222126347.xls.ms_office.

Instructions, page 1 of 10

A Transient Queuing Model

v. 2.3, 25 Oct 2007

John O. McClain
Johnson Graduate School of Management
Sage Hall, Cornell University
Ithaca NY 14853

This spreadsheet is intended for teaching purposes. You are welcome to use it in any
manner and change it as you see fit. This model comes without any guarantee, and is
distributed free of charge.
Click Here if the worksheets don't seem to work properly.

Contents:
The Model
Tranisient, Defined
Inputs
The Output Sheet
Example
Solution

Queue Simulation Worksheet

The Model
The Transient Finite Queue Simulation begins with no customers, and simulates a
fixed interval of time (input), using the Gamma probability distribution to generate times
between arrivals and service times.
If CV (coefficient of variation)= 1.0, Gamma is the Exponential distribution
At the end of a designated time period, the results are recorded. The simulation then begins
again (with no customers) and repeats. Optionally the start of data collection can be
postponed, so that data pertains to the last part of the run time.
Assumptions: Identical Servers, Gamma inter-arrival times, Gamma service times,
All servers arrive at the same time (input), First customer arrival time is known (input).
Arrivals cease when the queue is full. This is "balking". First come, first served queue.
Transient, Defined.
This model gives "Transient" results; it models a fixed time period, not a "long run".
Accurate results are obtained by repeating the simulation many times.
The outputs are averages over a designated time period.
For example, if the model gives 9% probability that the queue is empty, it means that
9% of the time there will be no one waiting. But that represents an average. For example,
there may be 100% near the beginning and 0% at the end of the time period, after the
queue has had time to build. That fact would not be visible in the output.
The probability distributions of arrivals and service times do not change with time.
For example, you cannot model variations in the arrivals at different times of day.
Customers and servers can be made to arrive "late". No business is
transacted until both are present. If servers are late, there may be a queue when they
arrive. If customers are late, there may be idle time for the servers at the outset.

222126347.xls.ms_office. Instructions, page 2 of 10

Inputs

Your inputs always go in the yellow cells, like this:

S : the number of (identical) servers.

M: the queue cannot hold more than M customers. Arrivals balk when the queue is full.
Therefore the system can hold up to M+S customers (M in queue and S in service).
l: the average arrival rate of customers
m: the average service rate capacity for each server. (I.e. total system capacity is Sm per time unit.)
Please be careful with time units. l and m are rates, and they must have the
same time units. For example, suppose the arrival rate is 4 customers per hour, and the
average service time is 10 minutes. To be consistent, the service rate must also be given
in customers per hour, which would be 60/10 or 6. The inputs would be l=4 and m=6.
CV(a) = Coefficient of Variation of Inter-arrival Times (i.e. times between arrivals):
CV(s) = Coefficient of Variation of Service Times:
Definition: CV = standard deviation divided by the mean.
Simulated time per repetition, RunLength: Time units per repetition of the simulation.
Time Units are defined by Arrival and Service Rates. For example, if you input the
arrival rate as customers per hour, then you MUST use customers per hour for the
service rate, and the time units for the simulation will be "hours".
Time when Data Collection begins: DataStartTime = the point in time during the
simulation after which data collection occurs. Before this time, the simulation runs
normally, but averages, frequencies, etc. are not collected. Thus, the output relates
only to the time between DataStartTime and RunLength.
Repetitions, nReps = the number of times the simulation is repeated.
Data collection occurs after each repetition, and the simulation starts over.
Time when Servers Arrive: No customers can begin service until this time.
Time when First Customer Arrives: Subsequent customers arrive randomly after this
time (using the Gamma distribution to generate inter-arrival times).
The Output Sheet, SimResult
After you enter the input parameters, click the "Run Simulation" button.
When the simulation is finished, the results are displayed on a new worksheet.
Most of the output is self-explanatory.
However, there is one "input" on the SimResult worksheet, and it looks like this:
Q: Frequency of Queue more than

customers waiting =

Use it to find how often the queue exceeded a given length, Q. For example, to find how
often 11 or more customers were waiting for service, type 10 in the yellow box.

222126347.xls.ms_office. Instructions, page 3 of 10

Example:
NearBy Call Center provides over-the-phone help for computer owners. They currently
receive an average of 35 calls per hour during business hours, beginning at 8AM local time.
The CV of inter-arrival times is 1.0. Service times average 6 minutes, with CV of 0.5.
There are currently 2 servers.
The phones are answered by an automatic system, which delivers a message and then
places the customer on hold until a server becomes available. It gives a "busy signal"
if more than 5 customers are already waiting, and those calls are "lost".
Before 8AM it gives a brief message about the opening time, and then hangs up.
The system begins accepting calls at 8AM, but the servers do not begin work until 8:12AM.
This policy is intended to make sure that the servers are "highly utilized" by avoiding the
idle time that would occur if the servers started when no customers were present.
NearBy is considering several changes to the system, and would like you to evaluate
the performance of current and proposed policies during the first 2 hours of each day.
They would like to see the results for 100 of these 2-hour runs.
a. Find the average number waiting and how often more than 2 are waiting.
What is the average waiting time for a customer?
What fraction of customers get a busy signal?
b. How do these answers change if the servers start at 8AM instead of 8:12?
c. How do these answers change if they increase to 3 servers, starting at 8:12AM?
d. How would the current system perform if the CV of arrivals were reduced to 0.3?
e. What should they expect during the third hour, compared to the first 2 hours?
(Run the simulation of part (a) for 3 hours, with data collection starting after 2 hours.)

