2OO6. 'sE 'he\she' > HS: S: [1] S 'su?a 'he, that' > Hb aue hu (spelled hu?), Ug hv, {Hnr.

}
huva id., Ph, Pun, Mb h?, OA h? - hv, IA ve hv (BA aue hu), Sr W u hu, SmA ve hv - ave hv?,
Ar vaEuu huva, OSA: Sb ae h? - aue hv? (obl. Tue hvt) 'he', Qt uS sv (obl. TuS svt) 'this', Gz WAtU vo?tu
'he' (rebuilt on the basis of the obl. '?u?V-tV < 'su?a-tV), Mh hc, Hrs hah, Jb E/C sc(h), Sq yhc, hyc,
Ak su (gen,-acc. su(v)ati); [2] S prn. 'su 'him' (after a verb), 'his' (after a noun), that becomes a
sx. in the daughter lgs., with 's > s, h, in some descendant lgs. > Ak -su, BHb -o - -v - -hu, Ug -h,
{Hnr.} -hu(:), BA -(c)h - -hi, Sr -h - -(h)i, Ar -hu (gen. -hi), Sb -hv - -h, Mn -sv - -s, Qtb -sv(v) - s, Gz
-hu - -o, e.g. BHb &nB6 bo'no 'his son' (< 'bi'na-hu < pS ''bin-a su) and vib5a1 ?a'bi-v 'his father'
alongside with the more conservative variant ueib5a1 ?a'bi-hu id. (both from '?a'bi su < '?a'bi su, [3]
S 'si?a 'she, that (f.)' > BHb aie5 hi (spelled hi?), Ph, Mb, OA h?, Pun hy, [Plt.] HY, Ug hy (=
'hij:,ya), IA ie hy (BA aie5 hi), Sr W i hi, SmA ie hy - aie hy?, Ar aEi hiya, OSA: Sb ae h? ~ aie hy? (obl.. Tie
hy-t), Qt (obl..) TiS sy-t, Gz YAtI yo?ti (rebuilt on the basis of the obl.. '?i?V-tV < 'si?a-tV), Mh sc, sch,
Hrs sch, Jb sch, Sq sc (in the SES lgs. s- for the expected s- or h- for unknown reasons - infl. of the
following 'i?), Ak si (gen., acc. su(v)ati); [4] Similar representations of 's are found in the reflexes
of the postnominal and postverbal prn. 'si 'her' (turned to a sx. in the daughter lgs.) Vg. PP, OLS
17O, Hnr. 86, 12O, 293, Tal 199-2OO, 2O3, MSUS 1O2-7, Seg. AAG 165-72, GBr. JJAP 88-9O Eg
-f (< 'sv-) 'he' (f- < 'sv-, acc. to Dk.s hyp.) ( N 'ssEvV 'oneself, self', q.v.) , -s 'she', aut.
pronouns: svt 'he', stt 'she' Ed. 7O-81, Tk. I 29O (wonders if the change Eg -f < HS '-s" was
conditioned by a following '-u) EC {Ss., AD} '?us-u 'he' (aut. prn.) - {AD} '?is-'a id., {Ss.} '?is-i
'she' (aut. prn.) > Sa usuI, Af usuI, Sml isa-gu, Bs usu, Rn {PG} usu, Arr {Hw.} ?u(s)su / nom. ?u(s)su,
Or B isa, Kns isa, Gdl iyy, Gwd uso, HEC {Hd.} 'isi (> Sd/Ged/Kmb/Brj {Hd.} isi) 'he', Sa isc, Arr {Hw.}
?c(s)sc / nom. ?c(s)sc, ? Sml iya-du, Or B isc? / is-i, Or Wl isc? / is-i, Kns isc-tta, isc-nna, isc-dda,
Rn {Bl.} is, {PG} icc, Bs isc, Gwd iso; Arr ?cs(s)c 'she', HEC {Hd.} 'isc > Sd/Ged/Kmb isc, Hd isi, Brj
isi 'she' Ss. PEC 34-5, Ss. B 1O6-7, Bl. 17O, 174, 24O, 247, 253, 297, PG 148, 286, Hw. A 215, Hd.
77, 132, 414 ll IE: [1] NaIE 'so 'he, this', m. nom. ( 'to-T 'it', ntr. nom.-acc. and 'to-, non-
nominative cases of both masc. and neuter) > OI sa, Av ha, Gt sa, ON sa id., Tc B sc 'this' m., Gk df.
art. m. nom. o ( OI tad, Gt |ata 'it, this' ntr., Tc B tc 'this' ntr., Gk df. art. ntr. nom.-acc. to); OL sum
/ sam acc. 'this one' Szem. IEL 2O2-6, Bks. 2O2-3, M K III 41O, KT 163-4 [2] IE '-s, nom. case
ending of the animate gender (> NaIE nom. m., f.) > sg: NaIE '-s > OI (-s) (allophonic variants -h, -s,
etc.), Gk -o, L -s, Gt -s, ON -r, Lt -s, etc., e.g. NaIE 'vlI"o-s 'wolf' nom. (> OI ('vrIas), Gk uko), L luus,
Gt vulfs, Lt vilIas id.), OScn stainaR, NaIE 'sunu-s 'son' nom. (> OI su'nu-s, Gt sunus, Lt sunu-s), NaIE
'ncti-s 'niece' (> OI na'tis, L nctis); AnIE '-s nom. (animate gender) > Ht, Lw, HrLw, Pal -s, e.g. Ht,
Pal aruna-s 'sea', HLw {Mer.} vasha-s 'lord', Pal anna-s mother' Ffd. Brg. KVG 376-7, Bks. 172-92,
Szem. IEL 16O-92, EI 457; for AnIE: Mer. SGA 275-319, Mer. HHG 151, Rsk. 54-5 The nom. form
goes back to a nomen with a thematisizing focalizer (vlI"o-s nom. 'wolf' lit. 'wolf-that = noni-ro'
= 'as for the wolf') 'so (unlike other dem. pronouns and 'o-nouns) has no nominative ending,
because 'so and the nominative marker '-s are historicaly identical ll U: FU 'sE 'he, she' > F han 'he,
she, it', 3s prn., Krl hcan, Vo han - han | Lp: N {N} son (obl. su-) 'he, she', S {Hs.} sadnc - sadnc, Kld
{SaR} conn son: (acc.-gen. con, dat.-dir. connyc) 'he, she, it' | Er/Mk son 'he, she, it' | Prm: Vt so 'he;
that', ? Z ziys 'he' || Hg o 'he, she, it' | pObU 'OE:-n 'they' > pVg 'tan > Vg: T tan, LK/P/NV/SV/LL
tan, MK ton, UK ton, UL/Ss tan ? pObU {Hl.} 'Oovy 'he, she' > pVg tav > Vg: T tuv, LK tav (acc.
tavo), MK/UK/NV/SV/LL tav, P tav (acc. tava), UL/Ss tav; pOs oy 'he, she' > Os: V lo, Vy
yo, Ty c", Y cv - o'v, D/K tcv, Nz tuv, Kz uv, O luv id.; pOs 'cy ({ Hl.} 'liy) them' > Os:
V lc, Vy yc, Ty c, D tc, Nz ti, B {Ahl.} li Acc. to Rdei, BF 'h- is from 's- in an unstresed
syll. The final cns. -n in BF, Lp and Mr may go back to a very ancient generalization of '-nV of the
oblique cases (< N 'nu, genitive pc.) UEW 453 ('sE), Coll. 8O-1, Hs. 118, SaR 547, TI 514-5, Vrt.
tables i, iv, Ht. ##114, 125 ll A 'ssV 'he, this' > T (after stem-final vowels) '-si / '-si 'his\her\their' >
OT {Ajd., Kondr.} -si / -si, {Gbn.} -si / ?-si, MQp [CC] -si / -si - / -su, XwT/Chg {Eckm.}. OOsm {Mans., Gz.}
-si / -si, Tk -si / -si / (after stems with labial vowels) -su / -su, Az, Ggz, Qmq, QrB -si / -si / -su / -su, Tkm
-Oi / -Oi, CrTt, Brb {Dm.}, Nog, Qq, SY {Tn.} -si / -si, Qzq -ci / -ci (-si / -si), VTt -si / -s+, Bsh {Dmt.}
-hi / -h+ / -hi / -h+, ET, Uz -si, Alt/Qmn {B}, Xk, Shor {BabD} -zi / -zi, QK/Tb {B}, Tv -zi / -zi / -zu /
-zu, Chl {Dlz.} -zi / -zi / -zu, Yk -ta / -ta This T sx. is likely to go back to N 'sE 'he\she' + T '-i/-i
'his\her' [< N 'yi 'he, (?) that' (q.v.)] Xak. 61 quotes Blgh {Xak.} -si (balIusi 'his gravestone'), but
Bz. HB does not mention this sx., and Erd. 89-9O denies its existence in Blgh; the form balIusi is
probably Qp rather than Blgh SrbG SIGTJ 94-5, S AJ 196 [#24O], Ajd. 144-6, Kondr. 8, Gbn. ATG
191, Gbn. CC 61, Eckm. ChT 122, Eckm. T 149, Mans. AO 17O, Gz. 41, Kon. GTJ 74, Dmt. GBJ 56-7,
B DK 79, B DLT 23-4, B DChT 57-9, BabD 47O-1, Dlz. ChTJ 25O, Tn. SJJ 51, Xak. 62, Ktw. PLA 46-7,
Bz. BT 1-17, Rs. MTS 21-5, Dmt. KP , Sev. KP , Pokr. GJ 117, Mag. 198, Ra. MYJ 22 pJ {S} 'ss-
'this' (deictic ) > OJ so-, J: T so-rc, K so-rc, Kg soi; OJ si > J si (focalizing. pc. and conjuction) S
AJ 268 [#78], S QJ #7, Syr. DJ 155, Kenk. 1644 S AJ 277 [#74], DQA #2145 [A 'ssV 'this, that,
he\she'] lll The genitive case ending in IE and K may belong here as well: IE '-os/'-cs (preserved
best in the nominal inflection of consonantic stems) > OI -as (gen. of consonantic nouns, e.g. ra|n-as
'kings), Gk -o) (id.), L -is (< '-cs), OLt -cs (aImcn-cs 'of stone', motcr-cs 'mothers, duItcr-cs
'daughters'), Lt -s (aImcn-s, duItcr-s), pSl '-c (e.g. OCS komcuc Iamcn-c 'of stone'), Gt -s (gumin-s
'persons'), Ht -as (halIii_-as 'of corn') (< deictic 'ha or 'hc + pronominal 'sE; the meaning of genitive
is expressed here syntactically: in groups "noun N + nominal N" the noun N functions as genitive,
so that the nominal phrase "N 'hac sE" means 'N 'hacs he', i.e. 'that of the N"); very archaic forms
are present in the heteroclitic nouns: '-nos - '-ncs in Ht ahhucnas 'of fire', vitcnas 'of water', OLt
vandcncs id., OI yaInas 'of liver' - cp. nom. yaIrt); the underlying N word group is N + 'nu hV sE [=
'nu gen. + deictic 'ha or 'hc + pronominal 'sE = lit. "the Ns he", i.e. 'that of the N']; the deictic pc.
and the prn. function here as nominalizers of a phrase ('vctc nu hV sE literally means 'that of the
water") Bks. 115, 173, Stang VG 221, Rsk. 54-64 ll K '-is` (- '-s` - '-as`), marker of the gen. case >
OG, G -is, -s, Mg -is, -s, Lz -s, Sv -is (- i_s), -as (" -as) id.; the prehistory of this K case ending is
similar to that of the IE one (except for the absence of traces of 'nu, i.e. noun + 'hV sE) K SKJ 88-
93, K 1O3 ^ In HS, IE, A and ObU there may be a coalescence of the pronominal etymon in
question with N 'ssEvV 'oneself' (q.v.). Neither can we rule out some infl. of N 'cE 'that' (distal or
intermediate deixis) [q.v.] ^ IS I 7, Gr. I 99-1O1 (IE, U, A, Ai).
2OO7. 'sV 'to, towards', directive\inessive postp. > HS: (1) S '-as, directive case ending > BHb
-a (unstressed: et1iB2e2 hab'bayt-a 'home' (direction), en!im5i! ya'min-a 'to the right', em1d6q# 'Icdm-a
'to the East', ec1r^a2 '?arc-a 'to the earth, to the land (of Israel)', Ug -h (ending of the directive case),
Ak -is id., (2) S '-'si > Ak -si, dative of pers. pronouns: ya-si(m) 'to me', Ia-si(m) 'to thee' (m.)
Dk. SXJ 55-6, Sd. G 41-2, 67, Strn. 1O3, A U 26 ? B 's 'towards, by means of' > Ntf s avec, vers',
Ah s, os, Kb s 'pour, vers' AiM 23O ('s instr.), Fc. 1798-8O2 C: Ag: Xm {Ap.} -s, -gI-s - -cI-s (dative
ending of pronouns: av-s 'to whom', yI-gIs - yI-cIs 'to me', etc.), Aw {Hz.} -s(i), dat.-dir. of nouns, Bln
{Hz.} -si dat.-loc. of fem. nouns, Km {Ap.} -(s)s, -vs, dat. of nouns and pronouns (Ii gvn-vs 'to your
mother', nsgus-vs 'to\for the king', Iu-ss 'to you') Hz. AL 16-7, Hz. NSA 125, Ap. K 25 NrOm:
Shn {C} -s (dat. and acc.: ta-s 'to me', Wl {C}, Gf {Mrn.} -s (dat.) 'to, for' C SO 13, Mrn. O 3OO
Ap. ANH 8 ll K '-s, dative case ending > OG -s, -s-a, G -s, Mg -s, Mg SZ -s, (after sonorants) -c, Lz -s, Sv
-s K SKJ 69-78, Shan. G 36-46, Kiz. 66, Top. SJ 8O ll U '-s - -c 'to, towards' > pOs '-c, directive
ending in adverbs: Os D {Stn.} to_ot, Os O {Stn.} to_os 'thither' ('dorthin'), Os N {Sz.} nIyI-s 'down'
[direction], noyo-s 'up' [direction] || Prm '-z - '- 'up to, till' > Vt -o: -oz, {Jem.} -ss or -os, Z
-oc(: -s, | Chr -s 'into, to': Iuoc-s 'into [the] hand', Iu-s 'wohin', tu-s 'dorthin' | F -s (in adverbs:
ala-s 'down' [direction], 'donwards' ala 'ground', ylo-s 'up' [direction] yli 'over', ulos 'out'
[direction' ulIo- 'exterior', Iauas ~ Iauvas 'far away' [direction] - cp. loc. IauIa-na 'far away' [place]),
Lv Ioga-z_ 'far away, kauas', ull-z_ 'out' | Mr '-s 'to, towards' (directive): Er -s, Mk -s, -c 'into' (illative
ending of nouns), Er mala-s 'near' (direction), 'up to' (cp. mala-v 'near') Sm '-s (sx. of directive) >
Ne F, Ne T Knn -s (directive transitive, predicative, essive of nouns): Ne F russi-s Iayyca 'er ging
weg zu den Russen', Ne T/W -s infinitive; P. Hajd finds cognate infinitive forms in Ng: -sa - -sc - -si
and in En: -s(i), which has not been confirmed by available grammatical description of Ng and En.
Hajd adduces here the instrumental case marker -sa in Slq (Slq Tz -sa) and -sE in Kms, which is
unconvincing, because the supposed semantic change from lative to instrumental needs
explanation of the mechanism of reinterpretation. K. SUKF I I47-8 presents an alt. explanation of
this Slq and Kms instr. sx. (as well the sxs. of the modal case in NrSm: Ne -qacs, En -s) as going
back to a participial form 'VsE 'being' Sz. 59, Majt. SM 264-6, Fkt. EJ-93 197, Fkt. MJ-93 183,
Srb. IMPJ 6O-5, Bat. KZJ 221, Kelm. UJ 247, Jem. GVJ 125, Stn. D 1394, Hj. LIKSz 119-31, Hj. LIS
269-71, KHG DSJ 75 The cns. '-c (in Os, Z and Mk) < ''-s originally after a stem-final dental
cnss. 'n, 'l, 't (e.g. '-ns > '-nc [nts], a natural epenthesis of a clusive dental element between a
clusive dental and a fricative, i.e. a delay in losing the contact between the lamina of the tongue
and the gum (like in other lgs.: MHG uns 'us' > Yid N un, MHG mcns 'person' > Yid mcnc). Mr -s (for
the expected -s) is probably due to the final position. If the Lp directive sx. -s belongs here (Lp N
vuolas 'down'), its cns. s (for the expected pLp 'c > Lp N c from FU '-s) is due to coalescence with
the translative case ending -s < '-IsV (as explained in Krh. 229-3O). The Hg lative ending -c / -a
(adduced here by Szinnyei) goes back to FU -y (lative ending) rather than here. The alt. hyp.
proposed by Hajd (Hj. LIKSz 119-31, Hj. LIS 269-71) and equating Ne -s and Z - with the F
prolative -tsc, -tsi 'through' and with Mr -coI is less plausible from both semantically and
phonetically: F -tsc ~ -tsi goes back to the BF prolative marker '-ccI '-ccn 'through' (Laan. 175-6),
so that both the phonetic form and the meaning of the F and the Mr forms do not justify their
comparison with Ne -s and Z - 'to' ^ IS MsN.
