MAGNETISM AND ELECTRO-MAGNETISM

CHAPTER 14 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRO-MAGNETISM MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT It was discovered by Oersted that when current masses through a conductor, magnetic field is produced. This field is known as Magnetic Field of Induction and is denoted bu ! . "mpere found that when two current carrying conductors are near each other, they e#perience force at each other. If the current is in the same direction the force is attractive and if the current is in opposite direction. $hen electric charges are at rest they e#ert electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion on each other. $hen the charges are in motion they e#ert electric as well as magnetic force on each other because and isolated moving positive and negative charge create both electric and magnetic field. MAGNETIC FIELD

Magnetic Field is a space or region around a magnet or current carrying coil of wire where its effect can be felt by small compass needle. Magnetic field of induction can be visuali%ed by magnetic lines of induction. " line of induction is an endless curve, which can be traced by a compass needle. MAGNETIC FLUX AND FLUX DENSITY The total number of magnetic lines of induction passing through a surface is called magnetic flu#. DETERMINING THE CHARGE TO MASS RATIO OF AN ELECTRON The charge to mass into of an electron was determined by &ir '.'. Thomson by an apparatus which consists of a highly evacuated pear shaped glass pulls into which several metallic electrodes are sealed. (lectrons are produced by heating a tungsten flament F by passing a current through it. The electrons moving sideways are also directed towards the screen by applying negative potential on a hollow cylinder ) open on both the sides surrounding the filament. (lectrons are accelerated by applying positive potential to discs " and !. If * be the total +.d between the disc !and the filament F taken then ,inetic (nergy. The beam strikes the screen coated with %inc sulphide after passing through the middle of the two hori%ontal

moetal +-+ and a spot of the light produced at O on the screen where the beam strikes and its position is noted. " magnetic field of induction ! is produced in between the plate directed into the paper. The magnetic field is produced by two identical current carrying coils placed on either side of the tube at the position of plates. The force due to the magnetic field on the moving electron makes them move in a curved path and the light spot shifts from O to O on the screen there from of magnetic field acts as centripetal force e. * ! . mv/ 0 r e0m . *0!r 112 I e0m can be computed if the radius r and the e#pression of the circular path are in which the beam moves in the field region is determined. The radius r is calculated from the shift of the light spot i.e. r . 3. " better method of determined * is as under. "n electric field ( is produced between the plates by applying suitable potential difference to e#ert a force !e on the electron opposite to that due to the magnetic field. The potential diff. *I is so ad4usted that two fields neutrali%e each other effects and the spot come back to its initial position O. Thus each other effects and the spot come back to its initial position O. Thus (e . !e * Or * . (0! 12 5II6 $here ( . *7 0 d

d . distance between the plates. +utting the value of * from e8 / in 7 e0m . (0!/r e0m . ,9:;;; # 7<5776 e0kg AMPERES LAW "ccording to this law the sum of the product of the tangential component of the magnetic field of indaction and the length of an element of a closed curve taken in a magnetic field is =o times the current which passes through that area bounded by the curve. )onsider a long straight wire carrying a current 7 in the direction. The lines of force are concentric circles with their common centre on the wire. From these circles consider a circle of radius r. The magnitude of the magnetic field at all points on this circle and inside the circle is same. !iot and &avart e#perimentally found that the magnitude of the field depends directly on twice the current and inversely proportional to the distance r from the conductor. SOLENOIDAL FIELD " solenoid is a coil of an insulated copper wire wound on a circular cylinder with closed turns. $hen current passes through it, magnetic field is produced with is uniform and strong inside the solenoid while outside it

the field is negligibly weak. )onsider a solenoid through which the current 7 is passing in order to determine the magnetic field of induction ! at any point inside the solenoid imagine a closed path abcda on the form of a rectangular. The rectangular is divided into four elements of length >7, >/, >3, >?. >7 is along the a#is inside the solenoid and >3 is far from the solenoid. !y applying amperes circuital law ! >7 @ !. >/ @ >/ @ !. >3 @ !. >? . =o # current enclosed 12 5I6 &ince !. >7 is parallel inside the solenoid !. >7 . !>? cos < . !>? The field is very weak outside the solenoid is very weak and therefore it can be negnected thus !. >3 . < "s ! is perpendicular to >/ and >? inside the solenoid therefore !. >/ . !>/ cos A< . < !. >? . !>? cos A< . < substitute the above values is e8 7 !. >7 @ O @ < @ < . =o # current closed !. >7 . =o # current enclosed 11B 5II6 If there are n turns per unit length of the solenoid and each turn carries a current I will be n >7I TOROIDAL FIELD