222126347.xls.ms_office. Instructions, page 4 of 10

Solution:
Time units: Hours is a convenient unit for this problem. Arrival rate is already in hours, but
service time averages 6 minutes, so the service rate is 60/6 = 10 per hour.
Servers arrive 12 minutes late, or 12/60 = 0.2 hours after the simulation begins.
a. On the Queue Simulation worksheet, enter S = 2, M = 5, l = 35, m = 10,
CV(a) = 1.0, CV(s) = 0.5, RunLength = 2, DataStartTime = 0, and nReps = 100.
Set "Time when servers arrive" = 0.2 and "Time when first customer arrives" = 0.
Then click the "Simulate" Button.
Your answers will differ because each simulation has different customers.
Answers: See SimResult (2)
Average number waiting = 4.0 P(>2) in queue = 96%
Average Waiting Time (Tq) = 0.21 hours. Fraction who balk = 43%
b. Set "Time when servers arrive" = 0. Answers: See SimResult (3)
Average number waiting = 3.7 P(>2) in queue = 90%
Average Waiting Time (Tq) = 0.17 hours. Fraction who balk = 36%
c. Set S = 3 and "Time when servers arrive" = 0.2. Answers: See SimResult (4)
Average number waiting = 2.9 P(>2) in queue = 76%
Average Waiting Time (Tq) = 0.11 hours. Fraction who balk = 21%
d. Set CV(a) = 0.3 and S = 2. Answers: See SimResult (5)
Average number waiting = 4.5 P(>2) in queue = 99%
Average Waiting Time (Tq) = 0.22 hours. Fraction who balk = 41%
e. Since the arrival rate exceeds the service capacity (35 compared to 20 per hour), they
should expect the queue to grow steadily. However, the answers below do not agree
with that analysis. Apparently the 12 minute tardy period causes enough queue
buildup to disguise the effect. And, the queue cannot exceed 5.
Set CV(a) = 1, RunLength = 3 and DataStartTime = 2. Answers: See SimResult (6)
Average number waiting = 4.0 P(>2) in queue = 96%
Average Waiting Time (Tq) = 0.21 hours. Fraction who balk = 42%
SimResult2 SimResult3 SimResult4 SimResult5 SimResult6

19.28
15.57
0.38
42.6%
4.04
1.12
0.21
96.2%
0.98
1.76
5.81
1.34
0.30

21.29
13.14
0.38
36.4%
3.69
1.45
0.17
89.5%
0.98
1.97
5.66
1.54
0.27

26.50
7.89
0.18
21.2%
2.93
1.70
0.11
76.2%
0.95
2.57
5.50
1.96
0.21

20.49
14.35
0.54
40.7%
4.46
0.79
0.22
98.6%
0.99
1.78
6.25
1.16
0.30

19.26
15.23
0.43
41.5%
4.01
1.15
0.21
96.0%
1.00
1.99
6.01
1.17
0.31

Average Rate Joining System without Balking

Average Rate Balking (Leaving Without Service)
Frequency that the System is Full
Fraction who balk
Average Number Waiting in Queue (Nq)
Standard Dev. of Number Waiting
Average Waiting Time (Tq)
More than 2 customers waiting
Average Utilization of Servers
Average Number Being Served (Ns)
Average Number in the System (N)
Standard Dev. of Number in System
Average Time in System (T)

222126347.xls.ms_office, Queue Simulation, page 5

Transient Finite Capacity Queue Simulation

Run Simulation

Number of Servers, S =
Queue Capacity, M =
Arrival Rate, l =
Coefficient of Variation of Inter-arrival time, CV(a) =
Service Rate Capacity of each server, m =
Coefficient of Variation of Service time, CV(s) =
Simulated time per repetition, RunLength =
Start collecting data at: DataStartTime =
Animation is ON
Repetitions, nReps =
Time when servers arrive =
Time when first customer arrives =
TRUE
Run
with Animation

2
5
35
1
10
0.5
2
0
100
0.2
0

Service Time and Inter-Arrival Time use the Gamma Distribution.

The Exponential Distribution is Gamma with CV=1

Service Times:
CV=0.5
Inter-Arrivals:
CV=1

222126347.xls.ms_office, Warning, p. 6 of 10

WARNING: YOU NEED TO ENABLE THE MACROS IN THIS FILE

Try these steps. If step 1 does not work, then go to step 2.
STEP 1: Try to enable the macros
For Excel 2007,
A. If you see the Security Warning in your menu bar, proceed with step B.
If the Security Warning is not there, go to STEP 2.
In
the Security Warning, Click Options.
B.
C. In the Alert Window that appears, click Enable This Content and click OK.

For Excel 2003,

A. Close this file. Then open it again.
B. In the window that appears, click Enable Macros.
If a window like this one
does NOT appear, then go to STEP 2.

STEP 2: If Step 1 does not work

If you DID NOT get a Security Message, then your security setting is too high.
Here is what you should do:
For Excel 2007,
A. Click the Microsoft Office Button at the top-left of the screen:
B. Click Excel Options.
C. Click Trust Center, then Trust Center Settings, and then Macro Settings.
D. Click Disable all macros with notification

222126347.xls.ms_office, Warning, p. 7 of 10
E. Exit from Excel. Closing the file is not enough. On the menu bar, select File, and then Exit.
F. Open this file again and follow the instructions in STEP 1 to enable the macros.
For Excel 2003,
A. On the menu bar at the top of this page, select Tools, then Macro, then Security.
B. On the Security Level tab, select Medium and click OK.
C. Then exit from Excel. Closing the file is not enough. On the menu bar, select File, and then Exit.
D. Open this file again and follow the instructions in STEP 1 to enable the macros.

