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CURRENT ELECTRICITY

CHAPTER 13 CURRENT ELECTRICITY Qs. Define Charge and Current. CHAR E Definiti!n Flow of electron is known as Charge. It is denoted by Q. Unit Its unit is Coulomb. 1 Coulomb = 10(- ! "coulomb 1 coulomb = 10 (-#! mili coulomb 1 coulomb = 10(-$! neno coulomb CURRENT Definiti!n %he flow of charge &er unit time is known as Current. It is denoted by I.

Unit %he unit of current is coulomb'sec or (m&ere. A"PERE If one coulomb charge &asses through the conductor in 1 second then the current is 1 (m&ere. )athematical Form )athematically* I = Q't Qs. #tate and E$%&ain 'h()s La*. 'H")# LA+ Intr!du,ti!n ( +erman scientist +eorge ,imon -hm studied the relationshi& between .oltage* current and resistance. -n the basis of his e/&erimental results* he &ro&osed a law which is known as -hm0s 1aw. #tate(ent -hm0s 1aw to metallic conductors can be stated as %he current through a conductor is directly &ro&ortional to the &otential difference between the ends of the conductor &ro.ided that &hysical conditions are ke&t constant. It can also be stated as %he ratio between .oltage and current remains constant* if the &hysical conditions are ke&t constant.

"athe(ati,a& -!r( )athematically* 23I 2 = I4 4 = 2'I 5here 4 is the constant of &ro&ortionality known as resistance of the conductor. Its unit is .olt &er am&ere (2olt'(m&ere! or -hm (6!. 'h( ./0 If 1 am&ere current &asses through the conductor due to 1 .olt &otential difference then the resistance of conductor is 1 -hm. Resistan,e -&&osition offered in the flow of current. ra%hi,a& Re%resentati!n. 5hen gra&h is &lotted between current and &otential differences then straight line is obtained. Li(itati!ns !f the La* -hm0s 1aw is .alid only for metallic resistance at a gi.en tem&erature and for steady currents. Qs. Define the ter( Resisti1it2 !r C!effi,ient !f Resist!r. RE#I#TI3ITY 'R C'E--ICIENT '- RE#I#T'R Definiti!n It is the resistance of a unit conductor whose cross-sectional area is 1 s7m.

Unit Its unit is -hm meter. "athe(ati,a& -!r( %he resistance of any conductor de&ends u&on the following factors. 1. 1ength of the conductor 8. Cross-sectional area of the conductor. #. )aterial of the conductor. %he resistance of the conductor is directly &ro&ortional to the length of the conductor and in.ersely &ro&ortional to the crosssectional area. )athematically* 4 3 1 99: (I! 4 ; 1'( 99 (II! Combining e7 (I! and (II! 4 ; 1'( =< 4 = =1'( 5here = is the constant of &ro&ortionality known as 4esisti.ity or Coefficient of resistance. = = 4('1 Qs. E$%&ain the effe,t !f te(%erature !n resistan,e !r te(%erature ,!effi,ient !f resistan,e. E--ECT '- TE"PERATURE 'N RE#I#TANCE It is obser.ed that if we increase the tem&erature then resistance of a conductor will increase. C!nsiderati!n 1et 4o be the initial resistance of a conductor at >?C. If we

increase the tem&erature from t1?C to t8?C* then resistance will increase. %his increment in resistance is denoted by @4. %he increment in resistance de&ends u&on the following two factors. 1. -riginal 4esistance (4o! 8. Aifference in tem&erature @t. "athe(ati,a& 3erifi,ati!n %he increment in resistance is directly &ro&ortional to the original resistance and tem&erature difference. )athematically* @4 3 4o 9: (I! @4 3 @t 9: (II! Combining e7 (I! and e7 (II! we get @4 3 4o@t =< @4 = ;4o@t 5here ; is the tem&erature coefficient of resistance. It is defined as It is the increment in resistance &er unit resistance &er degree rise in tem&erature. Its unit is 1'?C or ?C. If 4% is the total resistance* then 4% = 4o B @4 =< 4% = 4o B ;4o @t =< 4% = 4o (1 B ;@t! (s we know that resistance is directly &ro&ortional to resisti.ity therefore* =% = =o (1 B ;@t! Qs. Define the ter( P!*er De,i%ati!n in Resist!r. P'+ER DECIPATI'N IN RE#I#T'R# Definiti!n

5hen current flows in a conductor then a &art of electrical energy a&&ears in the form of heat energy which is known as Cower Aeci&ation in 4esistor. Units Its unit is Doule &er second (D's!. )ost commonly used unit is Ewh. 1 Ewh = # / 10(F! Doules "athe(ati,a& -!r( ,ince* C = Glectrical 5ork ' %ime Glectrical 5ork = Q2 99 (I! %his electrical work &roduces heat energy in the resistor. C = Q2 ' t C=Q't.2 Hut* I=Q't C = 2I From -hm0s 1aw 2 = I4 C = II4 C = I84 -4* C = 1848 ' 4 =< C = 28 ' 4 (s we know that* Gnergy = Cower / time =< G = C / t =< G = 2it =< G = I84t

(nd* G = 28 ' 4 . t Qs. Define and e$%&ain E&e,tr!(!ti1e -!r,e. ELECTR'"'TI3E -'RCE Definiti!n It is the terminal .oltage difference when no current draws from a cell or a battery. 'R 5ork done &er coulomb on the charges. It is denoted by G. Unit Glectromoti.e force or sim&ly e.m.f is a scalar 7uantity it has the same dimension as that of .oltage* therefore its unit is .olt. E$%&anati!n 5hen an electric current &asses through a resistor* it dissi&ates energy* which is transformed into heat energy. %hus to sustain a current in conductor some source of energy is needed so that it could continuously su&&ly &ower e7ual to that which is dissi&ated as heat in the resistor. %he strength of this source is called Glectromoti.e Force. C!nsiderati!n 1et consider a sim&le circuit in which a resistor I4J is connected by leads of negligible resistance to the terminals of a battery. %he battery is made u& of some electrolyte and

electrode for the &roduction of e.m.f and hence when this current flows from battery* it encounters some resistance by the electrolyte &resent in two electrodes. %his resistance is known as internal resistance IrJ of the battery. "athe(ati,a& -!r( (ccording to -hm0s 1aw 2 = I4 I=2'4 -r* I=G'4Br 5here G is e.m.f and r is internal resistance =< G = I4 B Ir G = 2 B Ir

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