2OO8. 'SE?jy,u 'SEhu 'SEhvV 'be full' > IE: Ht {Ts.} suv- 'full', suvat- v. 'fill (fllen)', md.
'swell, become full' Frd. HW 2OO, Ts. W 79 ll HS: S: Ak sc?u ' polstern' Sd. 1222 Ak c < 'a?i
(cp. rcsu 'head' < S ''ra?is-u, see AD SH 96) Eg fP s:y 'satt werden \ sein \ machen', Eg MKL/NK
s:v 'Sttigung' > DEg sy, siy 'satt werden' > Cpt: Sd tct sci, B tt si 'be sated' EG IV 14-6, Er. 4O6-7,
Vc. 182 ll ? A: AmTg: Orc sia, Nn sc(n-) 'meat dumplings, ncnxcnn' (: Modern Hb Mia5l1umm6
mcmula'?im 'meat dumplings' [lit. 'those filled in, gefllte']) STM II 73 ^ The lr. 'h is
reconstructed on the ev. of the Ak vw. c (pointing to the presence of a S ' or 'h) and the Ht zero
(ruling out 'y and '_) . Because of Eg s- and -:- we have to distinguish between this N etymon and N
'sVvV 'to swell' [q.v.] (where Eg svvy rules out lrs.).
2OO9. 's'i?bV 'strap, thong' > HS: 'sbb, 'sibb- > Ak sibb- 'Grtel, Grtelschlange', Ar sabab-
'rope' Sd. 1226, BK I 1O38 EC {AD} 'sc'?b- (- 'sa'?b-?), {Ss.} 'scb- 'leather strap' > Rn {PG}
sab 'narrow thong, strap of leather', Or {Ss.} scani id., Dsn {To.} sab 'leather strip', Arr {Hw.}
sabit (pl. sab-o) 'strap, thong', Hr sc-aIIo 'leather belt' Ss. PEC 33, PG 253, Hw. A 391, To. DL
524 The flottalization in Or -- and the long vw. suggest the presence of a lr. (most probably '?) ll
U 'ss'ivX ({{Coll.} 'sIvV, {UEW} 'sXvV) 'strap' > OHg zius, zyv (= [siu]), Hg szi| (acc. szi|at), szi|u,
szivu 'strap' | ObU {AD} 'scvyE > pOs {AD} 'scyV 'draught-strap' > Os: V sco 'draught-strap of a
reindeer or a horse; horses collar, draught-dogs collar attached to a draught-strap', Vy sca, Ty
sa'o, Y sa'o, Nz sio 'draught-strap of dogs', D -sa' " -so, Kz siv- 'draught-strap' Sm: Ne: T ca,
T O {Lh.} sa, F L {Lh.} _a 'draught-strap' ('Zugriemen, nocrpoxia'); Ng {Prk.} suaq id.; En X {Prk., Ter.}
sa id., En X {Cs.} sa, En B {Cs.} so 'Halfter' Coll. 6O, MF 585, Stn. D 1312, Trj. S 425, Lh. 4O1-2, Ter.
514, Ter. SILSJ 2O4, Prk. RE 212, Prk. NgJ 56, KP #1316, UEW 493-4 (rejects the Os cognate because
it has front vowels, while, acc. to UEW, the pU had back vowels).
2O1O. 'sij?u,bV 'clean' > IE {EI} 'scu_- 'pure' > Ht sui- 'pure', sua- 'flesh\viscera of sacrificed
animals' Um sua {EI} 'viscera of sacrificed animals' Frd. HW 199, Ts. W 78, EI 493 ll ? K: G suta
'clean' ('sauber, rein, reinlich, frisch'), unless a loan from some Iranian lge, cp. Phl scd 'white' or
ClNPrs {Vl., Sg.} dyPsa sacd, NPrs {BM} dyPsa said - dyPsi scid id. Chx. 1286, NCh. 372, DCh. 12O2,
McK 76, SSO II 118, Vl. II 215, Sg. 653 ll HS: WS 'cvy 'be clean' > Sr sy D vt. {Br.} 'clean, filter',
{PS} 'colavit, limpidus factus est', {JPS} 'filter, strain', {PS} d mcstafyana 'purus, mundatus,
limpidus', Ar sfv G 'be pure, limpid' (of water), 'be clear' (of sky)', Mh sfy (pf. 'sayfi) 'be clear',
Mh sofi, Hrs safi, Jb E/C 'sofi 'pure, clean' Br. 635, PS 343O, JPS 482, BK I 135O, Hv. 4OO, Jo. M
359 ll U: FU 'ssiva - 'ssiva 'clean (sauber), fine (hbsch)' > F siivo 'clean (sauber), decent, proper',
siva 'hbsch, nett, niedlich', sivaIIa 'smooth, fine, clean (sauber)' || ObU {Hl.} 'suvy- > pOs 'suy- >
Os: V su, Ty si", Y {Stn.} siv 'Schnheit', V/Vy {Stn.} suIq 'schn' (of a person),Vy suIq, Ty/Y
siI"q 'schn' (of things)' UEW 481-2, Stn. 131O, KrT 835, Trj. VD 187 ll A: M 'subau- > WrM
suba- - subu-, HlM cyna- v. 'clean', ??? MM [MA] suba- vt. 'plaster' MED 733, Pp. MA 326 ? Tg
'si'bc- > Ork sivs- vt. 'peck (ones teeth)', Nn si(y)ssi- vt. 'clean (a pipe, between the teeth)', Neg
siyslgs-, Ul sissis- vt. 'clean' STM II 8O ^ A hypothetic '-?u- can be responsible for the vw. u in Ht, G
and M, as well as for the vl. ' and the glottalized 'c in S. Alt. explanations of 'u: ass. infl. of 'b or a
pN 'u ('subV with delabialization in U and Tg).
2O11. ?? 'sah'ibV 'desert; saline earth' > HS: S 'sahb- (or 'sahb-) > Ar sahb- 'vaste dsert', esp.
'dsert sal' BK I 1155 ?? EC {Ss.} 'zib- 'desert' > Sa {R} dib-o, Af {R} dub-u, Sml B {Fl.} dib-id,
{Mrn.} dib-ad 'desert', Rn {PG} yib 'uninhabited land, wilderness', Sd {Mrn.} dubb-o 'forest', ( LEC
'diP- 'narrow', represented by Or {Sr.} diu 'narrowness' dio 'narrow' < N 'cuX 'to be
narrow, compressed'): Or {Th.} dib-u - di-u 'valle, vallata, gola', {Brl.} dibu 'valle, depressione,
strettoia' Ss. WOKS 14O, Th. 1O, Brl. 11O, PG 299 EC voiced 'z- is obscure; therefore Tk. AANM
1 rejects the S-C comparison ll D 'cIava 'brackish\saline earth, fullers earth' ( N 'caV v. 'clay,
mud; smear, moisten' N 'sab'?V 'clay') > Tm cavatu 'earth impregnated with soda, alcaline soil,
sediment; fullers earth', Tu cavul+, cavulu 'brackish, saline', Tl caudu 'fullers earth' D #2386
ll U: 'ssoyva 'soil, clay' > Lp T {TI} cui_vc, Lp Kld {TI} cuu_yo 'Ton, Lehm' | Prm {LG} 'soy 'clay' >
Z cccn soy, Z US soy, Yz 'su'y id., Vt cn su|, Vt G su'y 'soil, clay' Sm: Slq: Tz {KKIH} so 'earth,
soil; clay', {Cs.} so 'Ton, Erde, Lehm', MO/Ke {Cs.} suc, B/Kar su id.; Koyb {Ps.} sc 'Ton' UEW
483, LG 252, KKIH 171, Cs. 161, 247, 29O The aberrant meaning is due to the infl. of the U
paronym 'savc 'clay' [UEW 468] < N 'sab'?V '' [q.v.] ll A: ?? NaT 'say 'stony desert; stony
ground, pebbles' > OT {Cl.} say 'stony desert', 'an area of level ground covered with stone', Tf say
'pebbles; a spit (Landzunge) of pebbles and small stones in a river', Xk, Alt say 'pebbles, shallow
place in a river', Tv say 'pebbles', 'shallow', Ln say 'pebbles; stony river-bed', Qrg say 'dry river-bed;
wadi (dry in summer)', Chg XV cay 'a river that flows in the winter and is dry in the summer', Qzq,
ET say 'ravine', Tkm say 'shallow' The long 'a (supposed by Cl on the basis of plene spelling 'S in
MhK) is at variance with the Tkm ev. of a pT short 'a Cl. 858, DTS 481, TL 93, Ra. 225, TvR 362,
BT 123, Jud. 621, Rl. IV 219-2O The loss (or zero reflex) of the N '-b- is still to be explained ?
AdS of pJ {S} 'saa 'bog, marsh' (< N 'sab'?V '', q.v. ffd.) ^ The FU vw. 'o (for the expected 'a)
may point to a labializing factor ('u in N 'sahuba?), or be due to labializing infl. of FU 'v ^ AD
NM #11, S CNM 9 (does not accept the et.), Vv. AEN 12 (accepts T 'say as a cognate).
2O12. 'Sajy,bV (or 'Sa?EbV) ('S- = 's-?) 'to rot; rotten' > HS: C: Bj {R} sabcb- 'morsch werden,
rosten', sc'bab 'Fulnis, Rost' || SC {E} 'saj:,b- 'dirt' > Alg sibi 'soot', 1 Mb sabu 'dry cow dung' R
WBd 194, E SC 178, E PC #225 ll D 'ca-, {GS} 'sab- 'rotten; to rot, ferment' > Tm avi v. 'ferment (as
decayed fruit, etc.)', Ml aviyuIa v. 'rot, spoil (as fruits laid on a heap)', Kn avi v. 'rot, be
spoiled\damaged', Tl aviyu v. 'rot', Ku ha- 'be rotten', Gnd Ch sav-, Png hab- 'go bad, become rotten',
Knd sab- v. 'rot and produce an offensive smell', Mnd hab- v. 'decay', (?) Krx ca:va:r- 'get an
unpleasant taste' D ##2341, 2424, Pf. 5, GS 127 [#328], 38 [#68] In some D lgs D 'cam- < N
'ccmjV,_V 'sour, bitter (astrigent)' ll A: Tg (att. in NrTg) 'si_aba-Isa 'rotten wood' ('-Isa is a sx. of
substances) > Ewk scvaIsa 'rotten tree, rotten wood', Lm havts " hcvas id. STM II 69 ll IE: NaIE
{WP} 'Isaj:,- v. 'rot' > Gk ooto) 'rotten, putrid', Gk ote, Gk D oote 'make rotten\putrid', Gk
md.: otooi (pfc. ocoto, 2s aor. cootv) 'be(come) rotten, rot' || Lt siu-ti (1s prs. siumu) 'to
rot' (of wood), Ltv {ME} suct 'schmutzig werden, verderben (vom Mehl), modern' WP II 5OO, F II
696-7, Frn. 993 ^ If WPs IE rec. is accepted, the N etymon is likely to be 'sa?EbV (for IE 'Is- < N
's- cp. NaIE 'Isc(:)r-: 'Isc(:)r-o- 'dry' < N 'sarV 'be dry'). IE '-- < '-?b-.
2O13. 'sab'?V 'clay' > HS: Ch: WCh 'sab- ({OS} 'sa-) 'soil' > Hs sabuva 'unfertile land,
sandy soil' || CCh 'sab- ({OS} 'sa-) > Bcm sobo nodvc 'clay' ChC, Abr. H 7O5-6 EC 'sub?- - sib?-
'mud' > Rn {PG} sub 'watery mud', Or {Grg.} su-c 'clay', Gln {Ss.} si-tc 'loam' Ss. PEC 53, PG 267,
Oo. 7O, Grg. 365 OS RPV I 81 [#1O1] (adducing Ar suhb- 'plain', which in fact belongs together
with sahb- 'saline desert', cf. N 'sahji,bV 'desert; saline earth') ll U: FU 'savc 'clay' > F savi (gen.
savcn) 'clay', Es sau (gen. sauc, saua), Es savi (gen. savc) id. | Er cccnon sovon, Mk cccnon sovon id. |
Chr L/H myn sun, B sun id. | Prm {LG} 'sun 'clay, silt' > Z cn sun 'blue clay, gley; silt', Vt {W} suncd
'silt', ? StVt cyxc( id. || ObU {Hl.} 's'avoz 'clay (Lehm)' > pVg {Hl.} 'suvol id. > Vg: T sovl,
UK/MK/LK sul, UL/Ss suli; pOs {Hl.} 'soyI, {Hl.} sayI 'clay (Ton)' > Os: V/Vy sayI 'clay mud,
boggy clay', Ty say"I 'earth, clay', Y savI, Kr savo, Kz sovi 'clay' UEW 468, Coll. 112, Db. OS xi,
Ker. II 147, LG 252, 274, Rd. rLG 426, Ht. #58O, Trj. S 418, Hl. rHt 74. ll A: pJ {S} 'saa 'bog,
marsh' [ N 'sah'ibV '' A 'sia 'clay; to smear' < N 'siv'a (or 'sivga) 'to smear (with clay)] >
OJ saa, J: T sava, K sava, Kg sava id.; pJ 'saa-s- v. 'dip, smear with laquer' > ltOJ saqa-s-, J T
savas- S QJ #463, Mr. 2O, 748 DQA #2O11 [pJ < A 'sia 'clay; to smear'] ll D 'cava
'brackish\saline earth' and D 'cIav- 'fuller's earth, sediment' ( N 'sah'ibV '', q.v. ffd. N
'caV v. 'clay; smear, moisten', q.v. ffd.) Gr. II #272 ('siba 'mud') [U, A, J, Ai].
2O14. 'SibVV 'beast of prey' > HS: S ' ssb > Ar sabu- - sab- - saba- 'big beast of prey, lion'
BK I 1O45 ll A: Tg 'sibi'gc 'beast of prey' > Ewk Tng sivigs - hivigs 'wolf', Ewk A siviys 'bear', Lm Ol
hsvyo' - hsvys, Lm O hsvsys id., Orc sivi (name of a mythical dog) STM II 75 M {DQA} 'sibor >
HlM monop 'panther' Luv. 655 DQA #2571 (A 'zibc ' predator' > incl. M, Tg) ll D
'civVqIi 'leopard' and sim. [ N 'c'ibVyV 'c'ibVV 'hyena' (q.v. ffd.) N '`ivVmjV,gE 'leopard'].
2O15. 's'objV,tV (or 'sVbjV,tV) 'stem, piece of wood' > HS: S ''sabja,t- 'staff, stick, rod' >
AncHb ''sab
c
t (BHb [Mas.] yb3S4 'scbct, paus. yb3S1 ''sabct, pl. soba't-im, BHb (BbV) 'sabat, BHb
(GrSc) [Or.] oo|t 'rod, staff, club, sceptre', BA so'bat' or so'bct' (pl. cs. iy4bS5 sib,tc) 'stem', SmA
ybs sbt 'staff', Sb d sbt (?) 'beating (bastonnade)', d sbt n. 'stroke, blow (as punishment)', Ak
sabbitu 'staff, sceptre'; S 1 Eg N sbd 'stick for beating', (EgSSc) {Hlk.} sa-b-d, sa-ba-da 'staff', {Alb.}
sa-ba-t > DEg sbt 'stick', Cpt B/Sd aw: sbot id. BHb [Mas.] c in 'scbct is not original, it may
have been influenced by the paronymous word yb3S4 'scbct 'tribe' with an original c < 'i ( Hb
1 Ar sibt- 'an Israelite tribe') KB 1291, 1787, GB 8O1, BDB 986-7, Yv. II 833, Br. 145, BH IV 276,
Tal 863-4, BGMR 123, Sd. 1119, EG IV 442, Alb. VESO 39, Er. 499, Crum 554, Vc. 258, Hlk. #22O,
SivCR 85 ll K 'ss`vct- 'pillar' > OG suct-i 'column' (suctita yrublisayta 'in columna nubis', 98.7), G
svct-i 'pillar, column' ???, (if 'stalk'): OG {Abul.} styri stviri 'tube\pipe (musical instruments)',
G stviri 'reed-pipe', 'pipe (musical instrument)'; Sv {TK} [A G?]: UB stvir 'pipe (musical
instrument), tube', LB stvir 'tube', L stvir 'barrel (of a gun)' Abul. 4O3-4, Chx. 1218, Ni. s.v.
crnon, DCh. 1166, 1194, TK 71O, GP 259 ll IE: [1] IE 'sVt- ( N 'sabEh'i 'log, piece of wood'?) >
Ht isatar (obl. stem isann-) 'spit, skewer' NaIE 'sit- (- 'sid-) > AS situ 'spit' (> NE sit), OHG
si id., MHG si 'spit (Bratspie)', NHG Sic 'spear, spit', NNr sita 'Pflock', sit 'Spitze', OHG
sizzi 'spitz, pointed', sizzi 'Spitze, Bergspitze', sizza 'Spitze, Stachel, Pfahlwerk', NHG sitz
'pointed', Sitzc 'point, spike, extremity' || Lt sitc' 'needle, buckle-pin', sitna, situlc' 'buckle-pin'
|| ? L cusis, -dis 'point (of a spear), spear; spit' (< a cd with a controversial first element, e.g. {Prs.}
'Iud-sid-, 'Iuri-sid- or sim.) Frn. 875, WH I 318, Prs. WF I 4O9, EM 161 (cusis A an unknown
source), Vr. 532, Ho. 311, Kb. 937-8, OsS 853, KM 726, 728, Frn. 875, Pv. I-II 45O-1 [2] NaIE mt
'stcj:,b(")- 'post, pillar, stem of a tree' ( N 'ccibV 'stem of a tree, log', q.v. ffd.) ll ? A: NaT 'sogut
'tree' (if < 'sovut) > OT U sogut, Chg [San., MA] sogud 'tree', OT QU [MhK] sogut 'willow', Tki
sogct, Osm {Bu.} soud, Az soyud 'willow, pussy-willow', Tk sogut 'willow', Tkm Oovut 'willow'
[generic name of different trees of the genus Salix: 'willow, brittle willow, rannni (purple willow)'],
Qrg sogot ' kind of a purple willow', ET sogat 'willow, Salix alba', Shor sot 'willow', Xk sot, Yk
uot 'willow, purple willow (rannni)', CrTt sugut 'poplar' Cl. 819, Bu. I 648, z. 273, TkR 587,
Jud. 657, Nj. 518, TL 126 ^ If Sv stvir is a cognate (rather than a loan from G), the K is 'svct-,
so that the N etymon must be 's'objV,tV. The same is true if Tg 'sobV belongs here. If both qu.
cognates are rejected, we remain with an unspecified 'ss-.
