa s not (ein*" the material s%**estion that somethin* else was there (efore" somethin* other than it" of co%rse) Unlike a si*n" which carries a s stemic ass%rance of meanin*"a trace carries no *%arantees) !nimal spoor on the forest floor Iin German" trace is .p%rJ ma mean the animal was there" that it:s a deco " that I am mistaken or hall%cinatin*" and so on) When I am aro%nd" o% know I had a mother" (%t that is all)There is no *%arantee who that mother was" e7cept that she was a Mme Derrida) I am m mother:s trace) The 9ather:s name is written within the patron mic si*n s stem)
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!T + Dele%2e
9irst" Dele%2e and Deconst%ctionist ar*%e the same (asic principle The lack and a(sence is a presence and a force in itself This sol#es all of their offense Hofme r :DG HBenda, De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N Uni"er)it$ o+ 0retoria, 0retoriaN Sout' A+rica, 0002AN De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'ica&
Ant'ro!o&o($N Facu&t$ o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N adboud Uni"er)it$ .iJ#e(en, 9 e"ie8 o+ Andrea Hur)t, Derrida Vi)3<3"i) LacanA Inter8ea"in( N Decon)truction and 0)$c'oana&$)i)A;, =CookI In 'i) critici)#, Derrida
claims that ,acan:s insistence %pon the indi#isi(ilit of theN letter har(o%rs a Kcloset essentialismL" iAeA it represents a f%ndamental idealisationN Hakin to one o+ Hu))er&4) eidetic )tructure)I that s%pports a co#ert metaph sics of presence)N !ccordin* to deconstr%cti#e interpretation" a) 8e kno8, the entire histor ofN Western philosoph and its lan*%a*e and traditions has emphasised the desire for immediateN access to meanin*" and th%s (%ilt a metaph sics or ontotheolo* aro%nd theN pri#ile*in* of presence o#er a(senceA Hur)t >uite ea)i&$
unra"e&) t'e a%ia& ar(u#ent1N o+ Derrida4) critici)# b$ ar(uin(, a) 8e 'a"e )een abo"e, t'at Lacan4) in)i)tence u!on N t'e indi"i)ibi&it$ o+ t'e &etter doe) not e"oke t'e ea& a) a 9t'in(3in3it)e&+; but rat'er inN it) un)!eakab&e )in(u&arit$A Ho8e"er one #a$ di"ide t'e trau#atic 9e"ent; u! intoN 9unit); o+ under)tandin( t'rou(' ana&$)i), t'e e"ent re#ain) e%ce))i"e, in'erent&$ re)i)tantN to ana&$tica&, inter!retati"e di"i)ionA
Derrida:s insistence %pon the inel%cta(leN di#isi(ilit of the letter refers to the fact that the Kori*inal?ori*inar L" accordin( toN 'i#, is not a s%(stance (%t the scission and di#ision of diff[ranceA Herein 'e i) t'ere+oreN not @ a) 'i) critici)# 8ou&d )u((e)t @ in +unda#enta& di)a(ree#ent 8it' Lacan,N +or t'e$ )ee# to be
)a$in( t'e )a#e t'in(, a&beit in di++erent 8a$) @ about t'e ea&AN For t'e ea&, accordin( to Lacan, i) a #atter not o+ !re)ence or ab)ence but o+ )!&ittin(AN The
indi#isi(ilit of the letter therefore is not an insistence %pon presence Ior a(senceN +or t'at #atterI, (%t %pon splittin* like a 3%ant%m particle split (etween (othN (ein* and not (ein* at its destinationA In ot'er 8ord), Lacan !ro#ote) neit'er 9&ack;N Hab)enceI nor 9!'a&&u); H+u&&ne))I a)
tran)cendenta& )i(ni+ied)A at'er, 'e in)i)t) u!onN t'e >ua)i3tran)cendenta& +unction o+ t'e ea&, 8'ic' i) neit'er t'e ab)ence nor t'e +u&&ne)) N o+ bein(, but, a) Hur)t c&ai#), a +unda#enta& )!&ittin( akin to di++^rance Hc+A !AN ?-FIA
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Deconstr%ction !lternati#e
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.ol#es
9irst" 4nl (reakin* down the fo%ndation of mo#ements" ideolo* and disco%rse allows %s to create a more s%(6ecti#e political and philosophical mo#ement that allows the s%(altern to speak !ll alternati#es are coopted ( the s stem the fi*ht to oppose Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
H'tt!5GGr'i2o#e)AnetGi))ue1BG'onkanenA't#&A =CookAI Acce))ed FG21G12A So t'e !rob&e#) concernin( +e#ini)#)P ot'er) are co#!&e% one)A 1'i) artic&e ai#) to di)cu)) ot'erin( in re&ation to t'e !o&itic) o+ re!re)entationA I di)cu)) "ariou) e%a#!&e) o+ +e#ini)t !ractice) b$ +ocu)in( on 'o8 t'e)e !ractice) ot'er a )ub)tantia& nu#ber o+ +e#ini)t i))ue) in t'e do#inant Finni)' e>ua&it$ di)cour)e)A :n t'e ba)i) o+ t'i), I ar(ue +or t'e bene+it) o+ a decon)tructi"e +e#ini)t !o&itic)abot' on a !ractica& !o&ic$ &e"e& and an acade#ic t'eoretica& &e"e&A I con)ider t'i) i#!ortant in order to take re)!on)ibi&it$ +or t'e !rob&e#) re&ated to re!re)entationa& !o&itic), )ince Othe
power to impose on people representations of themsel#es" or of others on their (ehalf" is intrinsicall oppressi#eO HBraidotti, 200E5 1?IA 1'eoretica&&$ #$ 8ork i) !redo#inant&$ )ituated a) !art o+ /uro!ean and .ordic t'eoretica& di)cu))ion) concernin( e>ua&it$ di)cour)e and inter)ectiona& t'eorie)A N QBS 9eminists ha#e shown the pro(lems in#ol#ed in an identit politics H+or a di)cu))ion )ee 0'oeni% X 0att$na#a, 200EI and pointed at the %na#oida(le complicit we ha#e in the #er power we oppose) ! deconstr%cti#e politics that takes this criti3%e serio%sl needs to proceed thro%*h caref%l deconstr%ction of the #er disco%rses that it is constit%ted ( ) This ena(les %s to see and pro(lemati2e the e7tent to which o%r practices are constit%ted ( the political climate and *lo(al sit%ation we inescapa(l find o%rsel#es in) We ha#e to (e*in to deconstr%ct the neoli(eral indi#id%alist and /%deo+'hristian #al%es that o%r ideals and #al%es concernin* h%man ri*hts and e3%alit %s%all are (ased on, e)!ecia&&$ in an inte&&ectua& at#o)!'ere 8'ere t'e)e "a&ue) are con)idered un!rob&e#atica&&$
O)ecu&arAO 1'i) not becau)e one 8ou&d 8ant to (i"e u! a&& "a&ue) and +ina&&$ beco#e )o#e'o8 O)ecu&ar,O but becau)e +e#ini)t), a) kno8&ed(e !roducin( and !o&itica& a(ent), 'a"e a&8a$) 8anted to !rob&e#ati2e our co#!&icit$ in !o8erA !
deconstr%ction of the e3%alit disco%rse hinders a reformist approach that wo%ld firml place one inside the parameters of the partic%lar political disco%rse one operates with) Deconstr%ctin* the e3%alit disco%rse re#eals its ethical rootedness in a /%deo+'hristian #al%e s stem and a li(eral indi#id%al political disco%rse HBadiou, 200BIA E3%alit disco%rses are essential s stems of power that neoli(eral market economies operate thro%*h I1'ornton, 200E5 1DDIAN QDS This kind of conte7t%ali2ation and *enealo*ical in#esti*ation helps when there is a wish to a#oid ind%l*in* in another (ranch of moral and reli*io%s =preachin*= directed a*ainst #ario%s othersA /%a#!&e) o+ t'i) kind o+ O#i))ionar$ 8orkO can be +ound in t'e r'etoric o+ 8e)tern and e)!ecia&&$ US ba)ed ci"i&i2in( !roJect), directed a(ain)t I)&a# or t'e #ora&i2in( !reac'in( in t'e na#e o+ e>ua&it$ and 'u#an ri('t) directed at IranA Ver$ o+ten this moralism is promoted in the name of democrac " h%man ri*hts and God H)ee, +or in)tance, 7eor(e *A Bu)'P) !roc&a#ation on Hu#an i('t) Da$ 200BQ1SIA We ha#e to ask in what wa s the #al%es that feminist critical thinkers and polic makers promote differ from the otherin* practices of conser#ati#e political a*endas) *e 'a"e to a)k t'i) becau)e 8e cannot (e (linded to the fact that o%r #al%es mi*ht take as their depart%re point the #er same disc%rsi#e settin(AN QES A&t'ou(' t'i) artic&e #ain&$ di)cu))e)
e>ua&it$ di)cour)e), I )ti&& 8anted to )'o8 t'at a decon)truction o+ t'e e>ua&it$ di)cour)e and t'e t8o3)e% #ode& t'at it o!erate) 8it' i) an undertakin( t'at 'a) it) conte%t) a&)o on t'i) &e"e& o+ (enera&it$A It i) i#!ortant to rea&i2e t'at t'e !rob&e# o+ e%c&u)ion i) not Ju)t interna& to +e#ini)t di)cour)e) )uc' a) e>ua&it$A It
is not 6%st that e3%alit disco%rses can (e shown to operate thro%*h otherin* and e7cl%sion" it is also possi(le to conte7t%ali2e the %n3%estioned nat%re of the #al%e+s stem that e3%alit disco%rses and h%man ri*hts rhetoric =sprin* from=) E3%alit disco%rses, a) )uc', #i('t ha#e e7cl%sionar effects on a more *eneral le#el) These #al%es are also %sed to ad#ance oppression and warfare which makes clear that these disco%rses are not in an sense =innocent= or intrinsicall *oodAN Q-S De)cri!ti"e e3%alit research that onl portra s the sit%ation internal to disco%rse ends %p (ein* conser#ati#e A
De)cribin( t'e )tatu) >uo 8it'in a re+or#i)t and con)en)u) ridden O!ro(re))i"e t'inkin(O, a t'inkin(, #oreo"er, t'at doe) not conte%tua&i2e it)e&+
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#a$ end u! uni"er)a&i2in( a 8e)tern &ibera& "a&ue3)$)te# in !rob&e#atic 8a$)A N QFS A (reat dea& o+ identit$3ba)ed e>ua&it$ !o&itic) )ti&& 'a) to )o&"e t'e !rob&e# o+ re!re)entationA Deconstr%cti#e
anti+representationalism sho%ld (e seen as a profo%ndl ethical mo#e, one 8'ere t'e !ractice o+ decon)truction i) an attitude or an ideo&o($, i+ $ou 8i)', t'at )!rin() +ro# et'ic)A Braidotti ca&&) t'i) an et'ica& !ra(#ati)# HBraidotti, 200E5 1BI, and it is connected to politics as it is the site at which politics itself constit%ted) A !roducti"e anta(oni)# HBut&erI and the ref%sal to =speak for= sho%ld (e seen as the poststr%ct%ralist political and ethical sol%tion that it is) Deconstr%ction is m%ch more than a method of in#esti*ation) The ethics of deconstr%ction lies in the practice of deconstr%ctin* representationalism) 1'i) i) t'e #ain #e))a(e t'at t'i) artic&e ai#) to co##unicateAN Q,S Within a constr%cti#ist epistemolo* I ask what e3%alit disco%rses lea#e %nsaid" what is mar*inali2ed in them and what power mechanisms are em(edded in them) I do t'i) b$ decon)tructin( )o#e o+ t'e &an(ua(e t'at e>ua&it$ di)cour)e) circu&ateA I decon)truct t'e t'e#e o+ )e%ua& di++erenceA The s%(altern is to #e a tool t'at I 'a"e %sed to disc%ss wa s in which e3%alit disco%rse speaks its own politics thro%*h #ario%s 4thers I %se it as a concept to open %p political intersectionalit AN .econd" Deconstr%cti#e actions sol#eO an escape ro%te o%t of painf%l e7istence and imminent e7tinction Erdem <D HCen(i2, 0'ADA de(ree in Cu&tura& and Critica& 1'eor$ +ro# 1'e Uni"er)it$ o+ /a)t An(&iaA He current&$ teac'e) Literature,
0'i&o)o!'$, Critica& 1'eor$, and Socia& 0)$c'o&o($ at 1'e A#erican Uni"er)it$ in C$renia, 9Decon)truction, 0)$c'oana&$)i), and t'e Criti>ue o+ Conte#!orar$ Cu&ture;, 12G2?G10, 'tt!5GGcen(i2erde#A8ord!re))Aco#G2010G12G2?Gdecon)truction3!)$c'oana&$)i)3and3t'e3criti>ue3o+3 conte#!orar$3cu&tureG 1VBI
,et %s ima*ine a s%(6ect who finds himself in a certain sit%ation which appears to ha#e no escape ro%teO a sit%ation which nails him to a painf%l e7istence and (rin*s him closer to e7tinction with e#er mo#e he makes) What he needs is 1ion:s theor of creati#e process and the emer*ence of new tho%*ht from within the dominant pro6ection+intro6ection mechanism) In his Theor of Thinkin* 1ion sa s that dismantlin* is as important in creati#e process as inte*ration, t'at i), introJection and )!&ittin( are a) nece))ar$ a) !roJecti"e identi+ication and uni+icationA1ion pa s special attention to the process of intro6ection and pro6ecti#e identification and recreates ;lein:s paranoid+schi2oid positiona) a 8a$ o+ )'o8in( t'at it 'a) t8o +or#)T one
i) 'ea&t'$ and t'e ot'er i) !at'o&o(ica&A For C&ein it 8a) on&$ 8it' t'e attain#ent o+ t'e de!re))i"e !o)ition t'at t'e +or#&e)) e%!erience 8a) (i"en a +or#, t'e t'ou('t) 8ere in"e)ted 8it' )$#bo&ic #eanin()A Bion )ee) introJection and !roJecti"e identi+ication a) t'e t8o )e!arate but
Now" if" followin* 1ion" we think a(o%t ;lein:s intro6ection and pro6ecti#e identification in the conte7t of Derrida:s techni3%e of deconstr%cti#e readin*" we see that deconstr%ction is a mo(ile and d namic mode of criti3%e which mo#es (etween fra*mentation and inte*ration of the meanin* of a te7t) !ltho%*h deconstr%ction" as practised ( Derrida himself" adapts itself to the internal d namics of the te7t as the o(6ect of criti3%e" it )ti&& &ack) t'e a++ir#ati"e and i##anent +&uidit$ 8'ic' i) nece))ar$to open %p holes" or passa*es" thro%*h which a new tr%th in to%ch with the re3%irements of the present sit%ation can slip) This is (eca%se Derrida:s practice of deconstr%ction is still a ne*atin* acti#it and a transcendence oriented practice, 8'ic' re#ain) 8it'in t'e con+ine) o+ t'e anta(oni)tic re&ation)'i! bet8een t'e &i+e dri"e and t'e deat' dri"eA To (ecome affirmati#e" deconstr%cti#e practice needs to prod%ce and incorporate its own difference from itself" that is" it has to (ecome immanent to itself and the te7t it interprets)N A) a #ode o+ t'inkin(,
conti(uou) 'a&"e) and t'e !aranoid3)c'i2oid and de!re))i"e !o)ition) a) t'e co#!&e#entar$ !art) o+ one anot'er in t'e creati"e !roce))A decon)truction atte#!t) to era)e t'e (a! bet8een t'e &i+e dri"e and t'e deat' dri"e, but a&8a$) +ai&), and t'i) +ai&ure eterna&&$ con+ine) decon)tructi"e !ractice to t'e do#ain o+ anta(oni)# bet8een t'e &i+e dri"e and t'e deat' dri"e )
!nd if we keep in mind that deconstr%ction as a mode of thinkin* has (ecome the dominant wa of (ein* creati#e we can %nderstand wh a criti3%e of deconstr%ction is a criti3%e of contemporar c%lt%re)
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;e to Politics
9irst" 4nl a deconstr%ctionist method can f%ll access politics" makin* frames s%ch as polic makers (e called into 3%estion and not isolated on their own This in#ol#ement of intersectionalit is ke to (oth a new" pro*ressi#e politics Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
H'tt!5GGr'i2o#e)AnetGi))ue1BG'onkanenA't#&A =CookAI Acce))ed FG21G12A Q10S I ar(ue t'at the
concept of the s%(altern helps to clarif (oth str%ct%ral and political intersectionalit Ha) !re)ented b$ Ver&oo, 200EIA 1 %sin* the s%(altern as a tool in the anal sis of political rhetoric" the sim%ltaneit of politics and theories a(o%t politics (ecome #isi(le)
Ci#ber&^ Cren)'a8 H1,F,I u)e) !o&itica& inter)ectiona&it$ to indicate 'o8 ine>ua&itie) and t'eir inter)ection) are re&e"ant to !o&itica& )trate(ie)5 N OCrucia& >ue)tion) in ana&$)in( !o&itica& inter)ectiona&it$ are5 Ho8 and 8'ere doe) +e#ini)# #ar(ina&i2e et'nic #inoritie) or di)ab&ed 8o#en[ Ho8 and 8'ere do #ea)ure) on )e%ua& e>ua&it$ or on raci)# #ar(ina&i2e 8o#en[ Ho8 and 8'ere do (ender e>ua&it$ !o&icie) #ar(ina&i2e &e)bian)O HVer&oo, 200E5 21?I[N Q11S 1
foc%sin* on political intersections we can refer to the e7cl%sions that an identit +(ased e3%alit politics prod%ces" for instance a =3%eer= identit not (ein* addressed ( the politics of e3%alit ) .tr%ct%ral intersectionalit occ%rs when ine3%alities and their intersections are directl rele#ant to the e7periences of people in societ HVer&oo, 200E5
21?IA I )u((e)t t'e conce!t o+ )uba&tern a) an ana&$tica& too& t'at re#ind) u) o+ t'e coe%i)tence o+ t'e)e t8o &e"e&) o+ inter)ectiona&it$A I )u((e)t
deconstr%ction as a political strate* t'at +e#ini)t) m%st in)i)t u!on in order to o#ercome the pro(lems of h%manism" li(eralism and indi#id%alism)N Q12S Maintainin( an o!!o)ition bet8een t'eor$ and !o&itic), Oa!!&iedO !ractice
can )a+e(uard t'e re)earc'er +ro# et'ica& re)!on)ibi&it$ and re+&e%i"it$ in re&ation to 'er o8n !ractice o+ re!re)entation and 'er co#!&icit$ in a !articu&ar di)cur)i"e )et o+ #eanin()A S'e #i('t c&ai# 'er t'eor$ to be Ju)t t'ataa re+&ection on !o&itic) 8it'out bein( it)e&+ a !o&itic)A In t'e)e ca)e) t'e re)earc'er can a)cribe "ariou) #eanin() to e>ua&it$ t'at are e%c&u)ionar$ 8it'out ackno8&ed(in( t'e ro&e o+ 'er o8n !racticeA 1'i) i) 8'$ 8e need a (enea&o(ica& a8arene)) o+ our acade#ic re!re)entationa& !ractice)A !n
ass%med di#ision (etween politics and theor stran*el implies that politics sho%ld not (e ad#anced thro%*h theor ) It implies that there is a possi(ilit to (ecome a ne%tral =e7pert= that s%pplies polic makers with theoreticall informed (%lleted lists of (est practices for eas cons%mption) It a*ain ass%mes that e3%alit and h%man ri*hts are %npro(lematicall %ni#ersal #al%es and that academic knowled*e prod%ced within these disco%rses is necessar for the =impro#ement= of policies) .ince when ha#e critical thinkers (ecome p%(lic ser#ants for the esta(lishment> N Q1?S Within a deconstr%cti#e epistemolo* " it is not eno%*h to +or in)tance name onese&+ a) O8'ite #idd&e c&a)) 'etero)e%ua&O and portra =others= a) &e)bian in relation to one-s own position Hor indeed to portra others as =polic makers= representin* politics and oneself as =knowled*e prod%cer= representin* theor J) Deconstr%ction proceeds from the ass%mption that one is ad#ancin* a politics) *it'out t'i) a8arene)) 8e !roduce )ubJect) o+ e>ua&it$ and do not ackno8&ed(e t'at our o8n !ractice i) a !o&itic) in it)e&+AN Q1BS Accordin( to Mieke Ver&oo H200EI the sim%ltaneit of str%ct%ral and political intersectionalit is mostl o#erlooked in polic +makin* HVer&oo, 200E5 21BIA B$ u)in( t'e t8o3)e% #ode& a) a &en) I 8i&& )'o8 8'at I under)tand a) )uc' in)tance) o+ o"er&ookin( 8it'in an uncritica& e>ua&it$ re)earc'A ! deconstr%cti#e approach to *ender is needed when we want to pa attention to political intersections) Uncritical e3%alit disco%rses operate within the he*emonic two+se7 model that, I 8i&& )'o8, #i('t appropriate Ot'e &e)bian,O Oet'nicitie),O and #ario%s s%(altern =*ro%ps= thro%*h the practice of representation) 1'e)e #eanin() are a!!ro!riated and con)tructed a) !art o+ t'e 'e(e#onic )tru((&eA I t'ink t'at a deconstr%cti#e approach mana*es to re#eal how feminist practices that want to take hetero*eneit and the 4ther into acco%nt can end %p appropriatin* the 4ther if and when the complicit (etween representation as speakin* for HVertretenQ2SI and representation as the sta*in* of the world HDar)te&&enQ?SI is for*otten HS!i"ak, 1,,B5 -BIA Ho8 cou&d +e#ini)t) be con)tructi"e about t'e !arado%
t'e$ +ace5 Bein( !roduced b$ t'e "er$ di)cur)i"e !o8er t'at 8e re)i)t[ Ho8 cou&d 8e be re+&e%i"e about t'e )educti"ene)) o+ re)i)tance 3 a
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re)i)tance t'at ca&&) u) to beco#e in)tru#ent) o+ di)cur)i"e !o8er[ Where
do we find an openin* for an ethical representational politics" a politics that we all stri#e for>
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!T Dele%2e
9irst" Dele%2e and Deconst%ctionist ar*%e the same (asic principle The lack and a(sence is a presence and a force in itself This sol#es all of their offense Hofme r :DG HBenda, De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N Uni"er)it$ o+ 0retoria, 0retoriaN Sout' A+rica, 0002AN De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'ica&
Derrida:s insistence %pon the inel%cta(leN di#isi(ilit of the letter refers to the fact that the Kori*inal?ori*inar L" accordin( toN 'i#, is not a s%(stance (%t the scission and di#ision of diff[ranceA Herein 'e i) t'ere+oreN not @ a) 'i) critici)# 8ou&d )u((e)t @ in +unda#enta& di)a(ree#ent 8it' Lacan,N +or t'e$ )ee# to be
)a$in( t'e )a#e t'in(, a&beit in di++erent 8a$) @ about t'e ea&AN For t'e ea&, accordin( to Lacan, i) a #atter not o+ !re)ence or ab)ence but o+ )!&ittin(AN The
indi#isi(ilit of the letter therefore is not an insistence %pon presence Ior a(senceN +or t'at #atterI, (%t %pon splittin* like a 3%ant%m particle split (etween (othN (ein* and not (ein* at its destinationA In ot'er 8ord), Lacan !ro#ote) neit'er 9&ack;N Hab)enceI nor 9!'a&&u); H+u&&ne))I a)
tran)cendenta& )i(ni+ied)A at'er, 'e in)i)t) u!onN t'e >ua)i3tran)cendenta& +unction o+ t'e ea&, 8'ic' i) neit'er t'e ab)ence nor t'e +u&&ne)) N o+ bein(, but, a) Hur)t c&ai#), a +unda#enta& )!&ittin( akin to di++^rance Hc+A !AN ?-FIA
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Re6ection !lternati#e
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Resistance
I J Te7t0 Re6ect and resist occidental" colonialit in all instances) 4nl ardent resistance has the chance of (reakin* awa from the colonialit of toda Nothin* else will do Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
!fter the Third World si*nals (oth the end of an era and wa of thinkin* and the (irth of N new challen*es" dreams" and real possi(ilitiesT bot' ob)er"ation), 'o8e"er, can be 'ot&$N conte)tedA :n t'e one 'and,
8'at 'a) rea&&$ ended[ A))u#in( t'at t'e 'i)torica& 'ori2on N t'at 'a) +ina&&$ co#e to a c&o)e i) t'at o+ anti3co&onia& nationa&i)t )tru((&e) in t'e 1'irdN *or&d, 'o8 about t'e ot'er, !er'a!) &e)) intractab&e, a)!ect) o+ t'e )!irit o+ Bandun( and N 1'ird *or&di)#[ For in)tance, 'o8 about t'e tre#endou) internationa& )o&idarit$ t'at itN e&icited a#on( e%!&oited !eo!&e)[ Ho8 about it) !a))ionate ca&& +or Ju)tice, or it) N e&o>uent de#and +or a ne8 internationa& econo#ic order[ And i) t'e centra&it$ o+ t'eN !o&itica& on 8'ic' t'at )!irit 8a) ba)ed a&)o a t'in( o+ t'e !a)t[ Are a&& o+ t'e)e +eature)N ine&uctab&$ &e+t be'ind b$ t'e )tea#ro&&er o+ #odern ca!ita&i)t 'i)tor$[ I be&ie"e t'e N artic&e) in t'i) )!ecia& i))ue o+ 1'ird *or&d Muarter&$ de#on)trate t'e$ are not, e"en i+N t'e$ are in dire need o+ rearticu&ationA 1o be(in 8it', #an$ o+ t'e condition) t'at (a"e N ri)e to 1'ird *or&di)# 'a"e b$ no #ean) di)a!!earedA Toda
the world is confrontedN with a capitalist s stema *lo(al empire led ( the United .tate)33that seems moreN inh%mane than e#erO the power of this empire makes the ardent clamorin* for 6%stice o+N t'e Bandun( &eader) a!!ear to %s toda as timid) E#en more" the inh%manit of the U. ledN empire contin%es to (e most patentl #isi(le in 8'at unti& recent&$ 8a) ca&&ed theN Third World) So it can be ar(ued t'at the need for international solidarit is *reater thanN e#er (efore, a&beit in ne8 8a$), not to speak a(o%t the ind%(ita(le necessit of resistin* aN now *lo(al market+determined econom that commands" in more irref%ta(le tone than inN the past" that the world has to (e or*ani2ed for e7ploitation and that nothin* else will do)
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&N' Resistance
I J Resistance isn:t 6%st doin* nothin* It:s the act of ima*inin* a new world as an alternati#e to the c%rrent realm we are resistin* This alone creates the epistemolo*ical and c%lt%ral framework to sol#e Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed -G?G1?A
4ther worlds are possi(le0 .ocial mo#ements" place+(ased politics" and *lo(al N colonialit N 9World and knowled*es otherwiseL (rin*s to the fore the do%(le aspect of the effort at N stake0 to (%ild on the politics of the colonial difference" partic%larl at the le#el of N knowled*e and c%lt%re" and to ima*ine and constr%ct act%al different worlds) A) t'eN )&o(an o+ t'e 0orto A&e(re *or&d Socia& Foru# !ut) it, 9anot'er 8or&d i) !o))ib&eA; !tN stake in thinkin* (e ond the Third World is the a(ilit to ima*ine (oth Kother worldsLN and Kworlds otherwiseL 33t'at i), worlds that are more 6%st and s%staina(le and" at t'eN )a#e ti#e, worlds that are defined thro%*h principles other than those of e%rocentricN modernit A 1o do t'i), at &ea)t t8o con)ideration) are crucia&5 8'at are t'e )ite) 8'ereN idea) +or
t'e)e a&ternati"e and di))entin( i#a(ination) 8i&& co#e +ro#[ Second, 'o8 are N t'e di))entin( i#a(ination) to be )et into #otion[ I )u((e)t t'at
one possi(le, andN !er'a!) !ri"i&e(ed, wa in which these two 3%estions can (e answered in ( foc%sin* onN the politics of difference enacted ( man contemporar social mo#ements" partic%larl N those that more directl and sim%ltaneo%sl en*a*e with imperial *lo(alit and *lo(alN colonialt )
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Resistance !T?? Do Nothin* 1ad

I J Resistance isn:t doin* nothin* It:s the acti#e en*a*ement and ima*ination of a new world" shaped ( o%r resistance awa from 4ccidenalism and colonialit Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
?A 1'i) ana&$)i) )u((e)t) t'e need to #o"e +ro# t'e )ocio&o($ o+ ab)ence) o+ )uba&ternQ knowled*es to a politics of emer*ence of social mo#ementsO this re3%ires e7aminin*Q contemporar social mo#ements from the perspecti#e of colonial difference) !t theirN (est" toda :s mo#ements" partic%larl anti+*lo(ali2ation and *lo(al 6%stice mo#ements"N enact a no#el lo*ic of the social" (ased on self+or*ani2in* meshworks and lar*el nonhierarchical N str%ct%res) The tend to show emer*ent properties and comple7 adapti#eN (eha#io%r t'at #o"e#ent) o+ t'e !a)t, 8it' t'eir !enc'ant +or centra&i2ation andQ hierarch " were ne#er a(le to manifest) This lo*ic is partl stren*thened ( the selfor*ani2in* N d namics of the new information and comm%nication technolo*ies HIC1)I,Q res%ltin* in what co%ld (e called Ks%(altern intelli*ent comm%nities)L .it%ated on theQ oppositional side of the modern?colonial (order 2ones" these comm%nities enact practicesN of social" economic and ecolo*ical difference that are %sef%l for thinkin* a(o%tN alternati#e local and re*ional worlds" and so for ima*inin* after the Third World)
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!T?? Doin* !n thin*

I J 1order thinkin* is a critical redefinition of tho%*ht and the world" (%t also an acti#e ima*ination of a new world Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A Du))e&4) notion o+ transmodernit
si*nals this possi(ilit of a non+e%rocentric dialo*%eN with alterit " one that f%ll ena(les Kthe ne*ation of the ne*ationL to which the s%(alternN others ha#e (een s%(6ectedA Mi(no&o4) notion) o+ (order thinkin* and !&urito!icQ hermene%tics are important in this re*ard) The point at the need Kfor a kind of thinkin*N that mo#es alon* the di#ersit of historical processes; HMi(no&o, 20015 ,I, and thatN Ken*a*es the colonialism of Western epistemolo* H+ro# t'e &e+t and +ro# t'e ri('tI fromN the perspecti#e of epistemic forces that ha#e (een t%rned into s%(altern Htraditiona&,Q folkloric" reli*io%s" emotional" etc)J forms of knowled*e; H20015 11IA *'i&e Mi(no&oQ acknowled*es the contin%ed
importance of the monotopic criti3%e of modernit (
Q
Western critical disco%rse Icriti3%e from a sin*le" %nified spaceJ" he s%**ests that
this hasQ to (e p%t into dialo*%e with criti3%eIsJ arisin* from the colonial difference) The res%lt is aQ Kpl%ritopic hermene%tics"L a
possi(ilit of thinkin* from different spaces which finall N (reaks awa from e%rocentrism as sole epistemolo*ical perspecti#e Hon t'e a!!&ication o+Q the notion of diatopic hermene%tics to incommens%ra(le c%lt%ral traditions" see alsoQ .antos" &DD&0 &^G+&UBJ) ,et it (e clear" howe#er" that (order thinkin* entails (othN Kdisplacement and depart%reL HMi(no&o, 20005 ?0FI, do%(le criti3%e Hcriti>ue o+ bot' t'eQ West and other traditions from which the criti3%e is la%nchedJ" and the positi#eN affirmation of an alternati#e orderin* of the real)
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.ol#es
9irst" ta* .pi#ak :EE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[, =cookAI
1'e reduction o+ Mar% to a bene"o&ent but dated +i(ure #o)t N o+ten )er"e) t'e intere)t o+ &aunc'in( a ne8 t'eor$ o+ inter!retationA In t'e N Foucau&t3De&eu2e con"er)ation, t'e i))ue )ee#) to be t'at t'ere i) no re!re)entation, N no )i(ni+ier HI) it to be !re)u#ed t'at t'e )i(ni+ier 'a) a&read$N been di)!atc'ed[ 1'ere i), t'en, no )i(n3)tructure o!eratin( e%!erience, andN t'u) #i('t one &a$ )e#iotic) to re)t[IT theor
is a rela of practice Ith%sN la in* pro(lems of theoretical practice to restJ and the oppressed can knowN and speak for themsel#es) This reintrod%ces the constit%ti#e s%(6ect on atN least two le#els0 the .%(6ect of desire and power as an irred%ci(le methodolo*icalN pres%ppositionO and the self+pro7imate" i+ not )e&+3identica&" s%(6ectN of the oppressed) Furt'er, the intellect%als" 8'o are neit'er o+ t'e)e SGN )ubJect), beco#e transparent in the rela race" for the merel report onN the nonrepresented s%(6ect and anal 2e H8it'out ana&$2in(I the workin*s ofN It'e unna#ed SubJect irreducib&$ !re)u!!o)ed b$I power and desireA 1'eN !roduced Otran)!arenc$O #ark) t'e !&ace o+ Ointere)tOT it i) #aintained b$N "e'e#ent de ne(ation5 O.o8 this role of referee" 6%d*e" and %ni#ersal witnessN is one which I a(sol%tel ref%se to adopt)= 4ne responsi(ilit of the critic N mi*ht (e to read and write so that the impossi(ilit of s%ch interestedN indi#id%alistic ref%sals of the instit%tional pri#ile*es of power (estowed onN the s%(6ect is taken serio%sl ) The ref%sal of the si*n+ s stem (locks the wa N to a de#eloped theor of ideolo* A Here, too, t'e !ecu&iar tone o+ de ne(ationN i) 'eardA 1o =ac>ue)3A&ain Mi&&erP) )u((e)tion t'at Othe instit%tion is itselfN disc%rsi#e"= Foucau&t re)!ond), O6e), i+ $ou &ike, but it
doe)nPt #uc' #atterN +or #$ notion o+ t'e a!!aratu) to be ab&e to )a$ t'at t'i) i) di)cur)i"e andN t'at i)nPt AAA (i"en t'at #$ !rob&e# i)nPt a &in(ui)tic oneO H0C, 1,FIA *'$N t'i) con+&ation o+ &an(ua(e and di)cour)e +ro# t'e #a)ter o+ di)cour)e ana&$)i)[ N A /[8ard *A SaidP) criti>ue o+ !o8er in Foucau&t a) a ca!ti"atin(N and #$)t&+$in( ca!e(or$ t'at a&&o8) 'i# Oto ob&iterate t'e ro&e o+ c&a))e),N t'e ro&e o+econo#1c), t'e ro&e o+ in)ur(enc$ and rebe&&ion,O i) #o)t !ertinentN 'ereA2B I add to SaidP) ana&$)i) t'e notion o+ t'e )urre!titiou) )ubJect o+ N !o8er and de)ire #arked b$ t'e tran)!arenc$ o+ t'e inte&&ectua&A Curiou)&$N enou(', 0au& Bo"e +au&t) Said +or e#!'a)i2in( t'e i#!ortance o+ t'e inte&&ectua&,N 8'erea) OFoucau&tP) !roJect e))entia&&$ i) a c'a&&en(e to t'e &eadin( N ro&e o+ bot' 'e(e#onic and o!!o)itiona& inte&&ectua&)AO2D I 'a"e )u((e)ted N t'at this
=challen*e= is decepti#e precisel (eca%se it i*nores 8'at SaidN e#!'a)i2e)3the critic-s instit%tional responsi(ilit )N A 1'i) SG)ubJect, curiou)&$ )e8n to(et'er into a tran)!arenc$ b$N dene(at&:n), be&on() to t'e e%!&oiter)P )ide o+ t'e internationa& di"i)ion o+N &RborA It is impossi(le for contemporar Frenc' intellect%als to ima*ine theN kind of Power and Desire that wo%ld inha(it the %nnamed s%(6ect of theN 4ther of E%ropeA It i) not
on&$ t'at e"er$t'in( t'e$ read, critica& or uncritica&N i) cau('t 8it'in t'e debate o+ t'e !roduction o+ t'at :t'er )u!!ortin( 0TN criti>uin( t'e con)titution o+ t'e SubJect a) /uro!eA It i) ai)o t'at, in t'eN con)titution o+ t'at :t'er o+ /uro!e, (reat care 8a) taken to ob&iterate t'e N tR%tua& iR(rRRient) 8it' 8'ic' )uR' a )ubJect cou&d cat'ect, cou&d occu!$N H#"e)t[I 1tSA 1t&Rera!O$3not on&$ b$ 1deo&o(ica& and )cienti+ic !roduction, butN a&)o b$ t'e #)t&tut&:n o+ t'e &a8A Ho8e"er reductioni)tic an econo#ic ana&$)i) N #i('t )ee#, t'e Frenc' inte&&ectua&) +or(et at t'eir !eri& t'at t'i) entireN o"erdeter#ined enter!ri)e 8a) in t'e intere)t o+ a d$na#ic econo#ic )ituation N re>uirinR t'at intere)t), #oti"e) Hde)ire)I, and !o8er Ho+ kno8&ed(eIN be rut'&e))&$ d1)&ocatedA To
in#oke that dislocation now as a radical disco#er N that sho%ld make %s dia*nose the economic Hcondition) o+ e%i)tenceN t'Rt )e!arate out Oc&a))e)O de)cri!ti"e&$I a) a piece of dated anal tic machiner ma well (e to contin%e the work of that dislocation and %nwittin*l to help m sec%rin* a new (alance of he*emonic relations) =2E I )'a&& returnN Ro t'1S aR(RRent )'ort&$A In the face of the possi(ilit that the intellect%al is complicit m the persistent constit%tion of 4ther as the .elf-s shadow aN possi(ilit of political practice for the intellect%al wo%ld (e to p%t the economicsN =%nder eras%re"= to see the economic factor as irred%ci(le as it reinscri(es the social te7t" e#en as it is erased" howe#er imperfectl " when itN claims to (e the final determinant or the transcendental si*nified) 2-
1FD | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
T%rns 'ase
9irst" We need to re6ect the %topian fantasies of the affirmati#e:s pro6ect) 4nl when reco*ni2in* that it is a fantas can we endlessl tra#erse and *et o#er it) .ta#rakakis REE, Ideo&o($ and Di)cour)e Ana&$)i) 0ro(ra# in t'e De!art#ent o+ 7o"ern#ent at t'e Uni"er)it$ o+ /))e%, 1,,, H 6anni),
we can act in s%ch a wa that this world is a world a(le to open itself %p to its own %ncertaint as s%chN) In#ention is alwa s witho%t a model and witho%t warrant ) 1%t indeed that implies facin* %p to t%rmoil" an7iet " e#en disarra ) Where certainties come apart" there too *athers the stren*th that no certaint can match) .econd" Upon re6ectin* ideolo* " the act is possi(le (eca%se e#en ideolo* demands s%(mission) We onl to reco*ni2e ideolo* lacks thro%*h re6ectin* it) McGowan RDB, teac'e) critica& t'eor$ and +i&# in t'e /n(&i)' De!art#ent at t'e U Ver#ont 200B H1odd Lacan and Conte#!orar$ Fi&#,
/dA Mc7o8an and Cunk&e, !( 1DD3E,
This is the f%ndamental impasse of all master 0 not onl does it need those it controls and s%(6ects to s%stain its own position of master " (%t it cannot escape (ein* o(sessed with the secret 6o%issance of these s%(6ectsA Hence, in addition to &ea"in( o!en t'e )!ace +or re)i)tance" s m(olic a%thorit act%all enco%ra*es its own s%(#ersion) 1'rou(' it) de!iction o+ t'e de)ire o+ )$#bo&ic aut'orit$, Dark Cit$ re"ea&) one o+ t'e 8a$) that ps choanal tic criti3%e and ps choanal ticall informed in3%ir ser#e political actionA :+ten, the stron*est (arrier to o#ercome in the political act is the (elief
1FE | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
that s m(olic a%thorit is witho%t fiss%re" that there is no openin* in which the act can occ%r) B$ )'o8in( t'e Stran(er)P de)!erate )earc' +or t'e Joui))ance o+ t'e )ubJect, t'e +i&# )'atter) t'i) be&ie+A at'er t'an e#bod$in( an
in"ariab&e #a)ter$ t'at t'8art) a&& c'a&&en(e) to it, t'e Stran(er) betra$ t'e incon)i)tenc$ o+ #a)ter$, itP) &ackA And becau)e e"en )$#bo&ic aut'orit$ &ack), 8e need not )uccu#b to it) de#and)A12 .
m(olic a%thorit -s lack creates the space at which we can oppose it" and takin* %p this opposition is what it means to act politicall ) 1%t the primar (arrier to s%ch an act is o%r in#estment in the fantas that fills in s m(olic a%thorit -s lack)1eca%se s m(olic a%thorit is lackin* or split" ideolo*ical control is not a(sol%te) This means that it needs a fantasmatic s%pport in order to entice s%(6ects to (% into it) If ideolo* simpl demands s%(mission" s%(6ects will (e rel%ctant to (% into it) 1%t fantas fills in this lac%na" offerin* a reward Ian ima*e of the %ltimate 6o%issanceJ that ideolo* offers in e7chan*e for s%(mission) Hence" far from s%(#ertin* ideolo*ical control" fantas perpet%ates it and follows from it) 1'e Stran(er) !ro"ide t'e in'abitant) o+ t'e cit$ 8it' +anta)ie)3i#a(e) o+ an
e%!erience be$ond ideo&o(ica& contro&3and t'e)e +anta)ie) a))i)t in renderin( t'e !eo!&e doci&eA In t'e ca)e o+ Murdoc', 8e )ee c&ear&$ 'o8 ideo&o(ica& contro& de!end) on a +unda#enta& +anta)$A
1F- | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
E3%i#alent 'ompariti#ism !lternati#e
1FF | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
.ol#es
9irst" The onl wa to sol#e this reprod%cti#e heteronormati#e dri#e that nationalism prod%ces is to em(race a comparati#e approach to nations that is e3%i#alent To learn to acknowled*e that other thin*s can occ%p the %ni3%e place of the e7ample of m first lan*%a*e This side steps all of o%r offense and sol#es .pi#ak :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI
I+ nationa&i)# )ecure) it)e&+ b$ an a!!ea& to t'e #o)t !ri"ate, de#ocrac$N in it) #o)t con"enient and a)certainab&e +or# i) )ecured b$ t'e #o)t tri"ia&&$N !ub&ic uni"er)a& @eac' e>ua&) oneA 1'at +&i#)$ arit'#etic, un!rotected b$N rationa& c'oice, can a&)o be #ani!u&ated b$ nationa&i)#A I a# not con"incedN t'at t'e )tor$ o+ 'u#an #o"e#ent to a (reater contro& o+ t'e !ub&ic )!'ere i) N nece))ari&$ a )tor$ o+ !ro(re))A 1'e re&i(ionG)cience debate #ake) t'i)N a))u#!tion, +or(ettin( t'at t'e i#a(ination, +or(ettin( t'at &iterature and t'eN art), be&on( neit'er to rea)on, nor to unrea)onA 1'at &iterature and t'e art)N can )u!!ort an ad"anced nationa&i)# i) no )ecretA 1'e$ Join t'e# in t'e ta)kN o+ a #a))i"e re#e#oration !roJect, )a$in( 98e a&& )u++ered t'i) 8a$, $ou re#e#ber, N t'i) i) 8'at 'a!!ened, $ou re#e#ber;, )o t'at 'i)tor$ i) turned into N cu&tura& #e#or$A Literature can t'en Join in t'e ta)k o+ a #a))i"e counterre#e#oration N !roJect )u((e)tin( t'at 8e 'a"e a&& !a))ed t'rou(' t'e )a#e N (&oriou) !a)t, t'e )a#e (rand nationa& &iberation batt&e), t'e )a#e re&i(iou) N to&erance or 8'ate"erA I a# (oin( to )u((e)t b$ t'e end o+ t'i) @becau)e N )o#eti#e) I a# #i)under)tood@ t'at t'e &iterar$ i#a(ination can i#!act on N de3tran)cendenta&i2ed nationa&i)#A 1'at i) not 8'at I a# di)cu))in( 'ereA IN
am s%pportin* the clich[ that ima*ination feeds nationalism" and *oin*N forward toward the literar ima*ination and teachin* the h%manities" thro%*hN the teachin* of the h%manities to prepare the readerl ima*ination to recei#eN the literar and th%s *o (e ond the self+identit of nationalism toward theN comple7 te7t%alit of the internationalA I 8i&& co#e to
t'at &aterAN I 8ant no8 to )'are 8it' $ou a &e))on &earned +ro# t'e ora&3+or#u&aicA I+N t'e #ain t'in( about narrati"e i) )e>uence, t'e #ain t'in( about t'e ora&+or#u&aicN i) e>ui"a&enceA />ui"a&ence 'ere doe) not #ean "a&ue in t'eN )en)e o+ co##en)urateA 1'at 8a) t'e Mar%i)t de+inition in t'e econo#icN )!'ereA I a#
)!eakin( o+ "a&ue in a #ore co&&o>uia& )en)eA 1'e ora&3+or#u&aicN i) e>ui"a&enceA *e &earn +ro# narrati"e b$ 8orkin( at t'e )e>uenceA *eN &earn in t'e ora& b$ #a)terin( e>ui"a&enceA So#e $ear) a(o o#an =akob)onN o++ered e>ui"a&ence a) t'e !oetic +unctionA In t$!ica& #oderni)t +a)'ionN 'e t'ou('t e>ui"a&ence &i+ted t'e burden o+ #eanin(A M$ e%!erience 8it' t'eN ora&3+or#u&aic !re)entation o+ Sabar 8o#en, t'e)e (rou!) t'at I u)ed to trainN teac'er) +or unti& t'e &oca& &and&ord took t'e )c'oo&) a8a$ +ro# #e andN 'anded t'e# to t'e cor!orate )ector @e"en t'at i) (one no8@ 'a) con"incedN #e t'at it i) t'e in"enti"ene)) in e>ui"a&ence t'at #ake) )o#et'in( 'a!!enN be$ond t'e tona& and "erba& #onoton$ t'at turn) o++ #an$ &iterate )$#!at'i2er)AN 1'e Sabar 8o#en are #e#ber) o+ a tin$ and unre!re)entati"eN (rou! a#on( India4) ei('t$3t8o #i&&ion Abori(ina&)A 1'e$ )ti&& !ractice t'eN ora&3+or#u&aic, a&t'ou(' t'e$ 8i&& )oon +or(et t'i) centurie)3o&d )ki&&A 1'e 'o&dN u!on ora&it$ i) (ender3di"ided 'ereA 1'e #en4) acce)) to t'e out)ide 8or&d i)N 8retc'ed, 8orkin( da$ &abor +or t'e Hindu "i&&a(e), and )ince t'e$ don4tN t'e#)e&"e) kno8 t'at t'ere are t8ent$3+our 'our) in t'e da$, t'e$ are c'eatedN con)tant&$A 1'at i) 8'$ I u)ed to 'a"e t'e)e )c'oo&), to (i"e t'e )uba&ternN a c'ance at 'e(e#on$AN 1'e #en4) acce)) to t'e out)ide 8or&d i) nonet'e&e)) #ore 9o!en;AN *'en t'e #en )in(, t'e arc'i"ed $et in"enti"e #e#or$ o+ t'e ora&3 +or#u&aicN a!!roac'e) roteA 1'e #en, and t'i) i) a "er$ i#!ortant di)tinction, in'abitN en+orced i&&iterac$ rat'er t'an an ora&it$ at 'o#e 8it' it)e&+ and 8it' t'e (reatN (enea&o(ica& #e#orie)A 1'e 8o#en, becau)e o+ t'e !ecu&iar )ituation o+N (ender, 8ere )ti&& !racticin( t'e ora&3+or#u&aicAN 1'e !re3co&onia& na#e +or t'e area 8'ere I 8orked i) Mjnb'u#A It i) notN t'e na#e no8A In t'e adJoinin( )tate o+ ='ark'and t'ere i) Sin(b'u#, notN t'e na#e on t'e #a! no8A 0re3co&onia& na#e)A 1o t'e )out' t'ere i) Birb'u#,N etcA I#a(ine t'e +ri))on o+ de&i('t t'at !a))ed t'rou(' #e t'e +ir)t ti#eN I 'eard t'e)e 8o#en 8ea"e a "er)e t'at be(an5 Mjnb'ukjr Mjn rjJj, Cin(N Mjn o+ Mjnb'l#, u)in( t'e !reco&onia& na#e o+ t'i) !&ace t'at nobod$N u)e)A 1'en t'e$ e"en brou('t u! anot'er !re3co&onia& na#e\ 1'ere 8ereN ot'er +o&k&oric detai&) t'at )!ed t'rou(' #$ #indA 1'e ne%t &ine 8a) e"enN #ore de&i('t+u&5 Co&katar raJar !at'orer da&an be @9t'e kin( o+ Co&kata 'a) aN )tone #an)ion;A Co&kata 8a) in t'e !&ace o+ 8'at I a# ca&&in( 9in"enti"eN e>ui"a&ence;A 1'e$ 8ere (oin( to Co&kata, a &itt&e (rou! +or a +air, )o t'e$N 8ere 'onorin( t'e kin( o+ Co&kataA 1'e$ 8ere !re!arin( t'e)e )on()A Co&kataN i) #$ 'o#eto8n and I 8a) t'inkin( a) I )an( 8it' t'e 8o#en in t'at re#oteN roo# 8it' no +urniture, no door) and 8indo8), no !&u#bin(, noN e&ectricit$ ob"iou)&$A In t'at re#ote roo# 8it' no +urniture but a E3+oot b$ ,3N +oot )'eet o+ !o&$t'ene in )o#e 8a$ a))ociated 8it' c'e#ica& +erti&i2er IN t'ou('t, 8'o 8ou&d t'e Cin( o+ Co&kata be[ Co&kata i) a co&onia& cit$ andN un&ike o&der Indian citie) 'ad ne"er 'ad a .obabT and indeed, un&ikeN Bard'a#an, Cri)'nana(ar, Sri'atta HS$&'etI, =a)'or, or M$#en)in(', it 'adN ne"er 'ad a Hindu aJa eit'erA But t'e 8o#en 8ere )in(in( 91'e kin( o+N Co&kata 'a) a )tone #an)ion;, 8'ere Co&kata occu!ied t'e !&ace o+ a )'i+ter,N and 8'o 8a) I to contradict it[N I tran)&ate t'e +iction o+ Ma'a)8eta De"i and, a) I 8a) )a$in( t'i) a+ternoon,N )'e i) a 8onder+u& 8riter, )'e 8rite) about t'e)e triba&), but )'e i)N )o#e8'at +euda&A And t'e #ore I 8ork 8it' t'e)e triba&) I a&)o t'ink t'at 'erN i#a(e o+ t'e triba&) i) )o#e8'at ro#antici2edA 1'at i) ok, I kee! tran)&atin(N 'er )tu++ becau)e it i) intere)tin( #ateria&, but )'e a&)o @and t'i) I didn4t &ikeN #uc', )'e doe)n4t do it an$ #ore, )'e i) too o&d no8@ )'e u)ed to or(ani2eN t'e)e triba& +air) in Co&kata 8'ere !eo!&e ca#e to &ook at t'e# and bu$N 'andicra+t, etcA So t'e 8o#en 8ere (oin( t'ere, and t'at i) 8'$ t'e$ 8ereN !re!arin(A 1'e bui&din( 8'ere t'i) triba& +air actua&&$ took !&ace in Co&kata i)N ca&&ed
It 8ou&d be better to kee! it 9Co&kata;, I )aid, in8ard&$N notin( 8it' 8onder#ent t'at a&t'ou(' t'e$ kne8 t'at Co&kata 8a) a cit$ 8it' N 2oo) and !ark) and )treet) and t'e In+or#ation Center on&$ a bui&din(, andN a&t'ou(' t'e$ kne8 no kin( 'ad !o8er o"er t'e#, t'e conce!t o+ )o"erei(nt$, N 8'ic' 8ou&d !ut a )!ace in a!!o)ition to arc'aic Manb'u# orN Barab'u#, a!!&ied to bot' e>ua&&$AN Here, t'en, i) a t'inkin( 8it'out nation, )!ace3na#e) a) )'i+ter),
tat''okendra @In+or#ation CenterA *'at i) t'e na#e o+ t'at !&ace,N one o+ t'e 8o#en a)ked #eA 1at''okendra, I )aidA 1'e$ !roduced t'e &ine5N 1at''okendrer raJar !at'arer da&an b^ @9t'e Cin( o+ t'e In+or#ation CenterN 'a) a )tone #an)ion;A
in aN #$t'ic (eo(ra!'$ becau)e o+ t'e !o8er o+ t'e +or#u&aicA In
internationalit N the nation+state has s%ch e3%i#alence" now rationall determined) In *lo(ali2ation"N no" (eca%se there the medi%m of #al%e is capital) 1'i) i) t'e )ort o+N intuition t'at L$otard and be+ore 'i# McLu'an 'ad c&ai#ed +or !o)t#odernit$, N Ju#!in( t'e !rinted
book in bet8eenA 1'eir !o&itic) i(nored t'eN te%ture o+ )uba&ternit$, and e>uated it 8it' internationa&it$ 8it' no (a!A L$otard N tried, in 91'e Di++erend;, to undo it, but #o)t reader) did not #ake t'eN connectionA *it'out t'e bene+it o+ !o)t3#odern ar(u#entation )uc'N (eo(ra!'ica& intuition) are de+ined a) !re3#odern, b$ Hob)ba8# a) !re!o&itica&AN 1'i) (rou!
i) not tied to counter3(&oba&i2ationA 1'e$ are tooN )uba&tern to attack t'e indi(enou) kno8&ed(e or !o!u&ation contro& !eo!&eN and t'eir a"oidance o+ c'e#ica& +erti&i2er) or !e)ticide) Hno8 de)tro$edI 8a)N t'en too recent and not connected to &ar(e3)ca&e a(ricu&tureAN I+, 'o8e"er, t'e$ 'ad been connected to counter3(&oba&i2ation t'en t'e$N 8ou&d accede to a nationa&i)t #o#ent, becau)e t'e acti"i)t 8orker) 8ou&dN )!eak nation to t'e#A 1'i) i) a nationa&i)t #o#ent in a++ecti"e co&&ecti"it$N 8it' no 'i)torica& ba)e, u&ti#ate&$ !roducti"e o+ neit'er nationa&i)# norN counter3 (&oba&i2ation, but rat'er o+ obedience di)(ui)ed a) )e&+3'e&!A IndeedN one $ear I 'ad added a &ine to t'eir )in(in( o+ &ocater) @na#e) o+ 9t'eir;N "i&&a(e Ht'e Hindu) den$ t'e# entr$ t'ereI, t'eir di)trict and )o on@ 9*e)tN Ben(a& i) #$ )tate, India i) #$ nation;AN 1'e ne%t da$ a (rou! o+ 8o#en &ar(er t'an t'e (rou! t'at 8ent toN Co&kata and I 8a&ked to t'e centra& "i&&a(e o+ t'e areaA :ne o+ t'e !rotoco&)N o+ t'e)e t8o3and3a3'a&+3'our 8a&k) 8a) t'at 8e )an( at t'e to! o+ our "oice)AN I &on(ed +or a ca#era !er)onA HI a# Jokin(, I 'a"e ne"er 8anted an$bod$N t'ereIA I &on(ed +or a ca#era !er)on a) t'e)e abori(ina& 8o#en and I 8a&kedN in t'e )!ar)e&$ +ore)ted !&ain) o+ Manb'u#, t'e 8o#en and I )crea#in(N 9India i) #$ countr$; @b'arat 'enak de)' be@ a(ain and a(ain and a(ain @N t'e #o#ent o+ acce)) to nationa&i)#@ 7a$atri S!i"ak tra"e&&in( 8it' t'eN )uba&tern 8ou&d t'en be cau('t on ca#eraA /%ce!t t'at it 8a)n4t acce)) toN nationa&i)# o+ cour)eA 1'e ora&3+or#u&aic can a!!ro!riate #ateria& o+ a&& )ort)N into it) #ac'ine, robbin( t'e content o+ it) e!i)te#ic c'ar(e i+ it doe) not +itN t'e in"enti"ene)) o+ t'e occa)ion @and t'i) i) 8'at =akob)on t'ou('t
And t'e &ine) are on&$ )un( 8'en S'uk'oda 8ant) to )'o8 #e t'atN )'e &o"e) #e )ti&&A HI 'a"en4t )een 'er +or t'ree $ear) no8T #o"ed #$ N )c'oo&) a8a$ +ro# t'e
8a)N t'e !oetic t'at take) a8a$ t'e #eanin( and i) on&$ e>ui"a&enceA IndeedN *e)t Ben(a& or 0a)c'i# Ban(a @t'e na#e o+ t'e )tate@ 'a) &on( beenN c'an(ed into 0a)c'i# Man(a&, a #eanin(&e)) !'ra)e 8it' a San)krit3&ikeN auraA
&ando8ner4) (ra)!IA I a# not a)kin( u) to i#itate t'eN ora&3+or#u&aic)
I am s%**estin* that the principle of in#enti#e e3%i#alenceN sho%ld (e at the core of the comparati#ist imp%lse) It i) not a&& t'at a +u&&$e&aboratedN co#!arati"i)# doe)A 1%t the principle wo%ld destro the hierarchical N f%nctionin* of c%rrent comparati#e literat%re which meas%res in termsN of a standard at whose heart are Western E%ropean nationalismsA Standin(N in t'e air!ort o+ 0ari) I 'a"e been turned o++ b$ t'e accent o+ u!)tate .e8N 6ork and turned to
#$ #ot'er and )aid in Ben(a&i 96ou can4t &i)ten to t'i);AN But )'e c'ided #e, a&)o in Ben(a&i, 9Dear, it i) a #ot'er ton(ue;A 1'atN )en)e, t'at t'e &an(ua(e &earned +ir)t t'rou(' t'e in+anti&e #ec'ani)# i)N e"er$ &an(ua(e, not Ju)t one4) o8n, i) e>ui"a&enceA $o%
cannot (e an enem N of En*lishA 0eo!&e )a$ ea)i&$ 9/n(&i)' i) (&oba&i2ationA It i) de)tro$in( cu&tura&N )!eci+icit$;A Here i) e>ui"a&enceA It is not e3%ali2ation" it is not a remo#al ofN difference" it is not c%ttin* the %nfamiliar down to the familiar) It is !er'a!)N learnin* to acknowled*e that other thin*s can occ%p the %ni3%e place of theN e7ample of m first lan*%a*e) This is hard) It:s not an eas int%ition to de#elop"N et this need not take awa the comfort in one:s food" one:s lan*%a*e"N one:s corner of the
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world) A&t'ou(' e"en t'i) t'e no#ad can (i"e u!A e#e#berN /d8ard Said >uotin( Hu(o o+ StA Victor5 KThe man who finds hisN homeland sweet is still a tender (e*innerO he to whom e#er soil is as hisN nati#e one is alread stron*O (%t he is perfect to whom the entire world is asN a forei*n landL) The h%man (ein* can *i#e %p e#en the facticit of lan*%a*e"N (%t comparati#ism need not) What a comparati#ism (ased on e3%i#alenceN attempts to %ndermine is the possessi#eness" the e7cl%si#eness" the isolationistN e7pansionism of mere nationalism)
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Postcolonial Perspecti#e !lternati#e
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.ol#es
9irst" The !lt is to em(race the perspecti#e of the diasporic postcolonial + onl thro%*h doin* so can class anal sis (e completed and stories from colonialism shattered .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
that the disenfranchised female in decoloni2ed space" (ein* do%(l displaced ( it" is the proper carrier of a criti3%e of p%re class+anal sis) .eparated from the mainstream of feminism" this fi*%re" the fi*%re of the *endered s%(altern" is sin*%lar and alone)E Insofar as s%ch a fi*%re can (e represented amon* %s" in the room where this piece was first *i#en as a talk" it is" first" as an o(6ect of knowled*e" f%rther" as a nati#e+ informant st le s%(6ect of oral histories who is patroni2in*l considered incapa(le of strate* toward %s" and finall " as ima*ined s%(6ect?o(6ect" in the real field of literat%re) There is" howe#er" a rather insidio%s fo%rth wa ) It is to o(literate the differences (etween this fi*%re and the indi*eno%s elite woman a(road" and claim the s%(6ectship of an as+ et+ %nreada(le alternati#e histor that is onl written in the *eneral sense I in#oke a(o#e) I1'i) 'a) no8 beco#e a&to(et'er #ore #ateria& in (&oba&i2ation and a&ter3(&oba&i2ationAI This fo%rth person is a =diasporic postcolonial"= or a cosmopolitan postcolonial who is the t pical participant in international ci#il societ ) *'o or 8'at i) )'e[ H1'e centra& c'aracter o+ Ma'a)8eta De"iP) O1'e Hunt,O a&to(et'er di++erent +ro# t'e t8o +i(ure) de)cribed abo"e, #$ c'ie+ &iterar$ e%a#!&e o+ re#akin( 'i)tor$ in t'i) !iece, ne(otiate) a )!ace t'at can not on&$ 'i)torica&&$ but !'i&o)o!'ica&&$, be acce))ib&e to 'erAI We all know that the world was di#ided into three on the model of the three estates in the mid+<EBDs when neocolonialism (e*an)lD We also know that" d%rin* the immediatel precedin* period of monopol capitalist territorial con3%est and settlement" a class of f%nctionar +intelli*entsia was often prod%ced who acted as (%ffers (etween the forei*n r%lers and the r%led)<< These are the =colonial s%(6ects"= formed with #ar in* de*rees of s%ccess" *enerall " tho%*h not in#aria(l " o%t of the indi*eno%s elite" !t decoloni2ation" this is the =classO Ias I indicate a(o#e" class formation in colonies is
It )ee#) ob"iou) to )o#e o+ u) not e7actl like class+formation in the metropolitan that (ecomes the =national (o%r*eoisie"= with a hand in the car#in* o%t of =national identities= ( methods that cannot (reak formall with the s stem of representation that offered them an episteme in the pre#io%s dispensation0 a =national= (%ffer (etween the r%ler and the r%led) ! *ood deal of this repetition of the colonial episteme in the pres%med r%pt%re of postcolonialit will come into pla in Mahasweta-s stor ) 9or the moment let %s hold onto the fact that de+coloni2ation does
it is precisel these co%nterint%iti#e ima*inin*s that m%st (e *rasped when histor is said to (e remade" and a r%pt%re is too easil declared (eca%se of the int%ition of freedom that a merel political independence (rin*s for a certain class) .%ch *raspin*s will allow %s to percei#e that neocolonialism is a displaced repetition of man of the old lines laid down ( colonialism) The will also allow %s to reali2e that the stories Ior historiesJ of the postcolonial world are not necessaril the same as the stories comin* from =internal coloni2ation"= the wa the metropolitan co%ntries discriminate a*ainst disenfranchised *ro%ps in their midst)<& !nd the contemporaneit of *lo(ali2ation has dated these instr%ments of anal sis) The diasporic postcolonial can take ad#anta*e H#o)t o+ten unkno8in(&$, I 'a)ten to addJ of the tendenc to conflate the three in the metropolis) 1'u) t'i) +re>uent&$ Ht'ou(' not in"ariab&$I innocent in+or#ant, identi+ied and 8e&co#ed a) t'e a(ent o+ an a&ternati"e 'i)tor$, #a$ indeed be t'e )ite o+ a c'ia)#u), t'e cro))in( o+ a doub&e
3%ite serio%sl represent a r%pt%re for the coloni2ed) It is co%nterint%iti#e to point _at its repetiti#e ne*otiations) 1%t
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contradiction5 t'e )$)te# o+ !roduction o+ t'e nationa& bour(eoi)ie at 'o#e, and, abroad, t'e tendenc$ to re!re)ent neoco&onia&i)# b$ t'e )e#iotic o+ Ointerna& co&oni2ationAO
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Deconstr%cti#e Ps choanal sis !lternati#e
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<N'
The alt0 Re6ect the affs western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*e in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern ! deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to ethics and actions is the onl wa of *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice It p%ts the ps choanal st in a position that ens%res sol#enc " while a#oidin* the pro(lems of political powers which lea#es a normati#e s stem that links to the ; This kills perm sol#enc .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI
choanal st, 'o8e"er" wins o%t o#er (oth mad writer and man ofN politics) =;nowin* that he is constantl in a(6ection Qnone o+ t'e !rob&e#)N o+ t'i) !o)ition i) di)cu))ed in Cri)te"aP) te%tS12 and in neutra&it$, inN de)ire and in indi++erence, the anal st (%ilds a stron* ethics" not normati#eN (%t directed" which no transcendence *%arantees= H!A ,2T ita&ic)N #ineIA This is the pri#ile*ed position of s nthesis within a restrainedN dialectic0 the ps choanal st persistentl and s mmetricall s%(lates theN contradiction (etween interpretation and deliri%m) To pri#ile*e deliri%mN Hinter!retation a) de&iriu#I in the description of this s mmetricalN s nthesis is to misrepresent the dialectic presented ( the essa , !reci)e&$N in the interest of a politics that can represent its e7cl%ded other as anN anal sis that pri#ile*es interpretation) It )'ou&d a&)o be #entioned, o+N cour)e, t'at t'e indi"i)ibi&it$ and ine"itabi&it$ o+ t'e arc'aic HC'ri)tianIN #ot'er co#e) c&o)e to a tran)cendenta& (uaranteeA To know her for whatN she is" rather than to seek to transform her" is the ps choanal st-s professionalN enterprise)
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&N'
9irst" E7tend the alternati#e of re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern This sol#es all of the ; En*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tic approach to the affirmati#es pro(lems allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6ection of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it " allowin* %s to %nco#er there 6%stifications" ass%mptions and %nderl in* c%lt%ral dri#es 4nl this approach allows to know the other and e7perience the other" *i#in* the s%(altern a #oice That:s .pi#ak RG& !ND We need to re6ect the %topian fantasies of the affirmati#e:s pro6ect) 4nl when reco*ni2in* that it is a fantas can we endlessl tra#erse and *et o#er it) .ta#rakakis REE, Ideo&o($ and Di)cour)e Ana&$)i) 0ro(ra# in t'e De!art#ent o+ 7o"ern#ent at t'e Uni"er)it$ o+ /))e%, 1,,, H 6anni),
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&NR
!t the top The criticism sol#es and t%rns case Re6ectin* the aff:s western s%(6ecti#it and en*a*in* in a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal tical approach to the world and the s%(altern allows %s to find a real political sol%tion while a#oidin* the s%(6%*ation of the s%(altern ( deconstr%cti#e the dominant paradi*m of western s%(6ecti#it which %nderlies the affs 6%stification and harms That:s .pi#ak :G& There:s three implications here0 9irst" the onl wa to chan*e the world and answer the pro(lems of realit is the alternati#e We f%ndamentall 3%estion and chan*e the %nderl in* ass%mptions and s%(conscio%s dri#es that ca%se the affirmati#e impacts 4nl the alternati#e can sol#e That:s *i&ber( 411 .econd" the aff:s approach is steeped in s m(oli2in* realit and fi7es onl the wa s in which we interact with o%r perception of realit This is doomed to fail %ntil it we 3%estion how we *ot to the point we:re at and (e*in re6ectin* %topian plans that rel of link chains %pon link chains to some odd impact) This approaches forces %s to (ecome o(sessed with o%r fantas of realit G%ts all sol#enc That:s Sta"rakaki) Z,, Third" E#en if the pro#e that their plan sol#es <DDW of the plan The alternati#e sol#es it as well" with risk of the silencin* of the s%(altern This means risk of the criticism is a #ote ne*ati#e
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Ps choanal sis 9irst

