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Table of Contents
Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1 Theories and Perspectives in Science Education Active Learning: Learning by Doing Teaching to Multiple Learning Modalities Teaching to Multiple Intelligences Metacognition: Teaching Students to Think About Their Thinking Developing Higher-Order Reasoning Constructivism: Helping Students Build Their Understanding of Science Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Science Chapter 2 Science Process Skills Observation Classifying Measuring and Using Numbers Making Inferences Predicting Communicating Using Space-Time Relationship Interpreting Data Defining Operationally Controlling Variables Making Hypotheses Experimenting Manipulative Skills Science Laboratory Rules Use and Handle Science Apparatus and Laboratory Substances Correctly Maintainance of Science Apparatus and Laboratory Substances i 1

2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 22 24 25 27 29 30 32 48

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Safety in Science Laboratory Chapter 3 Scientific Reasoning Skills Note for Teacher Levels of Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Lateral Thinking

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55 75 75 80 84 88 92 95 95 98 102 105 108 112 116 121 129 129 132 137 144 148 151 155 158 158 163 164 167 168 170 171

Chapter 4 Thinking Critically and Resolving Misconceptions Note for Teacher Critical Thinking Evaluating Claims Using a Decision-Making Matrix Misconceptions in Physics Misconceptions in Chemistry Misconceptions in Biology Misconceptions in Earth and Space Science Chapter 5 Learning Science Concepts with Analogies Note for Teacher Teaching with Analogies Extended Science Analogies Analogies for Learning Physics Analogies for Learning Chemistry Analogies for Learning Biology Analogies for Learning Earth and Space Science Chapter 6 Tools for Improving Memory in Science Note for Teacher Memory Technique 1: Maintenance Rehearsal Memory Technique 2: Chunking Memory Technique 3: Multiple Modalities Memory Technique 4: Semantic Depth Memory Technique 5: Acronyms Memory Technique 6: Acrostic

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Memory Technique 7: Transfer Appropriateness Memory Technique 8: Discrepant Scenes and Events Memory Technique 9: Integration of Visual and Verbal information Memory Technique10: Retrieval Practice The Primacy and Recency Effect Expanding Short-Term Memory by Chunking Science Acronyms and Abbreviations Acrostic for memorizing Lists Chapter 7 Theory Activity in Science - Activity Activity 1: Studying Air Pressure and Weight Activity 2: Studying Gravity as a Force Activity 3: Growing Things Activity 4: Studying Sounds Activity 5: Studying Simple Machines Activity 6: Studying Air and Weather Activity 7: Studying Rocks Activity 8: Studying How Foods Spoil Activity 9: Studying Blood Circulation Activity 10: Studying the Preservation of Wildlife Activity 11: What is Science? Activity 12: Germs Make you Sick References

172 174 175 176 178 180 184 186 188 188 192 196 200 206 212 208 224 228 232 238 243

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