2O16. ? ''sA?'cV ' stinging insect' > HS: EthS: Gz sasut, sasot, sasct 'gnat, stinging
insect, red ant', Tgr sasot, Amh cscat 'gnat' (with semantic infl. of the EthS reflexes of N
'U'ncU 'ant, stinging insect'?) L G 564-5, L EDH 5O ?? C: o Bj {R} ao 'Mcke, Gelse,
Mosquitto' [unless to N 'U'ncU '', q.v.] R WBd 1O4 ll U: FU (in FV only)
'ssassIc - 'ssassIc id. > F saasIi (gen. saasIcn) 'mosquito, gnat', F saaIsi id., Es saasI
(gen. saasc) 'mosquito' | pLp {Lr.} 'cosIs id. > Lp: N {N} cuoi'Ia, S {Hs.} t|uo|Ic, L {LLO} t|uoi'hIa, I
{It.} cuosIa, Kld cus:I id. | pMr {Ker.} sasIo > Er cccic scsIc, sisIa, Mk c cic sasIo id.
UEW 771, Lgc. #75O, Lr. #212, Hs. 1345, Ker. II 139 ^ o or o?
2O17. 'Sac'u (or 's'ac'u) 'to scatter, spread about, pour' ( 'to winnow, sift') > HS: B: Ah
ossos 'filtrer, passer au filtre (un liquide)' Fc. 1866 WCh {S} 'cicVI 'to filter, sprinkle' > Ngz
{Sch.} cIcIu v. 'strain, filter', Bks {J} cicaI v. 'filter (beer), sprinkle' Sch. DN 29, J R 14O, Stl.
ZCh 192 [#429] ll IE: Ht scsariya v. 'filter, strain', scsaru 'sieve' ( N 'SiurV 'squeeze out, filter,
strain') Frd. HW 191, Ts. W 75 ll U: [1] FU (in ObU only) 'cacV > ObU {Ht.} 'cac- 'to pour out,
sweep' > pVg 'sas- 'to pour out' > Vg: T sas-, LK/P/NV/SV/LL sos-, UL sos-, Ss sos- id.; pOs {Ht.}
'cac- 'fegen' > Os: V/Vy cac-, Ty/Y cac- id.; pOs {Ht.} 'cacom- 'to pour out' > Os: V/Vy cacom-,
D/K cocom-, Nz/Kz sosom-, O sasom- Ht. #89 [2] ?? FU 'saca 'to pour out; flood, high water
level in lakes\rivers' > pOs 'scc- ({ Hl.} 'sac-) > Os: Vy scc- 'rising water, flood in late summer',
sccom- v. 'rise' (of level of water), 'flood', V scc-yoqI 'ice remaining on the bank after sinking of
water' (lit. 'flood-ice') || pLp 'cacc 'water' > Lp: S {Hs.} t|aadsic, U {Schl.} t|aahtsc (Lp M {Schl.}
't|_acc), Kld {SaR} ua(:, {TI} ca, 'water', N {N} caccc / -a- id., 'level of water in a river\lake'
UEW 469, Coll. 7, Lr. #115, Lgc. #498, Schl. 136, Hs. 1289, Gn. 753, SaR 385-6, TI 649-5O ll A 's'ac-,
{Pp.} 'sacV 'scatter' ('ausstreuen') > NaT 'sa- 'ausstreuen' > OT sac- id., Tk sac-, Tkm Oac-, Qmq,
QrB cac- 'spread about, scatter', Qq sas- id., 'sprinkle', Uz soc- id., vt. 'pour', Nog, Qzq sas-, ET
sac- - cac-, Qrg, Qmn/QK/Tb {Rl., B} cac-, Alt cac-, Sg/Qb {Rl.} sas-, Tv caz-, ? Yk is- v. 'sprinkle,
strew, sow' Cl. 794-5, Rs. W 392, Rl. III 19O5-6 & IV 389-9O, 395, B DK 267, B DChT 164, B DLT
221 M 'sacu- > MM [MA] saci- - caci- 'pour out (ausschtten), sprinkle', WrM sacu- - cacu-, HlM
cana- v. 'sow, strew, scatter, spread, sprinkle, spray', WrO sacu- 'strew, scatter, sow', cacu- 'strew,
scatter, broadcast', Kl {KRS} nanx cac+-_+, {Rm.} cac
a
-_o 'to strew, scatter, sprinkle', Mnr H {SM}
sa_i-, Dg {T} caci- id., 'sow'; - M 'sacu-ra- 'be spread, scattered' > WrM sacu-ra-, HlM canpa- id., 'be
sown', Mnr H {SM} sa_ira-, {T} saira-; M 1 WrMc cacu- 'sprinkle (wine, water on flowers, etc., as
sign of friendship or worship)', Ewk au- 'sprinkle' Pp. MA 129, 314, MED 156, 655, Krg. 392,
618, KW 423, KRS 628 SM 317-8, T 357, T DgJ 181, Z 826, STM II 386-7 ?? Tg i 'ic- 'sprinkle' >
Ewk Brg isvs- id., Nn Nh ciciIsls- 'spatter wine from ones fingers as a sacrifice to spirits'; but
not here ( DQA) WrMc sisc- v. 'sift', siscIu 'sieve' (obviously loans from M 'sigsi- 'to sift', 'sigsigur
'sieve', see MED 7O2-3, STM II 99), hence the pTg rec. {DQA} 's'csc- is unj. STM II 386-7 pJ {S}
'ssss-I- '-u_a- 'pour' > OJ sju_,osju_,oI-, J: T/Kg sosog-, T sosog-, K sosog- S QJ #364, Mr. 756
Pp. VG 6, DQA #2159 [A 'scco 'to scatter, pour out'; incl. T, M, Tg, J] ^ ObU 'c- and Tg '-
may be due to as : 'S...c > ObU 'c...c, Tg '..., so that the rec. of pA 's- is not necessarily valid ^
If FU 'saca is a legitimate cognate (in spite of the questionable semantic connection), the N rec. is
to be 's'ac'u. Otherwise the initial sibilant remains unidentified (N 'Sac'u) ^ IS MS 368
'sa'cn s.v. 'cinar' (U, A).
2O18. 'SidV 'sprinkle, pour' > HS: S ' sdy > JA [Trg.] sdyv G 'sprinkle, pour', JEA {Sl.} sdy G
id. ( sdyv 'throw, cast' < N 's'ayudV 's'aqudV 'to throw'), Ar sdy G (pf. sadiya, msd. sady-)
'tre humide par suite dune abondantre rose' Js. 1524, Lv. T II 456, Sl. 511, BK 1O73 Eg fOK
sty 'pour out (ausschtten)', Eg fP sty 'pour, pour out [liquid] (gieen, ausgieen)', Eg NE/L sty
'sprinkle' ( N 'c`utV or 'c`utV 'to throw, fling, pour'?) EG IV 328-9 The devoicing 'd > t may
be accounted for by the infl. of N 'c`utV ll A: NaT 'sio- 'to urinate' > OT sio-, [MhK] 3ySi -3Si sio- id.,
MQp siy-, Tkm cnn- Oiy- (/Oi-), Uz, ET, Qmq, QrB, VTt, Nog, Qrg, StAlt, Az siy-, Qzq cn- si-, Osm myS
sijy,-(mcI) id., Tk siy- 'urinate' (of dogs, cats)', Ggz d si-diI, Tv sidiI 'urine', Xk stdc-, SY siz- - scz-
'urinate' Cl. 799, Rs. W 421, Rh. 11O3, Ml. ZhU 1O1-2; Clauson (l.c.) reconstructed a long i
probably on the apparent ev. of Tkm Oi-, but the ev. does not exist, because Tkm i is obviously
equivalent to '-iy- (where '-y- < '-o-) ? M 'sadara-, 'sadagana- > WrM sadara-, sadagana-, HlM ca(pa-,
ca(iana- 'leak heavily over a wide surface' 'sa- < 'si- by as MED 655 DQA #2122 [A 'suda
'to spit out, spurt' > M] ll D (in SD) 'ccit- ({GS} 's-) 'to sprinkle' > Tu scdi~tcdi 'sprinkling',
scdiini, scddiyuni v. 'sprinkle with fingers', Kn sidi v. 'be scattered' D #2758.
2O19. ?? 'ssidV or 'sscdV 'lower part, leg' > HS: S: Ug sd, (AkSc) {Hnr.} ?isdu 'leg'; ?? Ak isdu
'base, foundation' [ S 'visad- 'base' > BHb yo'sod id., Ar visad- 'pillow')] OLS 5, Hnr. 111, CAD
VII 232, Sd. 393 CCh: BB: Gude {Mch.} stda, Nz {Mch.} stdc, BtZ {Mch.} sido 'leg' JI II 221 Eg
G st - sty 'Osiriss leg' EG IV 325, 334 ll U: FU 'ssiolV or 'sscolV > ObU {Ht.} 'Ocl, {Hl.} 'Oal 'low' >
pVg 'talI"V id. > Vg: T talI"i " talIi, LK talI"o, taloI", MK talI", UK talI"o, NV talIa, SV/LL
talI"a, UL/Ss talI"a id.; pOs 'cl id. > Os: D/Nz tct, Kz c, O lcl Ht. #135 ll A: pJ {S} 'sita > OJ sita,
J: T sita, K sita, Kg sita '(the place) below' S AJ 272 [#227], S QJ #227, Mr. 527.
2O2O. 'sa'hida 'to take aim', 'to direct (e.g. a weapon) straight to the aim', (>?) 'to hit (the goal)'
> HS: S 'sdy - ''sdd ( S 'sdy 'throw') > IA, Plm sdy G 'shoot', Ar sdd G (ip. -sidd-) 'to hit the
right point', D (pf. saddada) 'diriger, pointer en ligne droite (un lance, etc., contre quelquun)'; Ar
sdd 1 Mh, Jb E/C sdd 'to aim (a goal)' HJ 1111, Br. 757-8, BK I 1O73-4 ll IE: NaIE
'scoj:,d"-/ 'si(:)d"- / 'sod"- 'goes straight to a goal\aim' > OI sadh- (prs. sadhati) id., 'attain an object,
succeed', Av -had- 'lenkend, leitend, zum Ziele fhrend' || Gk iu) 'straight (to the goal), direct' ||
Arm a a 'right (dexter); right hand' || Phr oiocto 'succeded, achieved' || ? W havdd easy, feasible'
WP II 45O, P 892, M K III 456, M E II 722-3, F I 716 (NaIE 'sai_d"-/'sid"-), EI 228 (the above words <
'sch(i)- 'go forward, advance') ll U: FV 'satta- 'geraten, treffen, eintreffen' > F satta- 'schaden,
beschdigen', ldieren', Vp sata-tada 'hurt by hitting, bruise (some place of ones body)'; F sattu- 'hit
(the mark), happen', Es {Tamm, Silv.} sattu 'hit (the mark), find oneself [somewhere] (geraten)' | Er
caro- sato-, Mk caro- sato- 'be enough; fall to ones share', {UEW} 'zureichen, hinreichen, gengen'
UEW 753-4, Tamm 526, Silv. 326, ZM 498, ERV 57O, Ker. II 132.
2O21. ??? 'Sidjy,VrV (- 'SidVrjy,V) 'to shovel, sweep' > A: NaT 'sioir- 'to sweep, shovel, strip'; the
meaning 'to sweep, shovel' is preserved in Ggz siyir- v. 'shovel', Qq siyir- v. 'sweep', Tkm Oir- v. 'wipe
off (tears)', Uz sidir- v. 'sweep off', OT co-operative sidris- v. 'help to sweep off and shovel up (the
snow)'; the meaning 'to strip' is represented in many lgs.: OT sioir- v. 'strip, peel, scrape', Osm
siyir--sir-v. 'tear, peel off, strip off', Tk siyir-, Az siyir- 'strip off, peel off', Ggz siyir- v. 'strip', Qzq, Qq,
Qrg, StAlt siyir, VTt s+d+r, s+y+r-, Qmq sidir-, Uz sidir- vt. 'strip, bark', Qrg sidir- 'scrape off. tear off
by handfulls', Xk sizir- 'scrape odd, strip off'; Qrg, Qmq sidir-, VTt s+d+r and Uz sidir- (with -d- for the
expected -y-) may be either loans from some -d-lgs. (where T '-o- > -d-) or result from ass. devoicing
('-o- > '-t-) Cl. 8O2-3, TrR 775, Hs. 279, Rh. 1198, TkR 6OO, 6O8, MM 311, KrkR 6O1, UzR 365,
Jud. 674-5, 678, KumRS 292, BIG 2O6, TTDS 379, Rs. W 414 M 'sidur- > WrM {Rm.} sidur-
'abhobeln', {MED} sudur- v. 'tear off, peel off', Kl sudor- 'scrape, scrape off', Brt my(ap- 'scrape' KW
367, KRS 682, STM II 79, MED 757 ll ?? IE: NaIE 'stcrjo,- 'to rob' ( *'to strip, shovel'?) > Gk
o`to-otcce v. 'rob, despoil', Gk A/I otcioke id., Gk otcce' (simplex in imv. otocote, ft. otcoe,
otce and aor. c`otcoo) v. 'deprive, bereave', otcooi v. 'be lack, be wanting in' ( *'be robbed')
|| OIr [] scrb 'theft, plunder' (< 'stcr-va) WP II 636, P 1O28, EI 543 ('stcr- 'steal'), F II 792-3, Vn. S
9O-1 ll ?? K 's`t_ar / 's`t_r- v. 'dig' > Sv L {Dn.} st_ar-/st_r- 'dig, dig up (pir, ncionar)' (msd. list_rc,
imv. / 2s aor a_-st_ar) ( GZ 'tq_ar-/'tq_r- < N 'tArqV 'to make an incision, dig', q.v. ffd.) K
2
77-
8, K 176-7 ('(s)txar-/'(s)txr-), Dn. s.v. st_ar, cp. FS K 158 & FS E 171-2 ('t_ar-/'t_r-) ^ This is one of
the roots that may suggest the law: pre-K 'st, 's`t, 'st > K 's`t (= {K} '(s)t] > G, Mg, Lz t, Sv sd, cf. S
'asarat- 1 K 'as`t- 'ten', S '_amisat- 1 K '_us`t- 'five', N 'sitavV 'cold weather' (> S 'sitav- 'winter')
> K 's`tov- 'to snow' (- 's`tovl- 'snow'), N 'IUs`dV 'to chop, cut' > K 'Ivcs`t- 'to chop, cut', ? N
'dVstE > K 'dtus`tc- 'moon', FU 'tasta 'star; sign', a.o..
2O22. 'sagE 'to obtain, hold' > IE: NaIE 'scg"- 'to hold, seize, win [in a battle]' > OI 'sahatc
'overcomes, conquers, wins', Av haz- 'sich bemchtigen, gewinnen' || Gk c_e (aor. c-o_ov), io_e (<
'si-sg"c/o-) v. 'hold, have' || Gt sigis (acc. sihv or sihu), ON sigr, AS sior, OHG sigu, NHG Sicg 'victory' ||
Clt.: Gl scgo- (in proper names) 'win', {Billy Evn.} 'power, strength', W hy 'khn' 'bold,
impudent', hual 'fetter', OIr scg 'force, vigueur' WP II 481-2, P 888-9, EI 123-4 ('scg"- 'hold fast,
conquer'), Mn. 1118-2O, M K III 45O-1, Brtl. 17O5, Bai. 466, F I 6O2-4, Fs. 419, Vr. 474, Ho. 29, Kb.