The ps choanal tic method comes first it interro*ates the %nconscio%s schemes that imprison o%r s m(olic realit " allowin* re#ol%tionar social chan*e 1arratt -EH QBarnab$, 0racticin( Ana&$)t, 0)$c'oana&$)i) and t'e 0o)t#odern I#!u&)e, Ba&ti#ore5 =o'n Ho!kin) Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 1,,?,
2031GGu8$o3aJ&S
This insistence on the priorit of method is necessaril an insistence that we re#ol%tioni2e o%r notion of what method mi*ht (e) It anno%nces a shift to a notion of method that neither res%lts from some propositional or concept%al scheme nor res%lts in some ela(oration or reformation of s%ch a scheme) A) 8e )'a&& +ind out, ps choanal tic method is a work of interro*ation a*ainst propositional imperati#es + that is" a*ainst the #er str%ct%rin* of o%r li#es ( concept%al or cate*orical s stems + as if to e7pose" ( a critical passa*e of free+associati#e thinkin* and speakin*" the #er *ro%nd and hori2on of e7periencin* and %nderstandin* as the f%ndamental de#ices of o%r own imprisonments) 1'i) i) a !o)t#odern notion o+
#et'od, and #$ intent in t'i) book i) to )'o8 'o8 it 8ork) and !&a$) Hdi))o&"in( t'e traditiona& dic'oto#$ o+ 8ork and !&a$ into a di)tincti"e&$ !o)t#odern #ode o+ 8ork3!&a$IA 1o (ra)! !)$c'oana&$tic #et'od a) )uc' a 8ork3!&a$ re>uire) our readine)) to re&in>ui)' !re)u!!o)ition) about O!)$c'oana&$)i)O a) a )erie) o+ t'eoretica& +ra#e8ork) or a #eta'er#eneutic in t'e #odern )en)e 3 t'at i), a) a )erie) o+ #a!) on 8'ic' to ba)e !)$c'ot'era!eutic #aneu"er) in t'e )er"ice o+ indi"idua& adJu)t#entA *e need to in"e)ti(ate ane8 t'e )e#iotic) o+ +reea))ociati"e #o"e#ent, +or it) directiona&it$ and t'e OcureO it co#!ri)e)A Suc' an in"e)ti(ation can be in)!ired and )u!!&e#ented b$ rereadin( FreudP) (reat te%t) on #et'odA 1'e)e are t'e 8ritin() t'at eit'er !recede or are in)erted bet8een t'o)e 8ritin() e%!re))in( 'i) co##it#ent to "ariou) t'eoretica& and tec'nica& )$)te#ati2ation), a co##it#ent t'at )ee#) to acce&erate a+ter 1,1BA 1'e$ inc&ude, +or e%a#!&e, t'e 1F,F !a!er on +or(et+u&ne)), te 1F,, e))a$ on O)creenO #e#orie), t'e 1,00 book on drea# inter!retation, and !art) o+ t'e 1,0! 8ork on t'e !)$c'o!at'o&o($ o+ e"er$da$ &i+eA 0er'a!) Freud 'i#)e&+ 8ou&d not 'a"e been a"er)e to t'i) e#!'a)i)A In 1,2? 'e (a"e #et'od !riorit$ o"er t'eor$ and treat#entA And it i) )ure&$ not 8it'out )i(ni+icance t'at in 1,?D, at t'e end o+ 'i) &i+e, 'e Jud(ed 1,12 to 'a"e been t'e 2enit' o+ 'i) !)$c'oana&$tic careerA Moreo"er, a) ear&$ a) 1,1D3 be+ore t'e +or#u&ation o+ t'e )tructura&3+unctiona& #ode&, be+ore obJect3re&ation), be+ore )e&+ !)$c'o&o($ and a&& )uc' +ra#e38ork) 3 'e 'ad a&read$ dec&ared that
ps choanal sis opens %s to a =critical new direction in the world and in science= H1,1E31-, !A 1DIA
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Deconstr%ction Ps choanal sis 9irst

9irst" 4%r criticism m%st come first Deconstr%ction calls into 3%estion the #er (asic portion of o%r knowled*e It m%st come (efore an thin* else Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
Fe&&o8 at ]co&e nor#a&e )u!^rieure, 0ari)A Hi) di))ertation !roJect i) an in"e)ti(ation o+ t'e +i(ure o+ in+inite Jud(#ent in t'e tran)+or#ation o+ &an(ua(e, &o(ic, and ae)t'etic) in ear&$ nineteent'3centur$ 7er#an &iterature and !'i&o)o!'$, 99.o :ut)ide o+ 0)$c'oana&$)i);5 1o8ard) a 7ra##ato&o(ica& Conce!t o+ t'e Uncon)ciou);, =CookAI
! *rammatolo*ical concept of the %nconscio%s (e*ins to take shape ( wa of a displacement of the point of contact (etween ,acan and Derrida from these 3%estions re*ardin* the letter to the concept of writin*) 18o e&e#ent) )'o8 t'e#)e&"e) a) +a"ourab&e to t'e di)!&ace#ent I a# )u((e)tin(A 1'e +ir)t i) t'e a))ertion o+ Derrida:s in KPo%r l:amo%r de ,acanL t'at one can discern a hei*htened sensi(ilit towards" and e#en an o#ert%rnin* of" phonocentrism in ,acan:s later work" notab&e in t'e )e#inar /ncoreA *'i&e )to!!in( )'ort o+ ca&&in( t'i) a co#!&ete turn, this de#elopment is, accordin( to Derrida, performed 9trm) (ra##ato3&o(i>ue#ent; IK#er *rammatolo*icall LJ H90our &4a#our; -,IA In )'ort, (oth ,acan and Derrida reali2eaand t'i) not entire&$ inde!endent o+ eac' ot'eraa rewritin* of writin*) I+ 8e reca&& t'e e%traordinar$ t'ird, and no8 !er'a!) t'e #o)t dated, c'a!ter o+ :+ 7ra##ato&o($, tit&ed 97ra##ato&o($ a) a 0o)iti"e Science "L Derrida in#okes a K*enerali2ed *rammatolo* L in the place of Sau))ure4) o8n pro6ection of a *enerali2ed semiolo* " a&& t'e 8'i&e ackno8&ed(in( and inscri(in* in the idea of this science to come a certain impossi(ilit a priori) This impossi(ilit ori*inates in the e7+centric position writin* is shown to take %p #is+`+#is scienceM*rammatolo* will not (e a science amon* other sciences) A) Derrida !ut) it 'i#)e&+, 9e&&e ri)>ue en e++et d4^bran&er au))i &e conce!t de &a )cience; HDerrida, De &a (ra##ato&o(ie 10,IA In a )&i('t a!!ro%i#ation 8e cou&d )a$ t'at Derrida:s Kscience of *rammatolo* L recei#es its pro(lematic str%ct%re from a Q/nd 0a(e 1DES *eneric re+writin* of the ori*in of writin*" whereas ,acan:s idea" t'ou(' no &e)) (eneric, finds its s%pport in writin*:s incompleteness)
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!lt 9irst 'riticisms .pecific

P.ame as ke to sol#enc P 9irst" Derrida:s deconstr%ction is a prere3%isite to philosophical tho%*ht It 3%estion the #er (asic fo%ndation of tho%*ht and %nderstandin* 'om(inin* it with ps choanal sis is ke to create a mo#ement that tr%l transforms the Real Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
that 4f Grammatolo* " a &ar(e )ection o+ t'e te%t) contained in *ritin( and Di++erence and Mar(in) o+ 0'i&o)o!'$, and at &ea)t u! unti& and inc&udin( Di))e#ination, can (e read as *i#in* a s stematic answer H8'ic' i) not t'e )a#e a) t'e an)8er o+ a )$)te#I to a f%ndamental 3%estion, a >ue)tion t'at Derrida (i"e) it) 9unar$ trait; b$ re!eated&$ a&i(nin( it 8it' 8'at 'e con)ider) t'e >ue)tion o+ #eta!'$)ic) 9it)e&+A; In t'e)e te%t), the local 3%estion of one partic%lar thinker, be it Hu))er&, 0&ato, Au)tin, Artaud, or 'i) conte#!orar$ Foucau&t, is raised to the di*nit of a deconstr%ction of metaph sics) I 8ou&d ar(ue t'at this is the reason wh it is not wron* to consider this part of Derrida:s work as ina%*%ratin*" or at &ea)t co3+oundin(, a poststr%ct%ralist pro*ram) The 3%estion of metaph sics was onl interro*ated anew" t'at i), (i"en a (enuine&$ no"e& !'i&o)o!'ica& +or#, 8it' t'e 'i(' tide o+ )tructura&i)#A *e are te#!ted to !ara!'ra)e t'e >ue)tion a) +o&&o8)5 how can ImaterialJ content (e attri(%ted to a s nchronic s stem of p%rel differential relationsO and how is one to think the passa*e from I#irt%alJ differentiation to Iact%alJ artic%lation[ 1'i) i) 8'at &ed 7i&&e) De&eu2e to an)8er t'e >ue)tion, 8'at i) )tructura&i)#[ 8it' 9a ne8 tran)cendenta& !'i&o)o!'$; HSee De&eu2eIA Here it is also possi(le to *limpse wh ps choanal sis came to pla s%ch a pi#otal role for Derrida in these te7ts) It sho%ld (e acknowled*ed that this is the #er same 3%estion that lies at the heart of what 9re%d %nderstood anal sis to mean) At t'e )a#e ti#e, anal sis re3%ires an e7position of the f%nctions of Vor)te&&un()re!r_)entan2, t'at i), the transformation and translation of %nconscio%s to conscio%s representation" the passa*e from latent to manifest dream content" in )'ort, the parameters of the dreamwork and the s%(6ection of this KtranscendentalL pro(lem to the a(sol%te no#elt of the talkin* c%re" that of how it is possi(le that meanin*" thro%*h its prod%ction and en%nciation" can prod%ce effects in Kthe Real)L 9re%d considered this the onl possi(le proof of the e7istence of the %nconscio%s" and attempted to *i#e a theoretical treatment of it in the metaps cholo*ical writin*s) In the end" (oth ,acan:s and Derrida:s treatments of 9re%d are in3%iries into the 9re%dian metaps cholo* and its place in the philosophical tradition" as well as the #ia(ilit of anal sis as a disco%rse a(sol%tel different from the same tradition)
201 | A I D S
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T%rns 'ase
9irst" We need to re6ect the %topian fantasies of the affirmati#e:s pro6ect) 4nl when reco*ni2in* that it is a fantas can we endlessl tra#erse and *et o#er it) .ta#rakakis REE, Ideo&o($ and Di)cour)e Ana&$)i) 0ro(ra# in t'e De!art#ent o+ 7o"ern#ent at t'e Uni"er)it$ o+ /))e%, 1,,, H 6anni),
we can act in s%ch a wa that this world is a world a(le to open itself %p to its own %ncertaint as s%chN) In#ention is alwa s witho%t a model and witho%t warrant ) 1%t indeed that implies facin* %p to t%rmoil" an7iet " e#en disarra ) Where certainties come apart" there too *athers the stren*th that no certaint can match) .econd" Upon re6ectin* ideolo* " the act is possi(le (eca%se e#en ideolo* demands s%(mission) We onl to reco*ni2e ideolo* lacks thro%*h re6ectin* it) McGowan RDB, teac'e) critica& t'eor$ and +i&# in t'e /n(&i)' De!art#ent at t'e U Ver#ont 200B H1odd Lacan and Conte#!orar$ Fi&#,
/dA Mc7o8an and Cunk&e, !( 1DD3E,
This is the f%ndamental impasse of all master 0 not onl does it need those it controls and s%(6ects to s%stain its own position of master " (%t it cannot escape (ein* o(sessed with the secret 6o%issance of these s%(6ectsA Hence, in addition to &ea"in( o!en t'e )!ace +or re)i)tance" s m(olic a%thorit act%all enco%ra*es its own s%(#ersion) 1'rou(' it) de!iction o+ t'e de)ire o+ )$#bo&ic aut'orit$, Dark Cit$ re"ea&) one o+ t'e 8a$) that ps choanal tic criti3%e and ps choanal ticall informed in3%ir ser#e political actionA :+ten, the stron*est (arrier to o#ercome in the political act is the (elief
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that s m(olic a%thorit is witho%t fiss%re" that there is no openin* in which the act can occ%r) B$ )'o8in( t'e Stran(er)P de)!erate )earc' +or t'e Joui))ance o+ t'e )ubJect, t'e +i&# )'atter) t'i) be&ie+A at'er t'an e#bod$in( an
in"ariab&e #a)ter$ t'at t'8art) a&& c'a&&en(e) to it, t'e Stran(er) betra$ t'e incon)i)tenc$ o+ #a)ter$, itP) &ackA And becau)e e"en )$#bo&ic aut'orit$ &ack), 8e need not )uccu#b to it) de#and)A12 .
m(olic a%thorit -s lack creates the space at which we can oppose it" and takin* %p this opposition is what it means to act politicall ) 1%t the primar (arrier to s%ch an act is o%r in#estment in the fantas that fills in s m(olic a%thorit -s lack)1eca%se s m(olic a%thorit is lackin* or split" ideolo*ical control is not a(sol%te) This means that it needs a fantasmatic s%pport in order to entice s%(6ects to (% into it) If ideolo* simpl demands s%(mission" s%(6ects will (e rel%ctant to (% into it) 1%t fantas fills in this lac%na" offerin* a reward Ian ima*e of the %ltimate 6o%issanceJ that ideolo* offers in e7chan*e for s%(mission) Hence" far from s%(#ertin* ideolo*ical control" fantas perpet%ates it and follows from it) 1'e Stran(er) !ro"ide t'e in'abitant) o+ t'e cit$ 8it' +anta)ie)3i#a(e) o+ an
e%!erience be$ond ideo&o(ica& contro&3and t'e)e +anta)ie) a))i)t in renderin( t'e !eo!&e doci&eA In t'e ca)e o+ Murdoc', 8e )ee c&ear&$ 'o8 ideo&o(ica& contro& de!end) on a +unda#enta& +anta)$A
20? | A I D S
and HIV
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MUHS
T%rns 'ase Political !ction .pecific

Psame as !T !n thin* PoliticalP 4%r !lternati#e is the Proper 9orm of Political Thinkin*MThe !ffirmati#e is a 9%ndamental !#oidance of Tho%*ht and Merel Recreates the 'onditions of the Pro(lem 1%tler and .tephens R^ e% Scott, Lecturer) at U o+ Mueen)&and, 90&a$ Fuckin Loud5 Ki2ek ")A t'e Le+t,; 1'e S$#!to#, I))ue -,
S!rin( 200E H'tt!5GG888A&acanAco#G)$#!to#-Yartic&e)Gbut&erA't#&I Here, 8e #i('t )a$, in a nut)'e&& i) e"er$t'in( Ki2ek 8rite) a(ain)tA And it i) Ju)t at t'i) !oint t'at t'e true di)tinction) @ becau)e t'e$ are t'e 'arde)t, t'e #o)t un!o!u&ar, t'e #o)t di++icu&t @ need to be #adeA It i) Ju)t at t'i) #o#ent t'at Ki2ek break) 8it' a 98e&&38i)'in(; Le+t in t'e na#e o+ a !ro!er He(e&io3Mar%i)t criti>ueA 1o be(in 8it', Ki2ek ab)o&ute&$ take) a di)tance +ro# t'e c&a))ica& #ode& o+ t'e !'i&o)o!'er (i"in( #eanin( to e"ent), !ro"idin( a )o&ution to !rob&e#) @ t'e !'i&o)o!'er a) Bi( :t'er brin(in( about narrati"e and conce!tua& c&o)ureA HIronica&&$, in anot'er !o)t +ro# 'er 8eb)ite, Dean e"en ad#it) t'at one o+ t'e t'in() at )take in Ki2ek4) 8ork i) t'e doin( a8a$ 8it' t'e Bi( :t'er &ike t'i)AI
Gi#in* meanin*" pro#idin* sol%tions" (rin*in* a(o%t clos%re0 this is what Frenc' politicians
+ro# t'e Centre3Le+t &ike Do#ini>ue de Vi&&e!in H8'o critici)ed t'e Frenc' StateI to t'e i('t &ike .ico&a) Sarko2$ H8'o b&a#ed t'e rioter)I
r%shed to do in t'e da$) i##ediate&$ +o&&o8in( t'e riot)A It i) 8'at innu#erab&e #edia critic) and co##entator), bot' in France and
abroad, )cra#b&ed to do in order t'at t'ere 8a) no e#!t$ air ti#e in 8'ic' actua&&$ to t'inkA Ho8 +&i#)$, 'o8 !at'etic, 'o8 de)!erate t'e$ a&& )ounded, 8'en 8e kno8 t'at, 8it'in t'e current con+i(uration o+ t'e Frenc' State 8it'in ca!ita&i)#, t'ere can be no )o&utionA2 IThe
same
point mi*ht e#en (e made of the media co#era*e of H%rricane ;atrina0 for all of the criticisms made of the 1%sh Go#ernment for actin* too slowl in response to the crisis" this is a*ain to ass%me that the pro(lem was onl nat%ral" that e#er thin* co%ld (e made ri*ht ( the timel inter#ention of the .tate" when in fact it is the .tate itself that is the pro(lem)J In bot' ca)e), there is no Ksol%tionL" and therefore no meanin*" no clos%re to e#ents) !nd it i) Ju)t
this t'at Ki2ek i) tr$in( to t'ink in 'i) e))a$ @ ad#itted&$, 8it' (reat di++icu&t$, a(ain)t t'e 9be)t 8i)'e); o+ 'i) )u!!orter) More t'an t'i), Ki2ek i) accu)ed in Dean4) e))a$ not on&$ o+ not !ro"idin( t'e #eanin( o+ t'e Frenc' riot) to u), but a&)o to t'e rioter) t'e#)e&"e)A In t'e #o)t traditiona& conce!tion o+ !'i&o)o!'$, 'e i) e%!ected to )!eak +or ot'er), bear) a re)!on)ibi&it$ +or 9articu&atin( t'e "io&ence;A But t'e rea& !oint 'ere i) t'at, i+ t'e)e riot) are to con)titute a rea& 9e"ent;, t'e$ #u)t !ro"ide their own meanin A And it i) t'e +ai&ure o+ t'e rioter) to do t'i), to #ake o+ 8'at 'a!!ened an e"ent, t'at Ki2ek indicate) b$ t'e )i#!&e 9#at'e#ic; re!etition o+ 'i) !re"iou) 8ork H#o)t&$ !a))a(e) o+ Tic!lish Sub"ectI in re)!on)e to t'e#A 3 1'e riot) do not !ro"ide an occa)ion +or ne8 t'ou('tT t'e$ #ere&$ !&a$ out an e%i)tin( i#!a))eA But, a(ain, it
is 6%st this this lack of an wider meanin*" the present ina(ilit of the rioters" of all of %s" to form%late an a%thentic %topian moment" to make of what happened a K%ni#ersalL that Ai2ek attempts to think in his ref%sal to cl%tch at Ksol%tionsL" to s%**est possi(le alternati#es" to iss%e philosophical nostr%ms from some hi*her place" not Kmired in the sit%ation;A 0er'a!) t'e on&$ true e>ui"a&ent to Ki2ek4) aut'entic et'ica& )tance 'ere, 'i) re+u)a& to o++er !&acebo), 'i) takin( o+ t'e ti#e to
t'ink, )tran(e&$ enou(', 8a) t'e re)!on)e o+ Frenc' 0re)ident =ac>ue) C'irac, 8'o )e"era& da$) a+ter t'e riot) @ and 'e too 8a) critici)ed +or 'i) de&a$ @ !ut +or8ard an e>ua&&$ #at'e#ic decree5 91'e Frenc' State 8i&& not concede to t'e rioter);A *e )en)e be'ind 'i) 8ord) 'ere, a) 8it' Ki2ek, a +rank ad#i))ion t'at t'e riot) did not con)titute an aut'entic e"ent, t'at t'e on&$ true cri)i) H+or Ca!ita&I 8i&& be t'at o+ Ca!ita& it)e&+\ So 8'at, t'en, i) Ki2ek atte#!tin( to do in ZSo#e 0o&itica&&$ Incorrect e+&ection)4[ *'at i) t'e ro&e +or !'i&o)o!'$ 'e !ro!o)e) t'ere[ *'at doe) 'e #ean b$ )a$in( t'at t'e !'i&o)o!'er4) ta)k i) 9not to !ro!o)e )o&ution), but to re+ra#e t'e !rob&e# it)e&+;[ I+ 8e can be(in b$ an)8erin( t'e)e >ue)tion) in a )&i('t&$ !ro(ra##atic 8a$, the
role of philosoph is to pro#ide space for %s and the protestors to think) It is to ena(le %s to reflect %pon the fact that the rioters are a(le to propose no sol%tion" and to make of this pro(lem the (e*innin* of a sol%tion itself) It is the r%sh to 6%d*ement" the proposin* of sol%tions witho%t seein* the prior pro(lem" that Ai2ek is seekin* to a#oidA4 And it i) t'i) ti#e o+ t'inkin( t'at 8e ca&& 'i) 9!atience;, and t'at i) "ariou)&$ t'eori)ed in 'i) 8ork a) 9)e!aration;, 9uncou!&in(; 9a((re))i"e !a))i"it$; and Bart&eb$4) 9I !re+er not to;A It is to stop (efore actin* and to ask wh all of the a#aila(le alternati#es are ins%fficient" merel different #ersions of the same thin*) HIn t'e +u&&3&en(t' "er)ion o+ t'e e))a$, !o)ted on LacanAco#, Ki2ek #ake) a crucia& di)tinction bet8een t8o di++erent re)!on)e) to
ca!ita&i)# and t'e )e!aration it en+orce) bet8een trut' and #eanin(5 on t'e one 'and, t'ere are 9con)er"ati"e Qbut 8e 8ou&d a&)o )a$ !)eudo3 Le+ti)tS reaction) to re3en+ra#e ca!ita& 8it'in )o#e +ie&d o+ #eanin(;T and, on t'e ot'er, t'ere i) t'e atte#!t to rai)e t'e >ue)tion o+ t'e 9rea& o+ ca!ita&i)# 8it' re(ard to it) trut'3be$ond3#eanin( H8'at, ba)ica&&$, Mar% didI;A It i) ab)o&ute&$ t'i) di)tinction t'at i) at )take in Ki2ek4) atte#!t to tear t'e e"ent) o+ t'e Frenc' riot) a8a$ +ro# t'eir "ariou) co##entator), bot' Le+t and i('t, in t'inkin( t'eir 9trut'3out)ide3#eanin(;AI
!nd this is wh " finall
@ 8e )ee it a(ain in t'i) #i)under)tandin( bet8een Ki2ek and 'i) b&o((er @ we
can sa that
and HIV Free!
20B | A I D S
MUHS
philosophical thinkin* as s%ch is alwa s political" is not to do nothin*) 1'i) i) 8'$ 8e can )a$ t'at
t'inkin(, tru&$ t'inkin( @ and 'ere 8e are re#inded o+ D$&an4) in)i)tence t'at a&& o+ 'i) )on() are !rote)t )on(), e"en 8'en t'e$ do not take u! t'e to!ica& i))ue) o+ t'e da$ @ i) t'at rare)t o+ e"ent), and con)titute) t'e on&$ rea& re)i)tance to 8'at #u)t be ca&&ed t'e 9co#!&icit$; o+ t'e 8e&&3 #eanin( Le+t, 8'ic' in it) de)ire +or i##ediate re)u&t) i) indi)tin(ui)'ab&e +ro# it) 'ated ri"a& Ht'e narci))i)# o+ )#a&& di++erence)I, neo3 &ibera&i)#A
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!T 'an:t .ol#e
.tat%s 3%o he*emon remains dominant (eca%se people *i#e into its forced choice ref%sin* its ideolo*ical coordinates allows one to r%pt%re he*emon in an act of radical freedom This sol#es !ND We t%rned case Tr or die for the ne*ati#e Ai2ek R< QS&a"oJ, Sti&& (i"e) a )'it, :n Be&ie+ H1'inkin( in ActionI, .e8 6ork Cit$5 out&ed(e, 2001, 12032GGu8$o3aJ&S
Let u) take t'e )ituation in t'e /a)tern /uro!ean countrie) around 1,,0, when
Reall E7istin* .ocialism was fallin* apart0 all of a s%dden" people were thrown into a sit%ation of the =freedom of political choice= + howe#er" 8ere t'e$ /ALL6 at an$ !oint a)ked t'e +unda#enta& >ue)tion o+ 8'at kind o+ ne8 order t'e$ actua&&$ 8anted[ I) it not t'at t'e$ +ound t'e#)e&"e) in t'e e%act )ituation o+ t'e )ubJect3"icti# o+ a Beau"oi) e%!eri#ent[ The were first told that the were enterin* the promised land of political freedomO then" soon afterwards" the were informed that this freedom in#ol#ed wild pri#ati2ation, t'e di)#ant&in( o+ t'e )$)te# o+ )ocia& )ecurit$, etcA etcA 3
t'e$ )ti&& 'a"e t'e +reedo# to c'oo)e, )o i+ t'e$ 8ant, t'e$ can )te! outT but, no, our 'eroic /a)tern /uro!ean) didnPt 8ant to di)a!!oint t'eir *e)tern #entor), t'e$ )toica&&$ !er)i)ted in t'e c'oice t'e$ ne"er #ade, con3"incin( t'e#)e&"e) t'at t'e$ )'ou&d be'a"e a) #ature )ubJect) 8'o are a8are t'at +reedo# 'a) it) !rice A A 1'i) i) 8'$ t'e notion o+ t'e !)$c'o&o(ica& )ubJect endo8ed 8it' natura& !ro!en)itie), 8'o 'a) to rea&i2e it) true Se&+ and it) !otentia&), and 8'o i), con)e>uent&$, u&ti#ate&$ re)!on)ib&e +or 'i) +ai&ure or )ucce)), i) t'e ke$ in(redient o+ &ibera& +reedo#A
in an act of act%al freedom" one dares precisel to 1RE!; the sed%cti#e power of s m(olic efficienc ) 1'erein re)ide) t'e #o#ent o+ trut' o+ LeninP) acerbic retort to 'i) Men)'e"ik critic)5 the tr%l free choice is a choice in which I do not merel choose (etween two or more options WITHIN a pre+*i#en set of coordinates" (%t I choose to chan*e this set of coordinates itself) The catch of the =transition= from Reall E7istin* .ocialism to capitalism was that people ne#er had the chance to choose t'e ad >ue# o+ this transition 3 a&& o+ a )udden, t'e$ 8ere Ha&#o)t &itera&&$I Ot'ro8nO into a ne8 )ituation in 8'ic' t'e$ 8ere !re)ented 8it' a ne8 )et o+ (i"en c'oice) H!ure &ibera&i)#, nationa&i)t con)er"ati)# A A A IA *'at t'i) #ean) i) t'at the =act%al freedom= as the act of conscio%sl chan*in* this set occ%rs onl when" in the sit%ation of a forced choice" one !'T. !. I9 THE 'H4I'E I. N4T 94R'ED and =chooses the impossi(le)= 1'i) i) 8'at ,enin-s ob)e))i"e tirade) a(ain)t O+or#a&O +reedo# are about, t'erein re)ide) t'eir Orationa& kerne&O 8'ic' i) 8ort' )a"in( toda$5 8'en 'e
And 'ere one )'ou&d ri)k reintroducin( t'e Lenini)t o!!o)ition o+ O+or#a&O and Oactua&O +reedo#5 e#!'a)i2e) t'at t'ere i) no O!ureO de#ocrac$, t'at 8e )'ou&d a&8a$) a)k 8'o doe) a +reedo# under con)ideration )er"e, 8'ic' i) it) ro&e in t'e c&a)) )tru((&e, 'i) point
is precisel to maintain the possi(ilit of the TRUE radical choice) 1'i) i) 8'at freedom is the freedom of choice WITHIN the coordinates of the e7istin* power relations" while =act%al= freedom desi*nates the site of an inter#ention which %ndermines these #er coordinatesA In )'ort, LeninP) !oint i) not to &i#it
t'e di)tinction bet8een O+or#a&O and Oactua&O +reedo# u&ti#ate&$ a#ount) to5 Oformal= +reedo# o+ c'oice, but to #aintain t'e +unda#enta& C'oice 3 8'en Lenin a)k) about t'e ro&e o+ a +reedo# 8it'in t'e c&a)) )tru((&e, 8'at 'e i) a)kin( i) !reci)e&$5 ODoe) t'i) +reedo# contribute to or con)train t'e +unda#enta& re"o&utionar$ C'oice[O
20E | A I D S
and HIV
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MUHS
!T !n thin* Political
Psame as T%rns 'ase Political !ction .pecificP 4%r !lternati#e is the Proper 9orm of Political Thinkin*MThe !ffirmati#e is a 9%ndamental !#oidance of Tho%*ht and Merel Recreates the 'onditions of the Pro(lem 1%tler and .tephens R^ e% Scott, Lecturer) at U o+ Mueen)&and, 90&a$ Fuckin Loud5 Ki2ek ")A t'e Le+t,; 1'e S$#!to#, I))ue -,
S!rin( 200E H'tt!5GG888A&acanAco#G)$#!to#-Yartic&e)Gbut&erA't#&I Here, 8e #i('t )a$, in a nut)'e&& i) e"er$t'in( Ki2ek 8rite) a(ain)tA And it i) Ju)t at t'i) !oint t'at t'e true di)tinction) @ becau)e t'e$ are t'e 'arde)t, t'e #o)t un!o!u&ar, t'e #o)t di++icu&t @ need to be #adeA It i) Ju)t at t'i) #o#ent t'at Ki2ek break) 8it' a 98e&&38i)'in(; Le+t in t'e na#e o+ a !ro!er He(e&io3Mar%i)t criti>ueA 1o be(in 8it', Ki2ek ab)o&ute&$ take) a di)tance +ro# t'e c&a))ica& #ode& o+ t'e !'i&o)o!'er (i"in( #eanin( to e"ent), !ro"idin( a )o&ution to !rob&e#) @ t'e !'i&o)o!'er a) Bi( :t'er brin(in( about narrati"e and conce!tua& c&o)ureA HIronica&&$, in anot'er !o)t +ro# 'er 8eb)ite, Dean e"en ad#it) t'at one o+ t'e t'in() at )take in Ki2ek4) 8ork i) t'e doin( a8a$ 8it' t'e Bi( :t'er &ike t'i)AI
Gi#in* meanin*" pro#idin* sol%tions" (rin*in* a(o%t clos%re0 this is what Frenc' politicians
+ro# t'e Centre3Le+t &ike Do#ini>ue de Vi&&e!in H8'o critici)ed t'e Frenc' StateI to t'e i('t &ike .ico&a) Sarko2$ H8'o b&a#ed t'e rioter)I
r%shed to do in t'e da$) i##ediate&$ +o&&o8in( t'e riot)A It i) 8'at innu#erab&e #edia critic) and co##entator), bot' in France and
abroad, )cra#b&ed to do in order t'at t'ere 8a) no e#!t$ air ti#e in 8'ic' actua&&$ to t'inkA Ho8 +&i#)$, 'o8 !at'etic, 'o8 de)!erate t'e$ a&& )ounded, 8'en 8e kno8 t'at, 8it'in t'e current con+i(uration o+ t'e Frenc' State 8it'in ca!ita&i)#, t'ere can be no )o&utionA2 IThe
same
point mi*ht e#en (e made of the media co#era*e of H%rricane ;atrina0 for all of the criticisms made of the 1%sh Go#ernment for actin* too slowl in response to the crisis" this is a*ain to ass%me that the pro(lem was onl nat%ral" that e#er thin* co%ld (e made ri*ht ( the timel inter#ention of the .tate" when in fact it is the .tate itself that is the pro(lem)J In bot' ca)e), there is no Ksol%tionL" and therefore no meanin*" no clos%re to e#ents) !nd it i) Ju)t
this t'at Ki2ek i) tr$in( to t'ink in 'i) e))a$ @ ad#itted&$, 8it' (reat di++icu&t$, a(ain)t t'e 9be)t 8i)'e); o+ 'i) )u!!orter) More t'an t'i), Ki2ek i) accu)ed in Dean4) e))a$ not on&$ o+ not !ro"idin( t'e #eanin( o+ t'e Frenc' riot) to u), but a&)o to t'e rioter) t'e#)e&"e)A In t'e #o)t traditiona& conce!tion o+ !'i&o)o!'$, 'e i) e%!ected to )!eak +or ot'er), bear) a re)!on)ibi&it$ +or 9articu&atin( t'e "io&ence;A But t'e rea& !oint 'ere i) t'at, i+ t'e)e riot) are to con)titute a rea& 9e"ent;, t'e$ #u)t !ro"ide their own meanin A And it i) t'e +ai&ure o+ t'e rioter) to do t'i), to #ake o+ 8'at 'a!!ened an e"ent, t'at Ki2ek indicate) b$ t'e )i#!&e 9#at'e#ic; re!etition o+ 'i) !re"iou) 8ork H#o)t&$ !a))a(e) o+ Tic!lish Sub"ectI in re)!on)e to t'e#A 3 1'e riot) do not !ro"ide an occa)ion +or ne8 t'ou('tT t'e$ #ere&$ !&a$ out an e%i)tin( i#!a))eA But, a(ain, it
is 6%st this this lack of an wider meanin*" the present ina(ilit of the rioters" of all of %s" to form%late an a%thentic %topian moment" to make of what happened a K%ni#ersalL that Ai2ek attempts to think in his ref%sal to cl%tch at Ksol%tionsL" to s%**est possi(le alternati#es" to iss%e philosophical nostr%ms from some hi*her place" not Kmired in the sit%ation;A 0er'a!) t'e on&$ true e>ui"a&ent to Ki2ek4) aut'entic et'ica& )tance 'ere, 'i) re+u)a& to o++er !&acebo), 'i) takin( o+ t'e ti#e to
t'ink, )tran(e&$ enou(', 8a) t'e re)!on)e o+ Frenc' 0re)ident =ac>ue) C'irac, 8'o )e"era& da$) a+ter t'e riot) @ and 'e too 8a) critici)ed +or 'i) de&a$ @ !ut +or8ard an e>ua&&$ #at'e#ic decree5 91'e Frenc' State 8i&& not concede to t'e rioter);A *e )en)e be'ind 'i) 8ord) 'ere, a) 8it' Ki2ek, a +rank ad#i))ion t'at t'e riot) did not con)titute an aut'entic e"ent, t'at t'e on&$ true cri)i) H+or Ca!ita&I 8i&& be t'at o+ Ca!ita& it)e&+\ So 8'at, t'en, i) Ki2ek atte#!tin( to do in ZSo#e 0o&itica&&$ Incorrect e+&ection)4[ *'at i) t'e ro&e +or !'i&o)o!'$ 'e !ro!o)e) t'ere[ *'at doe) 'e #ean b$ )a$in( t'at t'e !'i&o)o!'er4) ta)k i) 9not to !ro!o)e )o&ution), but to re+ra#e t'e !rob&e# it)e&+;[ I+ 8e can be(in b$ an)8erin( t'e)e >ue)tion) in a )&i('t&$ !ro(ra##atic 8a$, the
role of philosoph is to pro#ide space for %s and the protestors to think) It is to ena(le %s to reflect %pon the fact that the rioters are a(le to propose no sol%tion" and to make of this pro(lem the (e*innin* of a sol%tion itself) It is the r%sh to 6%d*ement" the proposin* of sol%tions witho%t seein* the prior pro(lem" that Ai2ek is seekin* to a#oidA4 And it i) t'i) ti#e o+ t'inkin( t'at 8e ca&& 'i) 9!atience;, and t'at i) "ariou)&$ t'eori)ed in 'i) 8ork a) 9)e!aration;, 9uncou!&in(; 9a((re))i"e !a))i"it$; and Bart&eb$4) 9I !re+er not to;A It is to stop (efore actin* and to ask wh all of the a#aila(le alternati#es are ins%fficient" merel different #ersions of the same thin*) HIn t'e +u&&3&en(t' "er)ion o+ t'e e))a$, !o)ted on LacanAco#, Ki2ek #ake) a crucia& di)tinction bet8een t8o di++erent re)!on)e) to
ca!ita&i)# and t'e )e!aration it en+orce) bet8een trut' and #eanin(5 on t'e one 'and, t'ere are 9con)er"ati"e Qbut 8e 8ou&d a&)o )a$ !)eudo3 Le+ti)tS reaction) to re3en+ra#e ca!ita& 8it'in )o#e +ie&d o+ #eanin(;T and, on t'e ot'er, t'ere i) t'e atte#!t to rai)e t'e >ue)tion o+ t'e 9rea& o+ ca!ita&i)# 8it' re(ard to it) trut'3be$ond3#eanin( H8'at, ba)ica&&$, Mar% didI;A It i) ab)o&ute&$ t'i) di)tinction t'at i) at )take in Ki2ek4) atte#!t to tear t'e e"ent) o+ t'e Frenc' riot) a8a$ +ro# t'eir "ariou) co##entator), bot' Le+t and i('t, in t'inkin( t'eir 9trut'3out)ide3#eanin(;AI
!nd this is wh " finall
@ 8e )ee it a(ain in t'i) #i)under)tandin( bet8een Ki2ek and 'i) b&o((er @ we
can sa that
and HIV Free!
20- | A I D S
MUHS
philosophical thinkin* as s%ch is alwa s political" is not to do nothin*) 1'i) i) 8'$ 8e can )a$ t'at
t'inkin(, tru&$ t'inkin( @ and 'ere 8e are re#inded o+ D$&an4) in)i)tence t'at a&& o+ 'i) )on() are !rote)t )on(), e"en 8'en t'e$ do not take u! t'e to!ica& i))ue) o+ t'e da$ @ i) t'at rare)t o+ e"ent), and con)titute) t'e on&$ rea& re)i)tance to 8'at #u)t be ca&&ed t'e 9co#!&icit$; o+ t'e 8e&&3 #eanin( Le+t, 8'ic' in it) de)ire +or i##ediate re)u&t) i) indi)tin(ui)'ab&e +ro# it) 'ated ri"a& Ht'e narci))i)# o+ )#a&& di++erence)I, neo3 &ibera&i)#A
20F | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
!T Ps choanal sis 1ad + Generic

