ELECTROSTATICS

CHAPTER 12 ELECTROSTATICS Qs. State and Explain Coulomb s La!. I"TRO#$CTIO" In 1974, Sir Augusts de coulomb studied the relationship between localized charges. He carried out experiments using torsion balance. In the basis o his experimental results, he proposed a law !nown as "oulomb#s $aw. Statement %he electric orce o interaction between two point charges is directl& proportional to product o their charges and in'ersel& proportional to the s(uare o the distance rom their centers. %at&emati'al Exp(ession "onsider two points charges (1 and () and let *1+ be the separation between them. According to "oulomb#s $aw. , - (1 () ../ 0i1 And, according to second part , - 12r3 ... 0ii1 "ombining e( 0i1 and e( 0ii1, we get

, - (1 () 2 r3 , 4 5 (1 () 2 r3 6here 5 is the constant o proportionalit& and its 'alue depends upon the medium between the two charges. In S.I s&stem its 'alue is e(ual to 5 4 7.97 x 18091 9:m3 2 c3. "oulomb#s $aw can be expressed in terms o permiti'it& as ollows. , 4 1 2 4 ; < . (1 () 2 r3 6here <o is the permiti'it& o ree space and its 'alue is <o 4 7.7= x 180:1)1 col3 2 9m3 i some other medium is used instead o air then , 4 1 2 4 ; <o <r . (1 () 2 r3 6here <r is the relati'e permitti'it& which is di erent or di erent dielectric.

Qs. #e)ine ele't(i' )ield and ele't(i' intensit*. +ind t&e )o(mula )o( t&e ele't(i' intensit* due to a point '&a(,e. ELECTRIC I"TE"SIT#E+I"ITIO" >lectric intensit& is the orce experienced b& a unit positi'e charge due to the presence o a charge bod&.

E.PLA"ATIO" It is the measure o the strength o the electric ield. >lectric intensit& is a 'ector (uantit& and its direction is same as that o orce. I the charge is positi'e then electric intensit& is directed rom the charge and i the charge is negati'e, then it is directed towards the charge. %he SI unit o electric intensit& is 9ewton per "oulomb or 'olt per meter. %at&emati'al +o(m ?athematicall& electric intensit& is gi'en b& > 4 , 2 (@ 6here > 4 >lectric Intensit& , 4 ,orce (@ 4 small magnitude ELECTRIC I"TE"SIT- #$E TO A POI"T CHAR/E CO"SI#ERATIO" "onsider a charged bod& ( that has an electric ield all around it. 6e want to ind out electric intensit& > at point A. ,or this purpose, we placed a point charge (1 at that point. Qs. #e)ine Ele't(i' )lux. +ind t&e )o(mula )o( t&e ele't(i' )lux due to point '&a(,e in a 'losed sp&e(e. ELECTRIC +L$. #E+I"ITIO"

%he total number o imaginar& lines drawn in such a wa& that the attraction o tangent at an& point is same as that o electric ield crossing a sur ace normall& is called electric lux or lux on the sur ace. OR %he total number o lines o orces crossing a sur ace normall& is called lux on that sur ace. %at&emati'al +o(m %he lux at a sur ace is determined b& the product o lux densit& i.e. electric ield and the proBection o its area perpendicular to the ield or b& the product o area and component o ield normal to the area. ELECTRIC +L$. #$E TO A POI"T CHAR/E I" A CLOSE# SPHERE "onsider an isolated point charge C(. %he lines o orces rom ( will spread uni orml& in space around it cutting the sur ace o an imaginar& sphere. 9ow we want to ind lux due to point charge. ,or this purpose, we di'ide the whole sphere into small patches. >ach patch is denoted b& DA. Qs. State and p(o0e /uass s La!

%he total electric lux di'erging out rom a closed sur ace is e(ual to the product o the sum o all charges present in that closed sur ace and 12 <o. +ind t&e +o(mula )o( Ele't(i' Intensit*. 1. Eue to "harge Sheet ). Eue to %wo "harge Sheets FG 6hat are the application o Huass#s $aw. Int(odu'tion Huass#s $aw can be used to calculate the electric ield onl& in those cases o charge distribution which are so s&mmetrical that b& proper choice o Huassian sur ace the lux on it ma& possibl& be e'aluated. 6ith the help o guass#s law we can measure the intensit& in ollowing cases. 1. >lectric Intensit& due to charge sheet. ). >lectric Intensit& due to two charge sheets. 1. Ele't(i' Intensit* #ue to C&a(,e S&eet. "onsider a charge sheet in which unit positi'e charges are uni orml& distributed. As we !now that charge densit& is the charge stored per unit area and is denoted b& I4J2A 4K J 4 I A According to Huass#s $aw I4J2<