850, Schz. 251, KM 7O7-8, Vn. S 68, YGM-1 288-91, Billy 135 ll U 'sac 'to obtain, receive, reach'
( 'arrive, come') ( N 'sa?cjq,IV or 'sc?ajq,IV 'be near, approach' [q.v.]) > F, Es saa- v. 'get, receive',
F saa- v. 'come, arrive' | ? Lp: Kld {TI} sa,I:a-o, T {TI} sa,I:v-d, Kld {SaR} coaiiy v. 'procure,
catch' ('anschaffen, fangen'), K {Gn.} saIIc- id., 'give birth to' | pMr {Ker.} 'sao- v. 'obtain, take' >
'sayo-/'savo- > Er cac-xc sa|c-, Mk c no-xc savo- id.; pMr {Ker.} 'sao- v. 'come' > Er/Mk ca-xc sa- id. |
pChr {Ber.} 'su- v. 'reach (a place), arrive' > StChr L my-'am, Chr P/B/M/Uf/Y/V su- id., Chr H {Ep.}
mo-am'reach (by going), catch up with' | pPrm {LG} 'su- v. 'overtake (so.)' > Vt cyrini 'catch up with
(so.)', Z cy- su- id., 'overtake, catch (so.)', {W} 'vorfinden, berraschen, sich ereignen' Sm {Jn.}
'tc+ayv+- (- 'tc+ayva-?), {Hl.} 'tcayva v. 'reach, arrive' Ne T rynaA-c ''reach (a place), catch up
with', Ne O {Lh.} ta_c|a, Ne F {Lh.} ta_c|:as 'ankommen, erreichen', En {Ter.} to-, {Cs.}
tacbo - tocbo (1s aor.) 'reach (a place)', Kms {KD} (1s prs.) tula'm - t`ula'm 'zum Ziele kommen,
anlangen, ankommen', tua` sobi_a'm 'ich kam zum Ziele', Mt {Hl.} 'taybs- (aux. verb with
resultative meaning 'reach') (Mt M {Sp.} xa(an6aia 'death' xa- 'die') Coll. 54, UEW 429-3O,
It. #37, SK 932-4, Gn. 93O, Hs. 1289, TI 464, SaR 323, Ker. II 128-9 [##339-4O], Ber. 68 [#358], MRS
728-9, Ep. 151, LG 266, Jn. 144, Ter. 684-5, Lh. 479-8O, KD 74, Hl. M #942 ll A 'saga ({ADb.} saga-)
'to extract (sth. for oneself), milk' (< *'reach, obtain') > T 'sag- id. > OT say- v. 'milk (an animal)', Tk
sag- v. 'milk, extract honey from a beehive', Tkm Oay- v. 'milk, suck out', Az, ET, Xk, SY, Tv say-, Uz
coi- soy-, Qmq, Qzq, Qq, Nog, VTt, Kr sav-, Bsh hav-, Ggz, Qrg, Alt sa-, Slr A sa_-, Yk sia-, Chv L cy-
su-, Chv s+v- v. 'milk' Cl. 8O4, Jeg. 192, Fed. II 53-4, Tn. SJJ 2O5, Tn. SJ 476, TkR 555 M 'saya-
v. 'milk' > MM [S] saa-, WrM saga-, HlM caa- sa-, Brt ha-, Kl, Ord, Dgr, MMgl sa-, Mnr H {SM} sua-
MED 656, KW 317, H 13O, Iw. 131, SM 356 Pp. VG 29, KW 317, ADb. KL 1, Cl. 8O4 (suggests with
a query that the M verb is a loan from T) Tg 'saga- (or 'aga-) v. 'milk' > Ewk Nr aya- id. STM
II 375 ^ AD GD 8 [#49] (IE, U), Rs. UAW (U, A), IS SS 333-4 [#6.19] & IS MS 356 s.v. nonyuar 'sagn
(IE, U, D).
2O23. 'sEgIV 'to eat, swallow' > U 'scc- > FU {Coll.}'scc-, {UEW} 'scvc- 'to eat' ( N 'scv V 'to
drink' [q.v.]?) > F syo-, Es soo-, suu-, Vp so- id. | pMr {Ker.} 'scvs- > Er cync- scvc-, savu-, Mk
cnno- sivo-, scvs- " scvs- 'eat (the whole thing)' ('cccr') | Prm {LG} 'soy- (= { LG} 'so|-) 'eat' >
Z, Prmk cccn- soy-, Z US soy-, Yz 'suy-, Vt si- (cnini) id.; the variant 'sov- survives in Yz 'suv- 'eat'
and in Z sov-sd- v. 'feed' || ObU {Ht.} 'Oi- / 'Oiy- > pVg {Ht.} 'ti- / 'ti- / 'tay- > Vg: T ti- / tay- / tay-,
LK/MK tc- / toy- / tay-, UK tc- / toy-, P/LL tc- / toy- / tay-, NV tc- / toy- / tay-, SV tc- / toy- / tay-,
UL/Ss ti- / tc-/ tay-; pOs {Ht.} 'i- / 'iy- 'eat' > Os: V li- / li-, Vy i- / i-, Ty i- / i"-, Y i- / iv-, D/K/Nz
tc- / tcv-, Kz c- / cv-, O li- / liv-; pOs {Ht.} 'aot- v. 'feed' > Os: V lavot-, Vy yavot-, Ty/Y a'ot-, D/K
ta'ot-, Nz taot-, Kz aot-, O la'ot- | Hg cv- (/ c- / csz-) 'eat' pY {IN} 'Ocy- 'eat' > Y K/T {IN} lcg-
'eat', T {Krn.} lcgul 'food', lcv-l vt. 'eat', OY K {Bil., Merk} lagul 'food', {Merk} lagI, lagitaI, {Bil.} lagctaI
v. 'feed', OY Ch {Mat.} nan(ii id. UEW 44O, Coll. 117, Sm. 548 (FU 'scvi-, FP 'scvi-, Ugr 'Oigi-
'eat'), It. #336, SK 1154-6, ZM 539, LG 252, Lt. 62, U 277, ##178, 336, Ht. #115, Hl. rHt 73-4, MF
164-5, ERV 63O, PI 248, Ker. II 14O, IN 22O, 3O, Krn. JJ 274, Rd. UJ 48 [#79] (Y U) ll A: M
'siu-sun 'food' > MM [S] siusun {H} 'Ration', {SM} 'provisions de bouche donnes par le
gouvernement aux fonctionnares', WrM sigusun {MED}, HlM mc 'food' (usually 'meat'), Ord {Ms.}
susu 'mouton quon sert aux personnes quon veut honorer', Mnr H {SM} sussn id., 'grand
morceau de viande'; M 1 WrMc susu id., 'meal provided at the stations to government
functionaries' H 142, MED 7O4, SM 366, Ms. O 638, Z 684 ?? NaT: OT (DTS, Rs.} sayur- v.
'swallow, absorb (liquid)' DTS 481, Rs. W 394, Cl. 816 (hypothesizes OT s'uyur-) ll ? HS: Eg MK
sIn 'be greedy (gierig, gefrssig)' (of crocodiles, men)' EG IV 318, Fk. 251.
2O24. ?? 'Sug'E 'back of the neck, back' > HS: C: EC {Ss.} (?) 'sug- > Dsn {To.} sug-gu , {Ss.}
sugu 'back', Or fugiso 'upside down', {Grg.} fuggiso 'position with top down and bottom up' , Gdl
{Ss.} suIunna 'lower part of shoulder' But not here Bln {R} zog - zcg 'shoulder(-blade)', Xm {R} zig
'shoulder, back side', Xm T {CR} sig 'back', Arr {Hw.} zch 'nape of the neck' and Or Wl {Grg.}
saggo 'back of head\neck' ( HS represented by Mofu {Ross.} ma-ag"om, pMM '3gm 'shoulder'
and Mb Ii-zoga - Ii-zia - Ii-zoIa id., see Tk. PAA 5-6) Ss. WOKS 127-8, Grg. 149, 35O, R WB 296,
R Ch II 4O6 (= s. p. 92), Hw. A 4O1 , AD SF 99, To. DL 526, Blz. DL s.v. 'tail' ll A 'sugV, {DQA}
'si_ugc 'nape of the neck' > NaT {ADb.} 'sugsun 'nape of the neck, withers' > OT {Cl.} susgun
'backside, rump, (?) spinal column', {DTS} susIun 'spinal column', MQp suIsun 'shoulder, upper
part of the back', OOsm sugsun, Tk sugsun, suysun 'occiput, withers (:arinoi, :aipnnoi)', Az
suysun 'withers' (xonia), Alt suIscncI 'jugular vertebrae' Cl. 836, DTS 518, TL 234-5 AmTg
'sug-li(n) 'withers, mane' ({ADb.} sug-li 'mane') > Nn Nh soglt, Nn KU solt, Ul suni 'wild boars
mane', Orc suli 'mane', Ork suli 'withers (of a horse\deer\bear)' STM II 7O ADb. MSR 2OO, TL
234 ll D {GS} 'sccu'y- > Tm cuval 'nape of the neck, upper part of the neck, back, mane', ? Ml cumal
'shoulder', [ N 'ciIU 'side part of the base of limbs (shoulder, hip)'?] Kui suIor`i - suIoli 'shoulder-
blade', Brh cuy 'nape of the neck' D #2696 ^ Blz. DA #25 (D, HS, A + unacceptable
comparisons with IE, etc.) , Blz. LB #6i (EC, D, A + unc. Ag) ^ Cp. Yn 'suga 'backwards' (
) .
2O25. ? 's'ugjV,lV 'produce sounds by voice or by blowing' > HS: S 'zgl (as < ''sgl?) > Ar
zgl G (pf. ajiza zagila) 'sing, speak loudly', (of several persons) 'produce noise by laughing and
speaking loudly' BK I 975 ll IE: NaIE 'svci_g"g"l-/'svig"g"l- 'produce sound by blowing' > Gt
sviglon 'to blow a flute', OHG svcgala 'flute, pipe (Schwegel, Flte, Pfeife, Orgelpfeife), Rohr', {OsS}
svcglon 'to blow a Schwegelpfeife', NHG Schvcgcl 'flute', AS {Ho.} svccl 'music', {Fs.} svcl-horn
'trumpet horn' || ? L sibila- v. 'whistle' Fs. 467, Ho. 334, Kb. 998, OsS 9O7, KM 691, WH II 531-2.
EI 72 ('svci_g"l-) ll U: FU 'sElgV or 'sEglV > pObU 'sIloy- 'to hiss (zischen)' > pVg 'saIl- > Vg
LK/MK sal- id.; pOs 'sIloy--'saloy- > Os: Y sIloy-, K saloy-, Kz soi-; Ty sIloylo- id., Vy soloy- {Trj.}
'to hiss' (of snakes) Ht. #591, KrT 864, 89O, Ps. 2O64, Trj. S 437.
2O26. ? 'SZigiRV ' (part of a) leg' > HS: Ch: Bks {J} saIur 'leg' | Ngz {Sch.} zIgIr 'leg, foot', Bd
{ChL} szgsrsn 'leg' || ? CCh (unless to N 'ssidV or 'sscdV 'lower part, leg', q.v.): Tr {Nw.} sara,
Gnd {ChL} sars, Hw {ChL} sara, Pdl {ChL} ssr.ti, HgN {Mk.} strra, HgF/HgG {ChL} stra, Lmn Hd {Lk.}
ssra, Mdr {Eg.} sira, {ChL} stra, Gzg D {Lk.} sar, Glv {Rp.} sig, Gdf {IL} sign, Dgh {IL} ssgc, {Frk.}
s `gc, Ngs sigo, Mtk {Sb.} saI, Mkt {Ro.} siI 'leg' JI II 22O-1, ChC, Sch. DN 18O, ChL ll A: M
'siira 'shank, leg (of animals)' > WrM sigira, HlM mnnp id., 'hoof', WrO siyirc 'legs, stands', Kl mnnp sir
'shank; leg of a tripod', {Rm.} sir
o
'Bein (von den Knien nach unten), Klauen (der Wiederkuer,
Schweine, etc.), Fsse des Dreifusses', MM [MA] ry$ sira ({Pp.} sira) 'legs (of a tripod?), Ord {Ms.}
sira 'partie infrieure de la jambe dun animal', Mnr H {SM} sira 'leg'; M 1 WrMc sira 'shin-bone;
shank of birds' Pp. MA 335, MED 7O2, Krg. 449, KRS 671, KW 363, SM 397, Z 614 NaT 'sigra,
{ADb.} 'siyqra (> 'siqar, siqir) 'ankle (no(iia), shank' > Az siqir 'part of the leg between foot and
ankle (nionoria)', Qrg siyra 'counter of a boot, heel', Tv sar 'part of the foot from the instep up to
the toes', siri ({ADb.}: < 'siqr-i) 'hoof'; d : 'sigir-gaI or {ADb.} 'siqir-jg,aI 'shank, shin-bone' > Chg
{Vm.} "r9yS siyji,raq (read by Rs. [ Vm.?] as siyraq) 'shin-bone', Nog, Qq, Qmq siyraq, VTt, SbTt
s+yraq 'shank', VTt {Rl.} s+y+raq - soraq 'shin-bone', Qzq cinpaI siyraq, Qrg siyraq 'shank, shin-bone',
Ux siyraq 'shank, ankle', Tlt {Rl.} siraq 'the leg from the hoof up to the knee', Alt siyraq 'pastern,
knee', Tv siryaq 'shank (of animals), metacarpus, metatarsus', as well as possibly (but not
necessarily) 'siqir-gaI 'hoof' > Chg {PC} saqraq, Tk sirnaI 'hoof (of bovines)', Tkm siqraq 'hoof of
artiodactyls', Uz Xwr siqiraq 'leg (of an animal)' -q- in the stem 'siqirgaI (if it belongs here) and in
ADb.s rec. (if valid) remains obscure Rs. W 415, TL 287, ADb. SR 313-4, Rl. IV 626, 681, 1O52,
TatR 495, Tm. 196, MM 31O, NogR 319, KrkR 6O1, KumRS 293, Jud. 917, BT 186 Tg 'sira
({ADb.}: < 'siqra) > WrMc sira 'shin-bone (of humans, mammals), thigh (of birds)' STM II 94 TL
287, KW 363, ADb. SR 313-4 ^ The T cognate suggests N 'S-, while Ngz and Bd are likely to point to
a voiced initial cns. (but definite results may be obtained not before a detailed historical phonology
of Chadic is elucidated).
2O27. 's'ayyU 'surface of water' > K 'zyva 'sea' > OG zyua, G zyva, Mg zyva, Lz zyua (A G?),
zuya-, (m)zoya, Sv UB/L/Ln {TK, GP, Dn.} uyva, Sv LB {TK} uyva - zuyva (with anaptyctic u, acc. to
Klimov) K 89 & K
2
62 ('zyva-), FS K 136, FS E 147 ('zoyv-), GP 278, Dn. s.v. uyva, Ni. s.v. xopc,
TK 847 ll HS: S 'ssay- > Ar say- 'eau qui se rpand et coule la surface du sol' BK I 1176 ^ K
'zy- < ''sy (as ) ^ Cf. N 'c'a?ivE (or 's'a?ivE?) 'body of water, wet\swampy ground' (q.v. ffd.),
which is not identical with N 's'ayyU, as can be seen in the reflexes of the initial lrs. and in the
absence of expected traces of ' in the reflexes of 'cs'a?ivE.
2O28. 'saIV 'sit, dwell' > HS 'sIn > S 'sIn 'to seat, settle, dwell' > BHb sIn G 'settle;
remain, stay, dwell', Ph sIn G 'dwell, settle', Ug sIn G {OLS} 'be situated, settle, dwell', msInt
'place of residence', IA, BA sIn G 'dwell', JEA sIn G {Sl.} 'settle, sink, reside, dwell', SmA sIn G
'settle down, dwell', Sr sIn G 'alight, perch, settle, rest upon', Ar sIn G 'stop; be still;
dwell\abode in', Ak sIn G vt. 'place (sth. for a particular purpose), set' KB 1386-9, 179O, HJ
1134, A #26O6, OLS 436-7, Js. 1575, Sl. 1145, Lv. IV 553, JPS 577, Tal 894-5, Ln. 1392, Hv. 328, Sd.
1134-9, CAD XVII 116-57 Ch: WCh 'sI(n), {Stl.} 'suIn- 'sit, rest' > P {MSk.} siIi 'sit, dwell, live',
Jmb {Sk.} sinIs 'sit' | Bg {ChL} sIgInc, Gj {ChL} suIi, Zul {ChL} ya suIu 'rest', Plc {ChL} sIInI, {Sh.}
ssI, Dw {Sh.}, Ds D/Bn, Brw, Wnd {Sh.} suI 'sit' | Fy {J} siI v. 'take a rest' ('rasten, ausruhen') ||
CCh: ZmB {Sa., J} suI 'sit', ZmD {KNC} su`I 'rester, sasseoir' Stl. ZCh 177 [#295], ChC, ChL, J R 89,
MSk. 2O3, Sk. NB 4O, Sh. SB 37, KNC 24 SC: Irq {E} suInunu?at- v. 'squat', {EldM} saI"ncnc?-it-
'squat (on the haunches) || ? Dhl {EEN} suIIcm- 'remain still', {To.} suIcm- 'be still' E SC 351,
EldM61, EEN 25, To. D 147 B 'sIn > Ah osIon 'stand on hind legs' (of quadrupeds), Ty/ETwl
{GhA} +sIon 'se tenir debout sur les pied de derrire en appuyant ceux de devant contre larbre,
pour brouter'; NrB: Tmz {MT} sIon (pf. sIon) 'habiter, loger', Izn {Ds.} osxon (pf. isxon), BSn {Ds.}
osIon (pf. 'ycsIon), Mtm {Ds.} osIon 'habiter', osxon 'demeurer', Wrg {Dlh.} osIon (pf. yosIin) 'habiter,
loger'; NrB sIn may be a loan from Ar (cp. Ar Mrc sIon 'become calm and quiet; live, dwell, reside')
Fc. 1814-5, GhA 171, Ds. B 161, MT 63O, DMA 136-7 OS #224O (HS 'siIun- 'dwell, sit') [S, Ch,
SC], Tk. I 236 & Tk. SCC 84 [#12.14] (S, C, B + unc. Eg snc 'Fundament, Grundri', sncy 'grnden')
S, Ch 'n and B 'H are extensionsll A 'ssagV (or '-bv-) 'sit, seat, be seated' > M 'sa'yu- 'sit' > WrM
sagu-, HlM su- 'sit, be seated, dwell, reside', MM [HI] {Ms.} sau 'sit down, sit, dwell (sasseoir, tre
assis, demeurer)', [IsV] sau- 'sit down', [L] sau-ba, {MA, IM] su-ba 'sit', Ord {Ms.}, Mnr H {SM} su-, {T}
su-, Mnr M {T} sau- 'sit, dwell, stay', MMgl {Iw.} sau-Iu, Mgl {Lg.} sou'- - sau-, {Rm.} su-, Dx {T} sau-,
Dg {Lg.} s`o-, s`u_o-, Ba {T} su- 'sit' MED 658, S AJ 237 [#81], Pp. MA 328, 447, Lg. VMI 63, SM
355, T 36O, T DnJ 133, T BJ 147, Iw. 131, Rm. M 39 ? pJ 'suva- v. 'sit' > OJ suv-u {Mr.} 'sit' > J: T
suvaru 'sit, be seated', K suvattcru, Kg suva] S AJ 267 [#67], Kenk. 1854, Mr. 76O (suvaru <
'suba-ra- < 'zuba-ra-) S AJ 277 [#64].