9irst" E#en if the win e#er ar*%ment here" o% still #ote ne*ati#e make them pro#e wh this specific application of ps choanal sis is (ad) .econd" 4%r alternati#e is a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal sis The :re #er different thin*s Not onl do we %se ps choanal sis" (%t we deconstr%ct the s%(6ect and the process and knowled*e prod%ction .ol#es offense Third" Their distr%st is predicated off of ideolo* ideolo* necessitates the re6ection of all other forms of #iewin* thin*s if we win a link" it means o% re6ect all their ar*%ments a*ainst %s) 9o%rth" Ps choanal sis is cr%cial for li(eration the Impossi(ilit that str%ct%res s%(6ecti#it is the condition of he*emonic str%**le-s possi(ilit Ai2ek &DDD QS&a"oJ, at'er 0ro&i+ic Aut'or, 9C&a)) Stru((&e or 0o)t#oderni)#[ 6e), !&ea)e!; Contin(enc$, He(e#on$, Uni"er)a&it$5
Conte#!orar$ Dia&o(ue) on t'e Le+t, .e8 6ork Cit$5 Ver)o, 2000, 11031GGu8$o3aJ&S 1ake t'e ca)e o+ )e%ua& di++erence it)e&+5 LacanP) c&ai# t'at )e%ua& di++erence i) Prea&3i#!o))ib&eP i) )trict&$ )$non$#ou) 8it' 'i) c&ai# t'at Pt'ere i) no )uc' t'in( a) a )e%ua& re&ation)'i!PA 9or
,acan" se7%al difference is not a +ir# )et o+ P)taticP )$#bo&ic o!!o)ition) and inc&u)ion)Ge%c&u)ion) H'etero)e%ua& nor#ati"it$ 8'ic' re&e(ate) 'o#o3)e%ua&it$ and ot'er P!er"er)ion)P to )o#e )econdar$ ro&eI, but the name of a deadlock" of a tra%ma" of an open 3%estion" of somethin* that resists e#er attempt at its s m(oli2ationA /"er$ tran)&ation o+ )e%ua& di++erence into a )et o+ )$#bo&ic o!!o)itionH)I i) doo#ed to +ai&, and it is this #er -impossi(ilit - that opens %p the terrain of the he*emonic str%**le +or 8'at P)e%ua& di++erenceP 8i&& #eanA What is (arred is not what is e7cl%ded %nder the present he*emonic re*ime) The political str%**le for he*emon whose o%tcome is contin*ent" and the anon+historical(ar or impossi(ilit are t'u) strictl correlati#e0 there is a str%**le for he*emon precisel (eca%se some precedin* a(ar- of impossi(ilit s%stains the #oid at stake in the he*emonic str%**leA So Lacan i) t'e "er$ o!!o)ite o+ Cantian +or#a&i)# Hi+ b$ t'i) 8e under)tand die i#!o)ition o+ )o#e +or#a& +ra#e t'at )er"e) a) t'e a !riori o+ it) contin(ent contentI5 ,acan forces %s to make thematic the e7cl%sion of some tra%matic acontent- that is constit%ti#e of the empt %ni#ersal form) There is historical space onl in so far as this space is s%stained ( some more radical e7cl%sion Hor a) Lacan 8ou&d 'a"e !ut it, +orc&u)ionIA So one sho%ld distin*%ish (etween two le#els0 the he*emonic str%**le for which partic%lar content will he*emoni2e the empt %ni#ersal notionO and the more f%ndamental impossi(ilit that renders the Uni#ersal empt and th%s a terrain for he*emonic str%**le)
20, | A I D S
and HIV
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MUHS
!T No ,ack?,ack is !ffirmation
9irst" Desire and ,ack are not 6%st prod%cti#e The are e3%all ne*ati#e ,ittle a is that desire wants to (e f%lfilled i)e) ne*ated ,ittle ( is that desire is one thin* that can onl (e descri(ed as no other desire (esides the desire it is Desire and lack are in an of themsel#es infinitel ne*ati#e to an other desire to affirm their e7istence .econd" this means o%r ; m%st come first 4nl a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal sis can anal 2e all aspects of desire and lack Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
Fe&&o8 at ]co&e nor#a&e )u!^rieure, 0ari)A Hi) di))ertation !roJect i) an in"e)ti(ation o+ t'e +i(ure o+ in+inite Jud(#ent in t'e tran)+or#ation o+ &an(ua(e, &o(ic, and ae)t'etic) in ear&$ nineteent'3centur$ 7er#an &iterature and !'i&o)o!'$, 99.o :ut)ide o+ 0)$c'oana&$)i);5 1o8ard) a 7ra##ato&o(ica& Conce!t o+ t'e Uncon)ciou);, =CookAI *'$ )'ou&d 8e in)i)t on t'i) !oint[ Let u) >uick&$ reca&& )o#e e&e#ent) o+ t'e Lacanian doctrineA The
si*nifier is a(sol%tel ne*ati#eO it is what all other si*nifiers are not) It is p%re difference in the s m(olic field" whereas the letter is of a positi#e order HMi&ner 12F@?2IA This is alread the heart of the matter" the same 3%estion raised ( the talkin* c%re0 how a s stem of ne*ati#e differentiation can prod%ce an effect in the real" that is" one which is not p%rel ne*ati#e, 9La &ettre radica&e#ent e)t e++et de Q/nd 0a(e 1DBS di)cour); HLacan, S^#inaire ``5 ?EIA :ne cou&d )a$, "er$ conci)e&$, t'at the letter is that which makes a difference where there is noI+oJneAE Fro# t'i) +o&&o8) t'at the si*nifier is restricted to the s m(olic" whereas the letter ties it to the two other re*isters" the I and the R" completin* its nodal str%ct%reA A&)o, 8it'in t'e +ra#e8ork o+ 1'e 0ur&oined Letter, t'ere i) not )i#!&$ di++erentiation o+ !o)ition) but actua& tran)+or#ati"e act),
in t'i) ca)e t'e Hat &ea)tI t8o ca)e) o+ t'e+tA 1'e &etter i) tran)#i))ib&e, a) t'e )i(ni+ier >ua )i(ni+ier cannot tran)#it an$t'in(A :nce attuned to t'i) >ue)tion, one can e"en )en)e occa)iona&&$ a &ack o+ con"iction )neakin( into Derrida4) readin(5 9a #i&ieu o+ idea&it$5 'ence t'e e#inence o+ t'e tran)cendenta& 8'o)e e++ect i) to #aintain !re)ence, to 8it !'onÂ This
is what made necessar and possi(le" in e7chan*e for certain corrections" the inte*ration of 9re%dian phallocentrism with a f%ndamentall phonocentric .a%ss%rian semiolin*%istics) 1'e Za&(orit'#ic4 tran)+or#ation doe) not a!!ear to #e to undo t'i) tie; HDerrida, 0o)t B-FnDEIA The Kal*orithmicL transformation" of which Derrida speaks here" and which does not appear to %ndo the phallo?phonocentric tie" is alread a consideration of later de#elopments in ,acan:s workA 1'e a&(orit'#ic tran)+or#ation doe) in +act not take !&ace in
t'e Se#inar on t'e 0ur&oined Letter Ht'ou(' t'ere i) a +or#a&i2ation o+ t'e oddGe"en (a#e in t'e acco#!an$in( 9Suite;a8'ic' Derrida c'oo)e) not to di)cu))I, a&t'ou(' it i) doubt&e)) !art o+ t'e na)cent !ro(ra##atic o+ t'e Lacanian #at'e#eA And &ater, in 90our &4a#our de Lacan,; Derrida u&ti#ate&$ denie) t'at Le Facteur de &a "^rit^ ai#ed at one !)$c'oana&$)i)A
final deconstr%ction of the one ,acanian
disco%rse, and re+u)e) to !a)) t'e Jud(#ent o+ !'onocentri)# on Lacan4) idea o+ t'e #at'e#e, 'i) 9#at'e#atica&; re8ritin( o+
210 | A I D S
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!T Ps choanal sis 1ad Desire Prod%cti#e

9irst" The :re wron*" desire lacks (eca%se of the fail%re of lan*%a*e to accord with the world) Its chaotic and %nsta(le nat%re pre#ents attempts to tie it to the s m(olic realit " res%ltin* in contradictor feelin*s and a *ap (etween act%al o(6ects and the impossi(le o(6ect ca%se that people desire" meanin* that no matter what contin*ent o(6ect or polic o% achie#e" there:ll alwa s (e somethin*:s that:s not 3%ite it) .econd" 4%r alternati#e is a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal sis The :re #er different thin*s Not onl do we %se ps choanal sis" (%t we deconstr%ct the s%(6ect and the process and knowled*e prod%ction .ol#es offense Deconst%ctionist ar*%e the same (asic principle The lack and a(sence is a presence and a force in itself This sol#es all of their offense Hofme r :DG HBenda, De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N Uni"er)it$ o+ 0retoria, 0retoriaN Sout' A+rica, 0002AN De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'ica&
Derrida:s insistence %pon the inel%cta(leN di#isi(ilit of the letter refers to the fact that the Kori*inal?ori*inar L" accordin( toN 'i#, is not a s%(stance (%t the scission and di#ision of diff[ranceA Herein 'e i) t'ere+oreN not @ a) 'i) critici)# 8ou&d )u((e)t @ in +unda#enta& di)a(ree#ent 8it' Lacan,N +or t'e$ )ee# to be )a$in( t'e )a#e t'in(, a&beit in di++erent 8a$) @ about t'e ea&AN 9or the Real" accordin* to ,acan" is a matter not of presence or a(sence (%t of splittin*)Q The indi#isi(ilit of the letter therefore is not an insistence %pon presence Ior a(senceN +or t'at #atterI, (%t %pon splittin* like a 3%ant%m particle split (etween (othN (ein* and not (ein* at its destinationA In ot'er 8ord), ,acan promotes neither KlackLQ Ia(senceJ nor Kphall%sL If%llnessJ as transcendental si*nifieds) at'er, he insists %ponQ the 3%asi+transcendental f%nction of the Real" which is neither the a(sence nor the f%llnessQ of (ein*" (%t" as H%rst claims" a f%ndamental splittin* akin to diff[rance Hc+A !AN ?-FIA Third" T%rn + this ar*%ment destro s all hope of pro*ressi#e social chan*e) If desire is prod%cti#e" then ideolo* directl constr%cts s%(6ecti#it " meanin* there-s no wa to resist he*emon " doomin* %s to e#en more fascism) 4nl lack in the social allows for s%(6ecti#e freedom
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9o%rth" E#en if people *et what the reall desire" that:s not responsi#e) Desire lacks (eca%se of its internal contradictions" meanin* that e#er time o% *et what o% desire" it:ll fail to (rin* satisfaction (eca%se the o(6ect ca%se that o% desire retroacti#el morphs into somethin* else (eca%se of the wa that it:s split from within) 9ifth" Historical e7amples of disappointment demonstrate how desire lacks) There ha#e (een a #ariet of political mo#ements that so%*ht to a(olish the alienation of la#or" ine3%alit and so on" like Na2i aGerman and the 4cto(er Re#ol%tion) The fail%re of these mo#ements to li#e %p to there e7pectations and the s%(se3%ent totalitarian ni*htmares show how a mo#ement:s political actions can fail to li#e %p to its e7pectations) .i7th" E#er da o(6ects necessaril fails to f%lfill the act%al ca%se of one-s desire the conflation of the two can onl take place thro%*h ill%sion Ai2ek -EH QS&a"oJ, Lookin( A8r$5 An Introduction to =ac>ue) Lacan t'rou(' 0o!u&ar Cu&ture, Ca#brid(e5 MI1 0re)), 1,,?, ?23?GGu8$o3aJ&S
At +ir)t )i('t, ende&& )ee#) to !ro"ide 'ere an e&e#entar$ &e))on on t'e Freudian notion o+ t'e dri"e5 it) obJect i) u&ti#ate&$ indi++erent and arbitrar$3e"en in t'e ca)e o+ t'e Onatura&O and Oaut'enticO re&ation)'i! o+ a #ot'er to 'er c'i&d, t'e obJect3 c'i&d !ro"e) interc'an(eab&eA But t'e accent o+ ende&&P) )tor$ o++er) a di++erent &e))on5 if
an o(6ect is to take its place in a li(idinal space" its ar(itrar character m%st remain concealedA 1'e )ubJect cannot )a$ to 'er)e&+, OSince t'e obJect i) arbitrar$, I can c'oo)e 8'ate"er I 8ant a) t'e obJect o+ #$ dri"eAO The o(6ect m%st appear to (e fo%nd" to o++er it)e&+ a) )u!!ort and !oint
o+ re+erence +or t'e dri"eP) circu&ar #o"e3 #entA In ende&&P) no"e&, t'e #ot'er on&$ acce!t) t'e ot'er c'i&d 8'en )'e can )a$ to 'er)e&+ OI rea&&$ cannot do an$t'in(, i+ I re+u)e 'i# no8, t'in() 8i&& (et e"en #ore co#!&icated, t'e c'i&d i) !ractica&&$ i#!o)ed on #eAO *e can )a$, in +act, t'at 1'e 1ree o+ Hand) 8ork) in a 8a$ o!!o)ite to t'at o+ Brec'tian dra#a5 in)tead o+ #akin( a +a#i&iar )ituation )tran(e, t'e no"e& de#on)trate) t'e 8a$ 8e are !re!ared, )te! b$ )te!, to acce!t a) +a#i&iar a bi2arre and #orbid )ituationA 1'i) !rocedure i) +ar #ore )ub"er)i"e t'an t'e u)ua& Herein Con)i)t), a&)o, t'e +unda#enta& &e))on o+ Lacan5 while it is tr%e that an o(6ect can occ%p the empt place of the Thin*" it can do so onl ( means of the ill%sion that it was alwa s alread there, iAeA, t'at it 8a) not !&aced t'ere b$ u) but +ound t'ere as an =answer of the real) =!ltho%*h an o(6ect can f%nction as the o(6ect+ca%se of desire+insofar as the power of fascination it e7erts is not its immediate propert (%t res%lts from the place it occ%pies in the str%ct%re+we m%st" ( str%ct%ral necessit " fall pre to the ill%sion that the power of fascination (elon*s to the o(6ect as s%ch) 1'i) )tructura& nece))it$ enab&e) u) to a!!roac' +ro# a ne8 !er)!ecti"e t'e c&a))ic 0a)ca&ian3Mar%ian Brec'tian oneA de)cri!tion o+ t'e &o(ic o+ O+eti)'i)tic in"er)ionO in inter3!er)ona& re&ation)'i!)A 1'e )ubJect) t'ink t'e$ treat a certain !er)on a) a kin( becau)e 'e i) a&read$ in 'i#)e&+ a kin(, 8'i&e in realit
this person is kin* onl insofar as the s%(6ects treat him as
oneA 1'e ba)ic re"er)a& o+ 0a)ca& and Mar% &ie), o+ cour)e, in t'eir de+inin( t'e kin(P) c'ari)#a not a) an i##ediate !ro!ert$ o+ t'e !er)on3kin(
but a) a Ore+&e%i"e deter#inationO o+ t'e co#!ort#ent o+ 'i) )ubJect), or3to u)e t'e ter#) o+ )!eec' act t'eor$3a !er+or#ati"e e++ect o+ t'eir )$#bo&ic ritua&A But t'e crucia& !oint i) t'at it
is a positi#e" necessar condition for this performati#e effect to take place that the kin*-s charisma (e e7perienced precisel as an immediate propert of the person+kin*) The moment the s%(6ects take co*ni2ance of the fact that the kin*-s charisma is a performati#e effect" the effect itself is a(orted) In ot'er 8ord), i+ 8e atte#!t to O)ubtractO t'e
+eti)'i)tic in"er)ion and 8itne)) t'e !er+or#ati"e e++ect direct&$, t'e !er+or#ati"e !o8er 8i&& be di))i!atedA But 8'$, 8e #a$ a)k, can t'e !er+or#ati"e e++ect take !&ace on&$ on condition t'at it i) o"er&ooked[ *'$ doe) t'e di)c&o)ure o+ t'e !er+or#ati"e #ec'ani)# nece))ari&$ ruin it) e++ect[ *'$, to !ara!'ra)e Ha#&et, i) t'e kin( Ha&)oI a t'in([ *'$ #u)t t'e )$#bo&ic #ec'ani)# be 'ooked onto a Ot'in(,O )o#e !iece o+ t'e rea&[ 1'e Lacanian an)8er i), o+ cour)e5 (eca%se the s m(olic field is in itself alwa s alread (arred , cri!!&ed, !orou), )tructured around )o#e e%ti#ate kerne&, )o#e i#!o))ibi&it$A 1'e +unction o+ t'e O&itt&e !iece o+ t'e rea&O i) !reci)e&$ to +i&& out t'e !&ace o+ t'i) "oid t'at (a!e) in t'e "er$ 'eart o+ t'e )$#bo&icA
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MUHS
!T Ps choanal sis 1ad .chi2oanal sis

9irst" This ar*%ment is more totali2in* than o%rs and links e#en worse to their 4edipal ar%*ments) The positin* of m%ltiple (ecomin*s creates a proliferation of new e*os" each of which still end%res an oedipali2ed relationship to the e7ternal world" reinscri(in* a concrete s%(6ect" failin* to acknowled*e the f%ndamentall e7ternal nat%re of the s%(6ect and its f%nction as a #oid) .econd" 4%r alternati#e is a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal sis The :re #er different thin*s Not onl do we %se ps choanal sis" (%t we deconstr%ct the s%(6ect and the process and knowled*e prod%ction .ol#es offense Deconst%ctionist ar*%e the same (asic principle The lack and a(sence is a presence and a force in itself This sol#es all of their offense Hofme r :DG HBenda, De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N Uni"er)it$ o+ 0retoria, 0retoriaN Sout' A+rica, 0002AN De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'ica&
Derrida:s insistence %pon the inel%cta(leN di#isi(ilit of the letter refers to the fact that the Kori*inal?ori*inar L" accordin( toN 'i#, is not a s%(stance (%t the scission and di#ision of diff[ranceA Herein 'e i) t'ere+oreN not @ a) 'i) critici)# 8ou&d )u((e)t @ in +unda#enta& di)a(ree#ent 8it' Lacan,N +or t'e$ )ee# to be )a$in( t'e )a#e t'in(, a&beit in di++erent 8a$) @ about t'e ea&AN 9or the Real" accordin* to ,acan" is a matter not of presence or a(sence (%t of splittin*)Q The indi#isi(ilit of the letter therefore is not an insistence %pon presence Ior a(senceN +or t'at #atterI, (%t %pon splittin* like a 3%ant%m particle split (etween (othN (ein* and not (ein* at its destinationA In ot'er 8ord), ,acan promotes neither KlackLQ Ia(senceJ nor Kphall%sL If%llnessJ as transcendental si*nifieds) at'er, he insists %ponQ the 3%asi+transcendental f%nction of the Real" which is neither the a(sence nor the f%llnessQ of (ein*" (%t" as H%rst claims" a f%ndamental splittin* akin to diff[rance Hc+A !AN ?-FIA Third" E#en if there are m%ltiple sel#es" those sel#es are still o%t of 6oint in the world and find themsel#es in a space in which there-s no consistentl *ro%nded (i* other" meanin* that o%r ar*%ment still applies) 9o%rth" 9ar from li(eratin* the s%(6ect" assertion of h (ridit i*nores the wa that deterritoriali2ation is tra%matic to mar*inaled peoples and feeds the sta(ilit of capital Ai2ek -EE QS&a"oJ, Senior e)earc'er at In)titute +or Socia& Studie), LJub&iana and Bada)), 1'e 1ick&i)' SubJect5 t'e ab)ent centre o+ !o&itica&
onto&o($, .e8 6ork5 Ver)o, 1,,,, 22031GGu8$o3aJ&S
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MUHS
Does this mean that the sol%tion lies in acknowled*in* the -h (rid- character of each identit > It i) ea)$ to !rai)e t'e '$bridit$ o+ t'e !o)t#odern #i(rant )ubJect" no lon*er attached to specific ethnic roots" floatin* freel (etween different)c%lt%ral circles) Un+ortunate&$, two totall different sociopolitical le#els are condensed here5 on t'e one 'and the cosmopolitan %pper+ and %pper+ middle+class academic" alwa s with the proper #isas enab&in( 'i# to cro)) border) 8it'out an$ !rob&e# in order to carr$ out 'i) H+inancia&, acade#icA A AI bu)ine)), and t'u) ab&e to PenJo$ t'e di++erencePT on the other hand the poor IimJmi*rant worker dri"en +ro# 'i) 'o#e b$ !o"ert$ or Het'nic, re&i(iou)I "io&ence" for whom the cele(rated -h (ridit - desi*nates a #er tan*i(le tra%matic e7perience of ne#er (ein* a(le to settle down properl and &e(a&i2e 'i) )tatu), t'e )ubJect +or 8'o# )uc' )i#!&e ta)k) a) cro))in( a border or reunitin( 8it' 'i) +a#i&$ can be an e%!erience +u&& o+ an%iet$, and de#andin( (reat e++ortA For t'i) )econd )ubJect, (ein* %prooted +ro# 'i) traditiona& 8a$ o+ &i+e is a tra%matic shock 8'ic' de)tabi&i2e) 'i) entire e%i)tence 3 to te&& 'i# t'at 'e )'ou&d enJo$ t'e '$bridit$ and t'e &ack o+ +i%ed identit$ o+ 'i) dai&$ &i+e, t'e +act t'at 'i) e%i)tence i) #i(rant, ne"er identica&3to3it)e&+, and )o on, in#ol#es the same c nicism as that at work in the Ipop%lari2ed #ersion ofJ Dele%2e and G%attari-s cele(ration of the schi2o+ s%(6ect whose rhi2omatic p%l#eri2ed e7istence e7plodes the paranoiac -proto+9ascistprotec+ti#e shield of fi7ed identit 0 what is" for the concerned s%(6ect" an e7perience of the %tmost s%fferin* and de)!air, t'e )ti(#a o+ e%c&u)ion, o+ bein( unab&e to !artici!ate in t'e a++air) o+ 'i) co##unit$, is from the point of #iew of the e7ternal and well" -normal-" and f%ll adapted postmodern theoretician + cele(rated as the %ltimate assertion of the s%(#ersi#e desirin* machine) ) ) ) 9ifth" .hiftin* identification reinforces the ideolo*ical re*ime ( makin* it more (eara(le Ai2ek &DDD QS&a"oJ, at'er 0ro&i+ic Aut'or, 9C&a)) Stru((&e or 0o)t#oderni)#[ 6e), !&ea)e!; Contin(enc$, He(e#on$, Uni"er)a&it$5
Conte#!orar$ Dia&o(ue) on t'e Le+t, .e8 6ork Cit$5 Ver)o, 2000, 1023BGGu8$o3aJ&S
the e7cl%sionar lo*ic is alwa s redo%(led in itself0 not onl is the s%(ordinated 4ther H'o#o)e%ua&), non38'ite race)AAAI e7cl%ded?repressed" (%t he*emonic %ni#ersalit itself also relies on a disa#owed -o(scene- partic%lar content of its own H)a$, the e7ercise of power that le*itimi2es itself as le*al" tolerant, C'ri)tianA A A relies on a set of p%(licl disa#owed o(scene rit%als of #iolent h%miliation of the s%(ordinated 2EIA More (enera&&$, we are dealin* here with 8'at one i) te#!ted to ca&& the ideolo*ical practice of disidentification # 1'at i) to )a$, one )'ou&d turn around t'e )tandard notion o+ ideo&o($
a) !ro"idin( a +ir# identi+ication to it) )ubJect), con)trainin( t'e# to t'eir P)ocia& ro&e)P5 8'at i+, on a di++erent 3 but no &e)) irre"ocab&e and )tructura&&$ nece))ar$ 3 &e"e&"
ideolo* is effecti#e precisel ( constr%ctin* a space of false disidentification" of false dis+tance towards the act%al co+ordinates of those s%(6ects- social e7istence[2- Is not this lo*ic of disidentification discerni(le from the most elementar case of -I am not onl an !merican H'u)band, 8orker, de#ocrat, (a$A A AI, (%t" (eneath all these roles and masks" a h%man (ein*" a comple7 %ni3%e personalit - Iwhere the #er dis+tance towards the s m(olic feat%re that determines m social place *%arantees the efficienc of this determinationI, u! to t'e #ore co#!&e% ca)e o+ c$ber)!ace !&a$in( 8it' oneP) #u&ti!&e identitie)[ 1'e #$)ti+ication o!erati"e in t'e
!er"er)e PJu)t !&a$in(P o+ c$ber3)!ace i) t'ere+ore doub&e5 not on&$ are t'e (a#e) 8e are !&a$in( in it #ore )eriou) t'an 8e tend to a))u#e Hi) it not t'at, in t'e (ui)e o+ a +iction, o+ PitP) Ju)t a (a#eP, a )ubJect can articu&ate and )ta(e +eature) o+ 'i) )$#bo&ic identit$ 3 )adi)tic, P!er"er)eP, and )o on 3 8'ic' 'e 8ou&d ne"er be ab&e to ad#it in 'i) Prea&P inter)ubJecti"e contact)[I, but t'e o!!o)ite a&)o 'o&d), t'at i)"
the m%ch+ cele(rated pla in* with m%ltiple" shiftin* personas Ifreel constr%cted identitiesJ tends to o(f%scate Iand th%s falsel li(erate %s fromJ the constraints of social space in which o%r e7istence is trappedA Let #e e"oke anot'er e%a#!&e5 8'$ did C'ri)ta *o&+P) The Quest $or Christa T e%ert )uc' a tre#endou) i#!act
on t'e 7D !ub&ic in t'e 1,E0)[ Becau)e it i) !reci)e&$ a no"e& about t'e +ai&ure 3 or, at &ea)t, t'e "ac3i&&ation 3 o+ ideo&o(ica& inter!e&&ation, about t'e +ai&ure o+ +u&&$ reco(ni2in( one)e&+ in oneP) )ocio3ideo&o(ica& identit$5 1'en 'er na#e 8a) ca&&ed5 PC'ri)ta 1A!P 3 )'e )tood u! and 8ent and did 8'at 8a) e%!ected o+ 'erT 8a) t'ere an$one to 8'o# )'e cou&d )a$ t'at 'earin( 'er na#e ca&&ed (a"e 'er #uc' to t'ink about5 I) it rea&&$ #e 8'oP) #eant[ :r i) it on&$ #$ na#e t'atP) bein( u)ed[ Counted in 8it' ot'er na#e), indu)triou)&$ added u! in +ront o+ t'e e>ua&) )i(n[ And #i('t Ju)t a) 8e&& 'a"e been ab)ent, 8ou&d an$one 'a"e noticed[P2B Is
not this *est%re of -!m I that name>-" this pro(in* into one-s s m(olic -identification so well e7pressed ( /ohannes R) 1echer-s 3%ote
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which Wolf p%t at the #er (e*innin* of the no#el0 -This comin*+to+oneself + what is it>-" h sterical pro#ocation at its p%rest> !nd m point is that s%ch a self+pro(in* attit%de" far from effecti#el threatenin* the predominant ideolo*ical re*ime" is what %ltimatel makes it -li#a(le- + this is wh her West German detractors were in a wa parado7icall ri*ht when" after the fall of the Wall" the claimed that 'hrista Wolf" ( e7pressin* the s%(6ecti#e comple7ities" inner do%(ts and oscillations of the GDR s%(6ect" act%all pro#ided a realistic literar e3%i#alent of the ideal GDR s%(6ect" and was as s%ch m%ch more s%ccessf%l in her task of sec%rin* political conformit than the open nai#e propa*andist fiction depictin* ideal s%(6ects sacrificin* themsel#es for the 'omm%nist 'a%se)2,
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!T Ps choanal sis 1ad 4edip%s 1ad

9irst" No link We don-t in#oke 4edip%s in the familial wa that the -re critici2in*) The need a specific criticism of that %sa*e) .econd" 4%r alternati#e is a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal sis The :re #er different thin*s Not onl do we %se ps choanal sis" (%t we deconstr%ct the s%(6ect and the process and knowled*e prod%ction .ol#es offense Deconst%ctionist ar*%e the same (asic principle The lack and a(sence is a presence and a force in itself This sol#es all of their offense Hofme r :DG HBenda, De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N Uni"er)it$ o+ 0retoria, 0retoriaN Sout' A+rica, 0002AN De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'ica&
Derrida:s insistence %pon the inel%cta(leN di#isi(ilit of the letter refers to the fact that the Kori*inal?ori*inar L" accordin( toN 'i#, is not a s%(stance (%t the scission and di#ision of diff[ranceA Herein 'e i) t'ere+oreN not @ a) 'i) critici)# 8ou&d )u((e)t @ in +unda#enta& di)a(ree#ent 8it' Lacan,N +or t'e$ )ee# to be )a$in( t'e )a#e t'in(, a&beit in di++erent 8a$) @ about t'e ea&AN 9or the Real" accordin* to ,acan" is a matter not of presence or a(sence (%t of splittin*)Q The indi#isi(ilit of the letter therefore is not an insistence %pon presence Ior a(senceN +or t'at #atterI, (%t %pon splittin* like a 3%ant%m particle split (etween (othN (ein* and not (ein* at its destinationA In ot'er 8ord), ,acan promotes neither KlackLQ Ia(senceJ nor Kphall%sL If%llnessJ as transcendental si*nifieds) at'er, he insists %ponQ the 3%asi+transcendental f%nction of the Real" which is neither the a(sence nor the f%llnessQ of (ein*" (%t" as H%rst claims" a f%ndamental splittin* akin to diff[rance Hc+A !AN ?-FIA Third" It-s not responsi#e The s%(6ect is oedipali2ed in that lan*%a*e fails to fi7 realit and that the social is incomplete) No matter what s m(olic constr%ction o% de#elop" it-ll miss somethin*" meanin* some form of oedipali2ation is ine#ita(le 9o%rth" T%rn 4%r conception of the s%(6ect is necessar for resistance) If desire doesn-t lack" then the s%(6ect is determinatel prod%ced ( ideolo* and there-s no room for freedom in that fail%re) 4nl the s%(6ect as a split in realit allows for resistance to fascism) 9ifth" The paternal law doesn-t repress desire The father" itself" is a fantas to paper o#er that *ap 4nl o%r model allows for lack in the other and deterritoriali2ation Ai2ek -EH QS&a"oJ, , Lookin( A8r$5 An Introduction to =ac>ue) Lacan t'rou(' 0o!u&ar Cu&ture, Ca#brid(e5 MI1 0re)), 1,,?, 2B3DGGu8$o3
aJ&S
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*'$ i) t'i) redoub&in( nece))ar$[ In t'e :edi!u) #$t', t'e !ro'ibition o+ enJo$#ent )ti&& +unction), u&ti#ate&$, a) an e%terna& i#!edi#ent, &ea"in( t'e !o))ibi&it$ o!en t'at 8it'out t'i) ob)tac&e, 8e 8ou&d be ab&e to enJo$ +u&&$A But en6o
ment is alread " in itself" impossi(le) :ne o+ t'e co##on!&ace) o+ Lacanian t'eor$ i) t'at access to en6o ment is denied to the speakin* (ein*, a) )uc'A The fi*%re of the father sa#es %s from this deadlock ( (estowin* on the immanent impossi(ilit the form of a s m(olic interdictionA 1'e #$t' o+ t'e !ri#a& +at'er in 1ote# and 1aboo
co#!&e#ent)3or, #ore !reci)e&$, )u!!&e#ent)3t'e :edi!u) #$t' b$ e#bod$in( t'i) i#!o))ib&e enJo$#ent in t'e ob)cene +i(ure o+ t'e Fat'er3o+3 /nJo$#ent, iAeA, in t'e "er$ +i(ure 8'o a))u#e) t'e ro&e o+ t'e a(ent o+ !ro'ibitionA The
ill%sion is that there was at least one s%(6ect Ht'e !ri#a& +at'er !o))e))in( a&& 8o#enJ who was a(le to en6o f%ll O as s%ch" the fi*%re of the 9ather+of+En6o ment is nothin* (%t a ne%rotic fantas that o#erlooks the fact that the father has (een dead from the (e*innin*, iAeA, t'at 'e ne"er 8a) a&i"e, e%ce!t in)o+ar a) 'e did not kno8 t'at 'e 8a) a&read$ deadA 1'e &e))on to be dra8n +ro# t'i) i) t'at red%cin* the press%re of the s%pere*o is definitel not to (e accomplished ( replacin* its s%pposedl =irrational"O Ocounter!roducti"e,O Ori(idO press%re with rationall accepted ren%nciations, &a8), and ru&e)A 1'e !oint i) rat'er to ackno8&ed(e t'at part of en6o ment is lost from the #er (e*innin*" that it is immanentl impossi(le" and not concentrated =somewhere else"= in the place from which the a*ent of prohi(ition speaksA At t'e )a#e ti#e" this allows %s to locate the weak point of the Dele%2ian polemic a*ainst ,acan-s =oedipalismAOE *'at De&eu2e and 7uattari +ai& to take into account i) t'at the most powerf%l anti+4edip%s is 4edip%s itself t'e :edi!a& +at'er3+at'er rei(nin( a) 'i) .a#e, a) the a*ent of s m(olic law3i) nece))ari&$ redoub&ed in it)e&+, it can e7ert its a%thorit onl ( rel in* on the s%pere*o fi*%re of the 9ather+of+En6o ment) It i) !reci)e&$ t'i)
de!endence o+ t'e :edi!a& +at'er3t'e a(enc$ o+ )$#bo&ic &a8 (uaranteein( order and reconCi&iationon t'e !er"er)e +i(ure o+ t'e Fat'er3:+3 /nJo$#ent t'at e%!&ain) 8'$ Lacan !re+er) to 8rite !er"er)ion a) !nre3"er)ion, iAeA, t'e "er)ion o+ t'e +at'erA 9ar
from actin* onl as s m(olic a*ent" restrainin* pre+oedipal" =pol morpho%s per#ersit "= s%(6%*atin* it to the *enital law" the =#ersion of"= or t%rn toward" the father is the most radical per+ #ersion of all) .i7th" Dele%2ian anti+oedipalism is a false trans*ression that maintains c%rrent power confi*%rations thro%*h per#ersion Ai2ek -EE QS&a"oJ, LJub&iana and Bada)), 1'e 1ick&i)' SubJect5 t'e ab)ent centre o+ !o&itica& onto&o($, .e8 6ork5 Ver)o, 1,,,, 2D03
1GGu8$o3aJ&S And @ to (i"e t'i) o!!o)ition a !'i&o)o!'ica& t8i)t @ one i) te#!ted to c&ai# t'at his
fidelit to the tr%th of h steria a*ainst the per#ert-s false trans*ression is what led ,acan" in t'e &a)t $ear) o+ 'i) teac'in(, to c&ai# !at'etica&&$5 PI re(el a*ainst philosoph QJe m%insur e contre la &hiloso&hieSAP A!ro!o) o+ t'i) (enera& c&ai#, t'e Lenini)t >ue)tion
)'ou&d be a)ked i##ediate&$5 8'ic' H)in(u&arI !'i&o)o!'$ 8a), +or 'i#, a )tand3in +or !'i&o)o!'$ Pa) )uc'P[ Fo&&o8in( a )u((e)tion b$ Francoi) e(nau&t H8'o dra8) attention to t'e +act t'at Lacan #ade t'i) )tate#ent in 1,-D, in t'e 8ake o+ t'e !ub&ication o+ Anti'(edi&usI, one cou&d ar(ue t'at the
philosoph act%all %nder fire" +ar +ro# )tandin( +or )o#e traditiona& He(e&ian #eta!'$)ic), is none ot'er t'an t'at o+ 7i&&e) Dele%2e, a !'i&o)o!'er o+ (&oba&i2ed !er"er)ion i+ t'ere e"er 8a) oneA 1'at i) to )a$, is not Dele%2e-s criti3%e of -4edipal- ps choanal sis an e7emplar case of the per#erse reaction to h steria> !*ainst the h sterical s%(6ect who maintains an am(i*%o%s attit%de towards s m(olic a%thorit H&ike
t'e !)$c'oana&$)t 8'o ackno8&ed(e) t'e !at'o&o(ica& con)e>uence) o+ Pre!re))ionP, but none t'e &e)) c&ai#) t'at Pre!re))ionP i) t'e condition o+ cu&tura& !ro(re)), )ince out)ide )$#bo&ic aut'orit$ t'ere i) on&$ t'e !)$c'otic "oidI, the
per#ert (ra#el *oes to the limit in %nderminin* the #er fo%ndations of s m(olic a%thorit and f%ll endorsin* the m%ltiple prod%cti#it of pre+s m(olic li(idinal fl%7 A A A +or Lacan, o+ cour)e" this -anti+4edipal- radicali2ation of ps choanal sis is the #er model of the trap to (e a#oided at an$ co)t5 t'e #ode& of false s%(#ersi#e radicali2ation that fits the e7istin* power constellation perfectl A In ot'er 8ord), +or Lacan, t'e !'i&o)o!'erP) Pradica&it$P, 'i) +ear&e)) >ue)tionin( o+ a&& !re)u!!o)ition), i) the mode of the false trans*ressi#e radicalit )
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!T Ps choanal sis 1ad Re+entrenches 'apitalism

9irst" 4%r alternati#e is a deconstr%cti#e ps choanal sis The :re #er different thin*s Not onl do we %se ps choanal sis" (%t we deconstr%ct the s%(6ect and the process and knowled*e prod%ction .ol#es offense Deconst%ctionist ar*%e the same (asic principle The lack and a(sence is a presence and a force in itself This sol#es all of their offense Hofme r :DG HBenda, De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N Uni"er)it$ o+ 0retoria, 0retoriaN Sout' A+rica, 0002AN De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'ica&
Derrida:s insistence %pon the inel%cta(leN di#isi(ilit of the letter refers to the fact that the Kori*inal?ori*inar L" accordin( toN 'i#, is not a s%(stance (%t the scission and di#ision of diff[ranceA Herein 'e i) t'ere+oreN not @ a) 'i) critici)# 8ou&d )u((e)t @ in +unda#enta& di)a(ree#ent 8it' Lacan,N +or t'e$ )ee# to be )a$in( t'e )a#e t'in(, a&beit in di++erent 8a$) @ about t'e ea&AN 9or the Real" accordin* to ,acan" is a matter not of presence or a(sence (%t of splittin*)Q The indi#isi(ilit of the letter therefore is not an insistence %pon presence Ior a(senceN +or t'at #atterI, (%t %pon splittin* like a 3%ant%m particle split (etween (othN (ein* and not (ein* at its destinationA In ot'er 8ord), ,acan promotes neither KlackLQ Ia(senceJ nor Kphall%sL If%llnessJ as transcendental si*nifieds) at'er, he insists %ponQ the 3%asi+transcendental f%nction of the Real" which is neither the a(sence nor the f%llnessQ of (ein*" (%t" as H%rst claims" a f%ndamental splittin* akin to diff[rance Hc+A !AN ?-FIA .econd" Ps choanal sis is necessar to o#ercome capitalism 'apital f%nctions ( repressin* the real of markets (eneath the s m(olic realit of indi#id%al decision+ makin* Ai2ek &DDD QS&a"oJ, 0ro+e))or at t'e /uro!ean 7raduate Sc'oo&, 1'e Fra(i&e Ab)o&ute5 :r, *'$ t'e C'ri)tian Le(ac$ i) *ort' Fi('tin(
For[, .e8 6ork5 Ver)o, 2000, 1D3EGGu8$o3aJ&S Here 8e encounter t'e Lacanian di++erence bet8een rea&it$ and t'e ea&5 -realit
- is the social realit of the act%al people in#ol#ed in interaction, and in t'e !roducti"e !roce))T while the Real is the ine7ora(le -a(stractspectral lo*ic of 'apital which determines what *oes on in social realit ) This *ap is palpa(le in the wa the modern economic sit%ation of a co%ntr is considered to (e *ood and sta(le ( international financial e7perts" e#en when the *reat ma6orit of its people ha#e a lower standard of li#in* than the did (efore realit doesn-t matter" what matters is the sit%ation of 'apitalAAAAAnd, a(ain, i) t'i) not truer t'an e"er toda$[ Do not phenomena %s%all descri(ed as t'o)e o+ -#irt%al capitalism- Ht'e +uture) trade and )i#i&ar ab)tract +inancia& )!ecu&ation)I indicate the rei*n of -real a(straction- at its p%rest" m%ch more radical than it was in Mar7-s time> In )'ort" the hi*hest form of ideolo* lies not in *ettin* ca%*ht %p in ideolo*ical spectralit , +or(ettin( about it) +oundation) in rea& !eo!&e and t'eir re&ation), (%t precisel in o#erlookin* this Real of spectralit " and pretendin* to address directl -real people with their worries-) 5isitors to
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MUHS
the ,ondon .tock E7chan*e are *i#en a free leaflet which e7plains to them that the stock market is not a(o%t some m sterio%s fl%ct%ations" (%t a(o%t real people and their prod%cts this is ideolo* at its p%rest) Third" Ps choanal sis is ke capital f%nctions accordin* the lo*ic of the real" replacin* social realit with an ideolo*ical a(straction that-s e#en more real Ai2ek -EE QS&a"oJ, Senior e)earc'er at In)titute +or Socia& Studie), LJub&iana and Bada)), 1'e 1ick&i)' SubJect5 t'e ab)ent centre o+ !o&itica&
onto&o($, .e8 6ork5 Ver)o, 1,,,, 2-EGGu8$o3aJ&S In )ocioecono#ic ter#), one i) te#!ted to c&ai# t'at 'apital it)e&+ is
the Real of o%r a*eA 1'at i) to )a$, 8'en Mar% de)cribe) t'e #ad )e&+3en'ancin( circu&ation o+ Ca!ita&, whose solipsistic path of self+fec%ndation reaches its apo*ee in toda -s meta+refle7i#e spec%lations on f%t%res, it i) +ar too )i#!&i)tic to c&ai# t'at t'e )!ectre o+ t'i) )e&+3en(enderin(
#on)ter 8'ic' !ur)ue) it) !at' re(ard&e)) o+ an$ 'u#an or en"iron#enta& concern i) an ideo&o(ica& ab)traction, and one )'ou&d ne"er +or(et t'at be'ind t'i) ab)traction t'ere are rea& !eo!&e and natura& obJect) on 8'o)e !roducti"e ca!acitie) and re)ource) Ca!ita&P) circu&ation i) ba)ed, and on 8'ic' it +eed) &ike a (i(antic !ara)iteA 1'e !rob&e# i) t'at this
-a(straction- is not onl in o%r Ifinancial spec%lator-sJ misperception of social realit + it is -real in the precise sense of determinin* the str%ct%re of the material social processes themsel#es0 the fate of whole strata of pop%lations, and )o#eti#e) o+ 8'o&e countrie), can (e decided ( the -solipsistic- spec%lati#e dance of 'apital" which+p%rs%es its *oal of profita(ilit in a (eni*n indifference to how its mo#ement will affect social realit A Here 8e encounter t'e Lacanian di++erence bet8een rea&it$ and t'e ea&5 -realit - is the social realit of the act%al people in#ol#ed in interaction and in the prod%cti#e processes" while the Real is the ine7ora(le -a(stractspectral ,o*ic of 'apital which determines what *oes on in social realit )
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!T Decon) @?@ Ps cho) Generic