4K Le 4 I A 2 < ../ 0I1 9ow consider a c&lindrical shell, which is placed inside the charge sheet. It has three sur aces. Mpper Sur ace "ur'e Sur ace Nottom Ele't(i' Intensit* #ue to $ppe( Su()a'e L1 4 > DA L1 4 > DA cos O Nut O 4 8@ and cos 8@ 4 1, there ore, L1 4 > DA cos 8@ 4 L1 4 > DA Ele't(i' Intensit* #ue to Cu(0ed Su()a'e L) 4 > DA L) 4 > DA cos O Since the angle between the ield 'ector and area 'ector o all elements o cur'ed sur ace is 98@, there ore, L) 4 > DA cos 98@ Nut cos 98@ 4 8, L) 4 > DA 081 L) 4 8 Ele't(i' Intensit* #ue to Lo!e( Su()a'e LP 4 > DA LP 4 > DA cos O Nut 8 4 8@ and cos 8@, 4 1 there ore,

LP 4 > DA cos 8@ 4K LP 4 > DA Total +lux %otal ,lux is gi'en b& Le 4 L1 C L) C LP 4K Le 4 > DA C 8 C > DA 4K Le 4 )> DA ,or the whole charge sheetQ 4K Le 4 )> R DA 4K Le 4 ) >A .../ 0II1 "omparing e(uation 0I1 and 0II1 4K I A 2 <o 4 )A> 4K > 4 I 2 ) <o FG > 4 I 2 ) <o ). Ele't(i' Intensit* #ue to T!o C&a(,e S&eets. As we !now that electric intensit& due to a charge sheet is > 4 I 2 ) <o ,or two sheets > will be, 4K > 4 I 2 ) <o C I 2 ) <o 4K > 4 I C I 2 ) <o 4K > 4 ) I 2 ) <o 4K > 4 I 2 <o 4K > 4 I 2 <o i

Qs. #e)ine t&e te(m Capa'ito( and Capa'itan'e o) a Capa'ito( CAPACITOR "apacitor is a de'ice which is use to storage charge. A simple capacitor consists o two parallel metallic plates. A plate is connected to the positi'e terminal o the batter& and another plate is connected to the negati'e terminal o the batter&. CAPACITA"CE #e)inition %he capacit& o a capacitor to store the charge is !nown as "apacitance. %at&emati'al Explanation I S is the 'oltage pro'ided to the capacitor and J is the amount o charge stored in the capacitor, then it is obser'ed that i more is the 'oltage, then more will be the charge stored in the capacitor. ?athematicall&, J-S 4K J 4 "S 6here " is the capacitance o the capacitor which ma& be de ined as %he ratio o the charge on one o the plate 0conductor1 to the potential di erence between them.

$nit o) Capa'itan'e %he unit o "apacitance is ,arad. It ma& be de ined as, I one coulomb charge is stored due to 1 'olt potential, then capacitance will be 1 ,arad. +a'to(s on !&i'& Capa'itan'e #epends. %he "apacitance o a capacitor depends upon ollowing actors. 1. "ross:sectional area o plate ). Separation between plates P. Eielectric Fn the basis o dielectric capacitors are classi ied into di erent t&pes. ,or example >lectrol&te "apacitor, Aaper "apacitor, ?eca "apacitor, Fil "apacitor. T*pes o) Capa'ito( %here are two main t&pes o "apacitors. 1. ,ixed "apacitor ). Sariable "apacitor 1. +ixed Capa'ito( %hose capacitor whose capacitance is constant are !nown as ,ixed "apacitor. ,or example Aaper "apacitor and ?eca "apacitor. ). 1a(iable Capa'ito( %hose capacitor whose capacitance is not ixed are !nown as Sariable "apacitor. ,or example Hang "apacitor.

+ind t&e +o(mula )o( t&e 'apa'itan'e o) Pa(allel plate 'apa'ito(. PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR #e)inition A parallel plate capacitor is a de'ice used to store the charge. It consist o two parallel metallic plates. A plate is connected to the positi'e terminal o the batter& and another plate is connected to the negati'e terminal o the batter&. %hese plates are separated b& a 'er& small distance compared to the dimension o the plates. CAPACITA"CE O+ A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR Conside(ation "onsider a parallel plate capacitor in which is the distance between the plates the charge stored is denoted b& J where as potential di erence between the plates is S. #e(i0ation o) t&e +o(mula As we !nown that electric intensit& due to two charge sheets is > 4 I 2 <o Since charge densit& is gi'en b& I4J2A