2O29. 'saIE 'scIE ({AD} 'ss-) 'strew, spread' > HS 'sVI- 'sow, strew, scatter' > Eg fP scy id.
EG IV 346-7, Fk. 255 Ch: WCh: Hs suIa 'sow' || CCh: Chb ssgati, Bu {Hf.} thliIa (= ]sciIa.] ?)
'sow' | Msg P {Trn.} suIi, soIa, Mlw suIi 'faire le trou avant de semer', Mbara {Trn.} coI 'sow' Ba.
944-5, Hf. B 135. Trn. LM 6O NrOm: Kf {C} soI-, Mch {L} soIIi- v. 'seed', Shn {Lm.} soIa n.
'seed' ('Saat, Same') EC: Ged ({Lm.}: ?}) soI- 'sow' (the glottalization '-I- > -I- may be due to the
initial lr. of the aux. verb that underlies suffix-conjugated verbal forms) C SE IV 496, L M 5O, Lm.
Sh 374-5 OS #23O3 (Eg, Hs, Om), Tk. I 236 (Eg, Ch [Hs, CCh], Om) Tk. I 236 ll IE: NaIE 'scgg-
v. 'sow' > L scgcs (gen. scgctis) 'seed (Saat)' ( 'standing corn, crop'), ? Scia 'goddess of seed'
(< 'scg-i_a) (unless 'sc- 'to sow') || MW schc 'Same', OW scgcticion 'prolis'; MW hcu ('hou_), W, Crn
hau v. 'sow' WP II 4O8, P 887, WH II 5O9-1O, LP 35.4, Bc. 5O5 ll A 'sEIi ({SDM97} 'scIi) {AD}
'strew, spread' > Tg 'scgI- v. 'litter (branches of conifer on the flour), cover the flour with sth.' >
Ewk ssi-, Lm hs- " ho- 'litter branches of conifer on the floor of a tent as bedding', Neg ssI- 'litter
branches of conifer in order to cut animals meat or fish on them', Ork ssi- " ssyi- 'litter branches of
larch or spruce needles on the floor, spread sth. on the floor', Ul ssgi- 'to spread bedding'; Tg 'scgdi
(A M?) > Nn Nh/KU ssgi, Ul ssgdi- 'spread' ('pa:nonr'), Ork, Ul ssgdi 'bedding (no(crnnia)', Sln
sstts-, Orc ssItu, ssgdi id., 'bed', WrMc scIi 'bedding of a room\nest', 'bedding\litter in a stall for
skinning carcasses'; Tg 'scI-tc- 'spread\stretch (e.g. branches as bedding)' > Ewk ssIts- 'spread
branches as bedding', Neg ssIts 'branches of coniferous trees as bedding', ssItsv- 'make the bed',
Nn Nh/KU ssgi id., ssIts 'cloth [nonornnc] (made of fish skin)', Ork ssIti(n-) id., Ud soItou(n-)
'bedding (made of a hide, bark, etc.)', Ul ssItu- 'make up a bed', WrMc scItc- 'spread bedding, make
up a bed', 'spread (hemp in a field to dry it)', scItcfun 'bedding, rug, straw-bed; cushion' STM II
136-7 pJ {S} 'siI- v. 'litter, strew' > OJ siI-, J: T siI-, K/Kg siI- S QJ #389, Mr. 751 M: WrM
{Kow.} scIci 'herbes quon tend sur le lit dune femme qui accouche, ou quon met dans les matelas
ou sous le tapis, herbes que les animaux\oiseaux tendent dans leurs tanires ou dans leurs nids'
(1 Yk saIsa - saIsa - sa_sa - soIso - saIta - satta 'bedding of branches') MED 682, Kow.
1366, Pek. 215O, STM II 137 DQA #1952 [A 'szcgi 'to litter; mat' > Tg, J] ll D (att. in NED)
'c'aI- > Krx ca:x- c. 'sow, scatter seed', Mlt {Drs.} cagc 'dividem scatter, sow' D #2431 ^ NED 'a
(if it is from D 'a), Tg and M 'c are likely to go back to N 'a ^ Blz. DA 163 [#1O9] (suggested to
equate HS with D). .
2O3O. 'SahI'a ({AD} 'ss-) 'to search, find, know' > IE 'schg-/'shg- > NaIE 'sag-/'sog- 'scent out,
track, search' (originally referring to hunt) > L sagi- 'scent out' (Cicero: scntirc sagirc acutc cst)
'perceive quickly, feel keenly', sagax (< 'sog-) 'scenting sth. well' 'keen, acute', sagus 'prophetic,
soothsaying' || OIr saig- 'seek out', {Vn.} 'chercher atteindre, tendre vers, rechercher', Crn hcdhy
'try to reach\attain' ('chercher atteindre'), W hacddu id. ( 'deserve, merit'), {EI} 'earn, gain',
cyrhacddu, cyrracdd 'reach\attain' ('atteindre'), MW dyhacdd, Crn drchcdhy, MBr dirhacs id. (Erd.: with
pxs. do- + '()ro-) || Gk cooi, Gk D ocooi 'lead the way, go before; believe, hold (have the
opinion)', - Gk cev, te 'one who leads, leader', kuv-ct) 'huntsman' (lit. 'who leads the
dogs') || Gt soI|an, ON soI|a, NNr soI|a, Sw soIa, Dn sogc, OHG suohhcn (> NHG suchcn), OFrs scIa
'seek, look for', AS socan id. (> d NE bcsccch); Gt soIn-s 'toi), Untersuchung, Streitfrage', ON
soIn 'Suchen, Untersuchung, Streit', AS soIn 'Untersuchung, Nachfrage', - NE sccI Ht saI(I)- /
scI(I)- 'know, find out' WP II 449, P 876, EI 5O5-6 ('sch_g- 'perceive acutely, seek out'), Mn.
11O7, Dev. #7O3, WH II 464-5, EM 589, Vn. S 9-12, Ern. 175, AHD 1537, F I 621-2, Fs. 442, Vr. 529,
577, Ho. 3O6, Kb. 992, Schz. 276, KM 762, F I 621-2, Ts. W 67 ll HS: S 'sIh Sh

'find' > IA, JA [Trg.],
JEA [BT], SmA Sr sIh Sh

id., Ak {Sd.} sI Sh

(with vowels suggesting < 'h) 'procure
(beschaffen)' (?) HJ 1132-3, Js. 1572, Sl. 1143-4, Tal 892, Br. 775, Sd. 121O (s.v. scIum) EC
{Ss.} 'sag-/'sog- 'to predict' > Or {Th., Brl.} fag-, Or B {Vnt.} fag- 'foretell, predict', Dbs soI- 'predict',
Brj sa'gana 'a particular family with power for rain-making' Ss. B 162, Th. 126, Brl. 14O-1, Vnt. 51,
AMS 185 ll A 'sXg- > T 'sag 'intellect, intelligence' > OT {Cl.} [MhK] 'S say 'intellect (?al-aqlu),
intelligence, sagacity (?al-fitna val-oaIa)' ? T 'saI 'alert, awake' > OT saq id., Tkm Oaq 'vigilant',
'light (sleep)', Tk saI 'vigilant; sleeping light', Bsh haq, ET, VTt, Qmq saq 'vigilant, prudent, cautious',
Qq, Qrg saq 'watchful, cautious', Nog, Qzq saq id., 'prudent' Valid only if the primary meaning is
'alert' rather than 'awake' Cl. 8O3, 8O5-6, MKD 152, Sht. 17O, TkR 55, Nj. 497 pKo 'saIi- >
MKo saIi-, NKo sagi- 'read characters, interpret', MKo sagu_i-, NKo saIoi_- 'know each other, make
acquaintance' S QK #81, Nam 282, MLC 868, 92O AmTg 'scIu- > Ul ssxuli, Nn Nh ssxur 'keen (of
ear), 'light' (of sleep)', Ul ssxulu/i- v. 'sleep light', Nn ssxsuci- id., 'be vigilant' STM II 13O DQA
#1957 [A 'scI`u 'preserve, be aware': T 'saI, Ko, Tg + unc. J 'suI- v. 'like' and M 'saIi- 'protect']
l ??? A {DQA} 'sogu- 'search, choose' (influenced by N 'SuhKV 'wish, covet' [q.v.]?) > T 'sogra- > OT
[MhK] {Cl.} suyr-ut- 'search' (ol anin avin suyruttu 'he searched his house'); possibly: T 1 WrM surga-,
HlM cypia- 'teach, instruct, train' 1 Tv surya- id. Cl. 816, Rs. W 433, MED 739, Tv 392 ? M
'so'yoqgu- 'choose' > MM [S] {H}, [HI] {Lew.} sooqgu-, [HI] {Ms.} soqgu- id., [MA] {Pp.} sonqu- 'try, test;
select, elect', WrM soqgu-, HlM conio-, Ord suqgu-, Dg {T} soqgo- 'choose, select', Brt lynia-, Kl cy l-
'select, elect' H 135, Lew. II 73, Ms. H 95, Pp. MA 324, MED 726, Ms. O 59, Chr. 688-9, KRS 463, T
DgJ 164 Tg 'su'gulc---c- > Nn Hh/KU ssuls-, Ul ssuls/i- - ssvlu- 'search (durchsuchen, o6iciar),
WrMc suvclc- - scolc- id., 'look for (e.g., a hidden thing)' STM II 134, Z 575, 653 pJ 'sunIur-
'choose, select' > OJ sugur-, J: T sugur-, K sugur-, Kg sugur- S QJ 1292, Mr. 758 DQA #21O5
() M 'siqaya- 'look searchingly, take aim' and Tg 'sigi- or 'siga- 'peep out, look out' (cf.
DQA #1992 and N 'sEKU 'look at' [q.v.]) Pp. VG 115, 132 (M, Tg) A {DQA} 'sogu- is a qu.
cognate because of the unexpected vw. 'o.
2O31. 'saIjV,?u 'to plait, tie, bind, wicker' > K 'sIv- 'tie (up), bind (up)' [ N 'zaIU 'to tie
(up)', q.v. ffd.] ll HS: C: Ag 'saI-, {Ap.} 'say-/saq- v. 'sew, weave' > Bln sa_-, Xm saq-, Q say-, Km sa_-
(?), Aw say- / saqi || Dhl {EEN} saIa?- v. plait, twist', ? soI- v. 'twist (sth.)' Ap. IC 37, R WB 299, AD
SF 1O1, E SC 182, EEN 23-4 Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'saI- v. 'weave' > Hs saIa, Gw {Mts.} i saIa, Kfr {Nt.}
saI, Ang {Flk.} saI id. | CCh: Msg sasaIc v. 'weave', Afd {Stz.} szaIIa [saIIa] 'Weberstuhl', vanszaIa 'I
weave' (= '[u-vhan saIa] 'I make weaving') This Ch is to be distinguished from 'cg v. 'plait,
weave' (which may be a loan from KnT: Teda caga-, Knr saga- 'weave') Stl. ZCh 177 [#298], Flk.
s.v. saI, ChC s.v. 'weave', S. 341 ? B 'HsI > 'Hsy > Ah -asoy 'joindre, unir, coudre [brocher de
feuilles de manire former un cahier]', ETwl, Ty asoy 'joindre, unir, relier' Fc. 1831-2, GhA 17O
Sk. HCD 226 Eg fP sc: ({EG} st:) v. 'spin, weave', DEg st:, Cpt Sd tw: id. EG IV 355, Fk. 255,
Er. 474, Vc. 198 ??? CS 'sII 'weave, plait' > BHb sII G 'weave, form', JPA sII G 'hedge in', JA
[Trg.] sII D 'weave', JEA sII D 'cover over'; the S cognate is acceptable if one admits secondary
affricatization due to the infl. of CS 'nsI (< N 'Ncc`V 'to plait, tie together' [q.v. ffd.] 'saIjV,?u)
KB 664, 712) Js, 99O, Sl. 81O-1 Tk. I 76 ll U: FU 'saIu 'to plait' ( N 'zaIU 'to tie (up)') >
ObU 'scy- - 'soy- (= 'scy"-) 'to plait' > pVg 'sa- id. > Vg: T sav, LK/MK/UK/P/SV sa-/sa, NV
sa-/sav-, LL sa-/sa-, UL/Ss sa- id.; pVg sa 'plait, tress of hair' ({Mu.} 'Haarflechte, Zopf') >
Vg: T sav, LK/MK/UK/NV sa, SV/LL sa, UL/Ss sa id.; pOs {Ht.} 'soy- ({ Hl.} 'soy-) 'to plait' >
Os: V/Vy so-, Ty sa'"-, Y sa'v-, D/K/Nz/Kz/O scv- id.; pOs 'soy ({ Hl.} 'soy) 'plait of hair' > Os:
V/Vy so, Ty sa'", Y sa'v, D/K/Nz/Kz/O scv id. - FU 'saItV 'to plait (bark shoes, a basket),
mend (e.g. a net)' > pLp {Lr.} 'ccIts- v. 'mend (a net)' > L: S {Hs.} t|iItcdh, L {LLO} t|iItct, N {N}
ciI'tct v. 'mend (seine or some other net)', Kld {SaR} unxxry, {TI} cix:tad_ id. | Prm 'scItal- > Z
ssItav-n`I v. 'plait (bast sandals, a basket)', Yz soItal- v. 'add [plait in] birch bark to plaited bast
sandals' ('npo(cpinnar niionic nanrn 6cpccron'), Vt cnira siIta- v. 'mend bast sandals', Z ssItan, Vt
siItan 'iouc(ii (an instrument for plaiting bast sandals)' || Os: Ty/O sa't- v. 'darn (nets), D sa't- v.
'darn (nets, stockings)' Ht. 182 [#571], BV 96, MK 5O9, Coll. 75, UEW 47O, Sm. 554 (FP 'saIti-
'mend'), It. #283, Lr. #15O, Lgc. #573, N I 39O, Hs. 1321, SaR 394-5, TI 665-6, LG 269-7O, Lt. J 182
ll A: AmTg 'saIta-n, 'saIta-ma 'wickerwork' > Orc saIta(n-), Nn Nh/KU saqta, Nn B sa_ta(n-), Ul saqta(n-)
'reed mat', Ul saqtama 'wicker basket (of reed)', Nn Nh saqtama 'basket' STM II 57, 136-7 M
'sagsujn, - 'scgsujn,: [1] 'sagsujn, 'wicker basket' > WrM sagsu, HlM caic 'basket made from bamboo':
M 1 WrMc saqsu id., 'wickered container for corn (made of willow-branches)'; [2] 'scgsujn, > WrM
scgsu 'small basket', {Kow.} scIsu 'corbeille dcorce, petit panier dcorce', HlM cyic 'small basket',
Ord scgsu 'basket for carrying soil on ones back'; [3] possibly also M 'scgl- > WrM scgli, HlM cyinnn
'mat or rug made of grass' MED 658, 682, Kow. 1366, Z 558 pKo 'sInr- > MKo sInr v, NKo Ial-
'spread out [as mat]' S QK # 741, Nam 22, MLC 44 DQA #1952 [A 'szcgi 'to litter; mat', incl.
M 'scgl-, Ko] The vw. 'a in T 'saIta- and M 'sagsujn, (for the expected T 'a and M 'c) is due to
vowel harmony (infl. of the vw. of sxs.) ^ Blz. KM 119-2O (K, HS). .