Psame as sol#enc e7tensionP 9irst" Deconstr%ctionalist philosophies are deepl intertwined with ps choanal tic philosophies 1oth (elie#e in the same (asis of the impossi(le real as well as the split of presence and a(sence (oth (ein* effect%al in their works 'om(inin* the similarities answers all of the offense This com(ination is ke to sol#enc Hofme r :DG HBenda, De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N Uni"er)it$ o+ 0retoria, 0retoriaN Sout' A+rica, 0002AN De!art#ent o+ 0'i&o)o!'ica&
Ant'ro!o&o($N Facu&t$ o+ 0'i&o)o!'$N adboud Uni"er)it$ .iJ#e(en, 9 e"ie8 o+ Andrea Hur)t, Derrida Vi)3<3"i) LacanA Inter8ea"in( N Decon)truction and 0)$c'oana&$)i)A;, =CookI
Derrida:s persistent resistance a*ainst ps choanal sis seems all the more c%rio%s inN li*ht of this almost effortless in#alidation of his ,acan+criti3%e, t'e (i)t o+ 8'ic' i)N e#!&o$ed b$ Hur)t to ar(ue in
+a"our o+ an accord bet8een t'eir re)!ecti"e di)cour)e)N on t'e ba)i) o+ 9a )'ared !o)t)tructura& &o(ic;5 9t'e !&ura& &o(ic o+ t'e a!oria;A Accordin( to Hur)t, 9the
st le of thinkin* %nderpinnin* ,acanian ps choanal tic theor precisel N matches the Rpl%ral lo*ic of the aporia: ( which Derrida descri(es his ownN 3%asi+ transcendental thinkin*; H!A F, #$ e#!'a)i)IA :!!o)in( t'e 9#utua& anta(oni)#;N bet8een t'e)e t'inker), Hur)t co#!are) 98'at
t'e Lacanian) )a$ about LacanN 8it' 8'at t'e Derridean) )a$ about Derrida; and curiou)&$ ar(ue) in +a"our o+ a 9dee!N t'eoretica& accord;, a 9#irrorin( )$##etr$; or, !reci)e #atc'; HibidAI, !reci)e&$ in t'eN na#e o+ t'e !o)t)tructura& !o)tu&ation o+ di++^rance or 9)!&ittin(;A S'e Ju)ti+ie) t'i)N rat'er !arado%ica& enter!ri)e o+ e&i#inatin( di++erence) in t'e na#e o+ di++erence, b$ N in)i)tin( t'at it 98ou&d 'e&! c&ari+$ t'e +ie&d in 8'ic' bot' o!erate; HibidAI and !ro"ideN a 9ke$ to a #ore !roducti"e interc'an(e bet8een decon)truction and LacanianN !)c$c'oana&$)i); H!A 11IA 1'e o"era&& ta)k o+ t'e )tud$ i) t'ere+oreN 9to de#on)trate t'at (oth
Derrida and ,acan caref%ll insist not onl %ponN ;ant:s Rtranscendental t%rn: (%t also on a second paradi*m shift Ireflected inN ,acan:s thinkin* of the Rimpossi(le Real: and Derrida:s e3%i#alent thinkin* ofN diff[ranceJ where( transcendental thinkin*, 8'ic' concern) it)e&+ 8it' t'eN condition) t'at #ake 8'at i) (i"en in e%!erience !o))ib&e, (ecomes R3%asi+transcendental:)N 8%asi+transcendental thinkin* ))) does not step (e ond the transcendentalN paradi*m (%t remains parasitic %pon it e#en as it r%ins it" ( addin*N that economic conditions of possi(ilit Qo+ Zc&o)ure4 or Ztota&it$4S are sim%ltaneo%sl N the #er aneconomic conditions Qo+ Zo!enne))4 or Zin+init$4S that alsoN make the *i#en" )trict&$ )!eakin(, impossi(le; H!A FJ)N 1oth deconstr%ction and ,acanian ps choanal sis" t'en, em(od the lo*ic of s%ch anN aporetic IimJpossi(ilit from which there is no escape" neither ( wa of ret%rn to anN ancient (e*innin* nor ( wa of pro6ection into a f%t%re ideal) ,acan:s form%lation ofN the Real as Kr%pt%reL" +or e%a#!&e, is characterised ( an opposition (etween paranoiacN %ni#ersalism and h sterical nominalism" which Kprecisel matchesL Derrida:sN distinction (etween the economic and aneconomic aporias @ t'e c'oice bet8een t8oN e>ua&&$ un)ati)+actor$ c'oice)A ,acan cites Kthe m%**er:s choiceL a) e%a#!&e5 o%rN mone or o%r life) This, o+ cour)e, t%rns o%t to (e no real choice at all" (%t rather aN He*elian lose?lose scenario0 in choosin* one the other is lost" (%t since the are interdependent"N optin* for one wo%ld (e to lose the ori*inal choice IKfor lifeL" a) Hur)tN )'re8d&$ re#ark), 9is the necessar condition for ha#in* mone " and" t'e)e da$)"N mone is the necessar condition for ha#in* a lifeLJ) 9or ,acan" the task of anal sis isN to *%ide the anal sand (e ond this lose?lose do%(le (ind t'e a!oria) o+ !aranoiacN uni"er)a&i)# and '$)terica& no#ina&i)# @ to a third stance" the possi(ilit of a win?winN scenario0 the re#ol%tionar :s choice (etween freedom or death) C'^ 7ue"ara ri)ked a&&N +or t'e )ake o+ +reedo#, 8'erea) Socrate) c'o)e deat' rat'er t'an +or)akin( +reedo#A N 1 choosin* for decisi#e action" (oth retained eternal freedom) 1'i) 9+reedo# +or;,N t'en, i) t'e on&$ !o))ib&e
+reedo#, t'e !arado%ica& 9+reedo#; attained t'rou(' t'e re+u)a&N to )ub#it to t'e con)triction) o+ t'e eit'erGor c'oice (i"en b$ a binar$ deter#inationN o+ o!tion), 8'at Foucau&t dubbed t'e 9/n&i('ten#ent b&ack#ai&;, and t'e 8i&&in(ne)) N t'ere+ore to +ace 'ead on t'e doub&e bind o+ t'e a!oria o+ a!oria), iAeA all
the ethical"N political and concept%al parado7es and dilemmas that can neither (e o#ercome norN e#aded (%t m%st (e worked thro%*h intermina(l H!!A 10311IAN
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!T Decon) @?@ Ps cho) Derrida:s Insistence

9irst" Deconstr%ction (ein* applied to ps choanal sis allows the theories to mo#e (e ond the pleas%re principle" into e#er area of life Derrida is alread deepl linked with ps choanal sis thro%*h theories of ne*ation and repression Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
there is Derrida:s insistence, to be +ound in it) #o)t e%!&icit +or# a&read$ in 9Freud and t'e Scene o+ *ritin(,; that Kdespite appearances" the deconstr%ction of lo*ocentrism is not a ps choanal sis of philosoph L H1,EIA This is Kdespite appearances"L since deconstr%ction does indeed ad#ance and insist not onl on a concept of repression, na#e&$ t'e t'e)i) o+ a re!re))ion o+ 8ritin(" (%t also, t'rou(' t'e articu&ation o+ t'e &o(ic o+ t'e trace, 8'ic', ana&o(ou) to t'e Freudian Ur"erdr_n(un( H!ri#ar$Gori(ina& re!re))ionI, is ref%sed the stat%s of a concept (%t whose K#er str%ct%re SNT makes possi(le" as the mo#ement of temporali2ation and p%re a%to+affection" somethin* that can (e called repression in *eneral" the ori*inal s nthesis of ori*inal repression and secondar repression" repression Ritself :L H9Freud; 2?0IA1 Here, the 3%estion of the relationship (etween deconstr%ction and ps choanal sis alread finds itself or*ani2ed aro%nd the thinkin* of temporalit that Derrida considers ina%*%rated with 9re%d" and that cr stalli2es in the notion of the Kcomp%lsion to repeat; H*ieder'o&un()28an(J) Pro#idin* a new, or indeed a +ir)t, philosophical interpretation of this 9re%dian concept dominates all of Derrida:s en*a*ement with ps choanal sis and e7plains the central role pla ed ( a limited n%m(er of 9re%d:s te7ts" a(o#e all 1e ond the Pleas%re Principle)
*e )'a&& be(in b$ addre))in( )o#e #aJor ob)tac&e) to t'e inter!retation I a# !uttin( +or8ardA 1'ere are at &ea)t t'ree5 Fir)t,
.econd" This is irrele#ant (eca%se there is now te7t on the com(ination It doesn:t matter if Derrida talked and a*reed with ,acan" (eca%se the o(#io%sl didn:t Third" It:s 6%st personal anta*onism No theoretical opposition H%rst :DG HAndrea, Ford'a# Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 9Dernda "i)3<3"i) Lacan 5 inter8ea"in( decon)truction and !)$c'oana&$)i);, =CookI
:n t'e ot'er 'and, it
is Derrida himself who *i#es his readers apparent license to pass o#er ,acan-s te7ts in silence) =ud(in( b$ DerridaP) e%!&anation in t'e 1,-1 inter"ie8 O0o)ition)O o+ t'e a&#o)t tota& ab)ence o+ re+erence) to Lacan in 'i) 8ork u! to t'at !oint " the reasons are comple7" ha#in* to do with personal anta*onisms" strikin* differences in intellect%al temperament" and" least of all Hin #$ "ie8I, clear theoretical differencesA1, Fir)t, Derrida acc%ses ,acan of an a**ressi#e response to his own work that takes the form of =kettle lo*ic"= or t'e accu#u&ation o+ incompati(le assertions) In 'i) 8ord)5 O1A De"a&uation and reJection5 Pit i) 8ort'&e))P or PI do not a(reeAP 2A Va&uation and rea!!ro!riation5 P#oreo"er it i) #ine and I 'a"e a&8a$) )aid )oAPO20 The 6%stice of the acc%sation is 3%estiona(le" and despite the a#owedl =minor importance= Derrida attaches to it" there is no do%(t that it contri(%tes to the anta*onistic tone of s%(se3%ent interchan*es)21 In t'i) odd (a#e o+ (ettin( e"en, a) Barbara =o'n)on !ut) it, Ot'e !riorit$ o+ a((re))ion i) doub&ed b$
t'e a((re))i"ene)) o+ !riorit$AO22
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!T Decon) @?@ Ps cho) Te7t%al 1asis

9irst" Derrida ma ha#e attacked ,acan" (%t man concepts are shared (etween the two Especiall tr%e in their later" more adapted and fi7ed writin*s and tho%*hts Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
The second o(stacle concerns the diffic%lties concernin* the te7t%al (asis for the enco%nter (etween Derrida and ,acan) 1'e)e di++icu&tie) are not )i#!&$ o+ a !'i&o&o(ica& natureA :n t'e one 'and, t'ere i) Le +acteur de &a "^rit^, +ir)t !ub&i)'ed in 1,-D, o+ten traded a) Derrida4) canonica& decon)truction o+ LacanA 1'i) te%t, a readin( o+ Lacan4) 1,DE Se#inar on 0oe4) 0ur&oined Letter t'at conc&ude) t'e 'i('&$ co#!&e% te%tua& a))e#b&a(e o+ 1'e 0o)t Card " inscri(es ,acan into the pre+ esta(lished framework of the earlier readin* of 9re%d" and res%lts in the well+known neolo*istic den%nciation of phallo*ocentrism) Then there are the disc%ssions of ,acan:s notion of the s m(olic in the <EU< inter#iew 8it' =ean3Loui) Houdebine and 7u$ Scar!ette, &ater !ub&i)'ed in 0o)ition)A
A&)o, )o#e c&ear re+erence) to Lacanian conce!t), t'ou(' not b$ 8a$ o+ t'e !ro!er na#e, can be di)cerned in Di))e#inationA A&& o+ t'e)e te%t), 8e Q/nd 0a(e 1BFS )'ou&d reca&&, dea& 8it' Lacan4) t'ou('t a) !re)ented in ]crit), !ub&i)'ed in 1,EEA In Facteur de &a "^rit^ in !articu&ar, t'e a!!arent !ri"i&e(e Lacan 'i#)e&+ accorded to t'e )e#inar on 0oe )er"e) to &e(iti#ate t'e !ar) !ro toto a!!roac'A .till"
the reader can discern a certain %nease with this self+restricti#e approach in the (arra*e of footnotes towards the end of 9acte%r de la #[rit[" where the references to other te7ts ( ,acan s%ddenl m%ltipl A Fina&&$" as a decidedl odd te7t in this set" there is the m%ch more recent inter#ention at a ,acan s mposi%m in <EE<, entit&ed 0our &4a#our de Lacan, )ub)e>uent&$ re!ub&i)'ed in e)i)tance)A2
:n t'e ot'er 'and, t'ere i) on&$ one re+erence to Derrida in t'e entiret$ o+ Lacan4) 8ork, !ub&i)'ed and un!ub&i)'ed5 a rat'er #a&iciou) re#ark H9Je &e croi) en ana&$)e;I #ade in Se#inar Ì`, :u !ire\A 1'i) re#ark )oon +ound t'e ear) o+ Derrida, de)!ite bein( !ro#!t&$ &e+t out in t'e in)titutiona&&$ )anctioned )u##ar$ &ater !ub&i)'ed in t'e Journa& o+ t'e ]co&e +reudienne, Sci&icet DA
.econd" This is irrele#ant (eca%se there is now te7t on the com(ination It doesn:t matter if Derrida talked and a*reed with ,acan" (eca%se the o(#io%sl didn:t
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!T Decon) @?@ Ps cho) Memor !rchi#e

9irst" ta* Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
Fe&&o8 at ]co&e nor#a&e )u!^rieure, 0ari)A Hi) di))ertation !roJect i) an in"e)ti(ation o+ t'e +i(ure o+ in+inite Jud(#ent in t'e tran)+or#ation o+ &an(ua(e, &o(ic, and ae)t'etic) in ear&$ nineteent'3centur$ 7er#an &iterature and !'i&o)o!'$, 99.o :ut)ide o+ 0)$c'oana&$)i);5 1o8ard) a 7ra##ato&o(ica& Conce!t o+ t'e Uncon)ciou);, =CookAI 1'e t'ird ob)tac&e i) ar(uab&$ t'e #o)t i#!ortant, but it i) a&)o #uc' &e)) )trai('t+or8ardA It
ori*inates in the de#elopment of the K3%estion of the archi#eL as an e7plicit de#elopment of Derrida:s earlier readin* of the 9re%dian topic of the ps che in 9Freud and t'e Scene o+ *ritin(A; In Arc'i"e Fe"er, Derrida seeks to show that what 9re%d presented as a topic of retention and an acco%nt of memor is not contained and e7ha%sted ( this f%nction, (%t, in 8'at i) e))entia&&$ a ru!ture, or*ani2es an entire topolo* of interiorit and e7teriorit ) It does so not onl as a condition for ps chic acti#it " (%t as the instit%tion of the h pomnemic apparat%s that does not dissol#e itself into either the mn[me or the an]mnesis) Accordin( to Derrida, what the 9re%dian topic of the ps che is s%pposed to achie#e is alread the mark of the instit%tion as s%ch5 Ce o B&oc #a(i>ue p, ce #odm&e e%t^rieur, donc arc'i"a&, de
&4a!!arei& !)$c'i>ue d4enre(i)tre#ent et de #^#ori)ation n4intm(re !a) )eu&e#ent &e) conce!t) inau(urau% de &a !)$c'ana&$)e, de!ui) &4/)>ui))e Ju)>u4au% artic&e) de &a M^ta!)$c'o&o(ie, en !a))ant !ar &a 1rau#deutun(, en !articu&ier tou) ceu% >ui concernent !ar e%e#!&e &e re+ou&e#ent, &a cen)ure, &4enre(i)tre#ent H.ieder)c'ri+tI dan) &e) deu% )$)tm#e) ICS et 0CS, &e) troi) !oint) de "ue to!i>ue, d$na#i>ue et ^cono#i>ueA /n tenant co#!te de &a #u&ti!&icit^ de) &ieu% dan) &4a!!arei& !)$c'i>ue, i& intm(re au))i, au3dedan) de &a !)uk'^ #n#e, &a n^ce))it^ d4un certain de'or), de certaine) +rontimre) entre du dedan) et du de'or)A /t a"ec ce de'or) do#e)ti>ue, c4e)t3<3dire au))i a"ec &4'$!ot'm)e d4un )u!!ort, d4une )ur+ace ou d4un e)!ace interne) )an) &e)>ue&) i& n4$ a ni con)i(nation, enre(i)tre#ent ou i#!re))ion, ni r^!re))ion, cen)ure ou re+ou&e#ent, i& accuei&&e &4idê d4une arc'i"e !)$c'i>ue di)tincte de &a #^#oire )!ontanê, d4une 'u!W#n^)i) di)tincte de &a #n^#e de &4anb#n^)i) 5 &4in)titution, en )o##e, d4une !rot'm)e du dedan)A .ou) di)on) o in)titution p Hon !ourrait dire o ^rection pI !our #ar>uer, dm) &e )eui& ori(inaire de cette !rot'm)e, une ru!ture tout au))i ori(inaire a"ec &a natureA La t'ôrie de &a !)$c'ana&$)e de"ient a&or) une t'ôrie de &4arc'i"e et non )eu&e#ent une t'ôrie de &a #^#oireA HDerrida, Ma& ?-@?FI Q/nd 0a(e 1B,S The
entire comple7 of archi#i2ation" preser#ation" and transmission, 8'ic' in 9Freud and t'e Scene o+ *ritin(; was treated almost e7cl%si#el %nder the swa of the concept%al apparat%s of 4f Grammatolo* " is now (ein* anal 2ed primaril from that (e ond of the pleas%re principle that onl *ains prominence in the later te7ts of the 9re%dian corp%s, )uc' a) Mo)e) and Monot'ei)#A What these later inter#entions ha#e in #iew, a) a&read$ announced b$ t'e di)cu))ion o+ &i+edeat' H&a "ie &a #ortI in S!^cu&er@Sur Freud HDerrida, 0o)t 2D,I is a certainMimpossi(leM affirmation of the death+dri#e" which can onl take the shape of a do%(le (ind" rather than the earlier deconstr%ction of the scene of ori*inal inscription #i2) repressionA 1'i) t'ird ob)tac&e
be(in) to (ain )'a!e 8'en 8e cou!&e t'i) 8it' t'e e%i(enc$a bot' t'eoretica& and et'ica&ao+ re)i)tance, !ut +or8ard b$ Derrida in t'e e))a$ b$ t'e )a#e na#eA Here, the
trope of resistance is applied ( Derrida as m%ch in the name of as a*ainst ps choanal sis) The te7t acti#ates the ,acanian trope of Kresistance to the resistersLa9r^)i)tance au% r^)i)tant); HLacan, 9La C'o)e; B1FIanot 6%st an a(%sed notion of the disco%rse of the anal st Hone reca&&) 'ere Freud4) ackno8&ed(#ent o+ t'e 9'ead) I 8in, tai&) $ou &o)e; !rob&e# at t'e 'eart o+ t'e conce!t o+ re)i)tanceIA Derrida speaks in the name of another resistance, one t'at re!eat) t'e )tructura& ar(u#ent o+ Arc'i"e Fe"erA 1'i) ti#e, 'o8e"er, it is applied more widel to the contemporar 3%estion of Kwhat to do with anal sis"L and )!eci+ica&&$ to t'e &o"e o+, and +or, Lacan5 9I consider it an act of c%lt%ral resistance to pa homa*e p%(licl to tho%*ht" disco%rse" writin*" which is diffic%lt and does not lend itself easil to normali2ation ( media" academe" or p%(lishin*" is refractor to the restoration presentl in pro*ress" and to philosophical or theoretical neoconformism in *eneral SNT which le#els e#er thin* aro%nd %s" in the attempt to make %s for*et what the ,acan era was" alon* with the f%t%re and promise of his tho%*ht" th%s erasin* the name of ,acanL
HDerrida, 90our &4a#our; EB, e#!'A #ineIA Can one den$ t'at t'e actua&it$ o+ t'e e%i(enc$ o+ re)i)tance !er)i)t) and i#!o)e) it)e&+, !er'a!) e"en #ore )o t'an t8ent$ $ear) a(o, 8'en t'e)e !'ra)e) 8ere uttered[ 1'i) i) not a 'i)torici)t, or e"en an 'i)torica&, ar(u#entA It i) not a >ue)tion o+ 'i)tor$, but a >ue)tion o+ du)kA A) i) de#on)trated b$ t'e !ub&ication o+ Benoqt 0eeter)4) bio(ra!'$ o+ Derrida? H#eticu&ou)&$ re)earc'ed, 8ritten b$ )o#eone 8it' t'e nece))ar$ credentia&), )anctioned b$ a (ood !re))aa&& t'e c'aracteri)tic) &i)ted b$ Derrida 'i#)e&+I, 8e are 8itne))in(, at t'e end o+ decon)truction4) &on( #arc' t'rou(' t'e HA#ericanI in)titution), a cre!u)cu&ar takin(3)'a!e o+ t'e !eriod o+ t'ou('t t'at )ai&ed under
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t'e +&a( o+ 9!o)t3)tructura&i)#A; 1'e !ro!er na#e) !er)i)t, o+ cour)e, but t'e #ere !re)er"ation o+ t'e na#e i) no (uarantee a(ain)t +or(ettin(T it i) !er+ect&$ co#!atib&e 8it' t'e continued (round)8e&& o+ t'e con+or#i)# and re)toration Q/nd 0a(e 1D0S Derrida 8i)'ed to re)i)t 8it' 'i) dec&aration o+ 9&o"e o+ LacanA; 1o re#ain +or a #o#ent 8it'in t'e He(e&ian i#a(er$ o+ du)k5 du)k i) not t'e e>ui"a&ent o+ a #o#ent 8it'in 'i)tor$A Du)k, a) it i) +a#ou)&$ !re)ented in t'e !re+ace to He(e&4) 0rinci!&e) o+ t'e 0'i&o)o!'$ o+ i('t, i) not 'i)torica&, but t'e ti#e o+ t'e incon(ruence o+ 'i)tor$ and t'inkin(A It i) u&ti#ate&$ i#!o))ib&e to deter#ine 8'et'er t'e !re)ent i) t'e du)k at 8'ic' Miner"a take) +&i('t or t'e #e&anc'o&ic de)cent into t'e ni('t in 8'ic' a&& co8) are b&ack, t'at i), o+ true in3di++erenceAB Part
of the task, t'en, is to p%t the archi#al 3%estion to deconstr%ction itself" to allow it to appear historicall if onl in order to raise its proper pro(lematic of transmission) Un)ur!ri)in(&$, t'i) >ue)tion 'ad be(un in)i)tin( +ro# t'e ear&ie)t te%t) Derrida !roduced" a) t'i) !a))a(e +ro# 9Di++^rance; de#on)trate)5 9I 8i)' to under&ine t'at t'e e++icacit$ o+ t'e t'e#atic o+ di++^rance #a$
"er$ 8e&&, indeed #u)t, one da$ be )u!er)eded, &endin( it)e&+ i+ not to it) o8n re!&ace#ent, at &ea)t to en#e)'in( it)e&+ in a c'ain t'at in trut' it ne"er 8i&& 'a"e (o"erned; H-IA 1'i), 'o8e"er, i) not to be con+u)ed 8it' an ec'o o+ Freud4) e%!ectation and de)ire t'at 'i) na#e be era)ed and +or(otten in order to (i"e &i+e to !)$c'oana&$)i) a) a )cienti+ic di)cour)eA It 'a) e"en &e)) to do 8it' a "u&(ar and >ua)i3'i)torica& notion o+ 9o"erco#in(; decon)tructionA If
resistance here does call for a certain s%persession of the Kefficacit of the thematic of difference"L acknowled*in* and enterin* into the d%sk of deconstr%ction does not mean consi*nin* it to the enclosed space of an epoch" re"ertin( to !re3 or non3decon)tructi"e #ode)
o+, Ju)t to na#e t8o !'eno#ena a#on( #an$, c&a))ica&3!'i&o&o(ica& 'er#eneutic) and decided&$ +e"er&e)), anti3in+&a##ator$ arc'i"a& 8ork Ha return to a 9&iterature )!eakin( +or it)e&+ ;I or 8'at I 8ou&d not 'e)itate to ca&& certain ne8 !'i&o)o!'ica& onto&o(ie) o+ re)ent#entA 1'e real
e7i*enc is twofold0 on the one hand" resistance to the transformation of deconstr%ction into a dispositif, t'at i), it reasserts the incompati(ilit of Derrida:s work with the repressi#e framework ,acan formali2ed as the KDisco%rse of the Uni#ersit )L HIt i) 8ort' kee!in( in #ind t'at, in 'i)
t'eor$ o+ di)cour)e), Lacan )ee) t'e re!re))i"e di)cour)e not a) t'e di)cour)e o+ t'e #a)ter, but a) t'e di)cour)e o+ t'e uni"er)it$, a di)cour)e t'at !rec&ude) bot' t'e !o)ition o+ re)i)tance, be it '$)terica& or ana&$tica&, and t'at o+ t'e #a)terAI :n t'e ot'er 'and, t'en, a) Cat'erine Ma&abou 'a) ar(ued recent&$, it
is necessar to ass%me a responsi(ilit of in#ention" which is in fact a responsi(ilit for chan*in* difference) The first step of this in#ention can onl (e accomplished ( 9re+u)er de r^!^ter ou de !a)tic'er un (e)te >ui ne !eut !&u) !roduire de di++erence Qref%sin* to repeat or pastiche a *est%re which no lon*er prod%ces differenceS; HMa&abou -,IAN This is the field of inter#ention where a reconsideration of the relation (etween the works of Derrida and ,acan has (ecome necessar " and from which a *rammatolo*ical concept of the %nconscio%s can (e constr%ctedA Q/nd 0a(e 1D1S
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!T Ps cho) ,inks to Derrida

9irst" Despite Derrida:s ass%mption" ,acan and ps choanal sis remo#e themsel#es from the metaph sics of presence ( disc%ssin* realit " the Real and challen*in* the point in which the ,ack is positi#e and ne*ati#e H%rst :DG HAndrea, Ford'a# Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 9Dernda "i)3<3"i) Lacan 5 inter8ea"in( decon)truction and !)$c'oana&$)i);, =CookI
Moreo"er, Derrida
ar*%es that ,acan -s )u!!o)ed&$ cas%al rhetoric lea#es him nai#el trapped within the so+called metaph sics of presenceA *'i&e 'e #i('t 8a% &$rica& about &o"in( Lacan in e)i)tance) o+ 0)$c'oana&$)i), 'e doe) not )'i+t 'i) critica& )tance in t'i) &ater te%tA In)tead, he speaks here of the ironic chiasm%s (etween himself as a deconstr%cti#e =philosopher= and ,acan as a philosophi2in* ps choanal st" which makes ,acan-s disco%rse, in 'i) 8ord), Otoo m%ch at home with the philosophersAO2B Backed b$ DerridaP) da#nin( critici)#, it i) un+ortunate but un)ur!ri)in( t'at #an$ Derridean) on t'i) account tend to
a"oid e"en o!enin( LacanP) te%t)A De)!ite t'e +act t'at !)$c'oana&$)i) 'aunt) DerridaP) o8n te%t), it doe) not +are 8e&& in t'e co##entarie) on DerridaP) 8orkA Ca!utoP) Decon)truction in a .ut)'e&&, +or e%a#!&e, )ee#) to co"er e"er$t'in( but !)$c'oana&$)i), and Bennin(tonP) ODerridaba)eO o++er) )u((e)ti"e but e%tre#e&$ cur)or$ re#ark) concernin( DerridaP) encounter) 8it' !)$c'oana&$)i)A 1'i) i) a&& t'e #ore )ur!ri)in( )ince it dea&) 8it' t'e >uinte))entia&&$ !)$c'oana&$tica& t'e#e o+ )in(u&ar )ubJecti"it$A2D N Man
Derrideans" #oreo"er, %ncriticall tr%stin* Derrida-s assessment" make the f%ndamental mistake of ass%min* from the start that ,acan-s disco%rse is characteri2ed ( an essentialism that (elon*s within the am(it of the metaph sics of presence) Derrida ar*%es that in the thinkin* of differance" one =p%ts into 3%estion the a%thorit of presence" or of its simple s mmetrical opposite" a(sence or lack) Th%s one 3%estions the limit which has alwa s constrained %s ))) to form%late the meanin* of 1ein* in *eneral as presence or a(sence" in the cate*ories of (ein* or (ein*ness Hou)iaIO2E B$ contra)t, 'e c'ar(e) Lacan 8it' t'e '$!o)tati2ation o+ O&ack,O or, t'at i), t'e +or#u&ation o+ t'e #eanin( o+ bein( in (enera& a) ab)ence, 8'ic' i#!&ie) t'at 'i) di)cour)e doe) not #o"e be$ond t'e cate(orie) o+ bein(A La can denies this char*e emphaticall " ar*%in* a similar point0 the thinkin* of the Real" 'e in)i)t), =does not lend itself to ontolo* ) ) ) it is neither (ein*" nor non+(ein*" (%t the %nreali2ed) O2-A(ain, in
re)!on)e to t'e ar(u#ent o+ 1'e 1it&e o+ t'e Letter, 8'o)e aut'or) re#ain )ubJect to !reci)e&$ t'i) !reJudice, Lacan in)i)t) to t'e contrar$ t'at Oit cannot be a#bi(uou) t'at I o!!o)e to t'e conce!t o+ bein(aa) it i) )u)tained in t'e !'i&o)o!'ica& tradition A A A t'e notion t'at 8e are du!ed b$ Joui))anceAO2F In +act, Lacan (ru#b&e), Oit i) a) i+ it 8ere !reci)e&$ u!on reac'in( t'e i#!a))e to 8'ic' #$ di)cour)e i) de)i(ned to &ead t'e# t'at t'e$ con)idered t'eir 8ork done, dec&arin( t'e#)e&"e)aor rat'er dec&arin( #e, 8'ic' a#ount) to t'e )a#e t'in( (i"en t'eir conc&u)ion)a con+oundedAO2,N .e"ert'e&e)), man
thinkers contin%e (lithel to i*nore ,acanian protests and t picall misconstr%e ,acan-s claims" takin* them as e#idence of a closet essentialism) Ca!uto
o++er) a c&ear de)cri!tion o+ t'i) !reJudice in 'i) e%!o)ition o+ Druci&&a Corne&&P) treat#ent o+ LacanP) c&ai# t'at O*o#an doe) not e%i)tGP?0 Corne&&, 'e re!ort), e%!re))e) di)a!!oint#ent in Lacan +or under#inin( t'e re"o&utionar$ i#!&ication) o+ t'i) )tate#ent b$ in)i)tin(, a) Ca!uto !ut) it, Ot'at 8o#an i) e))entia&&$ t'e trut' o+ ca)tration, or o+ t'e 'o&e, e))entia&&$ t'e !&ace o+ t'e &ackAO Moreo"er, b$ contra)t, a
Derridean approach is s%pposed to pro#ide the correcti#e for ,acan-s phallocentric essentialism0N Derrida t%rns ,acan-s statement aro%nd into a statement of non+essentialism) Woman does not e7ist if e7istence is *i#en the sense of fi7ed identit and permanent presence) .he does not e7ist" not o%t of lack or defect (%t e7cess" for the feminine disr%pts the proper place" incl%din* and especiall the proper place to which she is assi*ned ( ,acan as lackA?1 Accordin( to Co!Jec, t'en, the interpretati#e mistake man keep makin* is to take what ,acan calls the =hard kernel of the real= to (e =some essence or 3%asi+transcendental a priori that mana*es to escape the contin*ent processes of histor )O?2 1'i) i), a(ain, t'e #i)take =udit'
But&er #ake), +or e%a#!&e, in 'er readin( o+ LacanP) account o+ )e%ua& di++erence, 8'ere )'e take) Ot'e ea& o+ )e%ua& di++erenceO to i#!&$ an a !riori (ender di#or!'i)# in Lacanian di)cour)e, conditioned b$ nor#ati"e 'etero)e%u3a&it$, 8'ic', a) u)ua&, de+ine) 8o#an a) t'e ne(ati"e o+ #anA?? A(ain, ,acanians e%a#!&e, t'at ,acan
den this char*e of co#ert phallocentrism 5 an ad#i))ion )uc' a) Co&ette So&erP), +or indeed =affirms the phallocentrism- of the %nconscio%s"= m%st (e placed within the conte7t of his wholesale re#al%ation of #al%es H+or e%a#!&e, in Se#inar `Ì, where s%ch an
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affirmation can onl f%nction as a criti3%e of the one+sided =phallic lo*ic= that characteri2es the =. m(olic 4rder)=?B
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Deconstr%ction ;e To Ps choanal sis

P.ame as ke to sol#enc P 9irst" Derrida:s deconstr%ction is a prere3%isite to philosophical tho%*ht It 3%estion the #er (asic fo%ndation of tho%*ht and %nderstandin* 'om(inin* it with ps choanal sis is ke to create a mo#ement that tr%l transforms the Real Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
that 4f Grammatolo* " a &ar(e )ection o+ t'e te%t) contained in *ritin( and Di++erence and Mar(in) o+ 0'i&o)o!'$, and at &ea)t u! unti& and inc&udin( Di))e#ination, can (e read as *i#in* a s stematic answer H8'ic' i) not t'e )a#e a) t'e an)8er o+ a )$)te#I to a f%ndamental 3%estion, a >ue)tion t'at Derrida (i"e) it) 9unar$ trait; b$ re!eated&$ a&i(nin( it 8it' 8'at 'e con)ider) t'e >ue)tion o+ #eta!'$)ic) 9it)e&+A; In t'e)e te%t), the local 3%estion of one partic%lar thinker, be it Hu))er&, 0&ato, Au)tin, Artaud, or 'i) conte#!orar$ Foucau&t, is raised to the di*nit of a deconstr%ction of metaph sics) I 8ou&d ar(ue t'at this is the reason wh it is not wron* to consider this part of Derrida:s work as ina%*%ratin*" or at &ea)t co3+oundin(, a poststr%ct%ralist pro*ram) The 3%estion of metaph sics was onl interro*ated anew" t'at i), (i"en a (enuine&$ no"e& !'i&o)o!'ica& +or#, 8it' t'e 'i(' tide o+ )tructura&i)#A *e are te#!ted to !ara!'ra)e t'e >ue)tion a) +o&&o8)5 how can ImaterialJ content (e attri(%ted to a s nchronic s stem of p%rel differential relationsO and how is one to think the passa*e from I#irt%alJ differentiation to Iact%alJ artic%lation[ 1'i) i) 8'at &ed 7i&&e) De&eu2e to an)8er t'e >ue)tion, 8'at i) )tructura&i)#[ 8it' 9a ne8 tran)cendenta& !'i&o)o!'$; HSee De&eu2eIA Here it is also possi(le to *limpse wh ps choanal sis came to pla s%ch a pi#otal role for Derrida in these te7ts) It sho%ld (e acknowled*ed that this is the #er same 3%estion that lies at the heart of what 9re%d %nderstood anal sis to mean) At t'e )a#e ti#e, anal sis re3%ires an e7position of the f%nctions of Vor)te&&un()re!r_)entan2, t'at i), the transformation and translation of %nconscio%s to conscio%s representation" the passa*e from latent to manifest dream content" in )'ort, the parameters of the dreamwork and the s%(6ection of this KtranscendentalL pro(lem to the a(sol%te no#elt of the talkin* c%re" that of how it is possi(le that meanin*" thro%*h its prod%ction and en%nciation" can prod%ce effects in Kthe Real)L 9re%d considered this the onl possi(le proof of the e7istence of the %nconscio%s" and attempted to *i#e a theoretical treatment of it in the metaps cholo*ical writin*s) In the end" (oth ,acan:s and Derrida:s treatments of 9re%d are in3%iries into the 9re%dian metaps cholo* and its place in the philosophical tradition" as well as the #ia(ilit of anal sis as a disco%rse a(sol%tel different from the same tradition)
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!T Phonocentrism 1ad
9irst" 4%r com(ination of Deconstr%ction and Ps choanal sis remo#es phonocentrism from o%r alternati#e Deconstr%ction pro(lemati2es the fo%ndation of all tho%*ht" remo#in* phonocentrism and creatin* e7+centrism Wil(er* :<< HHenrik SA, 0'D candidate in 7er#an Literature and Critica& 1'ou('t at .ort'8e)tern Uni"er)it$ and 2010@11 6arrin(ton
! *rammatolo*ical concept of the %nconscio%s (e*ins to take shape ( wa of a displacement of the point of contact (etween ,acan and Derrida from these 3%estions re*ardin* the letter to the concept of writin*) 18o e&e#ent) )'o8 t'e#)e&"e) a) +a"ourab&e to t'e di)!&ace#ent I a# )u((e)tin(A 1'e +ir)t i) t'e a))ertion o+ Derrida:s in KPo%r l:amo%r de ,acanL t'at one can discern a hei*htened sensi(ilit towards" and e#en an o#ert%rnin* of" phonocentrism in ,acan:s later work" notab&e in t'e )e#inar /ncoreA *'i&e )to!!in( )'ort o+ ca&&in( t'i) a co#!&ete turn, this de#elopment is, accordin( to Derrida, performed 9trm) (ra##ato3&o(i>ue#ent; IK#er *rammatolo*icall LJ H90our &4a#our; -,IA In )'ort, (oth ,acan and Derrida reali2eaand t'i) not entire&$ inde!endent o+ eac' ot'eraa rewritin* of writin*) I+ 8e reca&& t'e e%traordinar$ t'ird, and no8 !er'a!) t'e #o)t dated, c'a!ter o+ :+ 7ra##ato&o($, tit&ed 97ra##ato&o($ a) a 0o)iti"e Science "L Derrida in#okes a K*enerali2ed *rammatolo* L in the place of Sau))ure4) o8n pro6ection of a *enerali2ed semiolo* " a&& t'e 8'i&e ackno8&ed(in( and inscri(in* in the idea of this science to come a certain impossi(ilit a priori) This impossi(ilit ori*inates in the e7+centric position writin* is shown to take %p #is+`+#is scienceM*rammatolo* will not (e a science amon* other sciences) A) Derrida !ut) it 'i#)e&+, 9e&&e ri)>ue en e++et d4^bran&er au))i &e conce!t de &a )cience; HDerrida, De &a (ra##ato&o(ie 10,IA In a )&i('t a!!ro%i#ation 8e cou&d )a$ t'at Derrida:s Kscience of *rammatolo* L recei#es its pro(lematic str%ct%re from a Q/nd 0a(e 1DES *eneric re+writin* of the ori*in of writin*" whereas ,acan:s idea" t'ou(' no &e)) (eneric, finds its s%pport in writin*:s incompleteness)
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Perm 'ards
Pra*matic reformist politics (% into ideolo* #ia compromise and are m%t%all e7cl%si#e with a more radical (reak from the #er ideolo*ical coordinates that make that kind of decision possi(le Ai2ek &DDD QS&a"oJ, at'er 0ro&i+ic Aut'or, 9C&a)) Stru((&e or 0o)t#oderni)#[ 6e), !&ea)e!; Contin(enc$, He(e#on$, Uni"er)a&it$5
Conte#!orar$ Dia&o(ue) on t'e Le+t, .e8 6ork Cit$5 Ver)o, 2000, 12?GGu8$o3aJ&S
of toda -s ,eft s%cc%m(s to ideolo*ical (lackmail ( the Ri*ht in acceptin* its (asic premisses HPt'e era o+ t'e 8e&+are )tate, 8it' it) un&i#ited )!endin(, i) o"erP, etcAI 3 u&ti3#ate&$" this is what the cele(rated -Third Wa - of toda -s social democrac is a(o%t) In s%ch conditions" an a%thentic act wo%ld (e to co%nter the Ri*htist a*itation apropos of some -radicalmeas%re I-$o% want the impossi(leO this will lead to catastrophe, to #ore )tate inter3"ention A A API not ( defendin* o%rsel#es ( sa in* that this is not what we mean, t'at 8e are no &on(er t'e o&d Socia&i)t), t'at t'e
!ro!o)ed #ea)ure) 8i&& not increa)e t'e )tate bud(et, t'at t'e$ 8i&& e"en render )tate e%!enditure #ore Pe++ecti"eP and (i"e a boo)t to in"e)t#ent, and )o on and )o +ort', but )(
In t'e do#ain o+ !o&itic) !ro!er, most
a reso%ndin* -$es" that is precisel - what we wantF")D2 A&t'ou(' 'linton-s !re)idenc$ e!ito#i2e) t'e 1'ird *a$ o+ toda$P) He%3I Le+t )uccu#bin( to i('ti)t ideo&o(ica& b&ack#ai&, 'i) healthcare reform pro*ramme wo%ld none the less amo%nt to a kind of act, at &ea)t in toda$P) condition), since it wo%ld (e (ased on the re6ection of the he*emonic notions of the need to c%rtail 1i* .tate e7pendit%re and administration 3 in a 8a$, it wo%ld -do the impossi(le-A .o 8onder, t'en, t'at it +ai&ed5 its fail%re 3 !er'a!) t'e on&$ )i(ni+icant, a&beit ne(a3ti"e, event o+ C&intonP) !re)idenc$ 3 (ears witness to the material force of the ideolo*ical notion of -free choicePA 1'at i) to )a$5 a&t'ou(' t'e (reat #aJorit$ o+ )o3ca&&ed Pordinar$ !eo!&eP 8ere not
!ro!er&$ ac>uainted 8it' t'e re+or# !ro(ra##e, t'e #edica& &obb$ Ht8ice a) )tron( a) t'e in+a#ou) de+ence &obb$!I )ucceeded in i#!o)in( on t'e !ub&ic t'e +un3da#enta& idea t'at 8it' uni"er)a& 'ea&t'care, +ree c'oice Hin #atter) concernin( #edicineI 8ou&d be )o#e'o8 t'reatened 3 a(ain)t this
p%rel fictiona reference to -free choice-" an en%meration of -hard facts- Hin Canada, 'ea&t'care i) &e)) e%!en)i"e and #ore e++ecti"e, 8it' no &e)) +ree c'oice, etcAI pro#ed ineffect%al) We m%st resist all reocc%pations ( their phantasmatic methodolo* " otherwise fantas + formation will come (ack in the window and annihilate an possi(le alternati#e .ta#rakakis -EE Q6anni), 1eac'in( Fe&&o8 at t'e Uni"er)it$ o+ /))e%, Lacan and t'e 0o&itica&, .e8 6ork Cit$5 out&ed(e, 1,,,, 11F3
,GGu8$o3aJ&S In +act, artic%latin*
,acanian theor with fantasmatic politics is e3%i#alent to affirmin* the irrele#ance of ,acanian theor for radical politics since this artic%lation pres%pposes the repression of all the political insi*hts implicit in ,acan-s readin* and hi*hli*hted in this (ookA 1'e a&&e(ed irre&e"ance o+ Lacan +or radica& !o&itic) i) a&)o t'e ar(u#ent !ut +or8ard b$ Co&&ier in a recent artic&e in adica& 0'i&o)o!'$A
Co&&ierP) ar(u#ent i) t'at )ince it i) ca!ita&i)# t'at )'atter) our 8'o&ene)) and di)e#!o8er) u) Ha) i+ 8it'out ca!ita&i)# 8e 8ou&d be on t'e road to uto!iaT ob"iou)&$, ca!ita&i)# occu!ie) t'e )tructura& !o)ition o+ t'e antic'ri)t in t'i) )ort o+ &e+ti)t !reac'in(I, t'en LacanP) t'eor$ i), in +act, nor#a&i)in( ca!ita&i)t da#a(e, !reci)e&$ becau)e a&ienation i) )o dee! +or Lacan t'at not'in( can be done to e&i#inate it HrLacan i) dee!&$ !e))i#i)tic, reJectin( cure or 'a!!ine)) a) !o))ib&e (oa&)P, #$ e#!'a)i)IAP, 1'u) Lacan 'a) not'in( to o++er radica& !o&itic)A So#et'in( not entire&$ )ur!ri)in( )ince, accordin( to Co&&ier, !)$c'o&o(ica& t'eor$ in (enera& 'a) no !o&itica& i#!&ication) 8'at)oe"erA 1'e conc&u)ion i) !redictab&e5 rLet u) (o to Freud and C&ein +or our !)$c'ot'era!$ QLacan i) o+ cour)e e%c&udedS and to Mar% and t'e en"iron3 #enta& )cience) +or our !o&itic), and not (et our &ine) cro))edP HCo&&ier, 1,,F5 B13?IA Sur!ri)in(&$ enou(' t'i) i) a&#o)t identica& 8it' Ho#erP) conc&u)ion5 Lacanian t'eor$ i) :C a) an ana&$tica& too& but &et u) (o back to Mar% +or our ideo&o(ica& )e#inar and our uto!ian catec'i)#! It i) c&ear t'at from
,acanian point of #iew it is necessar to resist all s%ch areocc%pations- of traditional fantasmatic politics) !t least this is the strate* that ,acan follows on similar occasions) 9aced with the alienatin* dimension of e#er identification" ,acan locates the end of anal sis (e ond identification) .ince %topian or 3%asi+%topian constr%ctions f%nction thro%*h identification it is le*itimate" I think" to draw the analo*ies with the social field) If anal sis resists the areocc%pation- of the traditional strate* of identification altho%*h it reco*nises its cr%cial" (%t alienatin*" role in the formation of s%(6ecti#it + wh sho%ld
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ps choanal tic politics" after %nmaskin* the cr%cial (%t alienatin* character of traditional" fantasmatic" identificator politics" areocc%p - their *ro%nd> This rationale under&$in( t'e Lacanian !o)ition i) not +ar a8a$ +ro# 8'at Beard)8ort' articu&ate) a) a !o&itica& readin( o+ DerridaA For Beard)8ort', decon)truction a&)o ref%ses to implicate itself in traditional politics" in the alocal sense of politics P in Beard)8ort'P) ter#ino&o($5 In it)
a++ir#ati"e re+u)a& to ad"ocate a !o&itic), decon)truction +or#), +ir)t&$, an account o+ 8'$ a&& !o&itica& !roJect) +ai&A SInce t'e !roJection o+ an$ deci)ion 'a) et'ica& i#!&ication), decon)truction in +act (enera&i2e) 8'at i) #eant b$ t'e !o&itica& 8e&& be$ond t'e &oca& )en)e o+ !o&itic), in t'i)
the radicalit and political importance of the ,acanian criti3%e depends on its a(ilit to keep its distance from fantasmatic politics" from politics in the traditional senseO which is not the same as sa in* that ps choanal sis is apolitical0 in fact" it (ecomes political precisel ( (ein* critical of traditional politics" e7actl (eca%se" as ar*%ed in the pre#io%s chapter" the political is located (e ond the %topian or 3%asi+%topian sedimentations of political realit )
)en)e it beco#e) a radica& rcriti>ueP o+ in)tit tion)A HBeard)8ort', 1,,E5 1,I Si#i&ar&$,
The perm%tation re+entrenches ideolo* their reco*nition of the 1i* 4ther of ideolo* (efore the act allows their re#ol%tion to (e co+opted) Ai2ek R&, !ro+e))or o+ !'i&o)o!'$ and !)$c'oana&$)i) at t'e Uni"er)it$ o+ LJub&Jana, /a)tern /uro!ean :7, (enera& bada)), t'e obJect o+
=udit' But&er4) 'ate, 2002 HS&a"oJ, e"o&ution at t'e 7ate), Ver)o, !a(e FI In 'i) 1,1- 8ritin(), Lenin )a"e) 'i) #o)t acerbic iron$ +or t'o)e 8'o en(a(e in t'e end&e)) )earc' +or )o#e kind o+ Z(uaruntee4 +or t'e re"o&utionT t'i) (uarantee a))u#e) t8o #ain +or#e)5 eit'er t'e rei+ied notion o+ )ocia& .ecce))it$ Hone )'ou&d not ri)k t'e re"o&ution too ear&$T one 'a) to 8ate +or t'e ri('t #o#ent, 8'en t'e ti#e i) 9ri!e; 8it' re(ard to t'e &a8) o+ 'i)torica& de"e&o!#ent5 it i) too ear&$ +or t'e Socia&i)t re"o&ution, t'e 8orkin( c&a))e i) not $et #atureI or nor#ati"e H9de#ocratic;I &e(iti#ac$ H91'e #aJorit$ o+ t'e !o!u&ation are not on our )ide, )o t'e re"o&ution 8ou&d not rea&&$ be de#ocratic;I a) Lenin re!atad&$ !ut) it5 a) i+, be+ore t'e re"o&utionar$ a(ent ri)k) t'e )ei2ure o+ )tate !o8er, it )'ou&d (et !er#i))ion +ro# )o#e +i(ure o+ t'e bi( :t'er Hor(ani2e a re+erendu# 8'ic' 8i&& a)certain t'at t'e #aJorit$ )u!!ort t'e re"o&utionIA
With Lenin, a) 8it' ,acan" the point is that t'e re"o&ution ne4)autori)e >ue d4e&&e3#e#e5 we sho%ld #ent%re the re#ol%tionar act not co#ered ( the (i* 4ther the fear of takin* power Kpremat%rel " the search for the *%arantee" is the fear of the a( ss of the act) That is the %ltimate dimension of what ,acan incestantl deno%nces as Kopport%nismL" and his premises is that Kopport%nismL is a position which is in itself" inherentl " false" maskin* a fear of accomplishin* the act with the protecti#e screen of Ko(6ecti#e facts" laws or norms" which is wh the first step in com(atin* it is to anno%nce it clearl 0 KWhat then is to (e done> We m%st Rstate the facts:" admit the tr%th that there is a tendenc " or an opinion" in o%r 'entral committeeNL
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Deconstr%ction 9irst
9irst" There is no o%tside te7t Nothin* lies (e ond o%r interpretation of it !s s%ch we m%st call into 3%estion the #er premise of o%r %nderstandin* ; m%st come first to access an claim o% make H%rst :DG HAndrea, Ford'a# Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 9Dernda "i)3<3"i) Lacan 5 inter8ea"in( decon)truction and !)$c'oana&$)i);, =CookI
1'e #i)con)truction o+ DerridaP) t'inkin( t'at tru#!) t'e# a&&, a) =o'n Ca!uto !oint) out, i) t'e ar(u#ent t'at 'e 'a) de)tro$ed 'i) o8n (round) +or !rote)t about bein( #i)under)tood, )ince 'i) Oan$t'in( (oe)O !o)t#oderni)# under#ine) t'e "er$ idea t'at t'ere can be )uc' a t'in( a) #i)under)tandin(AD 1'ere are t8o "er)ion) o+ t'i) #i)con)tructionA 1'e +ir)t i) deri"ed +ro# a catc'!'ra)e t'at Derrida, and t'o)e 8'o &o"e 'i#, 'a"e (ood rea)on to re(ret )ore&$, na#e&$, OG6 nP$ a !a) de 'or)3te%teO HO there is no o%tside+te7tOIAE Man$ take t'i) !'ra)e a) con+ir#ation o+ DerridaP) a!!arent&$ unin'ibited ce&ebration o+ an utter&$ no#ina&i)t, re&ati"i)t +ree!&a$ o+ di++erence), )u!!o)ed&$ ba)ed on t'e !re#i)e t'at t'ere i) not'in( Oout t'ereO be$ond t'e te%t, 8'ic' doo#) u) to t'e in+inite !&a$ o+ te%t) u!on te%t) u!on te%t), a&& o+ indi++erent&$ e>ui"a&ent non"a&ue and end&e))&$ re+errin( to not'in( but t'e#)e&"e)A Derrida !er)i)tent&$ and e%!&icit&$ reJect) t'i) #i)readin(, 8'ic' i) t'e conte#!orar$ e>ui"a&ent o+ He(e&P) #i)taken c'aracteri2ation o+ CantP) Otran)cendenta& turnO a) a )ubJecti"e idea&i)#, and it #a$ be )ubJected to t'e )a#e kind o+ reJoinderT na#e&$, t'at tran)cendenta& con)titution doe) not create e%i)tence, but inter!ret) or )$nt'e)i2e) 8'at i) (i"en, t'ereb$ con)titutin( a !'eno#ena& 8or&dA- DerridaP) !'ra)e Ot'ere i) no out)ide3te%tO #ake) t'e e>ui"a&ent c&ai# )
=.omethin*= m%st occ%r (efore there can (e interpretation HiAeA, te%t)I, (%t there are no %ninterpreted o(6ects for %s (eca%se it is precisel thro%*h the process of interpretation that the are first constit%ted as elements that (elon* to a phenomenal realit A In 'i) 8ord)5N I (elie#e alwa s in the necessit of (ein* attenti#e first of all to this phenomenon of lan*%a*e" namin*" and datin*" to this repetition comp%lsion Hat once r'etorica&, #a(ica&, and !oeticIA To what this comp%lsion si*nifies" translates" or (etra s) .ot in order to i)o&ate our)e&"e) in &an(ua(e, a) !eo!&e in too #uc' o+ a ru)' 8ou&d &ike u) to be&ie"e, but on t'e contrar$, in order to tr to %nderstand what is *oin* on precisel (e ond lan*%a*e and what is p%shin* %s to repeat endlessl and witho%t knowin* what we are talkin* a(o%t" precisel there where lan*%a*e and the concept come %p a*ainst their limitsAFN
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Deconstr%ction Precedes 4ntolo*