" Toroid or a circular solenoid is a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular core with close turn. $hen the current passes through the toroid, magnetic field is produced which is strong enough inside while outside it is almost %ero. )onsider a toroid that consists of C closely packed turns that carry a current I. Imagine a circular curve of concentric the core. It is evident form of the symmetry at all points of the curve must have the same magnitude an should be tangential to the curve at all points. Divide the circle into small elements each of length E> is so small that ! and E> are parallel to each other. !y amperes law F ! G E> . =o # current enclosed F! E> )os < . =o # current enclosed F! E> . =o # current enclosed !F E> . =o # current enclosed F E> . / H r ! / H r . =o # current enclosed 112 5I6 Cases If the circular path 7 is outside the core on the inner side of the toroid if enclose no current. Thus e8 7 become ! / H r . =o # < . < !.< If the circular path / is outside the core on the outer side of the toroid each turn of the winding passes twice

through the area bounded by this path carrying e8ual currents in opposite directions thus the net current through the area is %ero hence e8 7 becomes ! / H r . =o # < . < !.< If the circular path 3 is within the core the area bounded by the curve will be threaded by C turns each carrying 7. Thus )urrent enclosed . CI Therefore e8 7 becomes ! / H r . =o CI ! . =o CI 0 / H r ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION The phenomenon in which an (mf is set up in a coil placed in a magnetic field whenever the flu# through it is changing is called (>()TIOM"JC(TI) ICDK)TIOC. If the coil forms a part of a closed circuit the induced (mf cases a current to flow in the circuit. This current is called ICDK)(D )KII(C)L. The magnitude of induced emf depends upon the rate at which the flu# through the coil charges. It also depends on the number of turns on the coil. The magnetic flu# through a circuit can be changed in a number of different ways. !y changing the relative position of the coil w.r.t to a magnetic field or current bearing solenoid. !y changing current in the neighbouring coil or by

changing current in the coil itself. !y moving a straight conductor in the magnetic field in such a way that it cut the magnetic lines of force. FLUX LINKAGE The product of number of turns C and the flu# M through each turn of the coil is called flu# linkage i.e. Flu# >inkage . C M FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION " (mf is induced in a coil through which the magnetic flu# is changing. The (mf lasts so long as the change of flu# is in progress and becomes %ero as soon as the flu# through the coil becomes constant or %ero. SELF INDUCTION )onsider a coil through which an electric current is flowing. Due to this current magnetic field will be produced which links with the coil itself. If for any reason the current changes the magnetic flu# also changes and hence an (mf is induced in the coil this phenomenon is known as &(>F ICDK)T"C)(. In accordance with >en% >aw, the emf posses the change that has induced it and it is therefore known as back emf. If the current is increasing the back emf opposes the increase. If the current decreasing it opposes the

decrease. The back emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of current. If E> change in current E t then back emf ( is given. e . > El 0 Et 11B 5I6 $here > . self inductance of the coil. The measure of the ability of a coil to give rise to a back emf is called the &elf inductance. Its value depends on the dimensions of the coil, the number of turns and the permeability of the core material. Its unit is henry. Hen ! The self inductance of a coil is 7 Nenry if the current varying through is at the rate of 7 amp0sec, induces a back emf of 7 volt. If C be the number of turns in the coil and E O be the change of flu# in time E t then by Faraday-s >aw. P . BC EO 0 Et 12 5II6 BC EO 0 Et . 2 El 0 Et C EO . > El E 5CO6 . E 5>l6 CO . >7 MUTUAL INDUCTION )onsider two coils close to each other. One coil is connected to a source of emf and the other with a galvanometer. The coil which is connected to the emf is called the primary coil and the other is called secondary

coil. &ome of the magnetic flu# produced by the current in the primary coil is changed the magnetic flu# in the secondary coil also changes and hence an emf is induced in the secondary this phenomenon is called mutual induction. The back emf Q induced in the secondary coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of current E7 0 Et in primary coil and is given by P/ . BM EI 0 Et 112 5I6 $here M is the mutual inductance of the pair of coils. Its value depends upon the number of turns of the coil, their crossBsectional area, their closeness and core material. Its unit is Nenry. If C/ be the number of turns in the secondary and EM 0 Et be the rate of change of flu# in it then by faraday-s law. P/ . BC/ EO/ 0 Et 11 5II6 )omparing 7 and / BC/ EO/ 0 Et . 2 M E7 0 Et C/ EO/ . M E7 E5C/ O/6 . E5M 76 C/ O/ . M 7 N"n-In#$%&'(e W'n#'n) In bridge circuits such as used for resistance measurements self inductance is a nuisance. $hen the galvanometer key of bridge is closed the current in the arms of bridge are reBdistributed unless the bridge happens to the balanced. $hen the currents are

being reBdistributed these are changing and self induction delays the reading of new e8uilibrium. Thus the galvanometer key thus not corresponds to steady state which the bridge will eventually reach. Its me therefore be misleading. To minimi%e their self inductance coils of the bridge and reBresistance bo#es are so wound as to setup e#tremely small magnetic field. The wire is doubled back on itself before being coiled. In this type of winding current flows in opposite direction in the double wires and conse8uently the magnetic field and hence the magnetic flu# setup by one wire in neutrali%ed by that due the other wire. Nence self induced emf will not be produced when the current through the circuit changes.