2O32. ??? 'sVIVRV 'intoxicating drink' ( 'alcoholic drink') > HS: S 'si'Iar- - 'saIar- id. > BHb
rk1S4 sc'Iar, Ak siIaru(m), siIru(m) 'alcoholic drink, beer', Sr so'Iar, em. saI'r-a ' alcoholic drink,
oikco', JA [Trg.] ar!k6S5 siI'ra 'alcoholic drink', JEA saI'ra, siI'ra 'alcoholic drink nor made of
grapes', Md saIra ' alcoholic drink', SmA sIr TD 'become intoxicated', msIh sIr 'intoxicant'
(msIh 'beverage'), Ar saIar- {Ln.} 'alcoholic drink (wine, beverage prepared from dried dates, etc.)';
S (Hb, Aram?) 1 Gk [LXX] oikco ' fermented liquor, strong drink'; S 'sIr G 'be(come) drunken'
> BHb sIr, Ar, Gz sIr, Ak sIr G id.; - Cn 'siaIIaran- > BHb N&rk`1S5 siIIa'ron, Ug sIrn
'drunkenness' KB 139O-1, Tal 895, PS 416O, Br. 777, Js. 1576, Lv. T II 68O, Sl. 1145-6, Sd. 1232,
Ln. 13OO-1, A #26O, OLS 437, Ch. 1OO3 ll A: pKo {S} 'suir 'wine, alcoholic drink' > MKo
suir - suur, NKo sul (acc. to Starostin, A '-I- > Ko ) S AJ 256 [#12O], S QK #12O, BKRS 749,
MLC 1O18.
2O33. 's'oKU 'to follow' > IE: NaIE 'scI"- id. > OI 'sacatc 'accompanies, follows', Av hacaitc
'accompanies' || Gk ctooi 'I follow' || L scquitur 'follows' || OIr scchithir 'follows' || Lt scIti (prs. scIu) 'to
follow, follow the trail of, watch, observe', Ltv {Frn.} scIt (prs. scIu - sccu) '(ver)folgen, spren',
'wittern' (von Hunden)' P 896-7 (does not distinguish this from IE 'scI"- 'see, look' < N
'sEKU 'look at, watch, see' [q.v.]), EI 2O8, M K III 417, WH II 519-2O, Vn. S 62, F I 544-5, Frn. 773
ll HS: S '-ssuI- > Ar svq (ip. -suq-) v. G 'drive (the cattle\ beast), urge (the cattle) to go' Ln.
147O-1 Eg sI 'drive (animals)' (with a puzzling unexpected , probably due to the infl. of the
homonymous verb sI 'cause to enter' I 'enter, go in') EG IV 55-6, Fk. 215 ?, C: EC: pSam
{Hn.} 'sug- > Sml sug- 'wait', Rn sug- 'wait for, await' Hn. S 74, PG 268 ll ? A: Tg: WrMc {Z}
so_ada- ~ so_ata- v. 'harness tandem, harness one behind the other', {Hr.} sohan 'tandem' Z 673,
STM II 1O5, Hr. 857.
2O34. UA 'soKX 'blind' > U: FU (att. in BF) 'ssso(I)IV > F soIca, Krl K soIic, Krl A
so(v)cta - so(v)cta, sohcta, Vp sogcd 'blind', Es sogc, Es E soIc, Lv sogds id.; F soIIo 'blindman', Krl K
coIIo - coIIo id. (acc. to SK, Krl affricatization is of affective origin) SK 1O6O-3, Don. VW 1689,
ZM 516, Kt. 976 ll A 'soj:,I`u ({SDM97} 'soI`u) 'see badly, have bad eyesight' > M 'soqu- > d
'soqu-r 'blind' > MM [S] soqor, [L, MA, IsV, HI] soqar, [IM] soyur, WrM {MED} soqur, {Lg., SM} soqor, HlM
coxop, Ord {Ms.}, Ba {T} so_or, Mnr H {SM} sog_uor, {T} sogor, ShY {Ktw. Ml.} coiop, Dg {T} soqor, {T
DgJ} coiop, coiop, Dx {T} sugo 'blind'; d 'soqu-i_- 'be(come) blind' > WrM soqui-, HlM coxon- id.; M
'soqu-la- > WrM soqula-, HlM coxno-, Mnr H {SM} sog_uoli- vt. 'make blind', {T} sogoli- 'put out sb.s
eyes', Dx {T} sugolu- 'make blind, become blind'; d 'soqu-ra- 'become blind' > WrM soqura, HlM
coxpo-, Mnr H {SM} sog_uoro-, {T} sogoro- id.; M 'soqur 1 WrMc soxor 'blind', T (in texts not prior to
Mongolian conquest): MQp [CC], Chg, ET soqur, Alt {B} soqor, Alt/Tlt {Rl.} soqqor, Yk so__or, Chv L
suII+r 'blind', etc.; M 'soqu-l- 1 Tlt {Rs. ?} soq-l-un 'be blind'; the T words are loans, as suggested
by their chronology and the presence of the M derivational sxs. -r and -l- Pp. MA 324, 447, Pp. L
III 58, H 135, Ms. H 95, Lg. VMI 64, MED 73O, SM 352, KW 329, T 36O, T DgJ 19O, T DnJ 134, T BJ
147, Ktw. OuJ 443,Rs. W 426, Rl. IV 522-3, BT 129 Tg {SDM} 'soIa- > Ewk {Cs.} soIoti, {STM}
coIoti 'one-eyed, squint-eyed', Lm oIott, Neg oIto_o, Orc coItoIo, Ul coqto, Ork toqto id., 'blind in
one eye' pKo {S} 'si_oIu_oq 'blind' > MKo si_oIi_oq, NKo sogi_oq S QK 365, Nam 312, MLC 969
S AJ 17, SDM97 s.v. 'soI`u (M, Tg, Ko T 'saqi 'mirage' OJ suI- 'be transparent'); after
rejection of the T cognate the rec. of a long pA 'o is no longer justified ^ Rs. UAW 25, IS SS
#13.16, IS MS 365 (Rs. and IS adduce T soIir 'blind' as a genetic cognate of M 'soqur) ^ N 's- is
reconstructed on the combined ev. of U 'sss- and A 's- (acc. to my working hyp., regularly from N
's-).
2O35. UA 'ssoKV 'to stick fast, be stuck\motionless' > U: FU 'ssoIIV (or ssaIIV) > Ugr
'OoaIIV 'stick fast, be stuck; get into' > ObU {Ht.} 'OoI- > pVg {Ht.} 'taIn- 'stick fast, be stuck' > Vg:
T taIn-, LK/UK/UL/Ss taxn-, MK taxn- id.; pOs {Ht.} 'oI- 'be stuck (hngen\sitzen bleiben)' > Os: V
loqIn-, Ty aq"In-, D/K to_on-, Nz tu_on-, Kz u_on- 'hngen bleiben', V loIon-, Vy yoIon- 'sitzen
bleiben' | Hg aIad- 'get stuck\caught (in)', aIaszt- vt. 'hang' UEW 845-6, MF 78, Ht. #122 ll A: M
'soqsu- > WrM {MED} sogsui-, HlM {MED} coicon- 'sit idle; stand up (of hair); stick up\out', WrM
{Kow.} soqsoi- 'tre immobile; se taire tout dun coup, garder la silence', Kl {Rm.} soIsi-_o
'unbeweglich sitzen, lautlos sitzen\sein'; WrM {Rm. ?} sogsu-gar-, Kl soIs
o
yor 'unbeweglich und
wortlos dasitzend'; M 1 WrMc {Z} soIso_on (pl. soIso_ori) '(sits) frowned\gloomy\silent\far from
others' MED 723, Kow. 14O8, KW 329, Z 624 T (A M?): Alt soIso {B} 'sth. protruding', soIsoy- vi.
'be\sit straight, stretch (6ir np) xix, nir) innarc) )', Alt/Tlt/QK {Rl.} soqsoi_ 'sich erheben. eine
Erhhung bilden, hervorstehen, ropuar', soqsoyin otirdi 'er sa gerade, aufrecht' BT 129, Rl. IV
526.
2O36. 'sUKX 'to drink, suck' > IE: NaIE 'scu_I- - 'scu_g- 'to suck' > L sug-o v. 'suck' || ON suga,
s|uga 'to suckle'; OHG sugan 'saugen, trinken', NHG saugcn, ON suga, OSx sugan, AS suan - sucan 'to
suck', NE sucI || OIr suigid 'sucks' || Ltv suIt (1s prs. sucu) id., 'to sip' Ht saIiuvai v. 'water
(horses)' (absence of the expected labial glide is puzzling) But NaIE 'so'I"o-s 'juice, sap' (> L
sucus and Sl 'soI+ 'juice') belongs to N 'zUK'u 'juice' (q.v. ffd.) WP II 469, EI 556
('scu_g- - 'scu_I- 'suck' 'suck'), WH II 622-3, Ts. W 67, Bc. 333, Vr. 56O, Ho. 329, Ho. S 72, Kb. 984,
OsS 89O, ME III 1132, Kar. II 321 ll HS: CS 'sIy v. Sh , D 'give to drink' > BHb sIyv Sh

(pf.
eq!S6e5 his'Ia), Ug sIy Sh Sr 'q sI? (= sIyv) D , IA, SmA, JA sIy Sh

(IA hsIy, SmA hsIh)
id., JA sIy Sh

(pf. ?asIi) vt. 'give drink, water', Ar sqy D 'donner boire, faire boire souvent,
arroser'; S 'sIy G 'give to drink' [bf from 'sIy Sh , D and contamination with N 'siKX'yV
'pour'] > Ug sIy G id. ('ofrecer a beber'), Ar sqy G (pf. qaSa saqa), Sb sIy vt. G 'irrigate
(land), water (cattle)', Gz sIy G vt. 'water, irrigate', Jb E/C {Jo.} 'sc'Ic 'water (animals), irrigate',
Mh hIy G (pf. hIu) 'give water to', (pf. hsIu) 'give a drink, irrigate', Jb E/C {Jo.} 'sc'Ic, Sb
sIy, OAk, Ak OA saIa?u, Ak OB saIu v. 'irrigate', Ak saIu 'give to drink' GB 86O, KB 1512-4,
HJ 1186, Yal 925, OLS 451, Js. 1622, BGMR 128, L G 511, Jo. M 155, Sd. 1181 C: Ag 'sI" v.
'drink' > Xm {R} ssq"- (suq-), Aw {R} scIu v. 'drink' (labialization in 'I" reflecting the preceding
labial vw.?) R Ch II 93-4 Ch (N 'siKX'yV ''): Tng {J} soIc v. 'give water to a baby' | Bd {Sch.}
ssgin / ss?yin 'drink' || CCh: Higi {Kr.}: HgNk sc_"i, HgB su_u, FlG scg"i, HgK saI"u / sc_"u, HgG scg"i
v. 'drink' Stl. ZCh 177 [#296], J T 146, ChL I 26O & II 135, 145, 155, 165 OS #222O ll A
'suuj:,IV 'beverage (juice, sap, etc.)' > M 'siu-sun 'juice, sap, beverage' > WrM sigusun, HlM mc
'sap, juice, Brt mlyn, Kl {KRS} mcn suson 'juice', Kl {Rm.} susn id., Kl D {Rm.} 'Lauge, Suppe
mit Salz' ( N 'zUK'u 'juice' [q.v.]) MED 7O4, Chr. 74O, KRS 688, KW 373 Tg 'su'I- 'juice' >
Neg d uyss 'stained with juice', Ud X cuo'qIi 'sap', Ud Sm {Krm.} cuoqIi, ?? Ewk d uIin
'undercooked' (of meat) [if 'having juice']; Tg 'suIsc (or '-) 'juice, sap' > Ewk uIss 'meat juice,
juice of berries, sap', Sln suts 'pitch (of trees)', Lm us 'juice (of berries, meat, fish)', Ork
suIss - tuIss 'juice of berries' STM II 411, Krm. 311 The unexpected M '-- (for '-I-) is still
puzzling (infl. of M 'siu-sun 'food, meal' < N 'sEgIV 'to eat, swallow'?) ll ? E {HK} siIV v. 'drink'
HK 1O8O.
2O37. ? 'sVIV 'honey' or 'bee' > K: GZ 'sIa- 'bee' > G sIa- 'bee-hive', Mg ()sIa-, sIa-, Lz msIa-,
mcIa- 'bee' K 164, Q 319, DCh. 1186 ll HS: C: Ag 'sa'Ial- 'honey, bee' > Bln {Ap.} saxara, Xm sara,
Km sayvya, Aw {Hz.} csyari, Knf {TBZAC} sahar Ap. IC 43, 5O Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'saI"anV 'honey' >
pBT {Stl.} 'saHani 'honey' > Bl {Mch.} saxani 'bee', Krf {Sch.} sayani, Glm {Sch.} sun, Gera {Sch.}
sina, Pr {Frz.} cigini 'honey' | NrBc 'suI"anV 'honey' > Wrj {Sk.} suI"a`nai_, Kry {Sk.} su`I"an, Jmb
{Sk.} suI"ana, Cg {Sk.} coIanc`, Sir {Sk.} su`I"uni`, My {ChL} suI"sm || ECh: Skr {Lk.} sonc 'bee',
soncn 'honey' Stl. ZCh 177 [#3O2], Sch. BTL 147, ChC, ChL, Sk. NB 26, Frz. P 25, Lk. ZSS 39 ll A:
pKo {S} 'sIur 'honey' > MKo ()sIur, NKo Iul id. S QK #421, Nam 63, MLC 217 SDM97 (A
'zugi 'juice' > Ko T '|uI 'resin, gum', M 'sigu-su & Tg 'suIsc 'juice', N 'zUK'u 'juice') ^
Blz. KM 119 [#2O] (K, Ag, Ch) .
2O38. ? 'sVKV 'to carve, to chisel' > IE 'scI- 'to chop' ( N 'saIa 'to split, cleave' [q.v. ffd.])
ll HS: Eg fXVIII sIsI {EG} 'zerhacken, zerstren', {Fk.} 'destroy' EG IV 319, Fk. 252 WCh saI-
'carve' > Hs sassaIa v. 'carpenter', ya sassaIa itacc 'he adzed bark off tree', Gw {Mts.} scscIc
v. 'carve' | Ang {Flk.} saI v. 'cut down (trees to clean a field)' | Ngz {Sch.} 3s pf. sasI-u (vb. n. sasIa,
sbjn. sasaI) 'scrape\cut off in small pieces (skin of mango, etc.); carve wood in this way' Stl. ZCh
177 [#297], Abr. H 787, Mts. G 1O8, Flk. s.v. saI, Sch. DN 144 ? EC: Or {Brl.} soI- 'carve
(scolpire)', {Th.} soI- 'scrape (raschiare)' ( Or soI- 'dig' [probably of different origin]) Brl. 38O,
Th. 3O9 OS #218O ['saI- 'cut' > Eg {OS ?} sII 'cut', WCh 'saI- 'cut (down); carpenter'] ll A:
AdS of 'saI- 'carve, rip' (> Tg {DQA} 'saI-i- 'axe', pKo 'saIi- 'carve, engrave', etc.) (< N 'saIa '',
q.v. ffd.) DQA #1899 Gr. II 86 ('ccI - 'scI 'cut') [IE, A, Gil, CK, EA] (not distinguished from N
'saIa 'to split, cut asunder').
2O39. ?? 'SuhKV 'wish, covet' > HS: WS ''shI - '-suI- (- 'sII?) 'wish, desire' > Gz shI G
'desire eagerly, wish, covet' (as s...I > s...I), sI"I" T (pf. tasaI"aI"a) 'covet so.s goods', BHb
eq!uST6 tosu'Ia 'desire', ? sII in prtc. soIc'Ia (na'so) '(his soul) has appetite', 'longing
(soul)' (Is. 29.8, ) 1O7.9), JPA aq!uS su'Ia 'eager desire' ('Begierde, Gelste, Verlangen'), Ar -suq- G
'excite a desire in', 'fill with longing' (A Aram, whence s for the expected 's?) Di. 1254 & Br. G I
169 (both: Gz-Hb-Ar), KB 1344, 1519, 1658, Lv. IV 523, Js. 154O-1, BK II 1288-9, Hv. 382, L G
551 (the connection of Gz shI with Hb and Ar "is unlikely"), L G 510 Hardly here (because of
the cns. 'z-) WCh 'zaI" ({Stl.} 'saI") 'wish, want' > Hs Sk zaIuva, Hs zaIi 'eagerness', Ngz
zaI"ai_ 'desire for, desire to do' [Stl. ZCh 196 (#474), Abr. H 968. Sch. DN 47], which may be
equated with S 'sI 'love' (> Ar sq 'love passionately') ll A: NaT 'suj:,I ({Cl.} 'suI) 'greed(y),
envy, envious' > OT {Cl.} suq 'greed; envy, envious, covetous', Tki {Shaw} suq, Nog suq 'greedy', Qrg
suq 'envy' greed (coveting other peoples goods); envious', Qq suq 'greed, envy; glutton', Uz suq
'envious, greedy (as to other peoples food)', Qzq suyanaq 'greedy (as to food)' Cl. 8O4, Shaw 125,
NogR 312, MaM 323, Jud., UzR 39O.
2O4O. 's'ajh,IV 'thick, large' > K 's`sI- - 's`suI- '(be) thick' > OG {Abul.} gan-suI- 'make fat\thick'
(Deut. 32.15, Jerem. 5.28), G (ga-)suI-cba 'to make thick', G suI-va 'to be(come) thick\fat', suI-i adj.