9irst" 4ntolo* for*ets the third+fold of phenomenolo* .%(6ecti#e processes for recon*ni2in* and cate*ori2in* 1ein*s are implicated in the e7ternal o(6ecti#e world and constit%ted in themsel#es 4nl a deconstr%cti#e approach can acco%nt for the three+fold #iew of ontolo* That means deconstr%ction first and onl we sol#e o%r ; H%rst :DG HAndrea, Ford'a# Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 9Dernda "i)3<3"i) Lacan 5 inter8ea"in( decon)truction and !)$c'oana&$)i);, =CookI
1'e 8ord Oontolo* ,O deri"ed +ro# t'e 7reek 8ord +or Obein(,O is
often red%ced to a name for the (ranch of metaph sics that concerns itself with characteri2in* what e7ists #ia, a) Si#on B&ackburn !ut) it, Oapriori ar*%ments that the world m%st contain certain thin*s of one kind or another0 simple thin*s" %ne7tended thin*s" eternal s%(stances" necessar (ein*s" and so on= that =often depend on some #ersion of the principle of s%fficient reason)=1 !fter ;ant" howe#er" the thinkin* of (ein* can no lon*er simpl characteri2e =what e7ists= as if one co%ld determine what thin*s wo%ld (e like re*ardless of whether there are h%mans aro%nd to e7perience themA2 Cant )a8 t'at t'e !at' )o +ar tra"e&ed 'ad brou('t #eta!'$)ic) to )uc' a )tate o+ "aci&&ation t'at an$ 8a$ +or8ard 'ad beco#e i#!o))ib&eA? Reason-s #er nat%re, c'aracteri2ed b$ 8'at 'e ca&&ed t'e O!rinci!&e o+ unconditioned unit$,OB com(ined with a f%ndamental commitment to some form of representational relation (etween percei#in* h%mans and an independentl determined e7ternal world" had en*endered a =two+fold" self+conflictin* interest"OD which trapped reason in metaph sical antinomies t'at" 'e ar(ue), o&d3)t$&e #eta!'$)ician) cou&d neit'er !a)) be$ond nor turn a8a$ +ro#A Reason has a two+fold interest in mo#in* from %ni#ersal to partic%lar in determinati#e 6%d*ment and from partic%lar to %ni#ersal in reflecti#e 6%d*ment) Idea&&$, +or 'i#, t'e)e #o"e#ent) )'ou&d be re"er)ib&e, but t'e$ &ed
in)tead to o!!o)in( conc&u)ion) about t'e nature o+ t'e 8or&d38'o&e, t'e )e&+, and 7od, 0ure N ea)onP) O!ecu&iar +ateO 8a) it) inabi&it$ to &i"e u! to it) #o)t +unda#enta& !rinci!&e, na#e&$ co#!&ete, )$)te#atic unit$A N He ar(ue) t'at one can a"oid t'e (rid&ock o+ rea)onP) antino#ie) and !re)er"e ea)onP) O!rinci!&e o+ unconditioned unit$O on&$ on a con)tituti"e, rat'er t'an re!re)entationa&, account o+ t'e re&ation bet8een Ot'ou('tO and Ot'in(O H'ence+ort', t'e tran)cendenta& re&ationIA In t'i) ca)e, s%(6ecti#e
processes are reco*ni2ed as %na#oida(l implicated in the constit%tion of the =e7ternal o(6ecti#e world"= th%s con#ertin* it from a s%pposedl independentl determined thin*+in+itself to =phenomenal realit AOE :n CantP) account o+ t'e tran)cendenta& re&ation, t'en, one is o(li*ed to take into acco%nt three rather than two terms0 =phenomenal realit = as the constit%ted effect" and" workin* (ack to its transcendental conditions" the em(race (etween two irred%ci(le poles0 =the transcendental s%(6ect"= descri(ed as an interpretin* or s nthesi2in* s%(6ect alread e3%ipped with certain sensor and co*niti#e powers" and an OobJect L `"= descri(ed as an e7istin* materialit not created ( %s" to which we respond #ia recepti#e sensor s stemsA A+ter Cant, Ot'ou('tO Hor t'at
a)!ect o+ it 8e can ca&& )$nt'etic, co(niti"e !roce))in(I i) i#!&icated in t'e )'a!in( o+ )!atiote#!ora& t'in() Hno8 "ie8ed a) !'eno#enaI in re)!on)e to t'e +orce +ie&d o+ our )en)or$ rece!tion, 8'ic', in turn, i) occa)ioned b$ an ot'er8i)e unkno8ab&e '$&etic )ub)tratu#A 0ut di++erent&$,
phenomenal realit is the effect of transcendental constit%tion" in#ol#in* a relation (etween a percei#in* s%(6ect and a percei#ed materialit " neither of which is #isi(le as s%ch in the phenomenal effectA Accordin(&$, philosophical thinkin* proceeds ( transcendental 3%estionin*0 on the (asis of what does appear phenomenall " one proceeds ( askin* after its antecedent conditions of possi(ilit A In )o doin(, one aims to determine" la o%t" or e7plicate the tacit conditional str%ct%res of transcendental constit%tion Ht'e )$nt'etic !roce)), or Ointentiona& &i+eOI ( #irt%e of which s%(6ects let o(6ects (eA-
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Deconstr%ction Precedes Epistemolo*

9irst" 4%r constr%ction of phenomenolo*ical realit and epistemolo* are (ased on apriori and posterioris that are ta%*ht at (irth These initial learnin* f%nction create a chan*e on o%r conscio%s for the rest of o%r life 4%r deconstr%cti#e approach is a prere3%isite to all of their epistemolo* (eca%se onl interro*atin* the most (asic f%nction of o%r learn and %nconscio%s allows a tr%e #iew of o%r concept of realit H%rst :DG HAndrea, Ford'a# Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 9Dernda "i)3<3"i) Lacan 5 inter8ea"in( decon)truction and !)$c'oana&$)i);, =CookI
For Cant"
transcendental constit%tion in#ol#es a com(ination of the a priori s ntheses of prod%cti#e ima*ination and the a posteriori s ntheses of meanin*+*i#in* co*nition A A&t'ou('
t'ere are a&)o i#!ortant di++erence) H+or e%a#!&e, concernin( 8'ere to dra8 t'e di"idin( &ine bet8een uncon)ciou) and con)ciou) !roce))in(I, one +ind) certain !ara&&e&) in Hu)3)er&P) !a))i"e and acti"e (ene)i), Heide((erP) !ret'e#atic and t'e#atic 'er#eneutic) Hunder)tandin( and inter!retationI, .iet2)c'eP) di)tinction bet8een Oour )!iritua& +atu#P and conce!t +or#ation, and FreudP) !ri#ar$ and )econdar$ !roce))e)AF A&t'ou(' not )trict&$ in accordance 8it' FreudP) #ore tec'nica& ter#), I )'a&& 'ere u)e t'e ter#) Ouncon)ciou)O and Ocon)ciou)O a) rou('&$ )$non$#ou) 8it' Oi#!&icitO and Oe%!&icitAON In "ie8 o+ t'e)e &ater de"e&o!#ent), CantP) i#!ortant di)tinction bet8een a !riori and a !o)teriori )$nt'e)i) 8arrant) t'e )&i('t di(re))ion needed 'ere +or an e&aborationA He acce!t) t'at 'u#an infants
enter the world premat%rel " not onl (eca%se the are ph sicall %nderde#eloped (%t also (eca%se there is no pre*i#en phenomenal realit " and a sense of (oth =self= and =world= has to (e learnedA,
1'i) i) c&ear&$ not becau)e t'ere i) not'in( around t'e# nor becau)e 'ea&t'$ in+ant) &ack t'e intrin)ic co(niti"e !otentia& nece))ar$ to con)titute
the a priori power of s nthetic processin*, 8'ic' enab&e) u) to con)titute an e"er onl act%ali2ed in response to sensor enco%nters) In the total a(sence of sensation" an a priori *i#en co*niti#e fac%lties wo%ld lie dormant and there wo%ld (e no phenomenaA HI )'ou&d add 'ere t'at, a) e#!'a)i2ed in 'i) 8e&&3kno8n OcinnabarO e%a#!&e, i+ t'e '$&etic )ub)tratu#
obJect)A at'er, 'e ar(ue) +a#ou)&$, #ore co#!&e% +ie&d o+ e%!erience, is t'at occa)ion) )en)ation occur) a) an utter&$ irre(u&ar c'ao), no )ubJect 8ou&d be ca!ab&e o+ con)titutin( a co'erent obJecti"e rea&it$AI In ot'er 8ord), 'e acce!t) t'at phenomenal
realit is (%ilt %p thro%*h repetition and s%rprise in the pla of sensations" ( means of which infants learn to constit%te a(idin* ha(it%alities and, on t'e ba)i) o+ t'e)e, associations and e7pectations)N B$ t'e )a#e token, if we did not alread intrinsicall possess the power of reco*nition H+or e%a#!&e, o+ )a#ene)) and di++erenceI and anticipation" e#en *i#en o%r f%ll sensor capacit " no s%ch learnin* at all co%ld take placeA I )'ou&d >ua&i+$ t'e #eanin( o+ intrin)ic 'ereA *'i&e
(rantin( t'at )ubJecti"e co(niti"e +acu&tie) are contin(ent&$ (i"en and re#ain corru!tib&e, 8'at re#ain) incontro"ertib&e +or 'i#, 'o8e"er, i) t'e uni"er)a& +or# t'e)e !o8er) #u)t take i+ an indi"idua& i) to !artici!ate in a Ononde3+ecti"eO tran)cendenta& re&ation, 8'o)e con)tituted e++ect i) t'e a!!arend$ co'erent e%!erientia& rea&it$ 8e a&& )u!!o)ed&$ )'areA 1'e !re)u!!o)ition) in)cribed 'ere 8i&& co#e into >ue)tion in t'e 8ork o+ ot'er t'inker)AN For Cant, the
a priori powers of reco*nition and anticipation" to*ether with int%ition" constit%te the power of =prod%cti#e ima*ination)O This fac%lt descri(es the power to (rin* a mass of sensations to*ether Hor )$nt'e)i2e t'e#I ( or*ani2in* them accordin* to an artic%lated s stem of a priori concepts to form a spatiotemporal manifold of o(6ectsA *'en )en)or$ e"ent) occur,
t'i) )$nt'etic !roce)) i) a #atter o+ #akin( #u&ti!&e ba)ic Jud(#ent), 8'ic' 'e be&ie"e) one can de)cribe t'eoretica&&$ a) +unda#enta& >ue)tion) o+ >uantit$, >ua&it$, re&ation, and #oda&it$5 +or e%a#!&e, i) it endurin(, in)tantaneou), +&eetin(, continuou), di)crete, re(u&ar, irre(u&ar, nece))ar$, contin(ent, uni"er)a&, !articu&ar, )in(u&ar[10N Thro%*h e%!erientia& learnin*, t'en, ba)ed on t'e interaction bet8een )en)ation and !roducti"e i#a(ination, infants
*rad%all ac3%ire a phenomenal realit Hor, in Hu))er&P) ter#), a tran)cendenta& O#onadOI, whichN ma (e descri(ed as a contin%o%sl e7perienced phenomenal field capa(le of (ein* apprehended at a *lanceA I#!ortant&$, a&t'ou(' 8e 'a"e to &earn to )$nt'e)i2e Ht'at i), to #ake t'e kind o+ ba)ic Jud(#ent Ju)t &i)ted, or to brin( our )en)ation) under t'e)e +unda#enta& conce!t)I, this s nthetic process" startin* almost from (irth and increasin* in comple7it as we mat%re" is implicit and *enerall %nconscio%sA :nce de"e&o!ed" s nthetic operations for the most part work a%tomaticall to constit%te the world that I now contin%o%sl =ha#e= aro%nd me HI do not 'a"e to recon)titute t'e obJecti"e #ani+o&d ane8 eac' ti#e I o!en #$ e$e)IA The a priori concept%ali2ation that is the work of =prod%cti#e ima*ination= *oes on all the time and is pres%pposed ( other mental processes A11
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!T Red%ctionist
9irst" Derridean ps choanal sis i*nores red%ctionist readin*s Instead of (reak life down to one si*nifier as a point of pro(lematic iss%es" it allows a chain of si*nifiers that displace and replace each other 4nl this sol#es red%ctionisms pro(lems and en*a*es in an ethical stance in the world H%rst :DG HAndrea, Ford'a# Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 9Dernda "i)3<3"i) Lacan 5 inter8ea"in( decon)truction and !)$c'oana&$)i);, =CookI
/"en t'ou(' t'e #aJorit$ o+ DerridaP) te%t) re"ea& a )u)tained en(a(e#ent 8it' !)$c'oana&$)i), 'i) readin() on to!ic) ot'er t'an &an(ua(e and t'e O!ur&oined &etterO dra8 &itt&e e%!&icit attention +ro# #an$ Lacanian t'eori)t), and citation) #ore o+ten t'an not take t'e +or# o+ t$!ica& #i)con)truction)A For e%a#!&e, in
a collection themati2in* ,acan-s theor of disco%rse" there is (%t a sin*le reference to Derrida" which re+er) to =ac>ue)3A&ain Mi&&erP) c&ai# t'at in contrast to intellect%als s%ch as Derrida" ,acan =saw patients=0 that is" he p%t his theories to work in the world o%tside the esoteric self+referential circle of the academic te7tA11 More i#!ortant&$, when reference is made to Derrida" it is often to his earl work on the si*n" which is red%ced to an endorsement of freepla Ma misreadin* that precl%des serio%s en*a*ement with his later writin*s on ethical iss%es in the (roadest sense of the term" which are in constant dialo*%e with ps choanal sisAN CaJa .il#erman-s approach to Derrida-s work pro#ides a clear (%t ( no means %ni3%e e7ample of this red%ction) In The .%(6ect of .emiotics she foc%ses on his commitment to =the endless comm%ta(ilit of the si*nifiedO12 to*ether with the =principle of deferral"= which is taken to mean simpl that =si*nification occ%rs alon* a chain in which one term displaces another (efore (ein* itself displacedAO1? These commitments are (ro%*ht to*ether %nder the notion of =freepla )=1B *'i&e Si&"er#anP) ob)er"ation) are not inaccurate, and Derrida does indeed insist on this an+economic interpretation of diff[rance Hna#in( it Odi++^rance a) )!acin(OI, she *i#es no #oice at all" at &ea)t not in DerridaP) na#e, to its economic co%nterpart" namel =diff[rance as tempori2ationAO1D I )'a&& addre)) t'i) co#!&e%it$ in c'a!ter ?T )u++ice it to note 'ere t'at her one+sided startin* point ass%res a red%cti#e interpretation of other Derridean notionsA For e%a#!&e, 'er re#ark
in 1'e Acou)tic Mirror t'at Derrida 'a) Oa!!ro!riated +ro# )e%ua& di++erenceO a )i(ni+ier Qna#e&$ Oin"a(inationOS, 8it' 8'ic' 'e 'a) atte#!ted to era)e t'e o!!o)ition bet8een PinnerP and Pouter,P O can on&$ )ound )tran(e to Derridean ear)A1E N
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Do%(le 1ind Good

9irst" When faced with a do%(le (ind Two e3%all ne*ati#e choices 4ne m%st act despite the %nsatisfaction and *i#e themsel#es %p to the ne*ati#e conse3%ences This ens%res #al%e to life" freedom and a world that can (e tr%l re#ol%tionar H%rst :DG HAndrea, Ford'a# Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 9Dernda "i)3<3"i) Lacan 5 inter8ea"in( decon)truction and !)$c'oana&$)i);, =CookI
*i&&ia# An(u) Sinc&air +or#a&i2e) a di&e##a a) +o&&o8)5 OIf )'ou&d add, are
p then 3" and if not+p then r Swhere (oth 3 and r" one e3%all %nsatisfactor TO 1%t either p or not+pO IEither 3 or r)J= Hence the do%(le (ind of ha#in* to choose (etween e3%all %nsatisfactor alternati#esAB2 This is a )&i('t&$ #ore e&aborate +or# o+ 8'at Si#on B&ackburn calls the simplest form of a dilemma" which is an ar*%ment of the form =If p then 3 Snamel a partic%lar %nsatisfactor o%tcomeT" if not+p then 3 Sthat is" precisel the same %nsatisfactor o%tcomeT" so in an e#ent 3=BD C&ear&$, 'ere, either?or choices make no sense" for the alternati#es" inc&u)i"e&$" either remain e3%all %nsatisfactor or in the end amo%nt to precisel the same %nsatisfactor o%tcome) Derrida insists, 'o8e"er" that this diffic%lt Ithat is" the impossi(ilit of a choice e#er (ein* completel satisfactor JN does not o(#iate the necessit for acti#el *oin* ahead and ne*otiatin* s%ch choices AN LacanN )i#i&ar&$ beca#e
increa)in(&$ concerned 8it' de"e&o!in( a t'eoretica& di)cour)e o+ ru!ture and incon)i)tenc$, and accordin( to Lee, 'e a))iduou)&$ )tudied !arado%5 )et t'eor$, &o(ica& !u22&e), c&a))ic 7reek !arado%e), Ot'e !arado%ica& Msbiu) )ur+ace) o+ to!o&o($,O and Borro#ean knot)ABB He a&)o de#on)trate) a corre&ati"e enJo$#ent o+ t'e #ind3t8i)tin( (ra##atica& con)truction) a"ai&ab&e to t'e !&a$ o+ &an(ua(eA For e%a#!&e, a) 0au& Ver'ae('e note), i+ Ocor!orea& contin(enc$O i) in)cribed in t'e !'ra)e Oto not )to! bein( 8ritten,O Lacan 8rite) Onece))it$O a) Oit doe)nPt )to! bein( 8rittenO and Oi#!o))ibi&it$O a) Oit doe)nPt )to! not bein( 8rittenAOBD 1'e)e +i(ure) and enJo$#ent) a&read$ indicate t'at 'i) intere)t) &ie in t'e direction o+ !arado%AN 0re))in( t'i) !oint +urt'er, one #a$ ar(ue t'at t'e )o3ca&&ed +unda#enta& conce!t) o+ Lacanian !)$c'oana&$)i) are articu&ated accordin( to a co#!&e%, !arado%ica& re&ationa&it$ t'at !reci)e&$ #atc'e) t'e O!&ura& &o(ic o+ t'e a!oriaAO I do not at t'i) !oint 8i)' to enter into t'e +u&& co#!&e%it$ o+ Lacanian di)cour)eT )u++ice it to #ention 'ere t'at ,acan-s
form%lation of the Real as =r%pt%re= introd%ces the do%(le tro%(le t'at Co!Jec names the =pro(lem of the !ll= and characteri2es as an opposition (etween paranoiac %ni#ersalism and h sterical nominalism" which matches Derrida-s distinction (etween the economic and aneconomic aporiasABEN .otab&$" ,acan names the lo*ic of their artic%lation the O"e& o+ a&ienationO and, 8it' a touc' o+ b&ack 'u#or, o++er) a) an e%a#!&e Ot'e m%**er-s choice=0 o%r mone or o%r life)B- This t%rns o%t to (e no choice at all" +or, a) Co!Jec note)5 O4nce the choice is offered" o%-re done forMno matter which alternati#e o% take)=BF The He(e&ian lose?lose proposed here, t'en" is that in choosin* one the other is lostO $et, (eca%se the are interdependent" this is also there( to lose the ori*inal choice Ifor life is the necessar condition for ha#in* mone " and" these da s" mone is the necessar condition for ha#in* a lifeJ) ,acan defines the task of ps choanal sis as t'at o+ &eadin( ana&$)and) to the point where the ma make the mo#e (e ond the lose?lose sit%ation of the m%**er-s choice) .otab&$ t'en, a) Co!Jec de#on)trate), ,acan Ilike Derrida, one )'ou&d noteI ref%ses the limitations of a choice (etween the aporias of paranoiac %ni#ersalism and h sterical nominalism and prefers a third stance" which in#okes the win?win form%lation of =the re#ol%tionar -s choice0 freedom or deathAOB,N 'o%nter to the commonsensical claim" na#e&$, that the freedom that costs a life is not freedom" the re#ol%tionar -s choice iss%es from the insistence that life witho%t freedom is not lifeAD0 Here, to choose to fi*ht forN freedom, to t'e !oint o+ ri)kin( a&& +or it) )ake" is to retain the eternal freedom o+ a C'^ 7ue"araA :n t'e ot'er 'and" to choose death rather than forsake one-s freedom similarl lea#es intact fore#er t'e freedom o+ a Socrate)A But 8'at i) t'e #eanin( o+ t'i) +reedo#
in Lacanian !)$c'oana&$)i)[ It na#e), +ir)t, +reedo# +ro# t'e econo#ic and anecono#ic a!o3ria) o+ ideo&o(ica& auto#ati)# and !ara&$2in(
this is a freedom for decisi#e action) When it comes down to it" this =freedom for"= as the onl possi(le freedom" is the parado7ical =freedom= offered ( a ref%sal to s%(mit to the constrictions of the either?or choice *i#en ( a (inar determination of options and the willin*ness in conse3%ence to (ra#e the do%(le (ind of the
tran)(re))ion +or it) o8n )akeA Corre&ati"e&$, t'en" 2?D | A I D S and HIV Free!
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aporia of apo+rias, or, t'at i), all of the ethical" political" or" as (roadl speakin* as possi(le" concept%al parado7es and dilemmas that can neither (e o#ercome nor e#aded (%t m%st (e worked thro%*h intermina(l )
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!T Rort ?Ai2ek
9irst" 1oth Rort and Ai2ek misread Derrida There criticism do not appl to tr%e Derridean 3%asi+transcendental thinkin* which remains in a dialo*%e with other forms of thro%*ht !ND 8%asi+transcendental tho%*ht is ne#er the same .ide steps o%r offense H%rst :DG HAndrea, Ford'a# Uni"er)it$ 0re)), 9Dernda "i)3<3"i) Lacan 5 inter8ea"in( decon)truction and !)$c'oana&$)i);, =CookI
In c'a!ter ?, I o++er a #ore detai&ed account o+ DerridaP) >ua)i3tran)cendenta& t'inkin( )
4ne of the main p%rposes of this acco%nt is to %ndo the ties of the interpretati#e strait6acket that (inds his thinkin* into an aneconomic freepla of differences" which sees =deconstr%ction= as merel the h sterical dismantlin* of an constr%ctionA A +urt'er !ur!o)e i) to &a$ a ba)i) +or (ra)!in( 'i) decon)tructi"e readin() o+ FreudA *'i&e I ackno8&ed(e t'e inJu)tice o+ +in(erin( on&$ !articu&ar t'inker), I (e*in ( critici2in* Richard Rort -s earl misreadin*s" which pro#ide e7cellent material for an attempt to co%nter the one+sidedness of readin*s that make of Derrida-s philosophical strate* a freepla relati#ism) I" rat'er (ui&ti&$, +or I &o"e 'i# ot'er8i)e, place Ai2ek in Rort -s compan )N To co%nter s%ch misreadin*s" I offer an acco%nt of diff[rance in accordance with the =pl%ral lo*ic of the aporia,O a&i(nin( Odi++erance a) te#!o3
ri2ationO 8it' t'e econo#ic a!oria and Odi++erance a) )!acin(O 8it' t'e anecono#ic a!oriaA Fina&&$, I addre)) t'e >ue)tion o+ t'eir Ointer8ea"in(,O b$ a)kin( 8'et'er a Derridean account o+ t'i) connection 8ou&d be una#bi(uou)&$ antino#ia& or dia&ectica&A These
alternati#e =lo*ics= of artic%lation are addressed (riefl to show that Derrida-s thinkin* does not =fall from the sk = (%t remains in critical dialo*%e with other options in the transcendental tradition) Derrida, 'o8e"er, +o&&o8in( Heide((er 'ere, %nco#ers a third =lo*ic= of interwea#in*" not >uite con)onant 8it' eit'er o+ t'e)e, which acknowled*es that the con6%nction (etween the economic and aneconomic aporias is irremedia(l parado7ical) This =lo*ic"= to 8'ic' one
cou&d a))i(n t'e nickna#e O>ua)i3tran)cendenta&,O a&t'ou(' it (oe) b$ #an$ ot'er nickna#e) too, #$ !re+erence bein( t'e O!&ura& &o(ic o+ t'e a!oria,O is
therefore what Derrida calls Oiterab&e,O t'at i)" a =form= that can (e repeated (%t also cannot a#oid (ein* different each time) I conc&ude t'i) c'a!ter 8it' a di)cu))ion o+ DerridaP) ana&$)i) o+ Ot'e (i+tO a) an e%e#!&ar$ ca)e o+ how 3%asi+transcendental thinkin* hi*hli*hts the aporias in#ol#ed in an apparentl simple act or a s%pposedl self+e#identl meanin*f%l social practice) I 'o!e to 'a"e de#on)trated b$ t'e end t'at 8'ate"er one c'oo)e) to do 8it' Derrida, a) ent'u)ia)t or detractor, it is important at &ea)t to a#oid startin* o%t with the o#ersimplifications alread a(%ndantl in circ%lation)
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2?F | A I D S
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!nswer to 'olonialit :s ,ies
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!T?? Perm Do 1oth

9irst" The perm is incoherent) $o% can:t contin%e the perpet%ation of colonialit while sim%ltaneo%sl sa in* we sho%ld acti#el destro colonialit .econd" It:s se#erance $o% can:t se#ere o%t of o%r rhetoric and 6%stifications in the <!' .e#erance allows the aff to kick o%t of an link to a ; or D!" makin* (ein* ne* impossi(le) Third" .till links cross appl the link anal sis a(o#e) Means the alternati#e alone is a (etter option) 9o%rth" The perm makes no sense 'om(inin* o%r radical re6ection of 4ccidental tho%*ht com(ined with the aff:s p%rs%it of 4ccidental tho%*ht hamstrin*s literall e#er effort to fi*ht E%rocentrism in ,atin !merican Postcolonial st%dies Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
This is not an essentialist" +unda#enta&i)t, anti+E%ropean criti3%eA It is aN perspecti#e that is critical of (oth E%rocentric and Third World f%ndamentalisms"N colonialism and nationalism) Border t'inkin(, one o+ t'e e!i)te#ic !er)!ecti"e) to beN di)cu))ed in t'i) artic&e, i) !reci)e&$ a critica& re)!on)e to bot'
'e(e#onic andN #ar(ina& +unda#enta&i)#)A *'at a&& +unda#enta&i)#) )'are Hinc&udin( t'e N /urocentric oneI i) t'e !re#i)e t'at t'ere i) on&$ one )o&e e!i)te#ic tradition +ro#N 8'ic' to ac'ie"e 1rut' and Uni"er)a&it$A Ho8e"er, #$ #ain !oint) 'ere are t'ree5 1I N t'at a
decolonial epistemic perspecti#e re3%ires a (roader canon of tho%*ht thanN simpl the Western canon Iincl%din* the ,eft Western canonJO 2I t'at a tr%l N %ni#ersal decolonial perspecti#e cannot (e (ased on an a(stract %ni#ersal IoneN partic%lar that raises itself as %ni#ersal *lo(al desi*nJ" (%t wo%ld ha#e to (e theN res%lt of the critical dialo*%e (etween di#erse critical epistemic?ethical?politicalN pro6ects towards a pl%ri#ersal as oppose to a %ni#ersal worldT ?I t'at decoloni2ationN of knowled*e wo%ld re3%ire to take serio%sl the epistemicN perspecti#e?cosmolo*ies?insi*hts of critical thinkers from the Glo(al .o%th thinkin*N from and with s%(alterni2ed racial?ethnic?se7%al spaces and (odiesA 0o)t#oderni)#N and !o)tructura&i)# a)
e!i)te#o&o(ica& !roJect) are cau('t 8it'in t'e *e)tern canon N re!roducin( 8it'in it) do#ain) o+ t'ou('t and !ractice a !articu&ar +or# o+ co&onia&it$N o+ !o8erGkno8&ed(eA
PPPIf o% needPPP I J The perm%tation creates a com(ination of occidental lo*ic and teachin* that replicates the c%lt%ral teachin* that ca%sed o%r impact in the first place No sol#enc for the perm .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e 10GFG200FA
The %ni#ersit is in the world) !nd the world:s %ni#ersities are, noN doubt, of the RRE%ropean model SwhichT, a+ter a ric' and co#!&e% #edie"a&N 'i)tor$, has (ecome pre#alent ) ) ) o#er the last two cent%ries in states of aN democratic t pe)::HE 6et that str%ct%re does not operate e#er where with theN same de*ree of efficienc " the same de*ree of informed consent or criti3%e"N with the same 3%alit or connection with the state) A) t'e be)t in the UnitedN .tate) think #ore and #ore of world *o#ernance" in the name of s%staina(leN de#elopment and ethical *lo(ali2ation" and
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h%man ri*htsMto opposeN the m%rdero%s coll%sion of the militar and the economicMin the conte7tN of world *o#ernance" thenMwe m%st think of all of these different kinds ofN %ni#ersities" rather than 6%st *enerali2e from the %ni#ersities we know" as if N the world were one) If we mo#e thro%*h the spectr%m" the ideas we will seeN circ%latin* amon* st%dents and teachers will (e RRc%lt%ral identit ":: RRc%lt%ralN difference":: RRnational so#erei*nt "::
ZZ#inorit$ !o&itic)A44 More o+ten t'an not,N t'e)e i))ue) )'ade o++ into "arietie) o+ re&i(iou) +reedo#A I 'a)ten to addN t'at t'i) i) not in"ariab&$ t'e ca)eA
I J The alternati#e m%st (e done witho%t the com(ination with occidental polic The com(ination coopts and destro s sol#enc .pi#ak :EZ H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 97'o)t8ritin(;, =cookAI To contin%e with the pro*ram Iwhich is not a pro*ram" of co%rseJ0 We won-t repolitici2e N QSM F-1, we will (e =an alliance witho%t an instit%tionO QSM FE1, and we willN =prod%ce e#ents" new effecti#e forms of action" practice" or*ani2ation" and so forthO QSMN F,1A In a world where nonali*nment is no lon*er possi(le as a collecti#e position" whatN *ood is s%ch anon mo%s internationalit > and 'o8 8i&& it co#e to !a))[ .e"er #indA WeN don-t like totalitarianism" and we are %ns mpathetic with the la(or mo#ement)N
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!T?? Perm%tation !ll 4ther Instances

9irst" The other instances the re6ect aren:t present in this ro%nd) $o% cannot re6ect somethin* that doesn:t e7ist) 4%r ar*%ment deals with the in+ro%nd interactions in which we as de(aters concept%ali2e action thro%*h certain modes of knowled*e+ prod%ction) This t pe of perm%tation is a de(ate artifact which doesn:t appl to o%r criticism) The don:t e#en name" and no one knows" what these Kother instancesL the re6ect are) There is 2ero sol#enc or disc%rsi#e effect to this perm) The ask o% to ima*ine criticism in a world of fiat" we !'TU!,,$ critici2e) .econd" This is not an ar*%ment o% wo%ldn:t accept racism in one instances (eca%se o% had the opport%nit to re6ect it in other instances if we pro#e the aff is %ndesira(le then o% sho%ld #ote ne*ati#e) Third" E#er instance is ke this decision is (etween competin* philosophies" not competin* actions) It:s like sa in*" KWe a*ree with non#iolence" e7cept when we don:tL) 9o%rth" The perm is incoherent) $o% can:t contin%e the perpet%ation of colonialit while sim%ltaneo%sl sa in* we sho%ld acti#el destro colonialit 9ifth" It:s se#erance $o% can:t se#ere o%t of o%r rhetoric and 6%stifications in the <!' .e#erance allows the aff to kick o%t of an link to a ; or D!" makin* (ein* ne* impossi(le) .i7th" .till links cross appl the link anal sis a(o#e) Means the alternati#e alone is a (etter option) .e#enth" The perm makes no sense 'om(inin* o%r radical re6ection of 4ccidental tho%*ht com(ined with the aff:s p%rs%it of 4ccidental tho%*ht hamstrin*s literall e#er effort to fi*ht E%rocentrism in ,atin !merican Postcolonial st%dies Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
This is not an essentialist" +unda#enta&i)t, anti+E%ropean criti3%eA It is aN perspecti#e that is critical of (oth E%rocentric and Third World f%ndamentalisms"N colonialism and nationalism) Border t'inkin(, one o+ t'e e!i)te#ic !er)!ecti"e) to beN di)cu))ed in t'i) artic&e, i) !reci)e&$ a critica& re)!on)e to bot'
'e(e#onic andN #ar(ina& +unda#enta&i)#)A *'at a&& +unda#enta&i)#) )'are Hinc&udin( t'e N /urocentric oneI i) t'e !re#i)e t'at t'ere i) on&$ one )o&e e!i)te#ic tradition +ro#N 8'ic' to ac'ie"e 1rut' and Uni"er)a&it$A Ho8e"er, #$ #ain !oint) 'ere are t'ree5 1I N t'at a
decolonial epistemic perspecti#e re3%ires a (roader canon of tho%*ht thanN simpl the Western canon Iincl%din* the ,eft Western canonJO 2I t'at a tr%l N %ni#ersal decolonial perspecti#e cannot (e (ased on an a(stract %ni#ersal IoneN partic%lar that raises itself as %ni#ersal *lo(al desi*nJ" (%t wo%ld ha#e to (e theN res%lt of the critical dialo*%e (etween di#erse critical epistemic?ethical?politicalN pro6ects towards a pl%ri#ersal as oppose to a %ni#ersal worldT ?I t'at decoloni2ationN of knowled*e wo%ld re3%ire to take serio%sl the epistemicN perspecti#e?cosmolo*ies?insi*hts of critical thinkers from the Glo(al .o%th thinkin*N from and with s%(alterni2ed racial?ethnic?se7%al spaces and (odiesA 0o)t#oderni)#N and !o)tructura&i)# a)
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e!i)te#o&o(ica& !roJect) are cau('t 8it'in t'e *e)tern canon N re!roducin( 8it'in it) do#ain) o+ t'ou('t and !ractice a !articu&ar +or# o+ co&onia&it$N o+ !o8erGkno8&ed(eA
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!T?? Perm%tation Plan then !lt

9irst" This makes no sense 4%r alt decoloniali2es o%r tho%*ht (efore doin* the plan so that we a#oid the impacts of the ; and sol#e the aff (etter This is a tr or die for the ; .econd" This is not an ar*%ment o% wo%ldn:t accept racism in one instances (eca%se o% had the opport%nit to re6ect it in other instances if we pro#e the aff is %ndesira(le then o% sho%ld #ote ne*ati#e) Third" E#er instance is ke this decision is (etween competin* philosophies" not competin* actions) It:s like sa in*" KWe a*ree with non#iolence" e7cept when we don:tL 9o%rth" It:s se#erance $o% can:t se#ere o%t of o%r 6%stifications and rhetoric in the <!' .e#erance allows the aff to kick o%t of an link to a ; or D!" makin* (ein* ne* impossi(le) 9ifth" We still *ain access to o%r rhetoric and 6%stification links" which are in ro%nd 4nl #otin* ne*ati#e sol#es this
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MUHS
!T?? Perm%tation !lt then Plan

9irst" The perm%tation *%ts all sol#enc to the ; We can:t em(race (order thinkin* and then em(race colonialit after that This makes the em(race disin*en%o%s and we restit%te colonialit after the alternati#e .econd" This is not an ar*%ment o% wo%ldn:t accept racism in one instances (eca%se o% had the opport%nit to re6ect it in other instances if we pro#e the aff is %ndesira(le then o% sho%ld #ote ne*ati#e) Third" E#er instance is ke this decision is (etween competin* philosophies" not competin* actions) It:s like sa in*" KWe a*ree with non#iolence" e7cept when we don:tL 9o%rth" It:s se#erance $o% can:t se#ere o%t of o%r 6%stifications or rhetoric in the <!' .e#erance allows the aff to kick o%t of an link to a ; or D!" makin* (ein* ne* impossi(le) 9ifth" We still *ain access to o%r 6%stifications and rhetoric links" which are in ro%nd 4nl #otin* ne*ati#e sol#es this
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MUHS
!T?? Perm%tation Do the !lt

9irst" The perm se#ers the entiret of the aff The alternati#e re6ects the entiret of the affirmati#e plan and em(races a completel different o%tlook of politics 5otin* iss%e .trate* skew+ not knowin* whether the plan will chan*e makes it impossi(le for the ne*ati#e to form a cohesi#e strate* ) Gro%nd+ the affirmati#e can perm%te to do the 'P which h%rts competiti#e e3%it ) The ne*ati#e will alwa s lose (eca%se the can spike o%t of o%r offense) No .ta(le !d#ocac the will spike o%t of parts of plan and miti*ate the possi(ilit of disc%ssin* those iss%es ;ills ed%cation Destro s ; *ro%nd+ the aff co%ld se#er parts of plan to a#oid ; lnks) This is a #oter for fairness and ed%cation) .econd" Their 6%stification and rhetoric is still in this ro%nd The onl wa to *ain in ro%nd sol#enc is to f%ndamentall challen*e and pro#ide a co%nter rhetoric" which can onl (e accessed thro%*h the alternati#e" that the can:t s%pport after the <!'
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MUHS
!T?? 'olonialit Ine#ita(le

I J 'olonialit isn:t ine#ita(le $o%r c%rrent flawed paradi*m 6%st forces o% to see it as ine#ita(le 4%r alternati#e allows %s the possi(ilit of seein* a new world emer*e Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A 2A I+ 8e acce!t t'at 8'at i) at )take i) t'e reco(nition t'at t'ere are no #odern )o&ution) N to #an$ o+ toda$4) #odern !rob&e#), 8'ere are 8e to &ook +or ne8 in)i('t)[ At t'i)N &e"e&, it
(ecomes cr%cial to 3%estion the widel held idea that modernit is now aN %ni#ersal and inescapa(le force" that *lo(ali2ation entails the radicali2ation of modernit "N and that from now on it is modernit all the wa downA 4ne fr%itf%l wa to think past thisN commonl held idea is to 3%estion the interpretation of modernit as an intra+e%ropeanN phenomenon) This re+interpretation makes #isi(le modernit :s %nderside, t'at i), thoseN s%(altern knowled*es and c%lt%ral practices worldwide that modernit itself sh%nned"N s%ppressed" made in#isi(le and dis3%alifiedA Under)tood a) 9co&onia&it$,; this other sideN has e7isted side ( side with modernit since the 'on3%est of !mericaO it is this sameN colonialit of (ein*" knowled*e" and power that toda :s U.+led empire attempts toN silence and containO the same colonialit that asserts itself at the (orders of theN modern?colonial world s stem" and from which s%(altern *ro%ps attempt to reconstit%teN place+(ased ima*inaries and local worlds) Fro# t'i) !er)!ecti"e, co&onia&it$ i)N con)tituti"e o+ #odernit$, and t'e 9t'ird 8or&d; i) !art o+ it) c&a))i+icator$ &o(icA Toda "N a new *lo(al artic%lation of colonialit is renderin* the Third World o(solete" and newN classifications are (o%nd to emer*e in a world no lon*er predicated on the e7istence ofN three worlds)
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MUHS
!T?? $o% Hate Democrac

I J This is 6%st racist and wron* /%st (eca%se we don:t s%pport o%r E%rocentric tho%*ht does not mean we hate democrac In fact" o%r redefinition of democrac allows %s to (etter s%pport it and contin%e to mo#e awa from the E%rocentric epistemolo*ical str%ct%re that coalesces into colonialit Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
! *ood e7ample of this is the Aapatista str%**le in Me7ico) The Aapatistas areN not anti3#odern +unda#enta&i)tA 1'e$ do not re6ect democrac and retreat into someN form of indi*eno%s f%ndamentalism) 4n the contrar " the Aapatistas accept theN notion of democrac " (%t redefine it from a local indi*eno%s practice and cosmolo* "N concept%ali2in* it as Kcommandin* while o(e in*L or Kwe are all e3%als (eca%se weN are all different)L What seems to (e a parado7ical slo*an is reall a criticalN decolonial redefinition of democrac from the practices" cosmolo*ies andN epistemolo*ies of the s%(altern) This leads to the 3%estion of how to transcend theN imperial monolo*%e esta(lished ( the E%ropean+centric modernit )
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MUHS
!T?? !lt is 5iolent

I J There is no wa o%r alternati#e of rethinkin* the world is *oin* to (e #iolent 4%r YYY e#idence pro#ides empiric e7amples on wh we don:t tri**er this impact I J There is a(sol%tel no wa to pro#e their impact tr%e The framework and paradi*m shift that (ro%*ht a(o%t ( the alternati#e wo%ld make e#er anal sis of politic s stems c%rrentl %nthinka(le Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed EG2-G1?A :n t'e ot'er 'and"
if the end the Third World si*nals somethin* new" there is littleN a*reement a(o%t this newness and the theoretical and political needs that it demandsA ForN )o#e, an entire&$ ne8 !aradi(# i) not on&$ needed but a&read$ on t'e ri)eA :t'er) speakN of the need for a new hori2on of meanin* for political str%**le after the e((in* of theN dream of national so#erei*nt thro%*h pop%lar re#ol%tionA Sti&& others ca%tion that sinceN most alternati#e #isions of the recent past @+ro# nationa& &iberation to )ocia&i)#33N operated within a modernist framework" then the paradi*ms of the f%t%re ha#e toN caref%ll steer awa from modern conceptsA A) t'e )a$in( (oe), ea)ier )aid t'an doneAN The fact is that there are #er man *ood anal ses of" and ideas a(o%t the contemporar N impasse" (%t the do not seem to coalesce or con#er*e into shared proposals or neatN form%lations" let alone clear co%rses of political action that co%ld capt%re the collecti#eN ima*inationA In t'i)
re(ard, our Bandun( +ore+at'er) +ared #uc' better @t'eir 8ideN a!!ea& bein( o+ cour)e a !rob&e# in it)e&+ +or #an$, (i"en t'e >ue)tionab&e !ractice) t'atN )u)tained itA Da"id Scott !ut it b&unt&$, and con)tructi"e&$, b$ )a$in( t'at toda$4) (&oba& N )ituation u)'er) in a ne8 !rob&e#3)!ace to 8'ic' neit'er 1'ird *or&di)# nor t'e en)uin(N H1,F0)31,,0)I !o)tco&onia& critici)# !ro"ide (ood an)8er)T 8'at i) needed, 'e )a$), i) 9a N ne8 conce!tua&i2ation o+ !o)tco&onia& !o&itic); t'at i) ab&e to i#a(ine 9Joinin( t'e radica&N !o&itica& tradition o+ Bandun( \ to an et'o) o+ a(oni)tic re)!ect +or !&ura&i2ation) o+N )uba&tern di++erence; H1,,,5 22BT )ee a&)o t'i) i))ueIA
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MUHS
!T?? We Help 'olonials