Substituting the 'alue in abo'e e(uation > 4 J 2 A <o ... 0I1 According to the de inition o electrical potential. DS 4 > D Substituting the 'alue o > rom e( 0I1 in abo'e e(uation J 4 " x Jd 2 A <o " 4 A <o 2 d I some other medium is used instead o air then, " 4 A <o <r 2 d +ind t&e )o(mula )o( e2ui0alent 'apa'itan'e !&en3 1. "apacitors are connected in Series ). "apacitors are connected in Aarallel Int(odu'tion "apacitors o some ixed 'alues are used in a circuit. %he capacitance o the desired 'alue can howe'er be obtained b& suitable combination o capacitor. "apacitors can be combined in parallel, series or both. 4HE" CAPACITORS ARE CO""ECTE# I" SERIES OR SERIES CO%5I"ATIO" Conside(ation "onsider three capacitors ha'ing capacitance "1, "), "P connected in a series. %hese capacitors can be replace b& an e(ui'alent capacitor ha'ing capacitance "e. 6hen a cell is connected across the ends o s&stem then a charge J is trans erred across the plates o capacitors. A charge

upon one plate alwa&s attracts upon the other plate with a charge e(ual in magnitude and opposite in sign. $et S be the potential di erence across the combination. %he potential di erence across the indi'idual capacitor is Sab, Sbc, Scd. #e(i0ation o) t&e +o(mula As we !now that in case o series combination the charge across the indi'idual capacitor remains constant, where as potential di erence 'aries such that the potential di erence S is the sum o potential di erence applied across indi'idual capacitor. Sad 4 Sab C Sbc C Scd .... 0I1 6e !now that, J 4 "S S4J2" %her ore, Sad 4 J 2 "e Sab 4 J 2 "1 Sbc 4 J 2 ") Scd 4 J 2 "P Substituting the 'alues o Sad, Sab, Sbc and Scd in e( 0I1 J2"e 4 J2"1 C J2") C J2"P J2"e 4 J T12"1 C 12") C 12"PU 12"e 4 12"1 C 12") C 12"P

Con'lusion %he reciprocal o the e(ui'alent capacitance is e(ual to the sum o the reciprocals o the indi'idual capacitance. 4HE" CAPACITORS ARE CO""ECTE# I" PARALLEL OR PARALLEL CO%5I"ATIO" Conside(ation "onsider three capacitors ha'ing "1, "), "P capacitance respecti'el& are connected in parallel. 6e can replace them b& an e(ui'alent capacitor ha'ing capacitance "e. A charge ( gi'en to a point di'ide it sel reside on the plates o indi'idual capacitor as J1, J), JP respecti'el&. #e(i0ation o) t&e +o(mula As we !nown that in case o parallel combination the potential di erence across each capacitor is that o the source where as the charge across each capacitor 'aries, there ore the total charge J is gi'en b& J 4 J1 C J) C JP ... 0I1 As we !nown that, J 4 "S %here ore, J 4 "e Sab 4K J1 4 "1 Sab 4K J) 4 ") Sab 4K JP 4 "P Sab Substituting the 'alues o J1, J), JP in e( 0I1 "e Sab 4 "1 Sab C ") Sab C "P Sab

"e Sab C Sab 0"1 C ") C "P1 "e 4 "1 C ") C "P Con'lusion %he e(ui'alent capacitance is e(ual to sum o the indi'idual capacitances. Qs. #e)ine ele't(i' potential and absolute potential. ELECTRIC POTE"TIAL #e)inition >lectric Aotential is the amount o wor! done in order to bring a unit positi'e charge rom one point to another point against the direction o electric ield. Explanation In order to bring a unit positi'e charge rom one point to another point, we ha'e to do some wor!. %his wor! is stored in the orm o potential energ&. %his potential energ& per unit charge is !nown as >lectric Aotential. %at&emati'al +o(m >lectric Aotential is denoted b& S. It is de ined as the potential energ& per unit charge. %here ore mathematicall&, DS 4 Du 2 ( ..: 0I1 6e !now that Du 4 ,. Dr

Nut > 4 ,2( 4K , 4 >(, there ore, Du 4 >(Dr Substituting the 'alue in e( 0I1 DS 4 >(Dr 2 ( 4K DS 4 >. Dr 6here, DS 4 >lectric Aotential > 4 >lectric Intensit& Dr / Eisplacement ,rom abo'e expression we !now that >lectric Aotential is the dot product o electric intensit& and displacement. It is a scalar (uantit& and its unit is Solt. A5SOL$TE POTE"TIAL #e)inition Absolute potential is the amount o wor! done in order to bring a unit positi'e charge rom one point to in inite distance against the direction o magnetic ield. ELECTRIC POTE"TIAL >lectric Aotential is the amount o wor! done in order to mo'e a unit positi'e charge rom one point to another against the direction o electric. Conside(ation "onsider a unit positi'e charge placed in a uni orm

electric ield. 6e ha'e to displace it rom point F to point 9. ,or this purpose we ha'e to do some wor!. %his wor! is !nown as electric potential. In order to determine electric potential rom point F to point 9 we di'ide the whole distance into small e(ual patches because in a long distance intensit& does not remain constant. %his patch is denoted b& Dr.