'fat', OG {Abul.} sIcli 'thick', G sIcli id., 'dense' (of fog) Abul. 69, 4O7, Chx. 1286, DCh. 9OO, 12O2-
3 ll U: FP {It.} saI'o, {UEW} 'saIV - 'saIIV 'thick, dense' > F saIca, Es sagc id. | pLp {Lr.} 'soIs 'thick
(dicht), dense' > Lp: S {Hs.} soogc-Ic, Vfs {Lgc.} soIs, soI:cb_s, L {LLO} suohIat id., N {N}
suoIIad 'thick' (of liquids, etc.), Kld su,Iao 'thick, dense' (of a forest, hair, porridge) | Chr: L myio
'suIo, Uf suIs, Uf/B suIo, H myii suI+ 'much' | Prm {LG} 'suI 'thick, dense' > Z/Prmk/Yz suI UEW
75O, Sm. 553 (FP 'scIita 'thick'), It. #39, Lr. #1173, Lgc. #7139, Lgc. SL #2251, Hs. 1228, MRS 731-
2, 273, Ep. 156, TI 529, LG 266 ll ? HS: S 'shI 'big, heavy' > Ar sahhaq-at- 'femme grande et qui
a les mamelles frasques et pendantes', sahuq- 'high, big' (of a palm-tree, donkey. etc), SmA shI
'high', shvI 'heavens', BHb qh2S2 'sahaI 'heaven', MHb 'sahaI (pl. soha'Iim) 'clouds, heaven',
name of one of the seven heavens, JA [Trg.] aq!h9S6 sah"'I-a id. BK I 1O61, Tal 886, KB 1358, Js.
1551, Lv. IV 536, Lv. T II 47O B '(v)zHI 'heavy' > Ah azuI 'heavy', Gd zaI (pf. czzaI) 'be
heavy' (emphatic 'z due to the infl. of 'H?) ll ??? D 'caI-, ({GS} 's-) 'make grow, bring up' ( vt.
*'to make fat, fatten') > Kt caI 'make grow, rear, support', Kn saIu 'bring up, foster, rear, nurse',
Kdg caI 'rear up (child, young animal)', Tu san'Iu- v. 'foster, noutish, nurse, bring up', Tl saIu
'rear, bring up' D #2477 ^ If the N etymon is 's'ahIV, K '-I- goes back to a cluster '-hI- (ass.
deglottalization of '-I- by the adjacent 'h that yields K ').
2O41. 'siKj,a [or (less probably) 'siKjy,a] 'to sink' > IE: NaIE 'scI- 'to sink' (of water), 'flow
down', 'dry up, be exhausted' (of liquid) > OI 'a-saI-ra-, rdp a-sas'c-at 'not drying up', ? 'vi-saI-ta 'a
cow that have ceased to give milk' (vi- 'apart' + saI- (unless Mayrhofer is right in connecting it to
sa|ati 'attaches, fixes, fastens on') || Gk Hm {WP} cokcto (ev) (< rdp 'sc-sI-) 'stockte, versiegte
(die Stimme)' [twice a varia lectio in the Scholia for co_cto] || Lt scIti (prs. with a nasal infix scnIu)
'to sink, become lower' (water)', Ltv siIt (prs. sicIu) 'to dry up', Lt scIlus, Ltv scIls 'shallow' | Sl (< a
form with a nasal infix) 'scI-no-ti 'to run dry, dry up' > HLs saIac, saInyc id., P (v)siaInac, sicInac
'to become dry, be quite drained', vsiaIac, vsicIac 'sink gradually into the ground', Blg 'ccinax,
'ccina 'run dry, dry up'; Sl '|iz-scI-no-ti 'run low\dry, dry up' ('|iz- 'out') > OCS utakua:u iscInoti,
P zsiaInac, R nc'c inyr id. WP II 473, P 894-5, M K I 64 & III 227, 419, Frn. 772-3, ESSJ IX 74, Vs.
III 826 The prehistory of the IE may be reconstructed as follows: 'SiKjH,a > pre-IE ''si_cI- >
'scI- ( AD NGIE, AD NVIE) ll HS: CS 'sI v. 'sink' > BHb, JA [Trg.], JPA sI G 'sink', JEA sI D
'lower, make sink', Ar sq G 'be gone (somewhere)' (ma ?adri ?ayna saqaa 'I do not know where he
is gone'), 'stray away from the right path', 'crumble away' (of a well) GB 861, Lv. IV 6O4, Lv. T II
512-3, Sl. 1176, Fr. II 329, 5O8 ll A: Tg 'siIa- 'fall from trees\bushes' (of leaves, fruits, berries) > Nn
B/KU st_a- id., WrMc si_a- 'fall' (of leaves, flowers), 'shed hair\feathers', 'be shed' (of hair) STM II
8O, Z 597 ll D (in GnD only) 'ci(I)I-, {GS} 'ssiI- v. 'lower head' > Png hig- id., Kui siIa v. 'bend the
head down, bow\droop the head', Ku {Slz.} hiII- v. 'hang the head', {Fzg.} hiIali v. 'crouch' D
#2493.
2O42. 'siKX'yV 'to pour' > IE: NaIE 'sci_Ij",- 'pour out, strain, leak, drip' > OI scc-: 'n-present
sin'cati 'pours (out), sprinkles' (aor. asicat), 'scIa-h 'pouring out, effusion, sprinkling', Av hacI-,
hi(n)caiti 'begiet, giet aus' || Gk [Hs.] aor. )ioi oiooi 'be strained, filtered', Gk iko) 'moisture',
ikoive 'I moisten' || Gmc 'six-an ({Vr.} 'six"-an) > ON sia 'seihen', OHG sihan 'to strain (seihen,
heraus-\durch-seihen)', NHG scihcn vt. 'to filter, strain', AS sion - scon id., vi. 'exude, flow, drip'; OHG
siha, NHG Scihc, AS siohhc 'streainer, filter', ON sia 'sieve' || Sl: SCr o`ccia " o`s|cIa 'ebb' (< 'scIa), Sl
'siIati > 'sicati > SrChS tio:u, SCr sca`ti, Slv scati, Cz scati, P szczac, R cnar, Uk 'cn rn 'urinate',
iter. 'siIati > Slv siIati 'hervorspritzen', R 'cniar 'urinate' || Tc A siI- 'overflow' EI 448 ('sci_I-
'pour out; overflow'), P 893-4 ('sci_I"-), M K III 364-5, M E II 744-5, F I 717, Hofm. 123, Ho. 295,
Kb. 851, OsS 762, KM 699-7OO, Vr. 472, Glh. 541-2 ll HS ( N 'sUKX 'to drink, suck'): S 'sIy vt. G
'irrigate, water' > Ar sqy (pf. qaSa saqa), Mh hIy, Jb E/C {Jo.} 'sc'Ic, Sb sIy, OAk, Ak OA
saIa?u, Ak OB saIu v. 'irrigate', Gz sIy G v. 'irrigate, water' (ffd. cf. N 'sUKX) GB 86O, KB
1512-4, HJ 1186, BGMR 128, L G 511, Jo. M 155, Sd. 1181 Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'si_aIu > Hs scIa v.
'pour (into vessel), pour water (on a person)' | NrBc: Jmb/My/Dir {Sk.} ssIa v. 'pour in' Stl. ZCh
177 [#296], Abr. H 8O6-7, Ba. 935, Sk. NB 35, ChL ?? Eg fMK scy ({EG} st|) 'begatten, erzeugen'
(if its basic meaning is 'Samen ergieen' [as supposed by EG]) EG IV 347-8 OS #222O ll A: Tg
'scIi_c- 'pour in, flow' > Nn KU ssIs id., WrMc scIi - scIiyc v. 'stream, flow; strain (nc(nr)', scIycn
'spring (fons)' STM II 139 ?? A {DQA} ''siI`i- 'urine; urinate' > ? M 'sic- 'urinate' > MM [S]
sic-, WrM sigc-, HlM, Brt myy-, Ord sc-, Kl mcc- sc, Mnr H {SM} s_c-, Dg {Mrm.} sc- - sc- id.;
- 'sic-sun 'urine' > WrM sigcsun, HlM myyc( yn) , Ord scsu', Brt myyly( n) , Kl mcccn scsn, Mnr H
{SM} s_c_s, Dg {Mrm.} scs - scs H 139, MED 7O1-2, Ms. O 611-2, Chr. 752, KRS 669, KW 355, SM
373, Klz. D II 131 Tg 'siIcn 'urine' > Ewk iIsn, Sln si_s, Lm iIon, Neg ixsn, Ul
cigsn- - cs(n-), Ork is(n-), Nn Nh cis, Nn KU ciIs, WrMc siIc id., Ewk iIsn-, Lm iIan-, Neg ixsn-
'urinate' STM II 392-3 DQA #2189 [A 'siI`i-, 'siI`-di 'urine; to urinate', incl. M, Tg].
2O43. 'SuKurV 'parent-in-law' > IE: [1] NaIE ''svcIuro-s 'husbands father' > OI 'svasura-h, Av
x
v
asura-, NPrs rsuXu _osor, Psh s_ar id. || Gk ckuo) id. || Al v|chcrr (-rri, pl. -crr) m. id. ({O}: influenced
by Al v|chcrr 'mother-in-law') || L soccr / gen. -i || OHG svchur 'husbands father', NHG ,
Schvahcr, AS svchor - svcor, Gt svaihra id. || Lt scsuras (< 'scs-) id. | Sl 'svcIr+ 'husbands father'
> OCS tackp+ svcIr+, Blg, Uk 'cnciop, SCr svc``Iar, Slv svcIcr, Cz svcIr, Slk svcIcr, P svicIicr, R
'cncciop [1a] d : ''svcIura 'husbands mother' > Arm skesur sIcsur 'mother-in-law' (< 'IvcIur-a <
'svcIura- [as ]) || Gk ckuo id. || pAl {O} 'svcxura > Al v|chcrr (-rra, pl. -rra) f. 'mother-in-law' [2]
NaIE 'svc'Iru-s 'husbands mother' > OI sva'sru-h id., NPrs vrsXu _osru 'husbands father\mother' ||
L socrus 'husbands mother' || W chvcgr, Crn vhcgcr id.; d W chvcgrvn, Crn vhygcran 'husbands
father' || OHG svigar 'husbands mother' (> NHG Schvicgcr, Yid rogis 'svigcr), AS svccr id.; d Gmc
'svcxr-on- > Gt svaihro, ON svra id. || Sl 'svc'IrI / gen. 'svcIr+vc id. (< 'svcIru- with
depalatalization 'I > 'I within a cns. cluster) > OCS tackp svcIrI / tackp+ac svcIr+vc, R cnc'ipi, R
cnc'ipon, Blg cnc'ipna, SCr svc``Irva, Sln svcIrv, svcIrva, OCz svcIrov, P svicIra id. [3] ? NaIE
'svcIu'ro- {Wrk.} 'wifes brother' > OHG svagur - svagcr {Kb.} 'relative of a father-in-law, father-
\son-\brother-in-law' || InA: Kshm hahar 'wifes brother', Sin hura 'spouses brother' P 1O43-4, EI
85 (? 'svcIu'ro-s 'wifes brother'), 195-6 (''svcIuro-s 'father-in-law, husnands father'), 386
('svc'Iruh_-s 'mother-in-law'), Szem. KT 17-8, Wrk. 17O-1, 185-6, 19O-1, M K III 4OO-1, Vl. I 691-2,
Slt. 57-8, F I 478-9, WH II 55O-1, LP 24.4, YGM-1 156, ECCE 3O7, Fs. 462, Vr. 571, Kb. 995, 998,
1OO3, OsS 9O7-8. 914, Schz. 277, KM 687-8, 693, Ho. 334-5, O 51O-1, Frn. 977, Glh. 597 ll HS: Ch
''srK (mt ?) - ''sK"r 'in-law' ( N 'S'i'HurV 'relative-in-law', q.v.) > WCh: Hs suruIi 'father-in-law,
son-in-law', suruIa 'mother-\daughter-in-law', suruIai_ 'relations-in-law', Gw {Mts.} soroI'i
'wifes father\mother, wifes elder brother\sister, son-in-law' | AG 'ssysr ({Sch.} 'soyor, {Hf.} 'soyor)
'(father-\mother-)in-law' > Su {J} ssgsr 'father-\mother-in-law (Schwiegerleute)', Kfr {Hf.} ssysr, Ang
{Hf.} sir, Gmy {Hf.} sur, Mpn {Frz.} ss`r 'in-law' | BT: Bele {Sch.} huri 'in-law' (h- < 's-) || CCh: Mf
{BLB} suI"ar 'mother-\daughter-in-law' | BtG {Mch.} scrva 'mother-in-law' | Glv {Rp.} sugula 'wifes
mother, wifes brother, mother-in-law', Mdr {Mch.} sola 'relative-in-law' | Msy {Mch.} sIul
'mother-in-law' | Db {Mch.} soIul da 'my father-\mother-in-law, my son-in-law', {Lnh.} suIul
'relative-in-law', Kola {Sb.} suIul '(male) relative-in-law' | Lgn {Bou.} sIu 'mother-in-law' | Mtk
{Sb.} sIvar 'relative-in-law' | MsgN {Rlf.} tscgclia '(male) relative-in-law' Abr. H 829, Mts. G 1O9,
Hf. AG #1O6, J S 82, Frz. DM 58, Sch. ChV 48, Sch. BTL 17, 3O, BLB 321, RpB 82, Mch. D 148, ChC,
Nw. ChCR #74 ? EC 'sVrI- ( N 'S'i'HurV 'man of the other moiety'?) > Kns {BlSO} sarI-att-a
'brother-in-law of man', Gln {AMS} scrIo 'Schwager' ; BlSO 173, AMS 267, Ss. PEC 5
[Hardly here Ar sihr- 'kinsman, son-\brother-in-law', because the verb shr L 'to become related to
a tribe by marriage' is likely to be identical with shr L 'copulate with a woman' and be derived
from shr G 'to melt' qu. OS #437 (AG Ar sihr-) ll D 'ccr- ({GS} 's-) 'relative-in-law' > Tl cralu
'husbands brothers wife', Nk scrutra 'husbands younger brothers wife', Gnd scran`du, scrndu
'spouses younger brother, spouses younger sisters husband', Gnd B {Tr.} scriyar`, scriyal 'elder
brothers wife', Gnd Y scrcyar`, Kui sc:cn:u 'husbands brothers wife', Knd scr_on 'husbands younger
brother' (with an irreg. -r_-), Mnd |c:un 'wifes younger brother' D #2819 D '-r- (reg. reflex of
'r-clusters) goes back to '-Ir- ^ An alt. rec. (based on Ar sihr- 'kinsman', AG 'ssysr 'in-law' and D
'ccr- 'in-law') is N 'c`chjV,rV 'relative-in-law'].
2O44. 'sala 'rope, bonds' (later 'chain') > U: FU 'sala (or 's-) 'thread' > Chr H {Ep.} sol
'n) :oi y cancn' ('flexible rod used to tie together parts of a sledge'), Chr sol in Chr Uf Iit-sol
'Armband', Chr L in(mon, Chr H/Uf Iit-sol 'bracelet' || pOs 'sal > Os: V salo 'Bauchgurt (des
Rientiers), den Zugriemen tragender Riemen ber dem Rcken des Rentiers', Km sat 'um eine
Rinderschachtel genhter Verstrkungsgrtel aus Birkenrinde', Kz so Ic 'bellow belt of a
reindeer' (Ic 'rope, cord') | Hg szalag 'ribbon, band' UEW 461, Ps. OT 123, Ep. 44, 152, MRS 197,
SebZ 114, 66, MF 566-7 ll HS: CS (rdp ) 'sal'sial(-at)- 'chain' > MHb tl3S3l6S2 sal'sclct, EpJA tlsls
slslt, JA [Trg.] aT1l6S3l6S2 salscl't-a, SmA slslh 'chain', Ar lasil0Si silsilat- 'iron-chain, succession', Sr
d \o3owu sulsa'l-a 'concatenatio' Js. 159O, HJ 1155, Js. 159O, Tal 9O5, Br. 784, Fr. II 34O-1, Hv.
329 Eg s:s: {Crn.} v. 'tow (a boat)', {Mks.} 'haler un navire', Cpt: Sd tootc saasc, B tot sahs n. 'tow'
1 Ar sas- 'toupe' Mks. I #3366, Crn. 163, Vc. 197.
2O45. 'sal'a 'willow' > IE: NaIE 'saliI- 'willow' > L salix id. || OIr sail / gen. sa(i)lcch id., W hclyg,
Crn hclyI, Br halcg coll. 'willows' (snglt. W, Crn hclyg-cn. Br halcg-cnn), OBrth saliI- (in the n. l.