I J 9rom the perspecti#e of workin* for colonials" not from a colonial perspectives" epistemolo*ical t%rns sol#enc Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
0o&itica& /cono#$5 1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(30o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A In :ctober 1,,F, t'ere 8a) a con+erenceGdia&o(ue at Duke Uni"er)it$ N bet8een t'e Sout' A)ian Suba&tern Studie) 7rou! and t'e Latin A#erican Suba&ternN Studie) 7rou!A 1'e dia&o(ue initiated at t'i) con+erence e"entua&&$ re)u&ted in t'e N !ub&ication o+ )e"era& i))ue) o+ t'e Journa& ./0A.1LAA Ho8e"er, t'i) con+erence 8a)N t'e &a)t ti#e t'e Latin A#erican Suba&tern Studie) 7rou! #et be+ore t'eir )!&itA N A#on( t'e #an$ rea)on) and debate) t'at !roduced t'i) )!&it, t'ere are t8o t'at IN 8ou&d &ike to )tre))A 1'e #e#ber) o+ t'e Latin A#erican Suba&tern Studie) 7rou!N 8ere !ri#ari&$ Latina#ericani)t )c'o&ar) in t'e USAA Despite
their attempt atN prod%cin* a radical and alternati#e knowled*e" the reprod%ced the epistemicN schema of !rea .t%dies in the United .tate)A *it' a +e8 e%ce!tion), the prod%cedN st%dies a(o%t the s%(altern rather than st%dies with and from a s%(alternN perspecti#eA Like t'e i#!eria& e!i)te#o&o($ o+ Area Studie), theor was still locatedN in the North while the s%(6ects to (e st%died are located in the .o%thA 1'i) co&onia&N e!i)te#o&o($ 8a) crucia& to
#$ di))ati)+action 8it' t'e !roJectA A) a Latino in t'eN United State), I 8a) di))ati)+ied 8it' t'e e!i)te#ic con)e>uence) o+ t'e kno8&ed(e N !roduced b$ t'i) Latina#ericani)t (rou!A The
%nderestimated in their workN ethnic?racial perspecti#es comin* from the re*ion" while *i#in* pri#ile*eN predominantl to Western thinkers) 1'i) i) re&ated to #$ )econd !oint5 the *a#eN epistemic pri#ile*e to 8'at t'e$ ca&&ed the Kfo%r horses of the apocal pse; HMa&&onN 1,,BT odrV(ue2 2001I, t'at i), Foucau&t, Derrida, 7ra#)ci and 7u'aA A#on( t'eN +our #ain t'inker) t'e$ !ri"i&e(e, three are E%rocentric thinkers 8'i&e t8o o+ t'e#N HDerrida and Foucau&tI +or# !art o+ t'e !o)t)tructura&i)tG!o)t#odern *e)tern canonAN 4nl one" inaJit 7u'a, is a t'inker t'inkin( from the .o%th) 1 pri#ile*in* WesternN thinkers as their central theoretical apparat%s" the (etra ed their *oal to prod%ceN s%(altern st%dies)
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MUHS
!T?? 'apitalism Good

I J 'olonialit e7ists as a matri7 of different dominatin* factors Economic" political" and social We aren:t criti3%in* 'apitalism We:re criti3%in* the dominatin* force that accompanied the matri7 of colonialit " which had economic aspects Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
To call KLthe present world+s stem KcapitalistL is" to )a$ t'e &ea)t, misleadin*AN 7i"en t'e 'e(e#onic /urocentric 9co##on )en)e,; the moment we %se the wordQ Kcapitalism"L people immediatel think that we are talkin* a(o%t the Keconom L)N Howe#er" KcapitalismL is onl one of the m%ltiple entan*led constellations ofQ colonial power matri7 of 8'at I ca&&ed, at t'e ri)k o+ )oundin( ridicu&ou),N 9'apitalist?Patriarchal Western+centric?'hristian+centric Modern?'olonial World+Q . stem); 'apitalism is an important constellation of power" (%t not the sole oneAN 7i"en it) entan(&e#ent 8it' ot'er !o8er re&ation), de)tro$in( the capitalistQ aspects of the world+s stem wo%ld not (e eno%*h to destro the present worlds stemAN 1o tran)+or# t'i) 8or&d3)$)te# it i) crucia& to de)tro$ t'e
'i)torica&)tructura&N 'etero(enou) tota&it$ ca&&ed t'e 9co&onia& !o8er #atri%; o+ t'e 98or&d)$)te#; N 8it' it) #u&ti!&e +or#) o+ !o8er 'ierarc'ie)A Abo"e, I out&ined a tota& o+N 1D (&oba& !o8er 'ierarc'ie), but I a# )ure t'ere are #ore t'at e)ca!ed #$ N conce!tua&i2ationA
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MUHS
!T?? 'olonialism Good

I J This is terri(le 4%r entire <N' is an impact t%rn to this lo*ic" and this pro#ides %s with another link The idea that e7ploitin* *ro%ps of people is *ood is the worst form of epistemolo*icall (ankr%ptin* This is an in ro%nd link I J !nd there:s a h%*e difference (etween what we criti3%e 'olonialit and colonialism 'olonialit is the perpet%atin* domination after colonialist re*imes ha#e left Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
K'olonialL does not refer onl to Kclassical colonialismL or KinternalN colonialism"L nor can it (e red%ced to the presence of a Kcolonial administration)LN MuiJano di)tin(ui)'e) bet8een co&onia&i)# and co&onia&it$A I u)e t'e 8ordN 9colonialism; to refer to Kcolonial sit%ationsL enforced ( the presence of a colonialN administration s%ch as the period of classical colonialism , and, +o&&o8in( MuiJanoN H1,,1T 1,,?T 1,,FI, I %se Kcolonialit L to address Kcolonial sit%ationsL in the presentN period in which colonial administrations ha#e almost (een eradicated from theN capitalist world+s stemA B$ 9co&onia& )ituation); I #ean the c%lt%ral" political" se7%alN and economic oppression?e7ploitation of s%(ordinate raciali2ed?ethnic *ro%ps ( N dominant racial?ethnic *ro%ps with or witho%t the e7istence of colonialN administrations) Fi"e 'undred $ear) o+ /uro!ean co&onia& e%!an)ion and do#inationN +or#ed an
internationa& di"i)ion o+ &abor bet8een /uro!ean) and non3/uro!ean) t'at N i) re!roduced in t'e !re)ent )o3ca&&ed 9!o)t3co&onia&; !'a)e o+ t'e ca!ita&i)t 8or&d)$)te#N H*a&&er)tein, 1,-,T 1,,DIA 1oda$, t'e core 2one) o+ t'e ca!ita&i)t 8or&decono#$ N o"er&a! 8it' !redo#inant&$ *'iteG/uro!eanG/uro3A#erican )ocietie) )uc'N a) *e)tern /uro!e, Canada, Au)tra&ia and t'e United State), 8'i&e !eri!'era& 2one)N o"er&a! 8it' !re"iou)&$ co&oni2ed non3/uro!ean !eo!&eA =a!an i) t'e on&$ e%ce!tion N t'at con+ir#) t'e ru&eA =a!an 8a) ne"er co&oni2ed nor do#inated b$ /uro!ean) and,N )i#i&ar to t'e *e)t, !&a$ed an acti"e ro&e in bui&din( it) o8n co&onia& e#!ireA C'ina,N a&t'ou(' ne"er +u&&$ co&oni2ed, 8a) !eri!'era&i2ed t'rou(' t'e u)e o+ co&onia& N entre!ot) )uc' a) Hon( Con( and Macao, and t'rou(' direct #i&itar$ inter"ention)A
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!T?? 'olonialism is Dead

I J 'olonialism was ne#er dead It alwa s e7ists" fore#er chan*in* forms + 9rom the .panish con3%ests" to direct control to economic imperialism The plan is 6%st the new em(odiment of the same occidental philosoph .al#atore :<D Q icardo DA, Uni"er)idad 1orcuato Di 1e&&a, 91'e 0o)tco&onia& in Latin A#erica and t'e Conce!t o+ Co&onia&it$5 A
Hi)torian4) 0oint o+ Vie8;, Vo&A F, .oA 1, Fa&& 2010, ??23?BF, 888Anc)uAeduG!roJectGacontracorriente, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A 1o better e"a&uate t'e acco#!&i)'#ent) o+ t'i) "o&u#e, 8e needN to +ir)t under)tand t'e #eanin() o+ 9co&onia&it$A; Accordin( to editor) N Moraka, Du))e& and =bure(ui, colonialit
encompasses Kthe transhistoricN e7pansion of colonial domination and the perpet%ation of itsN effects in contemporar times; H2IA Accordin( to t'i) de+inition,N co&onia&it$ re+er) to a historical processacolonialism" its forms o+N (o"ernance, its representations" and its effects on colonial s%(6ectsaa)N 8e&& a) to a 9re)idua&; e++ect or 9!er)i)tence; o+ t'at !roce)) in t'eN !re)entA The condition of colonialit " as past+in+the+present, t'e aut'or)N c&ai#, can help %nderstand contemporar concerns relatin* toN neoli(eralism" *lo(ali2ation" international mi*rations" new socialN mo#ements" and the c%lt%ral h (ridit that impre*nates most *lo(alN citiesA 1'i) i) c&ear&$ a bi( c&ai#, one t'at de!end)
crucia&&$ u!on t'eN accurac$ and c&arit$ o+ t'e conce!t5 9co&onia&it$A;
I J It ne#er died It 6%st chan*ed how it appears to %s 'laims that it died e7acer(ate the pro(lem That:s another independent link Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
We cannot think of decoloni2ation in terms of con3%erin* power o#er theN 6%ridical+ political (o%ndaries of a state, t'at i), b$ ac'ie"in( contro& o"er a )in(&eN nation3)tate H7ro)+o(ue& 1,,EIA 1'e o&d nationa& &iberation and )ocia&i)t )trate(ie) o+ N takin( !o8er at t'e &e"e& o+ a nation3)tate are not )u++icient, becau)e *lo(alN colonialit is not red%ci(le to the presence or a(sence of a colonial administrationN H7ro)+o(ue& 2002I or to t'e !o&itica&Gecono#ic )tructure) o+ !o8erA 4ne of the mostN powerf%l m ths of the twentieth cent%r was the notion that the elimination ofN colonial administrations amo%nted to the decoloni2ation of the worldA This led to theN m th of a KpostcolonialL world) The hetero*eneo%s and m%ltiple *lo(al str%ct%resN p%t in place o#er a period of BZD ears did not e#aporate with the 6%ridical+politicalN decoloni2ation of the peripher o#er the past ZD ears) We contin%e to li#e %nderN the same Kcolonial power matri7)L *it' Juridica&3!o&itica& deco&oni2ation, we mo#edN from a period of K*lo(al colonialismL to the c%rrent period of K*lo(al colonialit )LN A&t'ou(' 99co&onia& ad#ini)tration);9 'a"e been a&#o)t entire&$ eradicated and t'e N #aJorit$ o+ t'e !eri!'er$ i) !o&itica&&$ or(ani2ed into inde!endent )tate), non +N E%ropean people are still li#in* %nder cr%de E%ropean?E%ro+!merican e7ploitation N and dominationA 1'e o&d co&onia& 'ierarc'ie) o+ /uro!ean "er)u) non3/uro!ean)N re#ain in !&ace and are entan(&ed 8it' t'e 9internationa&
di"i)ion o+ &abor; andN accu#u&ation o+ ca!ita& at a 8or&d3)ca&e HMuiJano 2000T 7ro)+o(ue& 2002IA
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!nswers To Western ,ies
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!T .tate Good
9irst" We m%st reclaim o%r a(ilit to (e actors in the stateMwe are the owners of o%r citi2enship and s%(6ecti#it !lt is ke to sol#e *ood parts of .tate and sol#e the ; .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atriC'akra"ort$ S!i"ak A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e
Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ , 200B, O:n t'e Cu)! o+ t'e 0er)ona& and t'e I#!er)ona&O5 An Inter"ie8 8it' 7a$atriC'akra"ort$S!i"akA Laura /A L$on), C$nt'ia Frank&inA Bio(ra!'ica& e)earc' CenterA Bio(ra!'$ 2-A1 H200BI 20?3221A 0M 10GFG200FA L/L5 1'i) ter#, 9int%ition
of the p%(lic sphere"L is one that o% ha#e (een %sin*N in o%r c&a))e) and talks 'ereA Can $ou )a$ a bit #ore about $our u)e o+ t'i) ter#[N *it'in $our o8n 8ork $ou 'a"e been critica& o+ t'eori)t) 8'o 8ant to i#!ortN
!)$c'o&o(ica& conce!t) &ike t'e uncon)ciou) into ot'er cu&tura& conte%t)A Doe) t'i) N +or#u&ation o+ intuition run an$ co#!arab&e ri)k)[ N 7CS5 1'at4) t'e !rob&e# 8it' needin( 8ord), one 'a) to u)e a 8ordA I 8a)N u)in( t'e 8ord 9intuition,; +rank&$, it4) a bad u)e, co&&o>uia&&$, becau)e I didn4tN #ean t'at I 8a) (oin( to (i"e t'e# in)truction in t'e 'i)tor$ o+ t'e !ub&icN )!'ereaco#e on, t'e)e are e&e#entar$ )c'oo&) in e%tre#e&$ back8ardN area)A So 8'at I wanted to de#elop was not connected to s%(6ectship" 8'atN I )ti&& 8ant to de"e&o!A I 8a) Ju)t to&d b$ )o#eone 8'o 8ant) to tran)&ate #e N into Frenc' t'at t'e 8ord 9a(enc$; i) (i"in( t'e# troub&e, )o t'ank 7od N $ou4re at &ea)t !ub&i)'in( t'i) in /n(&i)'A 1'e area o+ )ubJect)'i! i) 8'ereN !)$c'oana&$)i) i) i#!ortant, but in t'e area o+ a(enc$, 8'ic' i) action "a&idatedN b$ a co&&ecti"it$, in)titutiona&&$ "a&idated action, 8e don4t 'a"e t'atN #uc' o+ a !rob&e# 8it' u)in( co&&o>uia& &an(ua(e, ri('t[ :n t'e ot'er 'and,None
of the *reat thin*s a(o%t ps choanal sis is that it wanted to tap the s%(6ectN in order to restore social a*enc " and t'at4) o+ cour)e kind o+ +a&&en b$N t'e 8a$)ide in t'e u)e o+ !)$c'oana&$tic "ocabu&ar$ 8it'out t'at #i))ion, a)N it 8ereA But, an$8a$, to (o back to #$ u)e o+ 9intuition"L the word int%itionN there stands in for m needin* to de#elop in the o%n* people some kind ofN sense that the entire le*al str%ct%re" ci#il str%ct%re" e7ists for their %se) That:sN the int%ition of the p%(lic sphere) It:s an incredi(l diffic%lt thin*" (eca%seN o+ cour)e at t'e #o#ent,these str%ct%res e7ist for their oppressionA So t'ere+oreNthe int%ition will" one hopes" lead to real resistance rather than the shortc%tN that:s often taken ( fillin* these %nprepared minds with 6%st lessons of N resistanceA I #ean t'at )tu++ can )o back+ire once )o#e !o8er 'a) beenN L$on) and Frank&in, Inter"ie8 8it' 7a$atriC'akra"ort$S!i"ak 21?N (ained, or i+ it 'a)n4t been (ained, it beco#e) a kind o+ &iti(iou) b&ack#ai&, N de!endenc$ and )o onANNow p%(lic sphere, a) I )aid, #$ idea is "er$ )i#!&e 'ereA Si#!&$ t'at theN citi2en is the owner of the state and the ci#il societ )That:s the idea of theN p%(lic sphere" that all redresses are not confined to the pri#ate sphere of theN comm%nit " completel oppressed ( e#er (od aro%nd them) And t'e rea&it$N doe)n4t #atc' u! to it, but one 'o!e) t'at t'e atte#!t at educatin(aI4#N "er$ de!re))ed ri('t no8 becau)e, $ou kno8, it:s hard to %ndo cent%ries"N millennia in this case" of oppressionabut I t'ou('t t'ere 8a) one )tudentN a#on( a&& t'e e&e"en )c'oo&) 8'o, I 8a) not )ure, becau)e this is #er slowN work" with no ascertaina(ilit " who mi*ht ha#e (een s%scepti(le to this kindN of work) I #ean I4"e kno8n 'er no8 +or #an$ $ear)A But )'e died &a)t #ont' N o+ ence!'a&iti)A I 'ad rea&&$ 'o!ed t'at
)o#et'in( 8a) !a))in( t'ere bet8eenN 'er and #e, t'at )'e 8ou&d be t'e one 8'o 8ou&d +ina&&$ )a$, 98'$ are $ou N 'ere[;, $ou kno8 8'at I #ean[ But t'ere4) been a )etbackA When
peopleN think that it:s 6%st" o% *o there" o% *i#e a (%ildin*" o% p%t in teachers"N the :re all sittin* down" the ha#e (ooks in their hands" or o% *i#e themN technolo* " that is a fool:s dream or a kna#e:s r%se) .o that:s where thisN comes from)
2DD | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
!T K.%(alternL 1ad?PI's
9irst" The term s%(altern does not conotate a specific *ro%p of people It resem(les power and the s%(6%*ation to it) This term allows for a di#ersit that pro(lemati2es epistemolo* and intersectionalit ;e to sol#enc Honkanen :DU HCatriina, r'i2o#e)A1B )u##er 200-, 9Decon)tructi"e Inter)ection);AI
H'tt!5GGr'i2o#e)AnetGi))ue1BG'onkanenA't#&A =CookAI Acce))ed FG21G12A Q20S 1'e s%(altern
is a concept that mi*ht help to f%rther the theoreti2ation of the ideas of di#ersit and m%ltiplicit t'at conte#!orar$ /uro!ean and .ordic e>ua&it$ re)earc' i) en(a(ed inA It #i('t a&)o be 'e&!+u& in atte#!t) to o"erco#e !rob&e#) re&ated to re!re)entationa& identit$ !o&itic) di)cu))ed abo"e ) The term =s%(altern= means -s%(ordinated= or =non+he*emonic= HMorton, 200?5 BFIA In Latin Os%(= stands for (eneath or (elow and =alter= means the other one) I +ind the sim%ltaneit of the oppressor and the oppressed in this concept #al%a(le) =.%(altern= connotes power" dichotom and hierarch ) The concept of the s%(altern is defined ( the complicit (etween the =s%(= and the he*emonic) The concept (ecomes %sef%l within a deconstr%cti#e epistemolo* that takes into acco%nt the two senses of representation HVertretun( and Dar)te&&un(I that .pi#ak p%ts forward in OCan t'e )uba&tern )!eak[O H1,,B5 -DIA 'oncept%ali2in* the s%(altern 8it'in a decon)tructi"e epistemolo* re#eals the pro(lems linked to political intersectionalit and identit politics)N Q21S Decon)tructin( )uba&terit$ in e>ua&it$ re)earc' i) a !ractice t'at kee!) +ro# t'e !rob&e#) o+ #u&ticu&tura&i)#, 'eteronor#ati"it$ or c&a))3bia)A Di#ersit is not merel str%ct%ral" )o#et'in( =alwa s alread there= to (e %sed for the researchers- merel descripti#e p%rposes HCarbin X 1orn'i&&, 200B5 11?IA Within a realist epistemolo* the #oice of the s%(altern other is constantl so%*ht" while within a deconstr%cti#e epistemolo* o% spotli*ht places where e7cl%si#e practices are at work) I ar(ue t'at not e"en t'e conce!t o+ inter)ectiona&it$ #ana(e) to o"erco#e t'e !rob&e#) o+
#u&ticu&tura&i)# and t'e continued co&onia&i)t a)toni)'#ent in +ront o+ t'e ot'er t'at it en(ender) H+or a criti>ue o+ Ocu&tura&i)#,O )ee Badiou, 200BIA .o conce!t can, o+ cour)e, !re"ent care&e)) readin() and narci))i)tic a((re))i"it$, readin() 8'ere t'e :t'er i) )i#!&$ t'e ot'er o+ t'e )e&+, but at &ea)t 8it' care+u& readin(, t'e )uba&tern doe) not a&&o8 +or #ere de)cri!tion, +or !ortra$a&) on&$A N Q22S 1'u), the
s%(altern sho%ld not (e concept%ali2ed as =some(od =O it sho%ld not (e %nderstood as a person or a societal *ro%p) It is not a list of s%(6%*ated positions) Rather, 8it'in a decon)tructi"e e!i)te#o&o($" the s%(altern is a shiftin* place of silence and a(6ection constit%ted ( the operations of the he*emonic" of power) The 3%estion we sho%ld ask is0 8'at !o8er con)titute) t'e di)cu))ion on t'e Finni)' 8o#enP) )tudie) &i)t[ What silences is it (%ilt on> !s an anal tical tool the concepts- stren*th lies in the fact that it onl (ecomes intelli*i(le thro%*h operations of powerA 1'e )uba&tern con"entiona&&$ denote) a Junior rankin( o++icerA M readin* of the concept %nderlines the lack of a coherent political identit and is informed ( a deconstr%ction of dichotomies) .econd" .%(altern is a sin*%larit their appeal to more pop%lar words means that the cannot sol#e the aff or affirm difference .pi#ak &DDZ 7u$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; Postcolonial Studies 5ol) G No) B" pp) BUZ+BG^" &DDZ Ro%tled*e
Sin(u&arit$ 8a) a >ue)tionin( o+ t'e uni"er)a&3!articu&ar d$adA 1'e )in(u&ar i) re!eated, 8it' a di++erenceA 1'at i) 'o8 t'e Z'u#an4 i) re!eatedindi++erence in )in(&e 'u#an), !rior to t'e con)truction o+ !er)on'ood or indi"idua&it$A It i) a !o8er+u& conce!t, anc'ored in (ood )en)e, >ue)tionin( bot' uni"er)a&i)# and identitariani)#A Suc' di++erent&$ re!eated )in(u&aritie) co&&ecti"e&$ are a #u&ti!&icit$A 1'i) i) not an e#!irica& co&&ecti"e, not, in ot'er 8ord), a #u&titudeA A) &on( a) 8e re#e#ber t'e)e are 8a$) o+ t'inkin(, a&8a$) inc&ined to t'e e#!irica&, 8e can continue to 8orkA I+ 8e reduce t'e# to t'e e#!irica& a&one, turn )uba&tern into !o!u&ar, 8e are #ere&$ di)!utatiou) c'ronic&er)A
2DE | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
2D- | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
!T Nationalism Good
9irst" The alternati#e sol#es (ack the (ad parts of nationalism We:re not sa in* that nations sho%ldn:t e7ist We:re sa in* that the reprod%cti#e dri#e of nations (ecomes em(edded in o%r s%(concio%sness" in o%r c%lt%ral li#es" and dri#e %s to f%rther this reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it The alternati#e accesses all of o%r offense .pi#ak :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI
1'e nationalism I 'a"e been de)cribin( operates
in the p%(lic sphere)N 1%t the s%(altern affect where it finds its mo(ili2in* is pri#ate, t'ou(' t'i)N !o))ibi&it$ o+ t'e !ri"ate i) not deri"ed +ro# a )en)e o+ t'e !ub&ic, an %nderi#edN pri#ate, 8'ic' i) "er$ di++icu&t +or /uro!e to t'inkA *o#en, #en andN >ueer) are not nece))ari&$ di"ided a&on( t'e !ub&ic3 !ri"ate &ine e"er$8'ereA IN 'a"e a&read$ &et )&i! t'at nationalism is a recodin* of this %nderi#ed pri#ateN as the anton m of the p%(lic sphere) When o% (e*in to think nationalism N this %nderi#ed pri#ate has (een recoded" reterritoriali2ed as the anton m ofN the p%(licA 1'en it i) a) i+ it i) t'e o!!o)ite o+ t'e
!ub&icA 1'i) )'i+t i) 'i)torica&,N o+ cour)e, but it i) a&)o &o(ica&A 1'e )uba&tern +o&k) I a# ta&kin( about are N in our !re)ent, but ke!t !re3#odernAN I 8i&& not re'ear)e 'ere t'e #o)t&$ He(e&ian 'i)torica& )tor$ o+ t'e e#er(ence N o+ t'e !ub&ic )!'ereA In 8'ate"er nationa&i)t co&or) it i) dre))ed,N 8'et'er c'rono&o(ica& or &o(ica&, the
imp%lse to nationalism is Kwe m%st controlN the workin*s of o%r own p%(lic sphereL) The reclaimin* of the past is inN that interestA So#eti#e) nationa&i)# &ead) to t'e
re)o&"e to contro& ot'er)4N !ub&ic )!'ere), a&t'ou(' t'i) i) not a nece))ar$ outco#eA *it' t'i) co#e) N t'e nece))ar$ t'ou(' o+ten unackno8&ed(ed )en)e o+ bein( uni>ue and,N a&a), better @it4) a >uick )'i+t@ becau)e born t'i) 8a$A N /"er$ dia)!oric +ee&) a !u&& o+ )o#e8'ere e&)e 8'i&e &ocated 'ereA I+ 8eN con)ider t'e #ode& o+ e%o(a#ou) #arria(e 8it' re+erence to t'at )entence,N 8e #i('t 'a"e to re"i)e t'e entire cit$Gcountr$ #ode& i#!&icit in 9Metro!o&i);,N and t'ink t'at t'e 8o#en in (enderin( 'a"e a&8a$) )'ared t'i) c'aracteri)tic N 8it' 8'at 8e, toda$, 'a"e &earnt to ca&& ODia)!oraO, e"en 8'en it doe)nPt N 'a"e #uc' o+ a re)e#b&ance 8it' 8'at 'a!!ened )o &on( a(o in A&e%andriaAN And $et, #eton$#i2ed a) not'in( but t'e birt'3cana&, 8o#an i) t'e #o)tN !ri#iti"e in)tru#ent o+ nationa&i)#A N I 'a"e 'ere o++ered a readin( o+ nationa&i)# t'at a&&o8) u) to )ee 8'$,N altho%*h
nationalism is the condition and effect of the p%(lic sphere"N nationalisms are not a(le to work with the fo%ndin* lo*ic of the p%(licN sphere0 t'at a&& reason i) oneA It is sec%red ( the pri#ate con#iction of specialN (irth and hops ri*ht from the %nderi#ed pri#ate comfort which is no moreN than a thereness in one:s corner)N If nationalism sec%res itself ( an appeal to the most pri#ate" democrac N in its most con#enient and ascertaina(le form is sec%red ( the most tri#iall N p%(lic %ni#ersal each e3%als one) That flims arithmetic" %nprotected ( N rational choice" can also (e manip%lated ( nationalismA I a# not con"incedN t'at t'e
)tor$ o+ 'u#an #o"e#ent to a (reater contro& o+ t'e !ub&ic )!'ere i) N nece))ari&$ a )tor$ o+ !ro(re))A 1'e re&i(ionG)cience debate #ake) t'i) N a))u#!tion, +or(ettin( t'at t'e i#a(ination, +or(ettin( t'at &iterature and t'eN art), be&on( neit'er to rea)on, nor to unrea)onA 1'at &iterature and t'e art)N can )u!!ort an ad"anced nationa&i)# i) no )ecretA The
6oin them in the taskN of a massi#e rememoration pro6ect" sa in* Kwe all s%ffered this wa " o% remem(er"N this is what happened" o% remem(erL" so that histor is t%rned intoN c%lt%ral memor ) Literature can t'en Join in t'e ta)k o+ a #a))i"e counterre#e#orationN !roJect )u((e)tin( t'at 8e 'a"e a&& !a))ed t'rou(' t'e )a#e N (&oriou) !a)t, the same *rand national li(eration (attles, t'e )a#e re&i(iou)N to&erance or 8'ate"erA I a# (oin( to )u((e)t b$ t'e end o+ t'i) @becau)eN )o#eti#e) I a#
#i)under)tood@ t'at t'e &iterar$ i#a(ination can i#!act on N de3tran)cendenta&i2ed nationa&i)#A 1'at i) not 8'at I a# di)cu))in( 'ereA IN a# )u!!ortin( t'e c&ic'^ t'at ima*ination feeds nationalism" and (oin(N +or8ard to8ard t'e &iterar$ i#a(ination and teac'in( t'e 'u#anitie), t'rou('N t'e teac'in( o+ t'e 'u#anitie) to !re!are t'e reader&$ i#a(ination to recei"e N t'e &iterar$ and t'u) (o be$ond t'e )e&+3 identit$ o+ nationa&i)# to8ard t'eN co#!&e% te%tua&it$ o+ t'e internationa&A I 8i&& co#e to t'at &aterA
2DF | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
!T No !lternati#e .ol#enc
9irst" We do sol#e !dd anal sis .econd" It:s tr or die for the alternati#e !dd anal sis on the case t%rn Third" The criti3%e is answerin* an ethical 3%estion" which means o% #ote ne*ati#e no matter if we can sol#e or not The de(ate sho%ld (e framed aro%nd whether or not the affirmati#e e7cl%des the s%(alterns: #oices) E#en if we:re *oin* to fail to end the silencin* of the s%(altern" that doesn-t chan*e the fact that we sho%ld fi*ht for it) Third" E#en if we ne#er sol#e" we m%st 3%estion the c%rrent state of nationalism !ND 4%r criticism can pa#e the wa for a new ima*ination that leads %s to %nlearn the c%lt%ral" ima*inar control of the nation" (eca%se nations are onl the ima*ination .pi#ak :DE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, .ationa&i)# and t'e I#a(ination, =CookAI
A) +or #e, I a# a&to(et'er uto!ianA I &ook to8ard a re3i#a(ined 8or&d t'atN i) a c&u)ter in t'e 7&oba& Sout', a c&u)ter o+ re(ion)A :+ cour)e it
can onl N happen *rad%all ) But as we make small str%ct%ral ad6%stments" we sho%ldN keep this *oal in mind) It ma prod%ce ima*inati#e folk who are not onl N *oin* on a(o%t c%lt%ral identit Hread 9nationa&i)#;I, (%t t%rnin* aro%nd theN ad#erse effects of the ad6%stment of economic str%ct%res) The state, a)N Hanna' Arendt )a$), is an a(stract str%ct%reA And $ou #a$ 'a"e noticed t'atN e#er thin* I ha#e written t%rns aro%nd learnin* and teachin*) 4ne of the N man tasks o+ t'e teac'er o+ t'e 'u#anitie) is to keep the a(stract and reasona(leN ci#ic str%ct%res of the state free of the (%rden of c%lt%ral nationalism)N 1o re!eat5 an ima*ination trained in the pla of lan*%a*eIsJ ma %ndo theN tr%th+claims of national identit " th%s %nmoorin* the c%lt%ral nationalism thatN dis*%ises the workin*s of the state @di)(ui)e) t'e &o)) o+ ci"i& &ibertie), +orN e%a#!&e, in t'e na#e o+ t'e A#erican 9nation; t'reatened b$ terrorA A(ain,N 9#a$;A I will ne#er (e foolish eno%*h to claim that a h%manities ed%cationN alone He)!ecia&&$ (i"en t'e )tate o+ 'u#anitie) education toda$J can sa#eN the worldF 4r that an thin* can" once and for all) 4r" e#en" that s%ch aN phrase or idea as Ksa#e the worldL can (e meanin*f%l)N M$ #ain to!ic 'a) been t'e de3tran)cendenta&i2in( o+ nationa&i)#, theN task of trainin* the sin*%lar ima*ination" alwa s in the interest of takin* theN KnationL o%t of nation+state" i+ I #a$ !ut it t'at
8a$A It )ound) bad ri('t a+terN &iberationA *'en I )!oke in Sout' A+rica in t'e +ir)t #e#oria& &ecture a+ter t'e N &i+tin( o+ A!art'eid I )!oke in t'i) 8a$A M$ #e))a(e 8a) not e%act&$ !o!u&arAN And t'en about ten $ear) &ater, 8'en t'e !iece 8a) inc&uded in an ant'o&o($, N t'e editor )aid t'at I 'ad been !re)cient to 'a"e )!oken at t'at ti#e o+N 9t'e ab3u)e o+ t'e en&i('ten#ent +ro# be&o8; HVincent, 2002IA At t'e ti#e itN 'ad )ounded too ne(ati"eA I a# )a$in( t'ere+ore a(ain and a(ain @tran)&ateN +ro# )o#eone 8'o 'a) 'ad )i%t$ $ear) o+ inde!endence, a &itt&e #ore t'anN t'at @1,Bto 200,@ and )ee i+ it 8i&& tran)&ate, rat'er t'an )i#!&$ )a$in( 9weN
cannot afford to think of the nation in that wa nowL) 1'i) i) 8'ere co#!arati"i)#N co#e) inA Hence a few o(#io%s words a(o%t re+in#entin* the state"N words that take %s o%tside of an ed%cation onl in the h%manities" are not o%tN of place here)
2D, | A I D S
and HIV
Free!
MUHS
!T Glo(ali2ation Good
9irst" ; is a D! to this flow .econd" E#en if the win that *lo(ali2ation helps some s%(alterans the intent (ehind it is flawed + it forces h phonated identities and is done with the sole intent to f%rther entrench *lo(ali2ation and the homo*eni2ation of c%lt%re .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
In E%rocentric economic mi*ration rather than in electronic *lo(alit " as we tra#el down in class" the denial of the c%lt%ral s%(6ectship of the a(stract rational str%ct%res of =democrac = to the felicito%s E%ro+U).) a*ent (ecomes acti#e rather than reacti#eO patriarchal rather than anal ticO and (ecomes trans#al%ed and displaced into demands for preser#in* the inscription and s%perscription of the woman-s (od as an ima*e of a c%lt%ral =self= +as the other in the self) These a( ssal shadow *ames also in#ol#e woman" (%t the are not necessaril E%ropean ima*es" or E%ro+U).) ima*es) IThis has now chan*ed" hapha2ardl " in 9rance and in Holland)J It takes place within indi*eno%s patriarch " and" howe#er intimatel the mi*ht (e related to modernit " the are consolidated in the name of tradition) H1'i) i) no8 #ore di)cur)i"e&$ con"enient a) t'e #odernit$G tradition !o&ari2ation i) beco#in( &e)) )oAI And altho%*h the women themsel#es are am(i#alent a(o%t these mo#es" the are often seen as m%te #ictims and?or as Enli*htenment s%(6ects speakin* %p for di#ersit ) !s s%ch" the pro#ide an ali(i for c%lt%ral a(sol%tists who want to sa#e them from their =c%lt%re= as well as c%lt%ral relati#ists who m%st see this as anticolonialism) !n I%nacknowled*edJ do%(le (ind) In 3%ite another wa " the representation of =E%rope= or the United .tates in the place of the self in s%ch sit%ations (ecomes s%spect) 9or tho%*h the women and men demandin* the inscription and s%perscription of the woman-s (od as c%lt%ral icon are themsel#es the recentl h phenated" the are also the new E%rope or the new United .tates) In the United .tates this is e#en more pro(lematic since the so+called E%ro!mericans are themsel#es h phenated and the nati#es ha#e (een =othered)= /"en t'i) i) not t'e 8'o&e )tor$A 9or the h phenated E%ropean or !merican is" of co%rse" *ender and class di#ided) .ince it is the woman who is most citational" p%t within 3%otation marks in order to sanction all kinds of social actions+from a%tomo(ile commercials to war to *lo(ali2ation itself+the %pwardl mo(ile" h (rid female E%ropean or !merican can ne*otiate the class di#ide" and e#en the race di#ide" in the name of the *endered c%lt%ral s%(6ect actin* for a fantasmatic E%rope or" as the case ma (e" the United .tates) Whereas in the %nderclass" disappointed in the e7pectation of 6%stice %nder capitalism" the mi*rant falls (ack %pon =c%lt%re= as the ori*inar fi*%ration of that fo%ndin* *ap (etween the 3%ite+other and the other" in patriarch " this c%lt%ral fi*%ration is a *enderin* internali2ed ( (oth male and female" differentl ) This too is part of =the pro(lem of thinkin* ethics for the other woman)= How can we" in the face of discrimination from a(o#e" and alas" from minorities with a lon*er histor of U).) nationali2ation" howe#er %n6%st" pers%ade the mi*rant or ref%*ee that a s stemic fi*%ration of the #iolence of the fo%ndin* *ap closes the IimJpossi(ilit of ethics" especiall *i#en the histor of patriarchal fi*%rations" the IimJpossi(ilit of an ethics of se7%al difference>U Ho8 can 8e, t'eir acade#ic c'a#!ion), re#ind our)e&"e) t'at t'e
de!redation) o+ (&oba&i2ation3indi)cri#inate da#3bui&din(, !atentin( indi(enou) kno8&ed(e, !'ar#aceutica& du#!in(, trade3re&ated inte&&ectua& !ro!ert$ #ea)ure), bio!irac$, cu&ture3+i)'er$ and t'e re!&ace#ent o+ t'e 8e&+are )tate b$ t'e #ana(eria& )tate3touc' t'o)e 8'o )ta$ed in one
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!&ace[ 1'at toda$, a) oberta Co'en o+ t'e Brookin() In)titution 0roJect on Interna& Di)!&ace#ent te&&) u)5 O1'e #o)t rea&i)tic count o+ interna&&$ di)!&aced !er)on) i) AAA 20 to 2D #i&&ion5 nine to ten #i&&ion in A+rica, +i"e #i&&ion in A)ia, +i"e #i&&ion in /uro!e, and t8o #i&&ion in t'e A#erica)A 1'eir nu#ber no8 e%ceed) t'at o+ re+u(ee)O [F Ho8 can 8e )a$ to =oan 1ronto, 8'en )'e 8rite)5 OI )tart +ro# t'e a))u#!tion) about t'e need +or a &ibera&, e#c=crauc AAAA , !&ura&i)tic )ociet$ in order +or a&& 'u#an) to +&ouri)',O t'at )uc' )ocietie) can +&ouri)' in one !art o+ t'e 8or&d at t'e e%!en)e o+ anot'er and 8it'in one (&oba&i2ed )tate at t'e e%!en)e o+ t'e di)en+ranc'i)ed and t'at ca!ita&i)t (&oba&i2ation 'a) e%acerbated t'i)[, I t'ere+ore +ear t'at t'e #ore O&ate t8entiet' centur$ A#erican )ociet$ AAA take) )eriou)&$ AAA t'e "a&ue) o+ carin( AAA traditiona&&$ a))ociated 8it' 8o#en Ot'e &e)) it 8i&& 8ant to &earn, under a&& t'e (arba(e o+ do#ination and e%!&oitation, t'e)e "irtue) )'inin( in )ocietie) 8'ere t'e 8e&+are )tate i) no8 not a&&o8ed to e#er(e a) t'e barrier) bet8een nationa& and internationa& econo#$ are re#o"edT and 8'ere, in t'e na#e o+ O(ender trainin( !reci)e&$ t'e)e "irtue) #u)t be i#!atient&$ under#ined rat'er t'an nurtured e"en a) t'e #i&&ennia! (ender3co#!ro#i)e t'at t'e$ 'a"e brou('t about i) )'atteredA
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!T Perm
9irst" The perm%tation creates a com(ination of heteronormati#e lo*ic and teachin* that replicates the c%lt%ral teachin* that ca%sed o%r impact in the first place No sol#enc for the perm .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 200B 91error5 A S!eec' A+ter ,311; 0ub&i)'ed b$ Duke Uni"er)it$ 0re))A boundar$ 2 ?1A2 H200BI F13111 Acce)) !ro"ided b$ Uni"er)it$ o+ Minne)ota 318in Citie) Librarie)a0roJect Mu)e 10GFG200FA
The %ni#ersit is in the world) !nd the world:s %ni#ersities are, noN doubt, of the RRE%ropean model SwhichT, a+ter a ric' and co#!&e% #edie"a&N 'i)tor$, has (ecome pre#alent ) ) ) o#er the last two cent%ries in states of aN democratic t pe)::HE 6et that str%ct%re does not operate e#er where with theN same de*ree of efficienc " the same de*ree of informed consent or criti3%e"N with the same 3%alit or connection with the state) A) t'e be)t in the UnitedN .tate) think #ore and #ore of world *o#ernance" in the name of s%staina(leN de#elopment and ethical *lo(ali2ation" and h%man ri*htsMto opposeN the m%rdero%s coll%sion of the militar and the economicMin the conte7tN of world *o#ernance" thenMwe m%st think of all of these different kinds ofN %ni#ersities" rather than 6%st *enerali2e from the %ni#ersities we know" as if N the world were one) If we mo#e thro%*h the spectr%m" the ideas we will seeN circ%latin* amon* st%dents and teachers will (e RRc%lt%ral identit ":: RRc%lt%ralN difference":: RRnational so#erei*nt "::
ZZ#inorit$ !o&itic)A44 More o+ten t'an not,N t'e)e i))ue) )'ade o++ into "arietie) o+ re&i(iou) +reedo#A I 'a)ten to addN t'at t'i) i) not in"ariab&$ t'e ca)eA
.econd" The alternati#e m%st (e done witho%t the com(ination with reprod%cti#e heteronormati#e nationalist polic The com(ination coopts and destro s sol#enc .pi#ak :EZ H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 97'o)t8ritin(;, =cookAI To contin%e with the pro*ram Iwhich is not a pro*ram" of co%rseJ0 We won-t repolitici2e N QSM F-1, we will (e =an alliance witho%t an instit%tionO QSM FE1, and we willN =prod%ce e#ents" new effecti#e forms of action" practice" or*ani2ation" and so forthO QSMN F,1A In a world where nonali*nment is no lon*er possi(le as a collecti#e position" whatN *ood is s%ch anon mo%s internationalit > and 'o8 8i&& it co#e to !a))[ .e"er #indA WeN don-t like totalitarianism" and we are %ns mpathetic with the la(or mo#ement)N
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!T Identit R%pt%re 1ad

9irst" o%r impacts are a D! to this ar*%ment .econd" identit r%pt%re sol#es war .pi#ak E& 7a$atri, 9Actin( Bit)GIdentit$ 1a&k,; Critical Inquiry 5ol) <G No B0 Identities) .%mmer <EE&" pp) UUD+GDH
*'en 8e #obi&i2e t'at )ecret ontic inti#ate kno8&ed(e, 8e &o)e it, but I )ee no ot'er 8a$A *e 'a"e ne"er, to >uote 7&a), been "ir(in enou(' to be t'e :t'erA C&audine Her#ann, a &a8$er 8'o 'a) !racticed bot' in A+('ani)tan and in France, (i"e) #e #$ c&o)in( 8ord)5 *e 'a"e a&8a$) kno8n 'o8 Qin Ocu&tureOS Oto )ee 8o#en t'rou(' t'e e$e) o+ #en and, in &i+e, to )ee #en t'rou(' t'e e$e) o+ 8o#enAO *e 'a"e a&8a$) kno8n O'o8 8ide t'e (a! i)AO *e 'a"e a&8a$) been O)c'i2oid and 8e #i('t add A A A 'er#a!'rodite A O.ot andro($nou), but a bit o+ a 'er#a!'rodite )ecure in t'e con"iction t'at )e% and (ender are )tructura&&$ not identica&A Cu&ture) are bui&t "io&ent&$ on t'e en+orced coercion t'at t'e$ areA *ar i) it) #o)t e%tre#e )i(nature, and, &ike a&& )i(nature), !atriarc'a&A :ur &e))on i) to act in t'e +racture) o+ identitie) in )tru((&eA
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!T .cience?Trinit
9irst" Their criticism romantici2es federal polic and renders c%lt%ral shifts irrele#ant .pi#ak &DDB 7u$atri, 9Har&e#,; Social Text G<" 5ol) &&" No) B" Winter &DDB
1'e intent to #e#oria&i2e can be )i(ni+ied b$ 8a$ o+ t'e +ra#e), in t'e )t$&e o+ #edie"a& i&&u#inated #anu)cri!t)A And, becau)e nature i) !re)u#ed to be 8it'out 'i)tor$ in t'i) ti#e +ra#e, a )!ecie) 'ere can !re)u#ab&$ co#e back a) t'e )a#e +ro# t'e "er(e o+ e%tinctionA 91'i) #a(ni+i cent ra!tor,; run) t'e 8a&& te%t +or t'i) one, 98a) once on t'e "er(e o+ e%tinction due to t'innin( o+ it) e(()'e&&) cau)ed b$ !e)ticida& )!ra$in(A A ban on t'e u)e o+ DD1 in t'e 1,-0), cou!&ed 8it' Federa& !rotection, !a"ed t'e 8a$ +or a )ucce))+u& co#ebackA In t'e 1,,0) it 8a) re#o"ed +ro# t'e endan(ered )!ecie) &i)t; H+i (A 22IA N 1'i) ro#antic con"iction H9no 'un(r$ (eneration) tread t'ee do8n;I i) dubiou) at be)tA 9Bio&o(ica&&$, t'e (ene !oo& i) bad&$ i#!o"eri)'edT eco&o(ica&&$, it) re&ation to t'e en"iron#ent i) radica&&$ a&teredA Are t'e 'erd) o+ bi)on rai)ed in nationa& !ark) Zt'e )a#e4 a) t'e 'erd) t'e Indian) 'unted[;?1 But it i) certain t'at t'ere can be no 'o!e o+ a )ucce))+u& co#eback a) a re!etition o+ t'e )a#e +or in)cribed co&&ecti"itie), +ore"er "ani)'in(A A )ea#&e)) cu&tura&i)# cannot be a) e++ecti"e a) +edera& !rotection and a ban on DD1A
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!T ,ash o%t?Re#ersal Ps choanal sis