222126347.xls.ms_office, Warning, p. 8 of 10

222126347.xls.ms_office, SimResult (2), page 9 of 10

Transient Finite Capacity Queue Simulation

Number of Servers:
S=
Queue Capacity:
M=
Arrival Rate:
l=
Coefficient of Variation of Inter-arrival time: CV(a) =
Service Rate Capacity of each server:
m=
Coefficient of Variation of Service time: CV(s) =
Simulated time per repetition, RunLength =
Start collecting data at time DataStartTime =
Repetitions, nReps =
Time when servers arrive =
Time when first customer arrives =

Service Times:
CV=0.5

Simulated n
34.842 7,179
1.0027
10.022 3,685
0.4929

Average Rate Joining System without Balking = 19.277

Average Rate Balking (Leaving Without Service) = 15.565
Frequency that the System is Full = 38.4%
Fraction who balk = 42.6%

Waiting Line (Queue):

Average Number Waiting in Queue (Nq) = 4.0445

Standard Dev. of Number Waiting = 1.1193
Average Waiting Time (Tq) = 0.2098
Q: Frequency of Queue more than
2
customers waiting = 96.2%

$C$29:$C$31
FormRange

0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0

Average Utilization of Servers = 97.9%

Average Number of Customers Being Served (Ns) = 1.7618

Hide/Show
Graph

n=
P(n) =
tSE =
Cumul =
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

Total Customers in the System (waiting or being served)

Average Number in the System (N) = 5.8063

Standard Dev. of Number in System = 1.3438
Average Time in System (T) = 0.3012

Simulation: 100 reps, from time 0 to 2

Total Number in the System:
0
0.0006
0.0008
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0226
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0283
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

1
0.0171
0.0041
0.0177
0.0175
0.0236
0.0002
0.0088
0.0155
0.0244
0.0942
0.0296
0.0037
0.0193
0.0313
0.0105
0.0126
0.0021
0.0078
0.0054
0.0061
0.0254
0.0007
0.0408
0.0190
0.0049
0.0028
0.0051
0.0169
0.0337
0.0142
0.0213
0.0119
0.0030
0.0099
0.0040
0.0004
0.0035
0.0017
0.0103
0.0005
0.0110
0.0130
0.0035
0.0069
0.0049
0.0052
0.1228
0.0043
0.0087
0.0252
0.0101
0.0064
0.0433
0.0089

2
0.0187
0.0037
0.0364
0.0109
0.0032
0.0059
0.0231
0.0141
0.0239
0.0555
0.0244
0.0254
0.0009
0.0704
0.0178
0.0343
0.0011
0.0093
0.0016
0.0125
0.0034
0.0297
0.0008
0.0004
0.0103
0.0237
0.0107
0.0306
0.0121
0.0141
0.0014
0.0234
0.0057
0.0248
0.0332
0.0038
0.0079
0.0115
0.0289
0.0207
0.0405
0.0003
0.0070
0.0233
0.0105
0.0272
0.0540
0.0139
0.0029
0.0298
0.0427
0.0170
0.0034
0.0439

3
0.0291
0.0060
0.0655
0.0281
0.0554
0.0168
0.0639
0.0504
0.0032
0.1701
0.0156
0.0092
0.0422
0.0660
0.0117
0.0269
0.0396
0.0311
0.0003
0.0253
0.0153
0.0202
0.0236
0.0139
0.0076
0.0116
0.0775
0.0437
0.0151
0.0145
0.0013
0.0187
0.0115
0.0017
0.0437
0.0287
0.0118
0.0003
0.0913
0.0380
0.0488
0.0246
0.0254
0.0369
0.0005
0.0455
0.0540
0.0076
0.0040
0.0290
0.0065
0.0005
0.0017
0.0051

4
0.0614
0.0098
0.1269
0.0747
0.0774
0.0312
0.1262
0.0086
0.0114
0.2477
0.0351
0.0033
0.0829
0.1018
0.0250
0.1271
0.1563
0.0533
0.0142
0.0337
0.0243
0.0796
0.1579
0.0802
0.0201
0.0057
0.0367
0.0735
0.0336
0.0371
0.0525
0.0241
0.0203
0.0423
0.0940
0.0580
0.0120
0.0392
0.1152
0.1106
0.0452
0.0317
0.0433
0.0275
0.0400
0.1946
0.0279
0.0540
0.0287
0.0334
0.0345
0.0286
0.0867
0.0697

2 Servers, Queue Capacity = 5, Arrival Rate = 35, CV=1, Service Rate = 10, CV=0.5
Number Waiting in Queue
5
0.2032
0.0125
0.3301
0.1610
0.2640
0.2478
0.2010
0.0818
0.1921
0.2833
0.2288
0.1326
0.1750
0.1504
0.1343
0.3230
0.1401
0.1968
0.2584
0.1564
0.1693
0.1528
0.2555
0.1377
0.2432
0.1557
0.1954
0.2276
0.1465
0.1747
0.2785
0.2145
0.1390
0.1597
0.2202
0.2299
0.1869
0.1566
0.2375
0.2214
0.2028
0.0585
0.1371
0.1644
0.1885
0.2961
0.1514
0.2097
0.2354
0.1306
0.3299
0.2675
0.2640
0.0639