!(o%t o%r impact ) ) ) we don:t do that) .pi#ak &DDB 7u$atri, 9Har&e#,; Social Text G<" 5ol) &&" No) B" Winter &DDB Where does ori*inar h (ridit (e*in> *'at, indeed, i) it to be a .e86orker[ We m%st p%sh (ack on the trace of race in identit rather than insist on e7cl%si#e c%lt%re in order to ask that 3%estion) This is not to for*et that the other side oppresses in the name of race" (%t its opposite0 not to le*itimi2e it ( re#ersal)
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!T .%(altern is Misappropriatin*
9irst" .%(altern ha#e no e7amples .pi#ak &DDZ 7u$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; Postcolonial Studies 5ol) G No) B" pp) BUZ+BG^" &DDZ Ro%tled*e
So +ar I 'a"e )!oken o+ t'e o&d )uba&tern, 8it'dra8n +ro# &ine) o+ )ocia& #obi&it$, in ter#) o+ an educationa& enter!ri)e t'at in a )u!!&e#entar$ 8a$ trie) to re&ea)e t'e !o))ibi&it$ o+ )e&+3ab)traction, )e&+3)$necdoc'eA Mere&$ tr$in( to re&ea)e t'e !o))ibi&it$ _G it 8i&& not 'a!!en in t'e c&a))roo# to#orro8A B$ in+ra)tructure, I 'ad ear&ier #eant t'e e++ort to e)tab&i)', i#!&e#ent and #onitor )tructure) t'at a&&o8 )uba&tern re)i)tance to be &ocated and 'eardA In t'e interi# $ear), t'rou(' t'e e&ectronic circuit) o+ (&oba&i)ation, t'e )uba&tern 'a) beco#e (reat&$ !er#eab&eA Muc' o+ a !a)tic'e o+ Z(&oba&4 cu&ture i) &e%ica&i)ed in a +ra(#entar$ +a)'ion in t'e underc&a)) !ub&ic 8or&dA H1o &e%ica&i)e i) to )e!arate a &in(ui)tic ite# +ro# it) a!!ro!riate (ra##atica& )$)te# into t'e con"ention) o+ anot'er (ra##arAI But t'e !er#eabi&it$ I )!eak o+ i) t'e e%!&oitation o+ t'e (&oba& )uba&tern a) )ource o+ inte&&ectua& !ro!ert$ 8it'out t'e bene+it o+ bene+it3)'arin(, ?1!'ar#aceutica& !atentin( and )ocia& du#!in(A 1'ere i) no !er#eabi&it$ in t'e o!!o)ite directionA 1'at i) 8'ere t'e !er#anent e++ort o+ in+ra)tructura& in"o&"e#ent i) ca&&ed +orA I a# not )!eakin( o+ or(ani)in( internationa& con+erence) 8it' e%ce!tiona&i)t Ze%a#!&e)4 o+ )uba&ternit$ to re!re)ent co&&ecti"e )uba&tern 8i&&A 1'e )uba&tern 'a) no Ze%a#!&e)4A 1'e e%e#!&ar$ )uba&tern i) 'e(e#oni)ed, e"en i+ Hand not nece))ari&$I in bad +ait'A 1'i) #u)t be di)tin(ui)'ed +ro# t'e de)!erate and 'ard&$ !erce!tib&e e++ort at +akin( )uba&tern co&&ecti"e initiati"e b$ t'e &eader) o+ counter3(&oba&i)t re)i)tance)A I 'a"e ca&&ed it Z+euda&it$4 8it'out Z+euda&i)#4A I do not t'ink it i) a (ood idea at t'i) !oint to take a rea& !o)ition a(ain)t it, becau)e I kno8 8'ere t'e de)!eration co#e) +ro#A
.econd" add s%(altern (ad shit
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!T .%(altern is Homo*eno%s?Totali2in*
9irst" .%(altern not totali2in* or homo*eno%s 5ila :EU 0ab&o, U1 /& 0a)o, 9.arrati"e Identitie)5 1'e /#!&o$#ent o+ t'e Me%ican on t'e UASA3Me%ican Border,; The Sociological Quarterly" 5ol HG" No <" Winter <EEU" pp) <BU+<GH" 1lackwell
1'o)e +e#ini)t aut'or) 8'o turn +e#ini)t critici)# to t'e decon)truction o+ t'e 'o#o(ene3 ou) and uni+ied i#a(e) o+ t'e co&oni2ed )ubJect ar(ue t'at O8'i&e co&oni2ation and de3co&oni3 2ation )ee# to ur(e t'e e)tab&i)'#ent o+ an identit$ and a 'o#e!&ace, !o)t3co&onia& critic) in)tead rea!!ro!riate di)!&ace#ent5 !o)t3co&onia& critici)# "a&ori2e) t'e '$brid rat'er t'an t'e uni+ied )ubJect3identit$ +i(ured in t'e do#inant +iction o+ *e)tern di)cour)eT it +ore(round) t'e #u&ticu&tura& rat'er t'an t'e uni+ied identit$ o+ t'e nation3)tate and it in)i)t) on &oca&&$ articu&ated critici)#) o+ t'e (&oba&i2ation o+ re&ation) o+ !o8erGkno8&ed(eO HC&ou(' 1,,B, !A 11EIA 1'u), Min'3'a H1,,0, !A 1D-I !oint) out t'at t'e >ue)tion about identit$ i) no &on(er 8'o a# I[ but 8'en, 8'ere, 'o8 a# I[5 OThere
is no real me to ret%rn to" no whole self that s nthesi2es the woman" the woman of color and the writerO there are" instead" di#erse reco*ni+ tions of self thro%*h difference" and %nfinished" contin*ent" ar(itrar clos%res that make possi+ (le (oth politics and identit )= .pi#akH1,FF, !A 2FBI ar*%es similarl that the claim for the identit of the s%(altern s%(6ect fa#ors antiessentialism" (eca%se the s%(altern is not a %nified s%(6ect+identit (%t an =identit +in+differential= in relation to the elite) Second" add misappropriatin* and s%(altern (ad shit
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!T 4ther PI':s
9irst" 4%r ,an*%a*e is not fi7ed" it is a form of strat*e*ic essentialism that calls into 3%estion traditional cate*ories of 3%eer and feminine Marian%cci &D<< Mi#i, 0'D and A))tA 0'i&o)o!'$ 0ro+e))or at /a)tern *a)'in(ton Uni"er)it$ @
+e#ini)t and >ueer )c'o&ar, 9Mueerin( u! Fe#ini)#,; 1'e Sca"en(er, FebA 1? 2011
De)!ite t'i) a!!arent contradiction, I 'a"e c'o)en t'e !rob&e#atic &abe& 9>ueer +e#ini)#; intentiona&&$, in +u&& kno8&ed(e o+ t'e iron$ it e%'ibit)A For one t'in(, I
ha#e learned eno%*h from poststr%ct%ralism" and especiall from Derrida" to %nderstand that" while meanin* cannot (e fi7ed permanentl " it can (e" indeed it m%st (e" constantl ne*otiated for reference in partic%lar conte7ts)N This is how se7ism" racism" and man other forms of oppression are a(le to f%nction) E7pectations and ideals are constantl re#isited and re#ised" and this is part of what makes them so hard to achie#e)N Ne#ertheless" these e7pectations and ideals form the standards a*ainst which we are 6%d*ed) In the response to se7ism and racism" it is also necessar to reco*ni2e how the rele#ant meanin*s ha#e (een fi7ed relati#e to the oppressi#e conte7ts in which the are deplo ed)N This is reminiscent of what Ga atri.pi#ak referred to in <EGZ as Kstrate*ic essentialismL) .trate*ic essentialism is a strate* where( *ro%ps with toward m%t%al *oals and interests temporaril present themsel#es p%(licl as essentiall the same for the sake of e7pedienc and presentin* a %nited front" while sim%ltaneo%sl en*a*in* in on*oin* and less p%(lic disa*reement and de(ate)N !dditionall " ( %sin* the term" I hope to draw attention to the pro(lems inherent in the #er notion of Kfeminism)L
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!T Partic%lar ;
9irst" We challen*e the (inar of the %ni#ersal partic%lar these di#isions rest %pon reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it .pi#ak &DDZ 7u$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; Postcolonial Studies 5ol) G No) B" pp) BUZ+BG^" &DDZ Ro%tled*e
I 'a"e )aid t'at t'e Z)in(u&ar4, a) it co#bat) t'e uni"er)a&3!articu&ar binar$ o!!o)ition, i) not an indi"idua&, a !er)on, an a(entT #u&ti!&icit$ i) not #u&titudeA I+, 'o8e"er, 8e are t'inkin( o+ !otentia& a(ent), 8'en )G'e i) not !ub&ic&$ e#!o8ered to !ut a)ide di++erence and )e&+3)$necdoc'i)e to +or# co&&ecti"it$, t'e (rou! 8i&& take di++erence it)e&+ a) it) )$necdoc'ic e&e#entA Di++erence )&ide) into Zcu&ture4, o+ten indi)tin(ui)'ab&e +ro# Zre&i(ion4A And t'en t'e in)titution t'at !ro"ide) a(enc$ i) re!roducti"e 'eteronor#ati"it$ H H.IA It i) t'e broade)t and o&de)t (&oba& in)titutionA 6ou )ee no8 8'$ Ju)t 8ritin( about 8o#en doe) not )o&"e t'e !rob&e# o+ t'e (endered )uba&tern, Ju)t a) c'ronic&in( t'e !o!u&ar i) not )uba&tern )tudie)A In )earc' o+ t'e )uba&tern I +ir)t turned to #$ o8n c&a))5 t'e Ben(a&i #idd&e c&a))5 B'ubane)'8ariB'aduri and Ma'a)8eta De"iA Fro# Frenc' t'eor$ t'at i) a&& I cou&d doA But I did not re#ain t'ereA In t'e #idd&e c&a)), accordin( to 0art'aC'atterJee, B'ubane)'8ariB'aduri 8a) #eta&e!tica&&$ )ub)titutin( e++ect +or cau)e and !roducin( an idea o+ nationa& &iberation b$ 'er )uicideA C'atterJee4) ar(u#ent i) t'at an idea o+ nationa& &iberation 8a) !roduced b$, )o3ca&&ed, terrori)t #o"e#ent)A 2? It 8a) a +ri('tenin(, )o&itar$, and ZC&$te#ne)tra&ike4 !roJect +or a 8o#anA
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!T M%st ,earn from the 4ppressed

$ep" that:s what we do .pi#ak &DDZ 7u$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; Postcolonial Studies 5ol) G No) B" pp) BUZ+BG^" &DDZ Ro%tled*e
I 'e)itate to ta&k about #$ teac'er3trainin( e++ort), becau)e t'e$ )ee# )o #inuteA But, i+ I a# (oin( to )u((e)t t'at t'e ta)k i) to take Hob)ba8# a )te! +urt'er, to #ake t'e ant'ro!o&o(i)t con)truct 'er obJect a) a teac'er +or a di++erent end, &earn to &earn +ro# be&o8, from t'e )uba&tern, rat'er t'an on&$ )tud$ 'i#H'erI, I 'a"e to #ake an atte#!tA In t'i) audience, I can ca&& it Z+ie&d8ork4A 1'en $ou can take a )#a&& e%a#!&e and !eo!&e 8i&& not di)#i)) $ouA In t'i) audience I can ca&& it Zca)e )tudie)4A It i) a )#a&& undertakin( (oin( on +or +i+teen $ear) and it 'a) it) !&ace in t'e #o"e#ent o+ t'e )uba&tern a) I a# de)cribin( itA M$ !roJect 'a) beco#e #ore and #ore not on&$ to )tud$ t'e )uba&tern Ha&8a$) in t'e )en)e o+ Zcut3o++ +ro# &ine) o+ )ocia& #obi&it$4I but to &earn Ha) +ro# +i(uration _G becau)e I a# a &iterar$ !er)onI +ro# t'e# in order to be ab&e to de"i)e a !'i&o)o!'$ o+ education t'at 8i&& de"e&o!, +or 8ant o+ a better e%!re))ion H)ince I do not 8rite about t'i) +ie&d8ork, (enera&i)ab&e!'ra)e) do not co#e i##ediate&$I, t'e Z'abit) o+ de#ocratic be'a"ior4, or Zritua&) o+ de#ocratic be'a"ior4, or Zintuition o+ t'e !ub&ic )!'ere4A
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!T Gramci
9irst" We sol#e Gramci:s criticism .pi#ak &DDZ 7u$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; Postcolonial Studies 5ol) G No) B" pp) BUZ+BG^" &DDZ Ro%tled*e This is where the responsi(ilities of (orrowin* Gramsci:s word has (ro%*ht me) It is the ne7t sta*e of the work with a tra6ector of the s%(altern) Not to st%d the s%(altern" (%t to learn) I am a h%manities teacher" not a historian oranthropolo*ist) Therefore" those disciplinar ha(its are not easil mine) I ha#e fallen into a readin* task0 to learn from these collecti#ities eno%*h to s%t%re ri*hts thinkin* into the torn c%lt%ral fa(ric of responsi(ilit O or" to #ar the concept+metaphor" acti#ate a dormant ethical imperati#e) The te7t is te7t+ile) To s%t%re here is to wea#e" as in in#isi(le mendin*)HD The work takes me to the (reak %p of r%ral welfare in 'hina" and the transformation of indi*eno%s knowled*e in .o%th !frica) !nd this (rin*s me to the new s%(altern" a(o%t whom I ha#e written elsewhere
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MUHS
!T Doesn:t .peak for India

9irst" We won:t speak for the capitalist oppressors who r%n the show toda .pi#ak :EZ 7a$atri, 9Cu&ture A&i"e,; Hein:n&ine 33 D Au)t&A Fe#ini)t LA=A ? 1,,D
And 8'at do I )a$ about !o)t3co&onia&)[ I )a$ 8'en 8e +ir)t be(an u)in( t'e 8ord !o)tco&onia& 8e u)ed it de)cri!ti"e&$ +or !&ace) &ike India, A&(eria, Ban(&ade)' and )o on, and ironica&&$, becau)e it 8a) a JokeA Becau)e 8e a&& kne8 t'at !o)t3co&onia&it$ #eant t'i) +ai&ure o+ deco&oni)ation and neo co&onia&i)#A But t'e United State) i) a dan(erou) !&aceA 1'e 8ord cau('t on and no8 !eo!&e ta&k a) i+ t'e$ are ab&e to be a+ter co&onia&i)#, 8'en t'e entire 8or&d toda$, in t'e ne8 8or&d order a) I 8a) )a$in(, i) bein( 8ritten #uc' #ore "iciou)&$ and cri#ina&&$, a) t'e econo#ic re)tructurin(, t'e barrier) bet8een t'e +ra(i&e nationa& econo#ie) o+ de"e&o!in( )tate) are +a&&in( one b$ oneA A&& o+ t'e econo#ic con)traint) are ort'odo%A Socia&&$ di)tribution i) (oin( to 'e&&A Con)u#eri)t c&a))e) are bein( bredA 1'e$Pre co#in( +ort' and re!re)entin( t'e countr$A And o+ cour)e IP# bein( to&d b$ ot'er dia)!oric) t'at I donPt &i)ten to Indian)A I kno8 I donPt &i)ten to Indian) 8'en t'i) i) t'e c&a)) t'at re!re)ent) India toda$
.econd" .pi#ak is speakin* for herself We:re merel tr in* to listen to her #oice) Third" The wa in which we read .pi#ak is still a crack and fiss%re into her e7perience and her tho%*ht" despite o%r re*%lation of it
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!T Identit Politics 1ad

9irst" We are not ID politics o% ha#e entirel missed the point ,i(racti#ist R<< HLibracti"i)t i) a contributor to t'e Be&o8 t'e Be&t (enderb&o( and >ueerGi##i(rant acti"i)t, 9A&&ie) #u)t not co3o!t
)tru((&e) +or e>ua&it$,; 1'e Sca"en(er, FebA 1? 2011I
It-s tr%eO I deepl (elie#e that it is m responsi(ilit as a person with pri#ile*e and as a decent h%man (ein* to oppose an affronts to the (asic h%manit and di*nit of an personIsJ) I-m a white" U.ian" nati#e+(orn" En*lish+speakin*" I%pperJ middle+class" hi*hl ed%cated" thin" c%rrentl non+disa(led, a!!arent&$ ci)3(endered (ir&3)'a!ed !er)on who-s often read as hetA I (re8 u! 8it'in a )u!!orti"e +a#i&$ in an urban, &iterate, re&ati"e&$ !ro(re))i"e #i&ieuA So I am politici2ed o%t of a sense of fairness" not the circ%mstances of m life) This complicates m acti#ism) In man of the str%**les with which I am in#ol#ed" I ha#e hardl (een oppressed) M$ kno8&ed(e o+ 'o#o!'obia i)
!a))i"e, ba)ed #ore on &i+e in an obno%iou)&$ 'eteronor#ati"e )ociet$ t'an on a dai&$ +ear o+ (a$3ba)'in( or &o)in( #$ JobA I canPt re#e#ber e"er 'a"in( been t'e tar(et o+ intentiona& 'o#o!'obia Hbi!'obia, $e)A But e"en t'at I cou&d !robab&$ count on one 'andIA /"en a) a +e#ini)t, 8'ere b$ "irtue o+ #$ !ercei"ed (ender I a# undeniab&$ in a di)ad"anta(ed !o)ition, #$ !ri"i&e(e in ot'er area) a&&o8) #e a certain bu++erA I can, +or t'e #o)t !art, c'oo)e 8it' 8'o# I a))ociate, +or e%a#!&e, and IP# &e)) bound to a !articu&ar Job or )ettin( t'an #an$ ot'er)A I 'a"e to dea& 8it' obJecti+ication and ca)ua& )e%i)# and !eo!&e di)be&ie"in( #$ abi&itie) or 8antin( to +it #e into !re)cribed (ender ro&e) a&& t'e ti#eA But in a &ot o+ 8a$), I )ti&& 'a"e it &uck$)
!s a feminine" female+(odied person" as a 3%eer person" as a *ender non+ conformist" I ha#e a *en%ine stake in the o%tcomes of certain trans" 3%eer" and feminist str%**les) 1%t I can hardl pretend that ha#in* a claim to a certain la(el means m interests sho%ld (e allowed to dominate that str%**le)The (est e7ample for me is the immi*rant ri*hts mo#ementA I am a second+*eneration immi*rant" and an immi*rant m self" which I s%ppose *i#e me some le*itimac to talk a(o%t immi*rant ri*hts) 1%t I-m the K*oodL kind of immi*rant0 le*al" ed%cated" lin*%isticall and c%lt%rall assimilated" health " and so on) I ha#e to come to the str%**le as an all to the folks for whom immi*ration is a tr%e hardshipA It i) !o))ib&e t'at #akin( t'e )$)te# 8ork +or t'e# 8i&& #ean i#!ro"e#ent) +or #e, but t'at i) not #$ !ri#ar$ (oa&A M immi*rant identit is onl a so%rce of some empath and <D<+le#el knowled*e" not a dri#in* factor in m %nderstandin* of the mo#ement-s *oals)I want to s%**est that we ha#e to accept a (l%rrin* of the lines (etween allies and K*en%ineL oppressed folks)In fact" I think we need a new lan*%a*e that can talk a(o%t the important difference (etween the oppressions we face and the identities we hold) IPd ar(ue, for e7ample" that claimin* a 3%eer identit H'o8e"er Ju)ti+iedI doe) not reduce oneP) )trai('t !ri"i&e(e, Ju)t a) a !reGnon3o! tran) #anP) !er)ona& identi+ication a) #a&e doe) not )to! 'i# +ro# e%!eriencin( )e%i)# ba)ed on )ociet$P) !erce!tion o+ 'i) !re)entationA In short" anti+oppression work is not the same as identit politics" and to conflate them is to o(sc%re the effects of intersectionalit and the e7tremel #aried e7periences and str%**les that we each face)
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.econd" we access o%r criticism Policies that %se identit politics to at aidin* mar*inali2ed *ro%ps are %sed to chan*e the s%(alteran-s life in a wa that s%its the needs of the *lo(ali2ed world" reprod%cin* the pro(lem and reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it + empiricall pro#en .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012 1'e con)truction o+ t'e !o)tco&onia& )ubJect 8a) to code t'e +ai&ure o+ deco&oni2ation a) #u&ticu&tura&i)#, in #etro!o&itan )!ace, to race, it)e&+ re8ritten a) a +anta)#atic nationa& identit$ a) it) )ubJectA So i+ t'e +ir)t 8a) c&a)) t'e )econd i) race a) #u&ticu&ture3cu&tura& ri('t)A
Identitarian politics s%cceeds insofar as class and *ender remain s%(s%med to this notion of a national and postnational identit ) The constr%ction" on the other hand" of the *lo(ali2ed s%(6ect is thro%*h the man%fact%rin* of a *ender alliance) The female s%(6ect?a*ent of *lo(ali2ation often collecti#el le*itimati2es itself in the name of a *enerali2ed ethical a*enda) This is where she crosses the capital?c%lt%re aporia on the side of capital) $et to work for *lo(al 6%stice as a principle is as ri*ht a decision as to work for strate* +dri#en *lo(ali2ation) 1%t the interests of *lo(ali2ation from a(o#e and from (elow cancel each other) This too contri(%tes to the pro(lem of thinkin* ethics for the other womanA In 1,,F, .ationa& 7eo(ra!'ic )'o8ed !icture) o+ 8o#en )a&utin( t'e #a&e +ie&d8orker) o+ t'e 7ra#een Bank a) t'e$ "o8 not to
'a"e too #an$ c'i&drenA 1? *i&& #ain)trea# +e#ini)# e"er t'ink critica&&$ o+ t'i) #ode& o+ cu&tura& indoctrination, e"en a) 7ra#een (et) #ore )a""$[ Di++erent o++icer) o+ *o#enP) *or&d Bankin( re!eated&$ in"oke C'andra Be'n, a #e#ber o+ t'e ce&ebrated Se&+ /#!&o$ed *o#enP) A))ociation or S/*A, a) t'eir &e(iti#ationA At t'e )a#e ti#e, t'e$ )!eak o+ o!enin( Ot'e 'u(e unta!!ed #arket o+ !oor Sout'ern 8o#en to t'e internationa& co##ercia& )ectorAO *'en S/*A 8a) +ounded in t'e ear&$ 1,E0), /&a B'att, t'e +ounder, 'ad no )uc' a#bitionA O1'e *or&d BankP) QCon)u&tati"e 7rou! to A))i)t t'e 0oore)tS AAA a!!ear) to be narro8&$ +ocu)ed on #icro&endin( a) an end in it)e&+A And t'e #ean) to t'at end,
This was the placin* of the poorest women of the .o%th %pon the spectral *rid of finance capital) =Pa %p e#er week or else= is once a*ain the instr%mentali2ation of (od and the mone +form in the interest of the a(stract) .EW! had made the s%(altern women co+operati#e owners of their own (ank" precisel to ( pass the predations of commercial capital as the started life chan*es0 dri#in* ( strate* " not dri#en ( crisis mana*ement) Under t'e initiator /&a B'attP) +ierce &e+t3&abor 7and'iani)#, t'e +ree3c'oice cu&tura&3identit$ )&ot 8a) anti3Fordi)t, 'i3re&i(iou) HMu)&i#GHinduI 8orkerP) !ride, 8'ic' &a)t) to t'i) da$, a&t'ou(' one )en)e) a certain unea)e no8, a#on( t'e 8orkin(3c&a)) Hindu 8o#en, in !ronouncin( t'e O&a i&a'a AAA O3t'ere i) no 7od but 7od3t'e Mu)&i# credoA
critic) c'ar(e, #a$ do #ore da#a(e to Pe#!o8er#ent &eader)P &ike S/*A t'an (oodAO 1B
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!T !lternati#e is Non+Uni3%e
9irst" The com(ination of c%rrent efforts and the alternati#e is %ni3%el ke to creati#e new t pes of mo#ements that sol#e .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI !n awareness of solidarit with the on*oin* peda*o*ic effort wo%ldN ha#e allowed .aid to step o%t of the chalk circle of the three tho%sandN critics and reco*ni2e that the task+=to %se the #is%al fac%lt H8'ic' a&)oN 'a!!en) to be do#inated b$ "i)ua& #edia )uc' a) te&e"i)ion, ne8)N !'oto(ra!'$, and co##ercia& +i&#, a&& o+ t'e# +unda#enta&&$ i##ediate,N PobJecti"e,P and a'i)torica&I to restore the nonse3%ential ener* N of li#ed historical memor and s%(6ecti#it as f%ndamental componentsN of meanin* in representationL3i) attempted e#er da ( pop%lar c%lt%reN teachers on the ,eft I!A 2DIA I >uote
1ab&o2d a) a #eton$#5 N OMan$ o+ our artic&e) o"er t'e !a)t #ont') 'a"e (i"en e%a#!&e) o+ t'i) N dai&$ )ub"er)ion38o#en in t'e 'o#e #utatin( t'e P!&annedP e++ect o+N 1V )oa! o!era), !o&itica& acti"i)t) creatin( !irate radio )tation), t'e N cu)to#i2ation o+ car), c&ot'in(, etcAOO
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!T .tat%s 8%o .ol#es

9irst" .%re there are a few e7ceptions 1%t this disco%rse an idea of the stat%s 3%o sol#in* (eca%se of e7ceptions is the t pe of knowled*e prod%ction that ca%ses o%r impact This means onl the alternati#e ca%ses the wide spread ideolo*ical shift and its another link to the ; .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI
1he
pro(lem cannot (e sol#ed ( noticin* cele(rated female practitionersN of the discipline, )uc' a) Hanna' ArendtA The collecti#e sit%ationN of the ideolo*icall constit%ted+constit%tin* se7ed s%(6ect in theN prod%ction of and as the sit%ational o(6ect of historical disco%rse is aN str%ct%ral pro(lem that o(#io%sl *oes (e ond the reco*nition of worth N e7ceptions) This criti3%e sho%ld not (e %nderstood as merel an acc%sationN of personal *%iltO for the shiftin* limits of ideolo* , a) I 'a"eN )u((e)ted ear&ier, are lar*er than the =indi#id%al conscio%sness)O
Under)toodN a) )uc', #$ de)!eration at t'e )#oot' uni"er)a&it$ o+ D8orkinP) N di)cu))ion o+ &a8 a) inter!retation 8i&& not )ee# #ere&$ tendentiou)A ForN it i) not a >ue)tionin( o+ t'e !o8er o+ D8orkinP) t'e)i)T it i) an ackno8&ed(#ent N t'at"
if woman a) t'e )ubJect in &a8, or t'e )ubJect o+ &e(a&N inter!retation, is allowed into the ar*%ment in terms of the differential N ethico+ political dimension of these relationships" then the clarit mi*htN ha#e to (e seen as narrow and *ender+specific rather than %ni#ersal) HIN a# o+ cour)e not #entionin( t'e !o))ibi&it$ t'at t'e eru!tion o+ =udeo3N
C'ri)tian )anction) 8it'in t'e recent debate on abortion )'o8) 'o8N >ue)tion) o+ )e%ua& di++erence c'a&&en(e t'e )ecu&ar +oundation o+ *e)tern N &a8APO
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!T 'apitalism
9irst" 4%r incl%sion of the s%(altern is ke to sol#in* for capitalism We m%st create a new s stem which is incl%si#e and listens to the #oices of those who s%ffered at the hands of capitalism 4nl this creates a (etter" new *lo(al s stem .pi#ak :EZ H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 97'o)t8ritin(;, =cookAI The New International" i+ I under)tand it ri('t, asks the international law andN international h%man ri*hts folks to (e aware of the economic) R R!:a(ne ) ,?3,B DerridaN a))ure) u) t'at Othese pro(lems of the forei*n De(t+and e#er thin* that is meton mi2edN ( this concept+will not (e treated witho%t at least the spirit of the Mar7ist criti3%e" theN criti3%e of the market" of the m%ltiple lo*ics of capital" and of that which links the .tateN and international law to this market)= This +ine )u((e)tion wo%ld *ain in stren*th if it tookN into acco%nt the #icissit%des s%ffered ( the s%stained or*ani2ational opposition toN le*ali2ed economic e7ploitation Ht'e co&&u)ion o+ internationa& &a8 and internationa& N ca!ita&, &e(i+erant ca!ita&3t'e 7rou! o+ Se"en toda$3&a8 Ocarr$in( t'e )ubJecti"it$ o+ N ca!ita&,O in ot'er 8ord)I, in the interest if not alwa s in the declared name of h%man ri*hts,N e"er )ince Bretton *ood) Ht'e annu&#ent o+ t'e
(o&d )tandard 8ou&d 'a"e 8orked inN nice&$ 8it' 1i#on o+ At'en)I, t'rou(' Bandun( and a&& t'e (&oba& )u##it), and t'eN #ac'ination) o+ t'e 7A11, and no8 t'e *1:A How, in ot'er 8ord)"
is the NewN International so new> 0er'a!) it i), to t'e /uro!ean &e+t &ibera&T but 8'$ )'ou&d t'e Sout'N +ee& an$ de(ree o+ con+idence in t'e !roJect[ ! researched acco%nt wo%ld need at least toN refer *enerall to the lon*standin* *lo(al str%**les from (elow Hone o+ t'e !rob&e#) 8it'N Hu#an i('t) and Internationa& La8 &obbie) i) t'at t'e$ are )o irre!roac'ab&$ 8e&&3bredI,N which %ndo the opposition (etween economic resistance" c%lt%ral identit " and women-sN minded (odies" to which part of m ta7onom refersAI? OThe de(t to Mar7" I t'ink, needsN to (e paid and settled" whereas the Third World de(t o%*ht to (e simpl cancelled"O 8rite)N A'#ad QO econci&in( DerridaO 10E1A If one attends to the str%**les I a# )!eakin( o+,N where the specter of Mar7ism has (een at work" #o&e&ike, a&t'ou(' not a&8a$) identi+iedN 8it' Le+t !artie) in t'e i#!otent )tate, one wo%ld perhaps think of the de(t to Mar7 as anN %nrepa a(le one with which we m%st spec%late" to make and ask for Reparation Hin t'eN C&einian )en)eI in the field of political econom QC&ein ?0E3B?SA1B Ho8 #uc' #akin( andN 'o8 #uc' a)kin( 8i&& de!end on 8'o O8eO
areA A) +or t'e OdebtO increa)in(&$ incurredN b$ t'e Sout' Hno &on(er t'e t'ird 8or&d )ure&$, A'#adP) !a!er 8a) +ir)t (i"en inN Lub&iJana!I, (i"en t'e d$na#ic) o+ ca!ita& and it) re&ation)'i! to )ocia&i)#, it can ne"erN re#ain cance&&edA *'at O)'ou&dO 'a!!en Ho te#!ora, o #ore)I i) a
This at least isN the s%stained messa*e of those str%**les" a reworkin* of Mar7-s theme in 'apital" that theN worker is not a #ictim Hno b&ack on b&ack t'ereI (%t the a*ent of the wealth of societiesAN Mar% re(u&ar&$ u)ed t'e !'ra)e Oa(ent o+
reco(nition t'at t'eN Sout' )u!!ort) t'e .ort' in t'e !re)er"ation o+ it) re)ource3ric' &i+e)t$&eA !roductionO rat'er t'an O8orkerAO *a) t'i)N )i#!&$ !o&itica&&$ correct &an(ua(e[ And, 8'at, 8it'out in+ra)tructura& e++ort, 8ou&d t'i) N reco(nition brin(, to 8'o#[
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!T .%(alterns are Nationalists

9irst" The idea of a nation is forei*n to the s%(altern The do not find themsel#es in the nation" (%t silenced ( it .pi#ak :EZ H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 97'o)t8ritin(;, =CookAI
I a# 8ritin( t'e)e 8ord) in Berke&e$, Ca&i+ornia, and t'e )tudent) are a(itatin( N out)ide a(ain)t 0ro!o)ition 1F-, 8'ic' in t'eir "ie8 Hand #ineI &e(a&i2e) inJu)tice a(ain)tN )o3ca&&ed undocu#ented i##i(rant)A HAnot'er )tudent (rou! i) !ub&ici2in( =e)u)P) &o"eT N #e))iani)# and #i(rant acti"i)#3t'e )!ecter) o+ Mar%[ a), a (eneration a(o, 8arN !rote)ter) and =e)u) +reak)[I .o &ibera& or radica& !er)on in .ort' A#erica, t'e //C, N Au)tra&ia et cetera cou&d t'ere+ore be a(ain)t t'e #eta!'ori2ation o+ Mar% a) a c&ande)tine N i##i(rant Q)ee *a&kerSA 6et t'i) !ri"i&e(in( o+ t'e #eta!'oric) Hand a%io#atic)I o+N #i(ranc$ b$ 8e&&3!&aced #i(rant) 'e&!) to occ&ude !reci)e&$ t'e )tru((&e) o+ t'o)e 8'o N are +orcib&$ di)!&aced, or t'o)e 8'o )&o8&$ !eri)' in t'eir !&ace a) a re)u&t o+ )u)tainedN e%!&oitation5 (&oba&it$A .o8 8e can )ee 8'$ t'e #idd&e )ection o+ t'e book, )!eakin( o+N internationa& #atter), i) t'e &ea)t intere)tin(A For DerridaP) itinerar$ i) e&)e8'ere5 t'e N anterior i) t'e #e))ianic and t'e +uture i) #i(rationA The
criticism of =ontopolo* O HOanN a7iomatics linkin* indissocia(l ontolo*ical #al%e to (ein*+present SonT to one-s sit%ation"N to the sta(le and presenta(le determination of a localit " the topos of territor " nati#eN soil" cit " (od in *eneral= QSM 1?-1Fa 8ord t'at 8i&& undoubted&$ be !icked u! b$N !o)tco&onia& critici)#33can onl see the une%a#ined re&i(iou) nationa&i)# o+ t'e #i(rantN or t'e nationa&) It can certainl (e %sed to %nderstand the often meretricio%s resentmentN of elite national intellect%als a*ainst the diasporic) But it i) to #e #ore i#!ortant to !ointN out t'at to )ee ab)o&ute #i(ranc$ a) t'e #ark o+ an i#!o))ib&e decon)truction, and to )eeN all acti#it attachin* to the .o%th as ontopolo*ocentric" denies access to the news ofN s%(altern str%**les a*ainst the financiali2ation of the *lo(e) The s%(altern are neitherN =nationall rooted= nor mi*rantO their intra+national displacement is mana*ed ( theN e7i*encies of international capital QSM F?1) Their str%**les reflect a contin%it ofN ins%r*enc which can onl too easil (e appropriated ( the disco%rse of a come+latel N New internationalit in the most e7tra#a*antl p%(lici2ed theoretical arenas of the world)N .%(alternit remains silenced there)=
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!T 4nl !(o%t Indian

9irst" $es .pi#ak talks a(o%t India (eca%se she-s Indian) Gi#e me a reason it doesn-t appl to the conte7t of the aff)L PWon:t need to read a card %nless the spend a min%te on this ar*%mentP .econd" This is irrele#ant E#er impact and criticism is (iased to some form of social histor !ND The case of India is a res%lt of .pi#ak:s ori*ins" (%t the theories still remain tr%e .pi#ak :EE H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, Can 1'e Suba&tern S!eak[,=cookAI
Fir)t, a +e8 di)c&ai#er)5 In t'e United State) t'e t'ird38or&di)# N current&$ a+&oat in 'u#ani)tic di)ci!&ine) i) o+ten o!en&$ et'nicA I
was (orn in India and recie#ed m primar " secondar " and %ni#ersit ed%cation N there, inc&udin( t8o $ear) o+ (raduate 8orkA M Indian e7ample co%ld th%sN (e seen as a nostal*ic in#esti*ation of the lost roots of m own identit )N $et e#en as I know that one cannot freel enter the thickets of =moti#ations0 I wo%ld maintain that m chief pro6ect is to point o%t the positi#ist+idealist #ariet of s%ch nostal*la) I t%rn to Indian material (eca%se in theN a(sence of ad#anced disciplinar trainin*" that accident of (irth and ed%cationN has pro#ided me with a sense of the historical can#as a hold onN some of the pertinent lan*%a*es that are %sef%l tools for a (ricole%r" especiall N when armed with the Mar%i)t )ke!tici)# of concrete e7perience as the finalN ar(iter and a criti3%e of disciplinar formations) 6et t'e Indian ca)e cannotN be taken a) re!re)entati"e o+ a&&
countrie), nation), cu&ture), and t'e &ike N t'at #a$ be in"oked a) t'e :t'er o+ /uro!e a) Se&+A
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9ramework
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Generic
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Theoretical
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!T 9ramework Polic 5ersion

Interpretation0 The affirmati#e has to pro#e their plan is a *ood idea) We ha#e m%ltiple D!s to their framework 9irst" The aff framin* ens%res a reprod%cti#e heteronormati#e framin* of all polic disc%ssions The are e7cl%din* the disc%ssion of s%(altern politics" which is the point of the criticism This is a new link The ha#e to (eat the thesis of o%r ; (efore *ainin* an offense on this flow .econd" Reprod%cti#e heteronormati#e politics onl work to contin%e the c%rrent mode of tho%*ht and reprod%ce the lo*ic of the state This means we access %ni3%e ed%cation claims the cannot access Independent #oter for ed%cation Third" Their form of s%(6ecti#it and politics is e7cl%sionar to the s%(altern This means we ha#e %ni3%e fairness here (eca%se onl o%r criticism is incl%sionar to all people Independent #oter for fairness 9o%rth" We impact t%rn their predicta(ilit and *ro%nd claims De(ate and the aff are so st%ck in their wa s the don:t acknowled*e or reali2e that s%(altern people are (ein* e7cl%ded and s%(6%*ated This is a reason the criticism sho%ld (e wei*hed first and this is another link to the ; !ND If we pro#e an impact to reprod%cti#e heteronormati#it then it is ar(itrar and irresponsi(le to i*nore those impacts !ND ,atin !merica m%st come first when anal 2in* the histor of colonialit It is here that the roots of domination (e*an and the cate*ori2in* of life When addressin* this topic we m%st anal 2e this area of st%d .al#atore :<D Q icardo DA, Uni"er)idad 1orcuato Di 1e&&a, 91'e 0o)tco&onia& in Latin A#erica and t'e Conce!t o+ Co&onia&it$5 A
Hi)torian4) 0oint o+ Vie8;, Vo&A F, .oA 1, Fa&& 2010, ??23?BF, 888Anc)uAeduG!roJectGacontracorriente, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A For t'e contributor) o+ Co&onia&it$ at Lar(e the
criti3%e of E%rocentrismN and its forms of knowled*e sho%ld start not with theN Enli*htenment (%t with the .panish con3%est" for it was at that timeaN t'e 1Et' centur$athat the inception of the Kmodern?colonialL tookN placeA I+ t'i) !re#i)e i) acce!ted, the !merican continent (ecomes theN first contact 2one and (attle*ro%nd for the deplo ment of ideas ofN ci#ili2ation" e#an*eli2ation" empire" and racial differenceA Muc' (eforeN the world was ordered ( t'e )cienti+ic cate(orie) and t'e rationalit ofN <Gth cent%r E%ropean tho%*ht" the .panish and Port%*%ese empiresN had consolidated ideas of racial difference" h%manit " and patriarch inN relation to theolo*ical paradi*ms and the #er knowled*e prod%ced ( N the 'on3%est and 'oloni2ation) To start the criticism of E%rocentrismN with Conrad and Ci!&in(, or e"en 8it' the c%lt%ral acti#ities of the EastN India Co#!an$, seems to miss the ori*in of modernit ( two or threeN cent%ries)
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!ND Predicta(le The sho%ld (e a(le to defend the ass%mptions their plan makes !ND Gro%nd The still can wei*h their ad#anta*es a*ainst %s !ND Ed%cation We challen*e the affirmati#es: most (asic ass%mptions This is ke to an ed%cation claims the make" (eca%se if their ed%cation is flawed" then their impacts to ed%cation are flawed !ND There is no s%ch thin* as o(6ecti#e knowled*e as Western tho%*ht wo%ld lead o% to (elie#e E#er thin* we know" or appear to ded%ce is alwa s (ased %pon o%r epistemolo*ical location This location determines what we know or learn and is the (asis of e#er action in life !(o#e all else we m%st 3%estion these f%ndamental locations That means the ha#e to (eat the thesis of o%r ; (efore the *ain an offense on this flow Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
The first point to disc%ss is the contribution o+ racia&Get'nic and +e#ini)tN )uba&tern !er)!ecti"e) to epistemolo*ical 3%estions) 1he he*emonic E%rocentricN paradi*ms that ha#e informed western philosoph and sciences in theN Kmodern?colonial capitalist?patriarchal world+s stemL I7ro)+o(ue& 200DT 200EbI forN the last ZDD h%ndred ears ass%me a %ni#ersalistic" ne%tral" o(6ecti#e point of #iew AN
C'icana and b&ack +e#ini)t )c'o&ar) HMora(a and An2a&dUa 1,F?T Co&&in) 1,,0I a)N 8e&& a) 1'ird *or&d )c'o&ar) in)ide and out)ide t'e United State) HDu))e& 1,--IN re#inded u) t'at we
alwa s speak from a partic%lar location in the power str%ct%res)N No(od escapes the class" se7%al" *ender" spirit%al" lin*%istic" *eo*raphical" andN racial hierarchies of the Kmodern?colonial capitalist?patriarchal world+s stemK) A)N +e#ini)t )c'o&ar Donna Hara8a$ H1,FFI )tate), o%r knowled*es are alwa s sit%ated)N B&ack +e#ini)t )c'o&ar) ca&&ed t'i)
!er)!ecti"e 9a+ro3centric e!i)te#o&o($; HCo&&in) N 1,,0I H8'ic' i) not e>ui"a&ent to t'e a+rocentri)t !er)!ecti"eI 8'i&e Latin A#ericanN 0'i&o)o!'er o+ Liberation /nri>ue Du))e& ca&&ed it 9(eo!o&itic) o+ kno8&ed(e; HDu))e&N 1,--I and, +o&&o8in( Fanon H1,E-I and An2a&dUa H1,F-I, I 8i&& u)e t'e ter# 9bod$!o&itic) N o+ kno8&ed(eA;N This
is not onl a 3%estion a(o%t social #al%es in knowled*e prod%ction or theN fact that o%r knowled*e is alwa s partial) The main point here is t'e &ocu) o+N enunciation, t'at i), the *eo+political and (od +political location of the s%(6ect thatN speaks) In Western philosoph and )cience) the s%(6ect that speaks is alwa sN hidden" concealed" erased from the anal sisA 1'e 9e(o3!o&itic) o+ kno8&ed(e; o+N *e)tern !'i&o)o!'$ 'a) alwa s pri#ile*e the m th of a non+sit%ated KE*oL)N /t'nicGracia&G(enderG)e%ua& epistemic location and the s%(6ect that speaks areN alwa s deco%pledA 1 delinkin* et'nicGracia&G(enderG)e%ua& epistemic location fromN the s%(6ect that speaks" Western philosoph and )cience) are a(le to prod%ce a m thN a(o%t a Tr%thf%l %ni#ersal knowled*e that co#ers %p, t'at i), concea&) who isN speakin* as well as the *eo+political and (od + political epistemic location in theN str%ct%res of colonial power?knowled*e from which the s%(6ect speaksAN It i) i#!ortant 'ere to di)tin(ui)' t'e 9e!i)te#ic &ocation; +ro# t'e 9)ocia&N &ocation)L The fact that one is sociall located in the oppressed side of powerN relations does not a%tomaticall mean that he?she is epistemicall thinkin* from aN s%(altern epistemic locationA 0reci)e&$, the s%ccess of the modern?colonial worlds stemN consists in makin* s%(6ects that are sociall located in the oppressed side ofN the colonial difference" to think epistemicall like the ones on the dominant positionsAN .%(altern epistemic perspecti#es are knowled*e comin* from (elow that prod%ces aN critical perspecti#e of he*emonic knowled*e in the power relations in#ol#ed) I a# notN c&ai#in( an e!i)te#ic !o!u&i)# 8'ere kno8&ed(e !roduced +ro# be&o8 i)N auto#atica&&$ an e!i)te#ic )uba&tern kno8&ed(eA *'at I a# c&ai#in( i) t'at allN knowled*es are epistemicall located in the dominant or the s%(altern side of theN power relations and that this is related to the *eo+ and (od +politics of
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knowled*e)N The disem(odied and %nlocated ne%tralit and o(6ecti#it of the e*o+politics ofN knowled*e is a Western m th)
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; 9irst ,!
I J 4nl anal 2in* the ontolo*ical and epistemolo*ical implications of o%r tho%*hts of K,atin !mericaL will allow %s to see what ca%sed o%r impacts and how to sol#e those pro(lems toda Means the ; m%st come first Mi*nolo :DZ Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Idea o+ Latin A#erica;, 'tt!)5GGcdnAanon+i&e)Aco#G1?B,0-?2B1,D?A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed
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The narrati"e and ar*%ment o+ t'i) book, t'en, will not (e a(o%tN an entit called K,atin !merica"L (%t on how the KideaL of ,atinN !merica came a(o%t) :ne o+ t'e #ain (oa&) i) to uncou!&e t'eN na#e o+ t'e )ubcontinent +ro# t'e carto(ra!'ic i#a(e 8e a&& 'a"eN o+ itA It is an e7ca#ation of the imperial?colonial fo%ndation of theN KideaL of ,atin !merica that will help %s %nra#el the *eo+politicsN of knowled*e from the perspecti#e of colonialit " the %ntold andN %nreco*ni2ed historical co%nterpart of modernit A B$ 9!er)!ecti"eN o+ co&onia&it$; in t'i) ca)e, I #ean t'at t'e center o+ ob)er"ationN 8i&& be (rounded in t'e co&onia& 'i)tor$ t'at
)'a!ed t'e idea o+ t'eN A#erica)A I re+er to t'e !roce)) a) an e%ca"ation rat'er t'an anN arc'eo&o($ becau)e it i) i#!o))ib&e to )i#!&$ unco"er co&onia&it$, N in)o+ar a) it )'a!e) and i) )'a!ed b$ t'e !roce))e) o+ #odernit$A N A+ter a&&, the
!mericas e7ist toda onl as a conse3%ence of E%ropeanN colonial e7pansion and the narrati#e of that e7pansion from theN E%ropean perspecti#e" the perspecti#e of modernit A I J The ; m%st (e wei*hed first $o%r impacts and actions are dependent on an ideolo* and s%(6ecti#it which constit%tes international actions This (asis is what we call into 3%estion .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI It is diffic%lt to speak of a politics of interpretation witho%t a workin*N notion of ideolo* as lar*er than the concepts of indi#id%al conscio%snessN and willA At it) broade)t i#!&ication) t'i) notion o+ ideo&o($ 8ou&dN undo t'e o!!o)ition) bet8een deter#ini)# and +ree 8i&& and bet8eenN con)ciou) c'oice and uncon)ciou) re+&e%A Ideolo* in action is what aN *ro%p takes to (e nat%ral and self+e#ident, t'at o+ 8'ic' t'e (rou!, a) aN (rou!, #u)t den$ an$ 'i)torica& )edi#entationA It is (oth the conditionN and the effect of the constit%tion of the s%(6ect Ho+ ideo&o($I as freel N willin* and conscio%sl choosin* in a world that is seen as (ack*ro%nd AN In turn, the s%(6ectIsJ of ideolo* are the conditions and effects of the N self+identit of the *ro%p as a *ro%p) It is impossi(le, o+ cour)e, to markN off a *ro%p as an entit witho%t sharin* complicit with its ideolo*icalN definition) ! persistent criti3%e of ideolo* is th%s fore#er incomplete)N In the shiftin* spectr%m (etween s%(6ect+constit%tion and *ro%p constit%tion N are the ideolo*ical apparat%ses that share the condition?N effect oscillation) I J Their framin* of ideolo* and theor constit%tes onl an o6ecti#e lens that does not incl%de s%(6ecti#it and o(6ecti#it 4nl the com(ination of (oth lens allows for deh%mani2ation to stop" openin* %p to a more pra*matic theor that tr%l sol#es .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI ! critical #iew of the s%(6ect of ideolo* wo%ld call the clarit o+N t'e)e di)tinction) into >ue)tion and t'u) ask the critic to address a lessN simplified #iew of the world) It wo%ld deconstit%te and sit%ate Hnot reJectIN the =we= who e7periences the prod%cti#it of alternati#e in#esti*ati#eN post%res" the =le*itimaSc T= and =power= of the =accepta(le standpoints)= N .%ch a #iew does not allow for a personal+s%(6ecti#e cate*or to (e set %pN o#er a*ainst an intellect%al+ interpreti#e cate*or eit'er, since it wo%ldN see complicit (etween the constit%tion of s%(6ecti#it and the desire forN o(6ecti#e identit )N These pro(lematic distinctions are
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necessar
it cannot accommodate the concept of ideolo* A 1'e neierN +ortuitou) c'oice o+ nor#ati"e #eta!'or) )o#eti#e) )ee#) to )u((e)t N t'i) nece))it$5 OThere is more temptation to present all Qaut'orP) ita&ic)TN interpretations in the h%man sciences as (ein* essentiall political inN character than there is in the ph sical sciences) .till" it is a temptation thatN we o%*ht to resistO H!A 102T ita&ic) #ineIA This resistance wins a space for %sN where it is possi(le to o#erlook the tremendo%s ideolo*ical o#erdeterminationN of the relationship (etween the =p%re= and =applied= sciences"N as well as their relationship with pri#ate+ and p%(lic+sectorN technolo* and the inscription of the whole into the social and materialN relations of prod%ction) !ll is red%ced to the classical split (etween s%(6ectN and o(6ect+=two+wa interactions (etween the o(ser#er and theN s stem (ein* o(ser#ed= H!A 10EIA If the clarit of the theor is dependentN %pon so strin*ent a red%ction" it loses pers%asi#e #al%e when applied toN the sociopolitical scene) ! statement &ike t'e +o&&o8in(, concl%ded fromN the s%(6ect+o(6ect premises I >uote abo"e, remains merel theoretical"N normed into ethical decoration0 =That (ein* so" there is, a +ortiori, noN lon*er an reason to ass%me that st%d in* h%man (ein*s from a scientificN point of #iew necessaril in#ol#es deh%mani2in* them= H!A 10EIA
+or 1ou&#inP) ar(u#entN (eca%se
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Epistemolo* ;e
I J '%rrent epistemolo* of postcolonialism is (ased within the E%rocentric #iew of resistance to E%rocentrism It does not come from and work with the s%(altern perspecti#e when critici2in* E%rocentrism This epistemolo*icall remo#es o%r a(ilit to fi*ht the s stem that we:re %sin* Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
!mon* the man reasons for the split of the ,atin !merican .%(altern .t%diesN 7rou!, one of them was (etween those who read s%(alternit as a postmodernQ criti3%e Iwhich represents a E%rocentric criti3%e of E%rocentrismJ and those whoQ read s%(alternit as a decolonial criti3%e Iwhich represents a criti3%e of E%rocentrismQ from s%(alterni2ed and silenced knowled*esJ QMi(no&o 20005 1F?31FET 21?321BSAN For t'o)e o+ u) t'at took )ide 8it' t'e deco&onia& criti>ue, the dialo*%e with the ,atinN !merican .%(altern Studie) 7rou! made e#ident the need to epistemolo*icall N tran)cend, t'at i), decoloni2e the Western canon and epistemolo* A 1'e Sout'N A)ian
Suba&tern Studie) 7rou!4) #ain !roJect i) a criti>ue to *e)tern /uro!eanN co&onia& 'i)torio(ra!'$ about India and to Indian nationa&i)t /urocentricN 'i)torio(ra!'$ o+ IndiaA 1%t
( %sin* a Western epistemolo* and !ri"i&e(in( 7ra#)ciN and Foucau&t, constrained and limited the radicalism of their criti3%e to E%rocentrism AN A&t'ou(' t'e$ re!re)ent
di++erent e!i)te#ic !roJect), t'e Sout' A)ian Suba&ternN Sc'oo& !ri"i&e(e o+ *e)tern e!i)te#ic canon o"er&a!!ed 8it' t'e )ector o+ t'e Latin N A#erican Suba&tern Studie) 7rou! t'at )ided 8it' !o)t#oderni)#A Ho8e"er, 8it' a&& N it) &i#it), Sout' A)ian Suba&tern Studie) 7rou! re!re)ent) an i#!ortant contributionN to t'e criti>ue o+ /urocentri)#A It +or#) !art o+ an inte&&ectua& #o"e#ent kno8n a)N !o)tco&onia& criti>ue Ha criti>ue o+ #odernit$ +ro# t'e 7&oba& Sout'I a) o!!o)ed toN t'e Latin A#erican Suba&tern Studie) 7rou! !o)t#odern criti>ue Ha criti>ue o+ N #odernit$ +ro# t'e 7&oba& .ort'I QMi(no&o 2000SA These
de(ates made clear to %sN Ithose who took side with the decolonial criti3%e descri(ed a(o#eJ" the need toN decoloni2e not onl .%(altern .t%dies (%t also Postcolonial .t%dies H7ro)+o(ue&N 200EaT 200EbIA
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Disco%rse ;e
I J What terms are we %sin*> Who is %sin* them and what are the descri(in*> These 3%estions all ha#e implications in the narrati#es (ein* %sed that define o%r epistemolo* on an iss%e) To 3%estion colonialit " we m%st first 3%estion the narrati#es %sed aro%nd it Mi*nolo :DZ Q*a&ter DA, Duke Uni"er)it$, 91'e Idea o+ Latin A#erica;, 'tt!)5GGcdnAanon+i&e)Aco#G1?B,0-?2B1,D?A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed
-G11G1?A
KDisco#er L and Kin#entionL are not 6%st different interpretationsN of the same e#entO the (elon* to two different paradi*ms) The lineN that distin*%ishes the two paradi*ms is the line of the shift in theN *eo+politics of knowled*eO chan*in* the terms and not onl theN The !mericas, C'ri)tian E7pansion" and RacismN content of the con#ersationA The first pres%pposes the tri%mphantN E%ropean and imperial perspecti#e on 8or&d 'i)tor$, an achie#ementN that was descri(ed as Kmodernit "L 8'i&e the second reflects theN critical perspecti#e of those who ha#e (een placed (ehind" who areN e7pected to follow the ascendin* pro*ress of a histor to whichN the ha#e the feelin* of not (elon*in*A Co&oni2ation o+ bein( i)N not'in( e&)e t'an !roducin( t'e idea t'at certain !eo!&e do notN be&on( to 'i)tor$ @ t'at t'e$ are non3bein()A 1'u), l%rkin* (eneathN the E%ropean stor of disco#er are the histories" e7periences" andN silenced concept%al narrati#es of those who were dis3%alified asN h%man (ein*s" as historical actors" and as capa(le of thinkin* andN %nderstandin*A In t'e )i%teent' and )e"enteent' centurie) t'eN 98retc'ed o+ t'e eart'; Ha) Frant2 Fanon &abe&ed co&oni2ed bein()I N 8ere Indian) and A+rican )&a"e)A That is wh missionaries andN men of letters appointed themsel#es to write the histories the N tho%*ht Incas and !2tecs did not ha#e" and to write the *rammarN of ;ech%a?;ich%a and Nah%atl with ,atin as the modelA A+rican)N 8ere )i#!&$ &e+t out o+ t'e !icture o+ con"er)ion and taken a) !ureN &abor +orceA
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!lternati#e .ol#es Epistemolo*