6
0.2864
0.0111
0.6164
0.3056
0.2500
0.3606
0.2863
0.4100
0.2744
0.0926
0.2464
0.3332
0.2696
0.2079
0.2768
0.2060
0.3290
0.1638
0.3433
0.3004
0.3302
0.2574
0.2634
0.3512
0.3519
0.3762
0.2277
0.2444
0.2306
0.2334
0.2660
0.3031
0.3248
0.2952
0.3309
0.3037
0.2526
0.3559
0.2598
0.2433
0.2929
0.2733
0.3246
0.3728
0.3586
0.2360
0.2027
0.2733
0.2848
0.3643
0.3118
0.1865
0.2681
0.3137

7
0.3836
0.0190
1.0000
0.4023
0.3265
0.3374
0.2908
0.4195
0.4706
0.0563
0.4201
0.4926
0.4101
0.3496
0.5240
0.2701
0.3318
0.5379
0.3768
0.4656
0.4320
0.4596
0.2580
0.3976
0.3619
0.4244
0.4469
0.3634
0.5283
0.5120
0.3790
0.4044
0.4956
0.4665
0.2738
0.3754
0.5253
0.4349
0.2569
0.3654
0.3589
0.5985
0.4591
0.3682
0.3970
0.1954
0.3589
0.4373
0.4355
0.3877
0.2645
0.4935
0.3327
0.4948

Cumulativ
e Average

Total in System:

Number of Customers Waiting for Service

Average #
in System:

Servers:

Inter-Arrivals:
CV=1

5.8766
5.6108
5.9517
5.5096
6.0352
6.0286
4.0719
5.8287
6.2057
5.8425
5.2241
6.1812
5.4121
5.7452
6.0648
6.0557
6.0855
6.0274
5.9645
5.4089
5.9612
5.9896
6.1141
5.877
5.6511
6.052
6.0922
5.8793
5.9327
6.2436
6.0683
5.5813
5.9258
6.2299
6.145
5.3477
5.7233
5.7022
6.3367
6.114
5.9105
6.0606
5.2387
4.99
6.02
6.0758
5.8578
5.625
6.0676
5.66
6.056

5.8766
5.7437
5.813
5.7372
5.7968
5.8354
5.5835
5.6141
5.6799
5.6961
5.6532
5.6972
5.6753
5.6803
5.7059
5.7278
5.7488
5.7643
5.7748
5.7565
5.7663
5.7764
5.7911
5.7947
5.7889
5.7991
5.8099
5.8124
5.8165
5.8308
5.8384
5.8304
5.8333
5.845
5.8535
5.8395
5.8364
5.8328
5.8457
5.8524
5.8539
5.8588
5.8444
5.8249
5.8293
5.8346
5.8351
5.8308
5.8356
5.8321
5.8365

36.246
33.369
36.383
32.275
38.025
38.072
18.982
36.004
39.688
35.904
30.913
39.584
31.152
34.466
38.349
37.524
38.362
37.855
37.181
31.297
36.998
36.918
38.524
36.311
34.003
38.607
38.653
35.986
36.747
39.909
38.276
32.872
36.278
39.839
38.716
30.67
34.396
34.532
41.375
38.564
36.446
37.767
29.109
29.94
37.5
37.995
36.315
33.225
38.122
34.016
38.481

1.308
1.348
1.2414
1.2857
1.2872
1.2947
1.4699
1.4666
1.4413
1.4314
1.4867
1.4704
1.4645
1.4478
1.4388
1.4146
1.4031
1.3958
1.39
1.3942
1.3866
1.3729
1.3629
1.3617
1.3651
1.3677
1.3643
1.3585
1.355
1.3459
1.3423
1.3421
1.3349
1.3283
1.3205
1.3265
1.3254
1.3282
1.3253
1.3206
1.3185
1.3125
1.3153
1.3496
1.3453
1.3399
1.3415
1.3402
1.3369
1.3385
1.339

Cumul.
Fraction
who Balk

Arrivals:

2
5
35
1
10
0.5
2
0
100
0.2
0

Cumulativ
e StDev

Back to

0.447
0.395
0.389
0.392
0.392
0.406
0.371
0.374
0.392
0.401
0.393
0.397
0.393
0.398
0.401
0.402
0.407
0.414
0.418
0.412
0.413
0.414
0.417
0.420
0.425
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.431
0.435
0.436
0.433
0.435
0.436
0.435
0.431
0.430
0.431
0.433
0.435
0.434
0.432
0.430
0.430
0.432
0.434
0.434
0.433
0.435
0.434
0.434

0.0000

0
0.0087
0.0057
0.0087
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0039
0.0000
0.0000
0.0990
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0853
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0051
0.0290
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0036
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0036
0.0140
0.0418
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0089
0.1610
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

1
0.0289
0.0059
0.0376
0.0332
0.0341
0.0002
0.0525
0.0155
0.0244
0.1906
0.0296
0.0037
0.0556
0.0271
0.0105
0.0391
0.0174
0.0376
0.0054
0.0061
0.0266
0.0044
0.0547
0.0294
0.0049
0.0028
0.0518
0.0306
0.0376
0.0142
0.0213
0.0299
0.0077
0.0099
0.0282
0.0044
0.0035
0.0017
0.0800
0.0346
0.0512
0.0130
0.0052
0.0069
0.0049
0.0431
0.0802
0.0099
0.0087
0.0322
0.0123
0.0064
0.0433
0.0089

2
0.0636
0.0101
0.1012
0.0807
0.0796
0.0355
0.1207
0.0149
0.0337
0.2675
0.0550
0.0271
0.0799
0.1303
0.0266
0.1554
0.1294
0.0338
0.0094
0.0391
0.0256
0.0837
0.1476
0.0736
0.0217
0.0237
0.0422
0.0661
0.0434
0.0464
0.0376
0.0431
0.0159
0.0644
0.1237
0.0549
0.0079
0.0115
0.1248
0.0998
0.0435
0.0003
0.0425
0.0378
0.0267
0.2047
0.0270
0.0678
0.0214
0.0375
0.0711
0.0427
0.0785
0.0451

3
0.1539
0.0112
0.2551
0.1023
0.2786
0.1859
0.1798
0.1014
0.1165
0.2080
0.1776
0.0732
0.1085
0.1798
0.0997
0.2323
0.1199
0.1084
0.1720
0.1321
0.1177
0.1312
0.2242
0.0627
0.1506
0.1083
0.1650
0.2112
0.1159
0.0678
0.2106
0.1366
0.0698
0.0769
0.1902
0.1629
0.1160
0.0899
0.1852
0.1515
0.1118
0.0485
0.0904
0.1648
0.1249
0.1908
0.1150
0.1189
0.1442
0.1527
0.2460
0.1801
0.2130
0.0690

4
0.2979
0.0114
0.5529
0.3104
0.2509
0.3623
0.3110
0.4178
0.2760
0.0945
0.2510
0.3348
0.2735
0.2119
0.2930
0.2120
0.3570
0.1926
0.3497
0.3076
0.3324
0.2831
0.2746
0.3582
0.3606
0.3819
0.2278
0.2534
0.2330
0.2381
0.2823
0.3038
0.3349
0.2979
0.3345
0.3107
0.2646
0.3951
0.2755
0.2609
0.2966
0.3051
0.3324
0.3857
0.3825
0.2442
0.2207
0.2733
0.2951
0.3900
0.3179
0.1894
0.2797
0.3822

Inter-Arrival Times
5
0.4471
0.0199
1.0000
0.4734
0.3567
0.4161
0.3321
0.4504
0.5494
0.1404
0.4869
0.5612
0.4825
0.3656
0.5702
0.3612
0.3764
0.6275
0.4635
0.5153
0.4978
0.4976
0.2990
0.4761
0.4621
0.4833
0.5081
0.4098
0.5701
0.6334
0.4481
0.4830
0.5717
0.5510
0.3234
0.4671
0.6080
0.5019
0.3309
0.4392
0.4552
0.6332
0.5295
0.4048
0.4610
0.3084
0.3961
0.5301
0.5307
0.3877
0.3527
0.5815
0.3855
0.4948

Mean
0.0287
0.0254
0.0312
0.0277
0.0271
0.0319
0.0269
0.0491
0.0285
0.0233
0.0265
0.0347
0.0279
0.0313
0.0285
0.0321
0.028
0.0274
0.0243
0.0292
0.0353
0.0277
0.0273
0.0243
0.024
0.0287
0.0227
0.0284
0.0256
0.031
0.0229
0.027
0.0305
0.0282
0.0275
0.0308
0.0343
0.0282
0.0247
0.0265
0.0247
0.0301
0.0267
0.0305
0.0253
0.0252
0.0244
0.0281
0.0341
0.0251
0.0334
0.0284

StDev
0.0288
0.0248
0.0273
0.0236
0.0286
0.0296
0.0215
0.0478
0.0275
0.0221
0.0249
0.0369
0.0211
0.0361
0.0352
0.0354
0.0299
0.0243
0.0234
0.0318
0.0331
0.0268
0.027
0.0254
0.0227
0.0306
0.0237
0.0286
0.0263
0.0269
0.0267
0.0267
0.0262
0.0255
0.0285
0.0293
0.0331
0.0288
0.0252
0.0237
0.0267
0.0259
0.0226
0.031
0.028
0.0252
0.0236
0.0277
0.0334
0.0268
0.0331
0.0291

n
7179
79
65
73
74
64
75
41
71
86
76
58
72
64
72
64
73
73
84
69
57
74
74
83
85
70
89
71
80
65
88
75
66
71
76
67
61
71
81
76
82
67
76
66
79
80
83
72
61
80
60
72

Service Times
Mean
0.0998
0.0964
0.0957
0.0873
0.0943
0.1037
0.1053
0.0926
0.0961
0.1069
0.1083
0.0974
0.1056
0.0916
0.1046
0.1193
0.0966
0.1129
0.1063
0.1115
0.097
0.0973
0.097
0.0929
0.0892
0.1293
0.1144
0.101
0.092
0.1033
0.1024
0.1054
0.0917
0.115
0.1083
0.1002
0.093
0.0935
0.0919
0.1158
0.0976
0.0982
0.0825
0.0855
0.092
0.1081
0.0932
0.1059
0.1052
0.1065
0.1111
0.0961