I J 4%r decolonial tactic of epistemolo* works to incl%de the knowled*e of the s%(altern *ro%ps This incl%sion acti#el works to transform tho%*ht in the world s stem and allow for the end of colonialit and its epistemolo*ical controls Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
The a)cribed s%periorit of E%ropean knowled*e in man areas of life was anN important aspect of the colonialit of power in the modern?colonial world+s stemAN .%(altern knowled*es were e7cl%ded" omitted" silenced" and?or i*noredA 1'i) i) not aN ca&& +or a +unda#enta&i)t or an e))entia&i)t re)cue #i))ion +or aut'enticit$A The pointN here is to p%t the colonial difference HMi(no&o, 2000I at the center of the process ofN knowled*e prod%ctionA .%(altern knowled*es are t'o)e kno8&ed(e) at t'eN inter)ection o+ t'e traditiona& and t'e #odernA 1'e$ are h (rid" transc%lt%ral formsN of knowled*e, not #ere&$ in t'e
traditiona& )en)e o+ )$ncreti)# or 9#e)ti2aJe,; but inN Ai#^ Ce)aire4) )en)e o+ t'e 9#iracu&ou) ar#); or 8'at I 'a"e ca&&ed 9)ub"er)i"e N co#!&icit$; H7ro)+o(ue&, 1,,EJ
a*ainst the s stem) These are forms of resistanceN that resi*nif and transform dominant forms of knowled*e from the point of #iew ofN the non+E%rocentric rationalit of s%(altern s%(6ecti#ities thinkin* +ro# borderN e!i)te#o&o(ie)A 1'e$ con)titute 8'at *a&ter Mi(no&o
H2000I ca&&) a critic o+N #odernit$ +ro# t'e (eo3!o&itica& e%!erience) and #e#orie) o+ co&onia&it$A Accordin( N to Mi(no&o H2000I, t'i) i) a ne8 )!ace t'at de)er"e) +urt'er e%!&oration) bot' a) aN ne8 critica& di#en)ion to #odernit$Gco&onia&it$ and, at t'e )a#e ti#e, a) a )!ace N +ro# 8'ere ne8 uto!ia) can be de"i)edA This has important implications forN knowled*e prod%ctionA Are 8e (oin( to !roduce a ne8 kno8&ed(e t'at re!eat) or N re!roduce) t'e uni"er)a&i)tic, /urocentric, (od4) e$e "ie8[ 1o )a$ t'at t'e unit o+ N ana&$)i) i) t'e 8or&d3)$)te#, not t'e nation3)tate, i) not e>ui"a&ent to a neutra&N (od4)3e$e "ie8 o+ t'e 8or&dA I be&ie"e t'at 8or&d3)$)te# ana&$)i) need) to deco&oni2eN it) e!i)te#o&o($ b$ takin( )eriou)&$ t'e )uba&tern )ide o+ t'e co&onia& di++erence5 t'e N )ide o+ t'e !eri!'er$, t'e 8orker), 8o#en, (a$)G&e)bian), racia&i2edGco&onia&N )ubJect), 'o#o)e%ua&)G&e)bian) and anti3)$)te#ic #o"e#ent) in t'e !roce)) o+ N kno8&ed(e !roductionA 1'i) #ean) t'at a&t'ou(' 8or&d3)$)te# take) t'e 8or&d a) aN unit o+ ana&$)i), it i) t'inkin( +ro# a !articu&ar !er)!ecti"e in t'e 8or&dA Sti&&, 8or&d)$)te#N ana&$)i) 'a) not +ound a 8a$ to incor!orate )uba&tern kno8&ed(e) inN !roce))e) o+ kno8&ed(e !roductionA Witho%t
this there can (e no decoloni2ation ofN knowled*e and no %topistics (e ond E%rocentrism) The complicit of the socialN sciences with the colonialit of power in knowled*e prod%ction and imperial *lo(alN desi*ns makes a call for new instit%tional and non+instit%tional locations from whichN the s%(altern can speak and (e heard)
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!lternati#e .ol#es World Politics

I J 4%r alternati#e shifts world+s stems of tho%*ht" decoloniali2in* #ast paradi*ms of *lo(al politics Grosf%*%el :<< Q a#on, Uni"er)it$ o+ Ca&A Berke&e$, 9Deco&oni2in( 0o)t3Co&onia& Studie) and 0aradi(#) o+
0o&itica& /cono#$5 1ran)#odernit$, Deco&onia& 1'inkin(, and 7&oba& Co&onia&it$,; 'tt!5GG888Adia&o(o(&oba&Aco#G(ranadaGdocu#ent)G7ro)+o(ue&3Deco&oni2in(30o&3/con3and30o)tco&onia&A!d+, =CookAS Acce))ed EG2DG1?A Ho8e"er, 8'at I 'a"e )aid about the
,atin !merican .%(altern .t%dies 7rou!N applies to the paradi*ms of political+econom ) In t'i) artic&e, I !ro!o)e t'at anN epistemic perspecti#e from racial?ethnic s%(altern locations has a lot to contri(%te toN a radical decolonial critical theor (e ond the wa traditional political+econom N paradi*ms concept%ali2e capitalism as a *lo(al or world+ s stem) The idea here is toN decoloni2e political+econom paradi*ms as well as world+s stem anal sis and toN propose an alternati#e decolonial concept%ali2ation of the world+s stemA 1'e +ir)tN !art i) an epistemic disc%ssion about t'e i#!&ication) o+ t'e e!i)te#o&o(ica& criti>ueN o+ +e#ini)t and )uba&terni2ed racia&Get'nic inte&&ectua&) to 8e)tern e!i)te#o&o($A 1'eN )econd !art is t'e i#!&ication) o+ t'e)e criti>ue) to t'e 8a$ 8e conce!tua&i2e t'eN (&oba& or 8or&d )$)te#A 1'e t'ird !art, i) a di)cu))ion o+ (&oba& co&onia&it$ toda$A 1'e N +ourt' !art i) a criti3%e to (oth world+s stem anal sis and postcolonial?c%lt%ralN st%dies %sin* colonialit of power as a response to the c%lt%re #ers%s econom N dilemmaA Fina&&$, t'e +i+t', )i%t', )e"ent' and &a)t !art, i) a di)cu))ion o+ deco&onia&N t'inkin(,
tran)#odernit$ and )ocia&i2ation o+ !o8er a) deco&onia& a&ternati"e) to t'e N !re)ent 8or&d3)$)te#A
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!lternati#e .ol#es Politics

I J 4%r alternati#e creates a new form of political resistance which adapts to modern politics and chan*es them from the inside o%t Empiric social and political mo#ements pro#e that this form of politics works and is s%ccessf%l in act%all creatin* chan*e Esco(ar :DB QArturo, Co&o#bian3A#erican ant'ro!o&o(i)t !ri#ari&$ kno8n +or 'i) contribution to !o)tde"e&o!#ent t'eor$ and !o&itica&
eco&o($, 9Be$ond t'e 1'ird *or&d5 I#!eria& 7&oba&it$, 7&oba& Co&onia&it$, and Anti37&oba&i2ation Socia& Mo"e#ent);, 'tt!5GG888?AndAeduGRdruccioG/)cobarA!d+, =CookAS Accce))ed -G?G1?A 1'e (oa& o+ #an$ Hnot a&&I o+ t'e anti3(&oba&i2ation )tru((&e) can be )een a) t'e de+en)e N o+ !articu&ar, !&ace3ba)ed 'i)torica& conce!tion) o+ t'e 8or&d and !ractice) o+ 8or&d#akin(N @#ore !reci)e&$, a) a de+en)e o+ !articu&ar&$ con)truction) o+ !&ace, inc&udin( t'e N reor(ani2ation) o+ !&ace t'at #i('t be dee#ed nece))ar$ accordin( to t'e !o8er N )tru((&e) 8it'in !&aceA 1'e)e )tru((&e) are !&ace ba)ed, $et tran)nationa&i2ed HHarcourt N X /)cobar, 2002T /)cobar, 2001IA The
politics of place is an emer*ent form of politics" aN no#el political ima*inar in that it asserts a lo*ic of difference and possi(ilit that (%ilds N on the m%ltiplicit of actors and actions operatin* at the le#el of e#er da lifeA In t'i)N "ie8, places are the site of li#e c%lt%res" economies and en#ironments rather than nodesN in a *lo(al and all em(racin* capitalist s stem) In 7ib)on37ra'a#4) conce!tua&i2ation,N this politics of place @o+ten +a"ored b$ 8o#en, en"iron#enta&i)t, and t'o)e )tru((&in( +orN a&ternati"e +or#) o+ &i"e&i'ood33 is a l%cid response to the t pe of Kpolitics of empireL thatN is also common on the ,eft and that re3%ires that empire (e confronted at the same le#elN of totalit and that, a) )uc', de#al%es all forms of locali2ed action" red%cin* it toN accommodation or reformism) A) 7ib)on37ra'a# doe) not cea)e to re#ind u), 9placesN alwa s fail to (e f%ll capitalist" and herein lie their potential to (ecome somethin* other;N H200?5 1DIA :r, in t'e &an(ua(e o+ t'e MC !roJect, there is an e7teriorit to imperialN *lo(alit a res%lt of (oth *lo(al colonialit and place+(ased c%lt%ral d namics that areN irred%ci(le to the terms of capitalist modernit A A) I 'a"e ana&$2ed e&)e8'ere HeA(A, /)cobar, 2001I, the str%**le of the social mo#ementsN of (lack comm%nities of the 'olom(ian Pacific ill%strates the politics of place in theN conte7t of imperial *lo(alit ) This mo#ement" 8'ic' e#er(ed in t'e ear&$ 1,,0) a) aN re)u&t o+ t'e dee!enin( o+ t'e neo3&ibera& #ode&
and in t'e 8ake o+ t'e ne8 1,,1N Con)titution t'at (ranted cu&tura& and territoria& ri('t) to et'nic #inoritie) )uc' a) t'e N b&ack co##unitie) o+ t'e 0aci+ic, was
from the #er o%tset concei#ed as a str%**le for theN defense of c%lt%ral difference and the territoriesA 1'e #o"e#ent 'a) )ince e#!'a)i2edN +our ri('t)5 to t'eir identit$ H'ence, t'e ri('t to be
di++erentI, to t'eir territor$ Ha) t'eN )!ace +or e%erci)in( identit$I, to a #ea)ure o+ &oca& autono#$, and to t'eir o8n "i)ion o+ N de"e&o!#entA In t'e encounter 8it' State a(ent), e%!ert), .7:), internationa& N biodi"er)it$ net8ork), etcA, the
mo#ement has de#eloped a %ni3%e political ecolo* N framework that artic%lates the life pro6ect of the ri#er comm%nities em(edded in place(asedN notions of territor " prod%ction s stems" and the en#ironment++ with the politicalN #ision of the social mo#ement" incarnated in a #iew of the Pacific as a Kre*ion+territor ofN ethnic *ro%psA; In t'i) 8a$, t'e #o"e#ent can &e(iti#ate&$ be inter!reted in ter#) o+
t'eN de+en)e o+ !ractice) o+ cu&tura&, econo#ic, and eco&o(ica& di++erenceA /#er(in( +ro# t'e N e%teriorit$ o+ t'e #odernGco&onia& 8or&d )$)te# @ 8it'in 8'ic' b&ack) o+ #ar(ina&N re(ion) 'a"e a&8a$) been a#on( t'e #o)t e%c&uded and 9+or(otten;a this
*ro%p ofN acti#ists can also (e seen as practicin* a kind of (order thinkin* from which the en*a*e N with (oth their comm%nities" on the one hand" and the a*ents of modernit " on the other)N In connectin* with other continental or *lo(al mo#ements HeA(, A+ro3Latin A#erican andN anti3(&oba&i2ation #o"e#ent)I, the also (ecome part of the transnational mo#ementN meshworks ana&$2ed in t'i) )ectionA
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; 9irst .pi#ak
9irst" The ; m%st (e wei*hed first $o%r impacts and actions are dependent on an ideolo* and s%(6ecti#it which constit%tes international actions This (asis is what we call into 3%estion .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI It is diffic%lt to speak of a politics of interpretation witho%t a workin*N notion of ideolo* as lar*er than the concepts of indi#id%al conscio%snessN and willA At it) broade)t i#!&ication) t'i) notion o+ ideo&o($ 8ou&dN undo t'e o!!o)ition) bet8een deter#ini)# and +ree 8i&& and bet8eenN con)ciou) c'oice and uncon)ciou) re+&e%A Ideolo* in action is what aN *ro%p takes to (e nat%ral and self+e#ident, t'at o+ 8'ic' t'e (rou!, a) aN (rou!, #u)t den$ an$ 'i)torica& )edi#entationA It is (oth the conditionN and the effect of the constit%tion of the s%(6ect Ho+ ideo&o($I as freel N willin* and conscio%sl choosin* in a world that is seen as (ack*ro%nd AN In turn, the s%(6ectIsJ of ideolo* are the conditions and effects of the N self+identit of the *ro%p as a *ro%p) It is impossi(le, o+ cour)e, to markN off a *ro%p as an entit witho%t sharin* complicit with its ideolo*icalN definition) ! persistent criti3%e of ideolo* is th%s fore#er incomplete)N In the shiftin* spectr%m (etween s%(6ect+constit%tion and *ro%p constit%tion N are the ideolo*ical apparat%ses that share the condition?N effect oscillation) .econd" Their framin* of ideolo* and theor constit%tes onl an o6ecti#e lens that does not incl%de s%(6ecti#it and o(6ecti#it 4nl the com(ination of (oth lens allows for deh%mani2ation to stop" openin* %p to a more pra*matic theor that tr%l sol#es .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI ! critical #iew of the s%(6ect of ideolo* wo%ld call the clarit o+N t'e)e di)tinction) into >ue)tion and t'u) ask the critic to address a lessN simplified #iew of the world) It wo%ld deconstit%te and sit%ate Hnot reJectIN the =we= who e7periences the prod%cti#it of alternati#e in#esti*ati#eN post%res" the =le*itimaSc T= and =power= of the =accepta(le standpoints)= N .%ch a #iew does not allow for a personal+s%(6ecti#e cate*or to (e set %pN o#er a*ainst an intellect%al+ interpreti#e cate*or eit'er, since it wo%ldN see complicit (etween the constit%tion of s%(6ecti#it and the desire forN o(6ecti#e identit )N These pro(lematic distinctions are necessar +or 1ou&#inP) ar(u#entN (eca%se it cannot accommodate the concept of ideolo* A 1'e neierN +ortuitou) c'oice o+ nor#ati"e #eta!'or) )o#eti#e) )ee#) to )u((e)t N t'i) nece))it$5 OThere is more temptation to present all Qaut'orP) ita&ic)TN interpretations in the h%man sciences as (ein* essentiall political inN character than there is in the ph sical sciences) .till" it is a temptation thatN we o%*ht to resistO H!A 102T ita&ic) #ineIA This resistance wins a space for %sN where it is possi(le to o#erlook the tremendo%s ideolo*ical o#erdeterminationN of the relationship (etween the =p%re= and =applied= sciences"N as well as their relationship with pri#ate+ and p%(lic+sectorN technolo* and the inscription of the whole into the social and materialN relations of prod%ction) !ll is red%ced to the classical split (etween s%(6ectN and o(6ect+=two+wa interactions (etween the o(ser#er and theN s stem (ein* o(ser#ed= H!A 10EIA If the clarit of the theor is dependentN %pon so strin*ent a red%ction" it loses pers%asi#e #al%e when applied toN the sociopolitical scene) ! statement &ike t'e +o&&o8in(, concl%ded fromN the s%(6ect+o(6ect premises I >uote abo"e, remains merel theoretical"N normed into ethical decoration0 =That (ein* so" there is, a +ortiori, noN lon*er an reason to ass%me that st%d in* h%man (ein*s from a scientificN point of #iew necessaril in#ol#es deh%mani2in* them= H!A 10EIA
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Third" 'riticisms of framin* are ine#ita(le Means no framin* (ad offense ar*%ments .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI 4ne cannot of co%rse =choose= to step o%t of ideolo* ) The mostN responsi(le =choice= seems to (e to know it as (est one can" reco*ni2e itN as (est one can" and" thro%*h one-s necessaril inade3%ate interpretation"N to work to chan*e it" to acknowled*e the challen*e of0 =Men makeN their own histor " (%t the do not choose the script= Hita&ic) #ineIA? InN +act, I 8ou&d
a(ree 8it' /d8ard Said t'at t'e ideo&o(ica& )$)te# t'at one N #i('t &oo)e&$ na#e a) conte#!orar$ USA e%!ect) it) !oet) to )ee# to N c'oo)e to i(nore it and t'u) a&&o8) it) bu)ine))#en to dec&are5 OSo&id N bu)ine)) !ractice) tran)cend ideo&o($ i+ $ou are 8i&&in( to 8ork +or itAOB
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1allot 1ecomes the 'riticism

9irst" Use o%r (allot to affirm o%r criticism This pro#es the internali2ation of the theories" which is tr%l ke to sol#in* It shows a wa of affirmin* a new wa of thinkin* .pi#ak !%*%st &D<& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 9 e5 Di)cu))ion o+ 6our Idea) and Acade#ic Debate;,
I think o% are a(sol%tel ri*ht in 3%estionin* =(est+ness)= H:n&$ $e)terda$ I )id to an Indian (rou! 33 #$ +a#i&$ 33 Onationalist competition kills the h%man spirit)=J 1'at )aid, a&&o8 #e to #ake a (ent&e critici)#A I a&8a$) te&& #$ )tudent), =theor is not there for application) Theori2in* is a practice) Read theor for its own sake so that it-s internali2ed and o%r readin* practice is chan*ed) Do not make thin*s into ill%strations of theor )= So, see if o% can *et (ehind m thinkin*" as if o%-re thinkin* them rather than followin* them and see what happens)Q N A&)o, I a&8a$) 'a"e t8o 8a$) o+ &ookin( at t'in()5 )'ort ter# X &on( ter#A A) Adrienne ic' )o !o8er+u&&$ )a$)5 O,earn from o%r own histor = H1,-, S#it' Co&&e(e Co##ence#ent Addre))IA Does increasin* speed in tra#el act%all decrease *asolene cons%mption> What does histor teach %s> !nd does lessened *asolene cons%mption lead to a 6%ster world a%tomaticall with no trainin* for epistemolo*ical performance> Wo%ld infrastr%ct%ral chan*e help s%(altern *ro%ps (e heard> N
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Deh%mani2ation
Psame as second ; first cardP 9irst" Their framin* of ideolo* and theor constit%tes onl an o6ecti#e lens that does not incl%de s%(6ecti#it and o(6ecti#it 4nl the com(ination of (oth lens allows for deh%mani2ation to stop" openin* %p to a more pra*matic theor that tr%l sol#es .pi#ak :G& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 91'e 0o&itic) o+ Inter!retation);, =CookAI ! critical #iew of the s%(6ect of ideolo* wo%ld call the clarit o+N t'e)e di)tinction) into >ue)tion and t'u) ask the critic to address a lessN simplified #iew of the world) It wo%ld deconstit%te and sit%ate Hnot reJectIN the =we= who e7periences the prod%cti#it of alternati#e in#esti*ati#eN post%res" the =le*itimaSc T= and =power= of the =accepta(le standpoints)= N .%ch a #iew does not allow for a personal+s%(6ecti#e cate*or to (e set %pN o#er a*ainst an intellect%al+ interpreti#e cate*or eit'er, since it wo%ldN see complicit (etween the constit%tion of s%(6ecti#it and the desire forN o(6ecti#e identit )N These pro(lematic distinctions are necessar +or 1ou&#inP) ar(u#entN (eca%se it cannot accommodate the concept of ideolo* A 1'e neierN +ortuitou) c'oice o+ nor#ati"e #eta!'or) )o#eti#e) )ee#) to )u((e)t N t'i) nece))it$5 OThere is more temptation to present all Qaut'orP) ita&ic)TN interpretations in the h%man sciences as (ein* essentiall political inN character than there is in the ph sical sciences) .till" it is a temptation thatN we o%*ht to resistO H!A 102T ita&ic) #ineIA This resistance wins a space for %sN where it is possi(le to o#erlook the tremendo%s ideolo*ical o#erdeterminationN of the relationship (etween the =p%re= and =applied= sciences"N as well as their relationship with pri#ate+ and p%(lic+sectorN technolo* and the inscription of the whole into the social and materialN relations of prod%ction) !ll is red%ced to the classical split (etween s%(6ectN and o(6ect+=two+wa interactions (etween the o(ser#er and theN s stem (ein* o(ser#ed= H!A 10EIA If the clarit of the theor is dependentN %pon so strin*ent a red%ction" it loses pers%asi#e #al%e when applied toN the sociopolitical scene) ! statement &ike t'e +o&&o8in(, concl%ded fromN the s%(6ect+o(6ect premises I >uote abo"e, remains merel theoretical"N normed into ethical decoration0 =That (ein* so" there is, a +ortiori, noN lon*er an reason to ass%me that st%d in* h%man (ein*s from a scientificN point of #iew necessaril in#ol#es deh%mani2in* them= H!A 10EIA
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!T 5a*%eness?Theor ?No Practical !pplication

9irst" Ta* me .pi#ak &DDH 7u$atri, Inter"ie8 8it' Mi&e")ka, 9 e)i)tance t'at cannot be eco(ni2ed a) Suc',; Journal For Politics, Gender and Culture" 5ol &" No &" Winter &DDH
7A SA5 6e), I t'ink t'at i) >uite true, to co##ent on t'e +ir)t !art o+ t'e >ue)tionA .o8, &etA)ta&k about Lenin and Sta&inA I 'a"e a +ootnote about t'i) in #$ bookA *'en Sta&in 8a) ta&kin( to t'e re#nant) o+ Ha!)bur( and u))ian e#!ire, e)!ecia&&$ t'e Ha!)bur(A), 'e 8a) actua&&$ ta&kin( about a kind o+ "er$ &on( i#!eria& tradition 8'ic' 8a) #u&tiet'nic and "er$ di++erent +ro# 8'at Lenin 8a) ta&kin( about 8'ic' 8a) a )in(&e nation, !o)tca!ita&i)t co&onie) &ike t'e Briti)' co&onie), t'e Frenc' co&onie)A 1'e :tto#an), t'e Ha!)bur(A), and t'e u))ian) are "er$ di++erent #ode&) o+ e#!ire) )o 8'en t'at break) and it break) in t'e !o)tco&onia& conte%t a) it 8a) e)tab&i)'ed in t'e #idd&e o+ t'e &a)t centur$, t'en t'e !attern) 8ou&d not be t'e )a#e, and t'ere+ore I 8ou&d )a$ it i) c&ear in t'e ca)e o+ u)in( an$t'in( t'e !eo!&e 8'o u)e t'i) #u)t be creati"e, I t'ink t'ere i) a &ot to be &earnt +ro# t'e 8ork t'at )o#e o+ u) didA But i+ it i) i#itati"e, and a(ain it i) true o+ u)in( an$t'in(, it 8i&& +ai& becau)e 8'ene"er one u)e) t'eorie) &ike t'at, one #ake) t'e t'eor$ !art o+ one) !ractice, b$ o!en )$#!at'$ and t'en a) one read oneA) o8n )urroundin(), t'e t'eor$ (et) nor#a&i)ed b$ 8'at one i) readin(A So I 8i&& &earn a) #uc' +ro# 8'at I ca&& !o)t3i#!eria& )c'o&ar in t'i) kind conJuncture 8it' a +inancia&i)ed (oa&, and 8'at I be(an 8it', $ou kno8, t'e (rou! o+ )e"en, e)!ecia&&$ /uro!e3A#erica in co#!etition, /uro!e ta&kin( about itA) !a)t e#!ire) a) it correct) United State) a) a +uture e#!ire, i+ $ou &ook at t'e Frank+urter A&&e#aineKeitun( +or ?1)t Ma$ $ou 8i&& )ee t'at t'ere i) a 8'o&e bunc' o+ /uro!ean inte&&ectua&) 8'o are ta&kin( about /uro!e in t'i) 8a$A I )a$ to do t'i) t'in(, t'i) i#!eria& co#!etition, in t'e conte%t o+ t'e !o)t3i#!eria& 8or&d, 8it' t'e +inancia&i)ation o+ t'e (&obe, )o#eti#e) ca&&ed (&oba&i2ation, it i) a "er$ di++erent )cenario, but 8'at e&)e i) ne8[ Who
e7pects to (e a(le to ha#e theories that are as contin*ent as the wa thin*s are) Theor will ne#er (e like that) 4ne m%st know how to %se theor and I think o%r wa of doin* postcolonial theor can (e #er %sef%l if one is not waitin* for the theor that e7actl matches o%r sit%ation (eca%se that wo%ld (e %seless) And in t'i) conte%t I 8ou&d &ike to )a$ 8'ate"er $ou t'ink
o+ A&t'u))er and 8e 'a"e &ot) o+ critici)# about A&t'u))er, t'at 'i) e))a$ AContradiction and :"erdeter#inationA )a$) t'i) )o c&ear&$ and +or )o #an$ $ear) a(o, t'i) bu)ine)) o+ Anot t'inkin(A, $ou kno8 'e 8a) )!eakin( +ro# t'e bo)o# o+ t'e Frenc' co##uni)t !art$, it 8a) a coura(eou) t'in( to )a$A A.ot t'inkin(At'at t'e t'eor$ i) (oin( to be !ure, to +ind a +ie&d +or !ure a!!&ication .
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!T 4r*anic Intellect%al
9irst" 4%r #ersion of the or*anic intellect%al sol#es (etter comparati#e e#idence .pi#ak &DDZ 7u$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; Postcolonial Studies 5ol) G No) B" pp) BUZ+BG^" &DDZ Ro%tled*e Gramsci" the thinker of s%(alternit as an amendment of mere capital lo*ic" had" in his fi*%ration of the or*anic intellect%al" *i#en %s an idea of e7pandin* the hori2on of historio*raph as an acti#it ) In an e7tended consideration" I wo%ld 3%estion the fi*%re of the Ror*anic:" (%t that wo%ld not lead to a disa*reement with Gramsci:s *eneral point) This is not the place to la%nch an anal sis of Gramsci:s notion of s%(alternit ) .%ffice it to sa that Gramsci:s s%(altern is not as imper#io%s as the one I ha#e (een disc%ssin*) There are at least two reasons for this) 9irst" Gramsci:s tho%*ht+world was mono+*endered) !nd" s%(alternit as position witho%t identit comp%ted differentl in a world where the role of the 'omm%nist part as en#isa*ed ( Gramsci in his 6ail cell was si*nificantl different from an thin* that either o%rsel#es or the earl s%(alternists co%ld ima*ine) :ne in)i('t, 'o8e"er,
i) )ti&& u)e+u&5 Z1'e inte&&ectua&) are t'e do#inant (rou!4) ZZde!utie)44 e%erci)in( t'e )uba&tern +unction) o+ )ocia& 'e(e#on$ and !o&itica& (o"ern#ent4A1D I add 'ere a$#ond *i&&ia#)4) d$na#ic )en)e o+ t'e Zdo#inant4 a) de+ined b$ it) cea)e&e)) a!!ro!riation o+ t'e e#er(ent, a) it di"ide) it)e&+ into #ere a&ternati"e and acti"e&$ o!!o)itiona&A 1E Hob)ba8#4) and t'e ear&$ )uba&terni)t)4 &i#itin( o+ t'e )uba&tern 8it'in t'e 'i)torio(ra!'ica& #a$ be )een a) )uc' an a!!ro!riationA B$ contra)t, it 8a) t'e intention o+ )a"in( t'e )in(u&ar o!!o)itiona& t'at t'e e%a#!&e o+ B'ubane)8ariB'aduri tau('t #e )o &on( a(oA That
messa*e in her (od led o%tside disciplinar limits)
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!T Politics Good
9irst" We are the prere3%isite witho%t it domination of the s%(altern is *%aranteed) We m%st first la the fo%ndation for the affs: politics to work .pi#ak &DDZ 7u$atriC'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, 9Scattered )!ecu&ation) on t'e )uba&tern and t'e !o!u&ar,; Postcolonial Studies 5ol) G No) B" pp) BUZ+BG^" &DDZ Ro%tled*e
B$ no8 it )'ou&d be c&ear t'at Zin)ertion into t'e !ub&ic )!'ere4 #ean) +or #e t'e e++ort to create t'e !o))ibi&it$ o+ #eton$#i)in( one)e&+ +or #akin( one)e&+ a )$necdoc'e, a !art o+ a 8'o&e, )o t'at one can c&ai# t'e idea o+ t'e )tate be&on(in( to oneA 1'e !articu&ar co&&ecti"it$ c&ai#ed 'ere i) citi2en)'i!5 t'e )tate can be )een a) bein( in t'e citi2en4) )er"ice t'rou(' acce)) to t'i) co&&ecti"it$A 1'i) ab)tract a(entia& )e&+3!erce!tion i) a non3de!endent intuition o+ t'e !ub&ic )!'ere, not a) Zma-baap4 but a) a c&ai#ab&e ri('tA 1'i) i) 'o!e&e))&$ idea&i)tic, e)!ecia&&$ in t'e conte%t o+ a re!re))i"e )tate, in t'e current era o+ (&oba&i)ation 8'ere t'e )tate i) #ore and #ore recon+i(ured a) not t'e a(ent o+ redi)tribution, but t'e a(ent o+ re!re))ionT and t'e #ode& i) not accountabi&it$, but #ana(e#entA 1'e idea o+ re&atin( to t'e )tate in a countr$ a) #u&ti3&in(ua& and #u&ti3 cu&tura&, a) #an$3&e"e&ed a) India _Gand to a de(ree )uc' di++erence) e%i)t e"er$8'ere _G, un&e)) $ou 8ant to (o t'rou(' nationa&i)#G +a)ci)#, $ou #u)t be ab&e to #eton$#i)eG)$necdoc'i)e $our)e&+, under)tand t'e !art b$ 8'ic' $ou are connected to t'at ab)tract 8'o&e )o t'at $ou can c&ai# itA It i) not e"en t'e ri('t to #eton$#i)e one)e&+, it i) t'e !o))ibi&it$A 1'i) kind o+ 8ork can on&$ be a )u!!&e#ent to #uc' #ore >uick+i%, !rob&e#3)o&"in( 8orkA But i+ it i)n4t t'ere t'en )uba&terni)ation re#ain) in !&ace and account) o+ !o!u&ar !ractice a) !o&itica& )ociet$ re#ain con)tati"eA
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'lass Room Peda*o*
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9irst
9irst" 4nl thro%*h an em(race of tensions that e7ist (etween c%lt%ral narrati#es can the s%(alteran speak + fail%re to incl%de oppressed #oices leads to serial polic fail%re + a reform of classroom peda*o* is the critical startin* point for incl%sion of alternati#e narrati#es .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
The c%lt%ral fantasies of ori*in of the prominent =ethnic *ro%ps= in the United .tates Hinc&udin( t'e /n(&i)' and t'e Frenc'I and their imprint on the co%ntries of their ori*in are well knownA IIsrael" Ireland" Poland" and '%(a are fo%r other ecXa)t%l/-l=-=_J&& !ll of these *ro%ps Ie%c&udin( t'e /n(&i)'J had a histor of ,"ca&&OPOOO of oppression on the soil that lent an %r*enc to the fantasiesA In the Indian case" e7port+import has (een speeded %p for reasons that I ha#e tried to sketch) Now" if one ret%rns to the melanchol stor of the ears of Independence" whose shadow fell on m childhood" then one (e*ins to see that the cO%lt%ral" comm%nal Ireli*io%sJ" and class hetero*eneit nati#e to the s%() continent has (een assertin* itself in spite of the %nif in* hopes on assorted sides" (ased on those assorted concept+metaphors0 nationalism" sec%larism" internationalism" c%lt%ralism) !n e7tended disc%ssion of remakin* histor in decoloni2ation m%st take into acco%nt the dan*ero%s fra*ilit and tenacit of these conceptmetaphors) 1riefl " it seems possi(le to sa that an alternati#e and perhaps e3%all fra*ile mode of resistance to them can onl come thro%*h a strate*ic acceptance of the centrif%*al potential of the pl%ralit and hetero*eneit nati#e to the s%(continent) $et hetero*eneit is an el%si#e and am(i#alent reso%rce Ie7cept in metropolitan =parliamentar = or academic spaceJ" as the recent past in India" and indeed on the *lo(e" ha#e shown) Its direct manip%lation for electoral or diplomatic res%lts constit%tes de#astation) IMani!u&ation in co##ercia& intere)t can &ead to a d$na#ic O!ub&ic cu&tureAOI It is onl in sit%ations like this that instit%tionall placed c%lt%ral workers ha#e the o(li*ation to speak predicti#el ) These scr%p%lo%s inter#entions are in fact o%r onl contri(%tion to the pro6ect of remakin* histor or s%stainin* e#er+shiftin* #oices with an alternati#e ed*e) In a sense o%r task is to make people read to listen" and that is not determined ( ar*%ment) Indirect and maddenin*l slow" fore#er r%nnin* the risk of dema*o* and coercion min*led with the cred%lo%s #anit and class interests of teacher and st%dent" it is still onl instit%tionali2ed ed%cation in the h%man sciences that is a lon*+term and collecti#e method for makin* people want to listen A !s far as I can see" remakin* Ithe discipline ofJ histor has its onl chance on this %n*lamoro%s and often tedio%s re*ister) &H Therefore I propose the persistent esta(lishment and re+esta(lishment" the repeated consolidatin* in %ndoin*" of a strate* of ed%cation and classroom peda*o* attendin* to pro#isional resol%tions of oppositions as (etween sec%lar and nonsec%lar" national and s%(altern" national and international" c%lt%ral and socio+political ( teasin* o%t their complicit ) &B .%ch a strate* of strate*ies m%st speak =from within= the emancipator master narrati#es e#en while takin* a distance from them) It #u)t re)o&ute&$ 'o&d back +ro# o++erin( !'anta)#ic, 'e(e#onic, nati"i)t counternarrati"e) t'at i#!&icit&$ 'onor t'e 'i)torica& 8it''o&din( o+ t'e O!er#i))ion to narrateAO 1'e ne8 cu&tura&i)t a&ibi, 8orkin( 8it'in a ba)ica&&$ e&iti)t cu&ture indu)tr$, in)i)tin( on t'e continuit$ o+ a nati"e tradition untouc'ed b$ a *e)terni2ation 8'o)e +ai&ure) it can 'e&! to co"er, &e(iti#i2e) t'e "er$ t'in( it c&ai#) to co#batA
1'i) )$)te# o+ cu&tura& re!re)entation and )e&+3re!re)entation i) t'e UAS, )e#iotic +ie&d o+ citi2en)'i! and et'nicit$A ?0? | A I D S and HIV Free!
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.ol#es
9irst" We m%st %se the classroom to %ndo the c%lt%ral teachin* that ca%sed o%r impacts to occ%r E#er small step is necessar .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
In order to s%stain s%ch a world" a))u#in( it) e)tab&i)'#ent" it is theN skills we teach in the h%manities that we need) I am speakin*" of co%rse" ofN the skills of readin*" of catchin* the *eneric difference (etween re*isters ofN lan*%a*e" with the hope of a RRsettin* to work:: to meet the world in which weN li#e" in order to read Martin ,%ther ;in* /r):s e7ample of one who so lo#edN his enemies that he died for them as a narrati#e" sin*%lar and %n#erifia(le AN It )'ou&d be c&ear +ro# #$ de)cri!tion o+ t'e )ituation o+ re&i(ion t'at )ecu&ari)#a N 8'ic' I 8i&& de+ine in a #o#entai) a persistent criti3%eT a !er)i)tentN settin* to work to reco*ni2e lan*%a*e as s stem rather than *ro%nd forN (elief) If we are to keep workin* for s%ch a world" we m%st partiall Hon&$N !artia&&$I %ndo the lesson of the last few E%ropean cent%ries and massi#el N redo the pro*ram of disenfranchised histories) It so%nds prett scar p%t thisN wa ) 1%t if we think of it as a collecti#e enterprise that we %ndertake in theN classroom" it need not work that wa )
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In Ro%nd .ol#enc
9irst" 4%r disco%rse and disc%ssion in this ro%nd leads to %s internali2in* these theories" which is tr%l ke to sol#in* It shows a wa of affirmin* a new wa of thinkin* .pi#ak !%*%st &D<& H7a$atri C'akra"ort$, Co&u#bia, 9 e5 Di)cu))ion o+ 6our Idea) and Acade#ic Debate;,
I think o% are a(sol%tel ri*ht in 3%estionin* =(est+ness)= H:n&$ $e)terda$ I )id to an Indian (rou! 33 #$ +a#i&$ 33 Onationalist competition kills the h%man spirit)=J 1'at )aid, a&&o8 #e to #ake a (ent&e critici)#A I a&8a$) te&& #$ )tudent), =theor is not there for application) Theori2in* is a practice) Read theor for its own sake so that it-s internali2ed and o%r readin* practice is chan*ed) Do not make thin*s into ill%strations of theor )= So, see if o% can *et (ehind m thinkin*" as if o%-re thinkin* them rather than followin* them and see what happens)
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'ontestator 9iction
4%r <ac sho%ld not (e taken as Tr%th rather as s%pplement .pi#ak &DD< 7u$atri 'hakra#ort " KMo#in* De#i"L Cultural Critique" No) BU" Winter &DD<" pp) <&D+<^H" /.T4R" U of Minnesota Press
Hed(ed in b$ t'i) +ra#in(, t'en, I (i"e 8itne)) to t'e (reat (odde))e), Dur(a and Ca&iA 6ou 8i&& 8ork out #$ ne(otiation)A O -I-
is onl a con#enient term for some(od who has no real (ein*) ,ies will flow from m lips" (%t there ma perhaps (e some tr%th mi7ed %p with themO it is for o% to seek o%t this tr%th and to decide whether an part of it is worth keepin*) If not" o% will of co%rse throw the whole of it into the wastepaper (asket and for*et all a(o%t it)O2D
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!T Not Eno%*h to .ol#e

P.ame as sol#es cardP 9irst" We m%st %se the classroom to %ndo the c%lt%ral teachin* that ca%sed o%r impacts to occ%r E#er small step is necessar .pi#ak :DB, 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e director o+ t'e Center +or
In order to s%stain s%ch a world" a))u#in( it) e)tab&i)'#ent" it is theN skills we teach in the h%manities that we need) I am speakin*" of co%rse" ofN the skills of readin*" of catchin* the *eneric difference (etween re*isters ofN lan*%a*e" with the hope of a RRsettin* to work:: to meet the world in which weN li#e" in order to read Martin ,%ther ;in* /r):s e7ample of one who so lo#edN his enemies that he died for them as a narrati#e" sin*%lar and %n#erifia(le AN It )'ou&d be c&ear +ro# #$ de)cri!tion o+ t'e )ituation o+ re&i(ion t'at )ecu&ari)#a N 8'ic' I 8i&& de+ine in a #o#entai) a persistent criti3%eT a !er)i)tentN settin* to work to reco*ni2e lan*%a*e as s stem rather than *ro%nd forN (elief) If we are to keep workin* for s%ch a world" we m%st partiall Hon&$N !artia&&$I %ndo the lesson of the last few E%ropean cent%ries and massi#el N redo the pro*ram of disenfranchised histories) It so%nds prett scar p%t thisN wa ) 1%t if we think of it as a collecti#e enterprise that we %ndertake in theN classroom" it need not work that wa )
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4ntolo* ?Epistemolo* 9irst

9irst" The separation (etween the lan*%a*e %sed and the c%lt%ral #al%es (ehind it lead to c%lt%ral class separation necessaril fra*mentin* c%lt%re This is a link to the criticism !ND means o% ha#e to dispro#e the thesis of o%r criticism (efore *ainin* this offense .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
director o+ t'e Center +or Co#!arati"e Literature and Societ$ at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$, OAn Ae)t'etic /ducation in t'e /ra o+ 7&oba&i2ationO, 0ub&i)'ed 232-32012 B$ contra)t, literar acti#it is %s%all prolific in the mother ton*%e of the writer of Indo+ !n*lian prose or poetr ) The writer of Indo+!n*lian literat%re mi*ht represent this d namic (ase of re*ional p%(lic c%lt%re as if it were no more than a medi%m of pri#ate e7chan*e or a rather 3%aint sim%lacr%m of the *en%ine p%(lic sphere) This artificial separation of p%(lic and pri#ate is" strictl speakin*" a c%lt%ral class+separation) The relationship (etween the writer of =#ernac%lar= and Indo+!n*lian literat%res is a site of class+c%lt%ral str%**le) This str%**le is not reflected in personal confrontationsA Indeed, t'e )!'ere) o+ Indo3An(&ian 8ritin( and "ernacu&ar 8ritin( are u)ua&&$ not in )eriou) contactA 1 =class+c%lt%ral str%**le= is meant a str%**le in the prod%ction of c%lt%ral or c%lt%ralpolitical identit ) If literat%re is a #ehicle of c%lt%ral self+representation" the =Indian c%lt%ral identit = pro6ected ( Indo+!n*lian fiction and" more o(li3%el " poetr can *i#e little more than a hint of the serio%sness and contemporaneit of the man =Indias= fra*mentaril represented in the man Indian literat%res)
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Deontolo* 9irst
9irst" 'losin* the *ap (etween law and 6%stice is the onl wa to acknowled*e the role of the historical and political in c%lt%re which is the onl wa that tr%e ethics can (e formed .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
To (e*in with" some pres%ppositions) Radical alterit +the wholl other+m%st (e tho%*ht and m%st (e tho%*ht thro%*h ima*in*) To (e (orn h%man is to (e (orn an*led toward an other and others) To acco%nt for this the h%man (ein* pres%pposes the 3%ite+other) This is the (ottom line of (ein*+h%man as (ein*+in+the+ethical+relation) 1 definition" we cannot+ no self can+reach the 3%ite+other) Th%s the ethical sit%ation can onl (e fi*%red in the ethical e7perience of the impossi(le) This is the fo%ndin* *ap in all act or talk" most especiall in acts or talk that we %nderstand to (e closest to the ethical+the historical and the political) We will not lea#e the historical and the political (ehind) We m%st somehow attempt to s%pplement the *ap) 1o tr$ to )u!!&e#ent t'e (a! t'at +ound) t'e 'i)torica&3!o&itica& i) a !er)i)tent criti>ueA I be&ie"e it i) in t'at )!irit t'at Su)an Ba2i&&i, editor o+ 0uttin( *o#en on t'e A(enda, writes0 =In the present .o%th !frican climate we are faced with the task of determinin* the f%t%re of law and its relationship to women) To do so we m%st alwa s (e co*ni2ant of narrowin* the *ap (etween law and 6%stice)=& .econd" The alternati#e:s radical alterit creates a do%(le (ind in that it forces %s to think of people as other and self + onl thro%*h acceptin* this do%(le (ind are we forced to make ethical choices .pi#ak 9e(r%ar &D<& + 7a$atri C'akra"ort$, A"a&on Foundation 0ro+e))or in t'e Hu#anitie) at Co&u#bia Uni"er)it$ and t'e
Radical alterit " if one can sa it" appears to re3%ire an ima*in* that is the fi*%ration of the ethical as the impossi(le) If ethics are *rasped as a pro(lem of relation rather than a pro(lem of knowled*e" it is not eno%*h to (%ild efficient data(ases" con#ertin* the =*ift"= if there is an " to the =*i#en= Idat%mJ" %pon which calc%latin* =aid= can (e (ased) It is necessar to ima*ine this woman as an other as well as a self) This is" strictl speakin*" impossi(le) Ima*ination is str%ct%rall %n#erifia(le) Th%s" the ima*e of the other as self prod%ced ( ima*ination s%pplementin* knowled*e or its a(sence is a fi*%re that marks the impossi(ilit of f%ll reali2in* the ethical) It is in #iew of this e7perience of the fi*%re Iof that which is not lo*icall possi(leJ that we la%nch o%r calc%lations of the political and the le*al) The *ift of time *rasped as o%r %nanticipata(le present" as a moment of li#in* as well as d in*" of (ein* hailed ( the other as well as the distancin* of that call" is la%nched then as reparation" a) re)!on)ibi&it$, a) accountabi&it$A 1'i) i) an account o+ t'e doub&e bind o+ t'e et'ica& a) )!e&&ed out in t'e t'inkin( o+ Me&anie C&ein, /##anue& Le"ina), =ac>ue) Derrida, and Luce Iri(ara$A10 When one decides to speak of do%(le (inds and aporias" one is ha%nted ( the *host of the %ndecida(le in e#er decision) << 4ne cannot (e mindf%l of a ha%ntin*" e#en if it fills the mind) ,et me then descri(e a narrower sense in which I am %sin* the
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and HIV
Free!
MUHS
word) When we find o%rsel#es in the s%(6ect position of two determinate decisions" (oth ri*ht Ior (oth wron*J" one of which cancels the other" we are in an aporia which ( definition cannot (e crossed" or a do%(le (ind) $et" it is not possi(le to remain in an aporia or a do%(le (ind) It is not a lo*ical or philosophical pro(lem like a contradiction" a dilemma" a parado7" an antinom ) It can onl (e descri(ed as an e7perience) It discloses itself in (ein* crossed) 9or" as we know e#er da " e#en ( s%pposedl not decidin*" one of those two ri*ht or wron* decisions *ets taken" and the aporia or do%(le (ind remains) !*ain" it m%st (e insisted that this is the condition of possi(ilit of decidin*) In the aporia or the do%(le (ind" to decide is the (%rden
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Spivak K

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