StDev
0.0492
0.0452
0.0584
0.036
0.0551
0.0489
0.0465
0.0416
0.0497
0.0416
0.0518
0.042
0.0503
0.0412
0.0444
0.0501
0.04
0.0686
0.0501
0.0475
0.0566
0.048
0.0419
0.0433
0.0579
0.082
0.0496
0.0543
0.0369
0.0606
0.0572
0.0562
0.0497
0.0672
0.0533
0.0523
0.0515
0.0613
0.0498
0.0535
0.0417
0.0369
0.0366
0.047
0.0494
0.04
0.0403
0.0487
0.0474
0.051
0.0549
0.0415

Balks

n
3685
38
41
42
41
35
35
36
38
34
34
37
35
39
35
31
38
33
35
33
38
38
37
40
41
28
32
34
40
36
36
34
40
31
34
37
37
40
40
32
38
37
44
41
38
33
39
34
33
34
34
38

Rate Fraction
15.565 0.4255
18.5 0.4684
9.5 0.2923
13.5 0.3699
15 0.4054
12.5 0.3906
18.5 0.4933
2.5
0.122
14 0.3944
24 0.5581
18.5 0.4868
9 0.3103
16 0.4444
11 0.3438
17 0.4722
14 0.4375
15.5 0.4247
18 0.4932
22.5 0.5357
17 0.4928
8.5 0.2982
16 0.4324
16 0.4324
20 0.4819
21.5 0.5059
18.5 0.5286
26 0.5843
17 0.4789
18
0.45
12.5 0.3846
24 0.5455
18
0.48
11 0.3333
17.5
0.493
18.5 0.4868
12.5 0.3731
9.5 0.3115
14 0.3944
19 0.4691
19.5 0.5132
20 0.4878
13 0.3881
13.5 0.3553
11 0.3333
18 0.4557
21
0.525
20.5
0.494
16.5 0.4583
12 0.3934
21
0.525
11.5 0.3833
15.5 0.4306

n
3113
37
19
27
30
25
37
5
28
48
37
18
32
22
34
28
31
36
45
34
17
32
32
40
43
37
52
34
36
25
48
36
22
35
37
25
19
28
38
39
40
26
27
22
36
42
41
33
24
42
23
31

222126347.xls.ms_office, SimResult (2), page 10 of 10

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0126
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.0064
0.0064
0.0032
0.0355
0.0974
0.0160
0.0054
0.0810
0.0266
0.0080
0.0238
0.0405
0.0004
0.0025
0.0005
0.0066
0.0125
0.0349
0.0450
0.0433
0.0031
0.0145
0.0054
0.0133
0.0470
0.0112
0.0095
0.0033
0.0099
0.0019
0.0014
0.0120
0.0202
0.0112
0.0178
0.0103
0.0276
0.0225
0.0160
0.0075
0.0415
0.0095
0.0081
0.0012
0.0101
0.0108
0.0244
0.0182
0.0055

0.0056
0.0269
0.0109
0.0247
0.0084
0.0073
0.0070
0.0619
0.0448
0.0035
0.0007
0.0408
0.0144
0.0013
0.0049
0.0043
0.0155
0.0130
0.0249
0.0715
0.0138
0.0012
0.0013
0.0209
0.1150
0.0104
0.0154
0.0035
0.0252
0.0131
0.0045
0.0327
0.0085
0.0135
0.0136
0.0056
0.0015
0.0313
0.0047
0.0413
0.0039
0.0145
0.0188
0.0495
0.0270
0.0021
0.0212
0.0076
0.0075

0.0108
0.0063
0.0012
0.0446
0.0042
0.0072
0.0023
0.0681
0.0005
0.0027
0.0323
0.0794
0.0868
0.0179
0.0069
0.0239
0.0268
0.0180
0.0323
0.0706
0.0459
0.0085
0.0318
0.0238
0.1173
0.0434
0.0063
0.0660
0.0625
0.0061
0.0156
0.0100
0.0044
0.0000
0.0511
0.0151
0.0043
0.0223
0.0032
0.0859
0.0305
0.0040
0.0178
0.0286
0.0039
0.0382
0.0139
0.1351
0.0386

0.0916
0.0079
0.0098
0.1694
0.0205
0.0066
0.0556
0.0193
0.0612
0.0252
0.0312
0.1170
0.0982
0.0668
0.0192
0.1056
0.0787
0.0390
0.0511
0.1939
0.0471
0.0370
0.0156
0.1111
0.0732
0.0215
0.0790
0.0720
0.1081
0.0465
0.0362
0.0399
0.0352
0.0385
0.0843
0.0583
0.0544
0.1691
0.0532
0.1682
0.0010
0.0544
0.0099
0.1678
0.0042
0.0517
0.0068
0.0992
0.0512

0.2705
0.3267
0.2102
0.1920
0.0996
0.1253
0.2309
0.2081
0.0501
0.2144
0.2525
0.1739
0.1854
0.2399
0.1417
0.2795
0.1654
0.2241
0.2264
0.1872
0.3022
0.1935
0.2361
0.3108
0.1678
0.1314
0.2493
0.1561
0.1994
0.2393
0.2952
0.1587
0.2159
0.1847
0.3119
0.1281
0.2876
0.1738
0.3313
0.2728
0.1780
0.2914
0.1503
0.1351
0.1628
0.3074
0.2340
0.1615
0.2202

0.2657
0.3062
0.2864
0.2508
0.3077
0.3441
0.3509
0.2385
0.2414
0.3167
0.2660
0.2485
0.2398
0.3955
0.2480
0.2354
0.3537
0.2562
0.2984
0.2075
0.2555
0.3562
0.2966
0.2232
0.1679
0.3493
0.2846
0.2662
0.3276
0.3705
0.3245
0.2944
0.2530
0.2694
0.1878
0.3241
0.3683
0.2941
0.3552
0.2981
0.2911
0.2461
0.3278
0.2041
0.2951
0.2952
0.2827
0.3448
0.3039

0.3493
0.3196
0.4785
0.2830
0.4620
0.4933
0.3478
0.3231
0.5753
0.4295
0.3935
0.3000
0.3750
0.2761
0.5788
0.3447
0.3474
0.4149
0.3219
0.2261
0.3324
0.3890
0.4132
0.2968
0.2993
0.4328
0.3558
0.4329
0.2673
0.3226
0.3227
0.4524
0.4629
0.4826
0.3335
0.4585
0.2563
0.2868
0.2364
0.1262
0.4541
0.3801
0.4673
0.4138
0.4970
0.2946
0.4170
0.2337
0.3731

5.8089
5.8185
6.186
5.3419
5.7877
6.2236
5.9437
5.2194
6.089
6.1026
5.8598
5.2884
5.6731
5.8312
6.3559
5.7319
5.8195
5.8324
5.5717
4.9369
5.7277
6.0183
6.0183
5.5418
4.863
6.0308
5.8203
5.9042
5.514
5.91
5.8836
5.9933
6.0289
6.1106
5.5565
6.0947
5.7033
5.4699
5.6905
5.0567
5.9598
5.8624
6.128
5.6536
6.1559
5.7066
5.9209
5.3476
5.8772

5.8359
5.8356
5.8421
5.833
5.8322
5.8391
5.8409
5.8303
5.8346
5.839
5.8394
5.8306
5.8282
5.8282
5.8362
5.8347
5.8344
5.8344
5.8306
5.8181
5.8168
5.8196
5.8222
5.8185
5.8059
5.8089
5.809
5.8102
5.8065
5.8078
5.8087
5.8109
5.8135
5.817
5.814
5.8172
5.8159
5.812
5.8107
5.8024
5.8041
5.8047
5.8082
5.8066
5.8102
5.8091
5.8103
5.8056
5.8063

35.04
35.148
39.223
30.941
36.705
39.911
36.394
30.87
39.325
38.256
35.986
30.782
34.052
35.002
41.222
34.279
35.464
36.026
33.428
27.294
34.267
37.41
37.374
32.437
27.638
37.856
35.306
36.46
32.28
35.981
35.612
37.603
37.845
38.646
32.782
38.439
33.953
32.041
33.569
27.374
37.526
35.743
38.857
34.141
39.266
33.936
36.803
30.754
35.929

1.3354
1.3319
1.3271
1.3332
1.3427
1.3396
1.335
1.349
1.3521
1.3476
1.3466
1.3542
1.3546
1.3498
1.3457
1.3437
1.3425
1.3436
1.3471
1.3569
1.355
1.352
1.3488
1.3487
1.3636
1.3621
1.3601
1.3589
1.3595
1.3559
1.3521
1.3516
1.3504
1.3485
1.3492
1.3473
1.3457
1.3475
1.3449
1.3472
1.3481
1.3463
1.3447
1.3463
1.345
1.3434
1.3432
1.3453
1.3438

0.433
0.431
0.430
0.428
0.429
0.431
0.430
0.431
0.431
0.432
0.432
0.430
0.429
0.429
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.433
0.432
0.431
0.431
0.430
0.430
0.429
0.428
0.428
0.429
0.429
0.427
0.427
0.428
0.428
0.428
0.429
0.430
0.431
0.430
0.427
0.426
0.424
0.424
0.424
0.424
0.424
0.425
0.425
0.426
0.425
0.426

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1199
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0128
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0122
0.0605
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0178
0.1497
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0420
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.0171
0.0064
0.0032
0.0701
0.1016
0.0160
0.0054
0.0605
0.0266
0.0080
0.0369
0.0956
0.0755
0.0025
0.0005
0.0241
0.0138
0.0383
0.0713
0.0834
0.0340
0.0145
0.0054
0.0324
0.1273
0.0112
0.0095
0.0469
0.0150
0.0058
0.0118
0.0120
0.0202
0.0112
0.0628
0.0114
0.0304
0.0400
0.0160
0.0533
0.0415
0.0095
0.0081
0.0218
0.0101
0.0339
0.0244
0.0215
0.0055

0.0895
0.0333
0.0112
0.1855
0.0290
0.0084
0.0491
0.0328
0.0448
0.0286
0.0294
0.1577
0.0939
0.0449
0.0049
0.0933
0.0716
0.0443
0.0629
0.1861
0.0594
0.0300
0.0162
0.1004
0.0667
0.0104
0.0718
0.0680
0.1285
0.0585
0.0323
0.0466
0.0424
0.0329
0.0976
0.0372
0.0500
0.1533
0.0507
0.1652
0.0039
0.0610
0.0276
0.1911
0.0270
0.0533
0.0212
0.1067
0.0236

0.1708
0.2603
0.1351
0.1704
0.0996
0.0602
0.1596
0.1592
0.0507
0.1213
0.2033
0.1982
0.1050
0.2004
0.0587
0.1958
0.1605
0.1997
0.1734
0.2046
0.2099
0.1274
0.1723
0.2220
0.0836
0.1502
0.2014
0.1079
0.2460
0.1563
0.1957
0.1446
0.1460
0.1154
0.2515
0.0830
0.1936
0.1787
0.2564
0.2429
0.1604
0.1820
0.0591
0.1273
0.1016
0.2132
0.1516
0.2933
0.2359

0.2734
0.3076
0.2958
0.2594
0.3077
0.3497
0.3645
0.2405
0.3026
0.3168
0.2685
0.2485
0.2456
0.4187
0.2672
0.2520
0.3763
0.2639
0.2994
0.2393
0.2570
0.3644
0.2973
0.2371
0.1856
0.3708
0.3072
0.2737
0.3324
0.3716
0.3328
0.3203
0.2542
0.2886
0.1881
0.3500
0.3742
0.3413
0.3624
0.3052
0.2921
0.2540
0.3289
0.2303
0.2993
0.2957
0.2896
0.3448
0.3391

0.4492
0.3923
0.5547
0.3146
0.4620
0.5657
0.4214
0.3871
0.5753
0.5253
0.4619
0.3000
0.4671
0.3334
0.6686
0.4348
0.3778
0.4538
0.3809
0.2261
0.4397
0.4637
0.5088
0.3904
0.3871
0.4574
0.4100
0.5036
0.2781
0.4077
0.4274
0.4765
0.5371
0.5520
0.4000
0.5176
0.3518
0.2868
0.3145
0.1913
0.5022
0.4935
0.5763
0.4296
0.5621
0.4039
0.5133
0.2337
0.3959

0.0278
0.0289
0.0323
0.0316
0.0252
0.0237
0.0315
0.0299
0.0267
0.0263
0.0238
0.0313
0.0296
0.0286
0.0213
0.0259
0.0271
0.0273
0.0299
0.0356
0.0321
0.0319
0.029
0.0268
0.0356
0.0279
0.0264
0.0312
0.0313
0.0288
0.0255
0.0298
0.0268
0.0272
0.0256
0.0261
0.0339
0.0351
0.0281
0.0345
0.0289
0.0304
0.0331
0.0261
0.024
0.0287
0.0268
0.0318
0.0298

0.0279
0.026
0.0293
0.0347
0.0282
0.0219
0.0296
0.0398
0.029
0.028
0.0249
0.0304
0.0337
0.0274
0.0237
0.0238
0.0236
0.0311
0.0274
0.0353
0.0341
0.0275
0.0315
0.0272
0.0344
0.0258
0.0294
0.0324
0.0325
0.0281
0.0352
0.0283
0.0254
0.0249
0.0309
0.0236
0.0346
0.0299
0.0278
0.0393
0.0264
0.0321
0.0356
0.0231
0.0243
0.0274
0.029
0.0435
0.0282

72
70
62
64
81
85
64
67
77
76
86
64
72
72
95
79
74
75
68
58
63
63
69
75
57
72
76
68
65
70
80
72
75
74
80
77
62
57
72
58
70
71
61
77
86
70
75
63
69

0.0958
0.0877
0.1109
0.092
0.0947
0.1033
0.1034
0.093
0.1008
0.1015
0.0835
0.0871
0.0936
0.0903
0.1173
0.0965
0.1111
0.1008
0.0935
0.1009
0.1016
0.0952
0.1066
0.0914
0.1032
0.0979
0.0959
0.1006
0.0887
0.0976
0.0981
0.1004
0.0948
0.1063
0.1098
0.108
0.0952
0.0926
0.0886
0.0878
0.1032
0.0876
0.1147
0.0923
0.1012
0.0982
0.0992
0.1099
0.1092

0.0522
0.0436
0.0604
0.0428
0.0477
0.049
0.0595
0.0542
0.0609
0.0407
0.0406
0.0503
0.043
0.0364
0.0577
0.0469
0.0471
0.0526
0.0486
0.0493
0.0455
0.0422
0.0588
0.0457
0.0375
0.0473
0.0419
0.0402
0.046
0.0538
0.0463
0.0619
0.043
0.0607
0.0557
0.0552
0.0487
0.0444
0.0416
0.0505
0.0388
0.0472
0.0568
0.0464
0.0485
0.0526
0.0599
0.0536
0.0366

40
42
33
41
39
35
36
37
35
37
43
42
39
41
31
38
33
37
39
36
35
38
34
41
34
37
38
37
41
38
37
37
39
35
34
34
38
39
42
43
35
40
33
40
36
36
35
33
34

14
11.5
12
10
19
22.5
13
15
18.5
17
20
8.5
14.5
14
29.5
18.5
18.5
16.5
13
9
13.5
11.5
15.5
14.5
9.5
16
17
15
10
15
20
15.5
15.5
18
21
19.5
10
6.5
12.5
6
15.5
14
13
16
22.5
15.5
18
12.5
15.5

0.3889
0.3286
0.3871
0.3125
0.4691
0.5294
0.4063
0.4478
0.4805
0.4474
0.4651
0.2656
0.4028
0.3889
0.6211
0.4684
0.5
0.44
0.3824
0.3103
0.4286
0.3651
0.4493
0.3867
0.3333
0.4444
0.4474
0.4412
0.3077
0.4286
0.5
0.4306
0.4133
0.4865
0.525
0.5065
0.3226
0.2281
0.3472
0.2069
0.4429
0.3944
0.4262
0.4156
0.5233
0.4429
0.48
0.3968
0.4493

28
23
24
20
38
45
26
30
37
34
40
17
29
28
59
37
37
33
26
18
27
23
31
29
19
32
34
30
20
30
40
31
31
36
42
39
20
13
25
12
31
28
26
32
45
31
36
25
31