Salico-dunon) || ON scl|a ('salhyon), Nr scli|c, Dn scl|c, sil|c 'sallow', Sw salg {Mlnv.} 'pussy-willow', Ic
scl|a {Bv.} id., 'willow', OHG {OsS} sal(a)ha 'willow, sallow', MHG salhc, NHG Salvcidc, AS scalh 'sallow,
Salix caprea', NE sallov || Oss I xpnc _aris, Oss D xpcc _arcs, xpncc _arvcs 'willow' || ? Gk Arc
cik id. ( ? NaIE 'vcliII- id. > Gk B cikev, MHG vilgc, AS vcli 'willow', NE villov) WP I 3OO-1,
453-4, P 879, EI 643 ['sal(i)I- 'willow'], Mn. 111O, F I 494, Frdr. PITA 53-7, WH II 469, Vn. S 13,
YGM-1 283, Hm. 368, Ab. IV 18O-1, Ho. 236, 389, Lx. 321, Kb. 821, OsS 738, KM 622, Mlnv. 579,
Hlq. 1145, Vr. 469 The element '-iI- is likely to go back to a sx. ll U 'ssalla > FU 'ssalla 'elm,
willow' > F salava. sala|a 'brittle willow (Salix fragilis l. caprea)' | Er ccncn sclcy, Mk c nn sali 'elm'
| Chr: L mono 'solo, Uf/B solo, H sol 'elm' || Hg szil 'elm' ? pY {IN} 'Oal 'tree' > Y: K sal, T sal {Krn.}
'tree', {IN} id., 'larch': OY: K {Bil.} tshall, {Klc.} uania, NW {Lnd.} tschal 'tree' UEW 458-9, Coll. 111,
Sm. 549 (FU 'sIliv 'elm' > FP 'sclV, Ugr 'sIli), Ker. II 135, MRS 716, Ep. 152, 266, IN 221, 332,
Krn. JJ 277, 284, 32O, 332-3 ll HS: S ? 'ssl > Ar Mrc ULi'Sa salif- 'weeping willow, hornbeam'
Gass. II 651 ^ Hardly here names of other trees, parts of trees or those of trees in general, such as
D (in SD) 'call- ({GS} '-?) 'cane' [ D #2383], D 'cal- ({GS} -) 'Acacia' [ D #2474], HS 'sVlVm-
' tree' > Ar salam- 'Mimosa flava', salam- - silam- 'a bitter tree', ECh: Mgm solmo ' (very hard)
tree' [ Hv. 333, JA 124, OS #2182], NrOm: Hrr {Abb.} sola 'Olea chrysophylla (a tree)', Mch {L}
sollo ' a tree' [ Blz. OL #118 ('kind of tree'), CR H 66O, L M 5O], Hs Skt/Kc salla 'the reed
gyaranya', Hs salla 'the flowering spikes of gyaranya', (??) sarfa` 'stalk' (actually from N 'siclXX
'bough, twig, stick') [ Ba. 9O7, 925]. Equations of these words with N 'sal'a 'willow' are
semantically unjustified. An equation between D 'cal- ({GS} :-) 'Acacia' and Eg sn 'Acacia' (if
valid, although too risky on phonetic grounds) points to a N 's- or 'c- and therefore does not
belong here ^ Coll. IUS 69 (FU, IE), Blz. 16O [#78] (suggested to add D 'cal- 'Acacia' to the IE-U
comparison) + unc. HS {Blz.} 'suLV-'sVlvV ' tree' (> Aram, Eg, CCh, RCh)

2O46. 'salc 'to put, throw' > HS: S ''slvh? 'throw' > Ak inf. salu 'shoot (arrows), hurl
(weapons), reject, throw away' CAD XVII/1 272-3 ll U 'salc or 'salIc 'sit down [seat oneself]
(in\on sth.), get in\on (a boat, a sledge, etc.)' > Prm 'so'l- > Z I ssl- 'get into (water)', Z co'n- ssv-, Z
UV ssl- 'get in\on (a boat, a cart, a sledge or another vehicle), mount (a horse)' || ObU {Hl.} 'Ocl- id.
> pVg {Ht.} 'tal- id. > Vg: T tal-/tal-, LK/MK/UK tol-, P/LL tol-/tal-, NV tol-/tal-, SV/ML tol-/tal-,
UL/Ss tal- vi. {ChCh} 'get into (a boat\sledge)', {MK} id., 'mount (a horse)' ({BV} 'cccr', {Ht.} 'sich
setzen' are misleading translations with polysemic R and NHG verbs); - Vg T talt- vt. 'load into a
boat'; pOs {Ht.} 'cl- ({ Hl.} 'al-) vi. 'get into (a boat\sledge)' > Os: V/O lcl-, Ty/Y a'-, D/Nz/K
tct- | Hg cll- 'mount (a horse\donkey)' Sm {Jn.} 'tciy- (or 'tci+_-) 'sit down, get in\on (a boat, a
sledge, etc.)' > Ne T rn-, Ne T O Lh.} ti-, Ng {Prk.} tiayi, 1s aor. ti?cm, Slq Tz {KIIH} ti- id., Kms {KD}
1s prs. silcm - solcm id., 'ich fahre' For the semantic change 'seat oneself' 'get in\on (a cart,
etc.), mount (a horse, etc.)' cp. G sich sctzcn and R cccr with the same change of meaning UEW
434-5, LG 262, SZ 343-4, Ht. #138, Hl. rHt 68-71, BV 115-6, Trj. S 2O5, MK 622, MF 147, Jn. 163,
KKIH 18, Rd. UJ 43 [#52] (+ unc. Y K 'clil 'burden, load, freight, weight', clitc- v. 'load, pack,
saddle') ll A: NaT 'sal- 'put, put\throw down' > OT sal- {DTS} 'put, throw', {Cl.} 'move sth., put into
motion (wave, etc.)', MQp -c sal- 'send', -'c sal- 'throw', XwT sal- 'put, put down, throw (down)', Tk
sal- 'throw, cast', Tkm Oal-, Qzq, Nog, Qrg sal- 'put, build', Az sal- 'put down', ET sal- 'put in', Qmq,
VTt, Qrq, Alt, Xk, Tv, Tf sal-, Bsh hal-, Uz sol-, Slr sal- 'put' DTS 482, Cl. 824, Rs. W 897, S AJ 189
[#14O], TkR 561, z. 256, BN 13O, MM 286, KrkR 559, BR 619-2O, Jud. 624-6, Tn. SJ 471, BT 124,
BIG 179, TvR 366, Ra. 225 S AJ 286 (#251), DQA #1961 (A 'si_olc 'make, put' > T).
2O47. 'salu 'intact ( entire), in good condition, healthy' > IE: NaIE 'solo-, 'solvo- 'entire' > OI
'sarva- 'entire, whole, intact, all, every', Av ha
u
rva- id., 'sound', OPrs haruva- 'whole, entire', Sak
har-bissa- 'all and every', NPrs rE har 'every, all, all kind of, any', Oss I al(l)s, Oss D al(l)i 'all kind of' ||
Gk A oo), Gk I/Ep o)uo) 'whole, entire, complete', Gk o)uc voc. 'salve' || pAl {O} 'salva > Al g|allc
'alive, living', ng|all- vt. 'bring back to life, revive' || L salvus 'safe, unhurt, well, sound', d salus /
salut-is 'health, soundness', Osc ooo), salavs 'salvus', Um SALUOM, SALUUOM 'salvum' acc. || Arm
o ol (< soli_o-) 'alive, living; sound, healthy; complete, entire' || Tc: A salu 'completely', B sol-mc
'complete, whole' P 979-8O, EI 262 (''solvo-s 'whole'), M K III 446-7, Vl. II 1443-5, Ab. I 48, F II
381, WH II 471-3, Krf. 124, O 129-3O, Bc. G 324, 345, Slt. 232, Bedr. 561, Xud. II 276, Wn. 412, Ad.
7O5, Ad. H 22 ll HS: S: [1] S 'slv 'be untroubled, safe, at ease; 'stay quietly, be at rest' ( N
'siLV 'quiet', q.v. ffd.) [2] +ext. : S 'slm 'be completed, remain whole, be intact, sound and safe'
> Ak slm G 'be completed; stay well; be in good condition, intact', BHb slm G (ip. Ml2S6i%
yi-s'lam, pf. Ml4S1 sa'lcm) 'remain whole\unscathed, be(come) completed, keep quiet', Amr slm G
id., Ug slm G 'estar\ir bien, estar en paz', BA slm G 'be finished', SmA slm G 'come to an end,
be completed', Ar slm G 'be(come) safe\secure' ( 'be free from vice'), Mn {MA} slm G 'tre
indemne', IA slm G 'be (re)paid'; - S 'sa'lim- > BHb Ml4S1 sa'lcm, JA [Trg.] Mil4S6 so'lcm, em.
am1il4S6 solc'm-a 'complete, unmolested, peaceful', Ar aliSa salima (pf. of the verb slm) 'was
safe\secure', Ak salmu 'whole, intact, entire, healthy, sound'; - S 'sa'lam- 'unharmed state' > Ug
slm, BHb M&lS1 sa'lom id., 'well-being, peace' ( a greeting) [and Cn 1 Eg (EgSSc) {Hlk.} sa-la-ma
'to greet, to sue for peace'], Ph slm id., 'peace', Plm, SmA slm 'peace', BA Ml1S6 so'lam 'peace,
prosperity' (as well as a greeting), IA slm 'welfare, well-being, health', JEA Ml1S6 so'lam, em. am1l1S6
sola'ma 'id., 'soundness, health', Ar }aSa salam- 'safety, security' ( 'immunity \ freedom from
faults\vices' 'obedience to God', a greeting), Sb {BGMR}, Mn {MA} slm 'peace' (- slm G 'sue for
peace'), Gz salam 'peace, safety' (and a salutation), Ak salamu 'health, (physical) well-being; welfare
(of a country\city), safe course\completion of a journey', - 'slm D > Pun slm D 'accomplish',
BHb, Ph, Plm, Ak slm D '(re)pay, give restitution for', Ug slm, (AkSc) sallima 'pay, deliver', Cn 1
Eg (EgSSc) {Hlk.} sa-l-ma-ta 'levy, contribution', sa-l-ma-ta 'complimentary gift, provisions' KB
1394-9, 1418-25, 179O-1, HJ 1142, A #26O9, OLS 438-41, Hnr. 181-2, G A 32, BK I 1132, Deg. 62,
Dlm. 424-5, Lv. IV 564, Lv. T II 488, Sl. 115O-1, Tal 9O1-4, Js. 1578, 1582, 1585-6, Br. 778, JPS 579,
DM 441, Mcl. 442, Ln. 1412-8, Hv. 333-4, BGMR 127, MA 82, L G 499-5OO, CAD XVII/1 2O6-29,
255-6O, Sd. 1211, 1237 (Ak siluitu A Aram), Hlk. ##225-6, SivCR 42, 85 ll ? A: M: WrM sal, HlM
man adj./adv. 'complete, utter, total', Kl man sal+, Dg {T} sal 'quite, completely', Ord {Ms.} sal 'tout
fait' The prehistory of the word and the origin of the unexpected s- are obscure MED 748, KRS
651, Ms. O 6O3, T DgJ 182 ll D 'cal- ({GS} 's-?) 'sufficient, suitable' > Tm cal- 'be abundant, full, be
suitable, fitting', Ml cala 'richly, fully', Kn sal, salu 'be sufficient\enough, suffice', Tl calu 'be able,
capable, enough', Klm sal 'be able, can', Gnd Mu halna 'completely', Knd sal- 'be capable of,
suitable', Ku hal- v. 'suffice, be enough to' D #247O.
2O47a. 'SilV 'hole' > HS: C: EC {Ss.} 'sill- 'small hole' > Kns {Ss.} silla id., ??, Rn sil 'vagina,
birth-canal' || SC {E} 'sila 'cave' > Kz {E} silimbayo id. Ss. Gssf 245, Ss. B 71, PG 26O, E SC 326 S:
Ak fOB silu(m) 'Vertiefung (Eindruck auf Leber, Magen usw. in Omina; im Gelnde)', ? Ar sall- (pl.
sull-an-, sulal-) 'fond dune valle' Sd. 1237. BK I 1117 ? CCh: Ms {J} sulla, Bnn {ChL} sulda,
BnnM {ChL} sula 'hole' The deviant vw. 'u may be due to the contamination with the reflex of N
'sulV 'throat, mouth' (q.v.) ChC. ChL ll D 'cill- ({GS} s-) 'small hole' > Tm illi id., 'orifice', cilli
'leak, hole, crack', Ml cilli-IIuttu 'a little hole', Kn |illi 'small hole in an earthern vessel', Tl cilli 'small
hole in a pot\paper' D #2575 ^ Blz. DA 161 [#93] (HS, D; does not distinguish between this N
etymon and N 'calVmV 'orifice, pit').
2O48. 'sili 'silayV 'smooth' > HS: B 'sll 'smooth, slippery' > Ah oslol 'tre trs lis et trs doux
en touchant', sololot 'glisser, asloli 'glissement', Gh oslalom 'glisser' Fc. 824, Nhl. 165 ll IE: NaIE
'slci_-m- 'slippery', 'smooth' ( N '`ilV 'to slip, slide') > ON slim, NNr, Dn slim, Sw slcm, MDt, Dt sli|m,
AS, OLG, MLG, OHG, MHG slim, NHG Schlcim 'slime', NE slimc || Clt (< NaIE 'slim-no-): OIr
slcmon - slcmun, NIr slcamhain 'smooth, slippery', Brtt 'slimnos (or 'slibnos) 'smooth' > OW [] limnint
"tondent" 'sie gltten', MW llcfnu, lyvnu 'to harrow', W llyfn (f. llcfn) 'smooth, even', Crn lcvcn
'smooth', OBr limn 'lentum', {Flr.} 'souple, flexible', MBr -lcffn (in cd di-llcfn 'hard' with a privative
di-), Br lcvn 'poli, uni' ? - NaIE 'slci_m-aI- 'snail' > Gk {Hs.} cio (gen. -ko)) 'snail' || L limax (gen.
-cis) 'slug, snail' (A Gk?) || Sl 'slimaI+ 'snail' > R , Uk cnn) xai, Cz slimaI, Slk slimaI, P slimaI id. Not
here (or not only here) the apparently extended roots 'slci_g- 'smooth, slippery' and 'slci_d"-
'slippery; to slide' that go back respectively to N '`Vl'iKE 'to slip, slide' [q.v.] and N
'sVl_itV - -dV 'to slip' [q.v.] WP II 39O, P 663-4, 96O-1, EI 527 ('(s)lci_- 'sticky, slimy, slippery'],
Vs. III 671-2, Vn. S 13O, RE 132, YGM-1 316, Hm. 514, Flr. 242-3, Ho. 299, Vr. 516, Kb. 91O, Lx.
198, KM 656, F II 97, WH I 8O2, Tr. 269, Vs. III 672 ll U {Resh.} 'csil- ( N '`ilV '') > FU (att. in FL)
'csillE 'smooth' > F silca 'smooth', Es silc (gen. silcda) id., F silittaa, Es silitada, Lv silast+
'streicheln, gltten' | Lp N {N} callc, Lp L {LLO} t|allc 'stiffness \ hardness of skin \ leather'
(semantic change: 'smooth leather' 'hard leather') Sm {Jn.} 'sil--'scl- v. 'whet' > Ne cnn- sil- id.,
Slq Tm {KD} salab_, Slq NP {Cs.} sillam, Slq Chl {Cs.} sclam '(he) whets', Slq Chl {Cs.} sclal 'smooth',
Kms {KD} sclolcm 'I whet' Kt. 365, SK 361, Coll. LWL, Ter. 559, Jn. 141 ll A: T 'sila- v. 'stroke' >
OT silV- (or {Cl.} sil-) v. 'rub, wipe, caress, stroke', Qrg sila- v. 'stroke, caress', Uz sila- v. 'smooth,
stroke', ET sila- v. 'stroke', Qzq\Nog sila- v. '(be)smear, clay, massage', Qq sila- v. 'smear, caress (e.g.
a child)', VTt s+la- v. 'smear, rub on', SbTt Tm {Rl.} s+la- 'ein-\be-schmieren, einreiben', Bsh h+la- v.
'smear', Sg {Rl.} sila- v. 'smear, plaster', Chv maAn- s+l- v. 'sweep, wipe'; the meaning v. 'rub, wipe' is
due to semantic infl. of the paronymous NaT root 'sij:,lV- v. 'sweep, wipe' (> Tk sil- (converb silcr),
Ggz sil- v. 'wipe, clean', Az sil- v. 'wipe, polish, clean') which may be akin to M 'sili- [> WrM sili-, silc-,
Kl {Rm.} sil
i
-xo 'mit den Fssen verhindern, mit dem Fusse auffangen (einen Ball), mit dem Fusse
wegschieben\fegen' - KW 357]. If Cl. is right in reconstructing the vw. -i- in the OT verb siil-, this
vw. may be due either to the same infl. of pT 'sil- v. 'wipe' or to the ass. infl. of 's- (mentioned in
Rs. MIF 53) Chv s- < pT 's- due to the palatalizing infl. of 'i Rs. W 421, Cl. 824-5, MM 311, NogR
32O, KrkR 6O2, TatR 495, TrR 778, Hs. 267, TkR 6OO, 6O4, Jud. 678, Rl. IV 652, 7O9, Jeg. 333,
Fed. II 44O-1, Md. 71, 176 (pT 'sila v. 'rub, smear') ^ Rs. UAW 47 (FU, T), IS MS s.v. 'cion:inn'
('siln: IE, U, T) Gr. II #314 ('silu 'rub') [IE, U, A, Ai + qu. Ko, J, EA].
2O49. 'silV 'to be(come) liquid, melt, flow' > HS: C: HEC 'sil- vi. 'melt' > Kmb, Sd sil- id.,
'dissolve' Hd. 98, 337, 392 S '-ssil- v. 'flow' > Ar syl (ip. -sil-) v. 'flow' (of water) ( N 'suvjV,lV
'liquid, moisture' [q.v.] and 'sizV 'stream, small body of water' [q.v.]) BK I 1177 ll D 'cil- ({GS}
'cc-) 'to flow' ( 'cil'?A 'be wet\moist, moisture' [q.v. ffd.]); but Klm silIa 'river', Nkr silIa 'brook,
river', Prj cilva 'brook, rivulet', Gnd A silIa 'small river', Gnd G hilIa 'rivulet' belong rather to N 'sizV
'' [q.v.] or represent a merger of both roots D #2569 ll ?? IE: Ht {Frd.} salliya- vi. md. 'melt,
dissolve (in water)', {Ts.} sallai_- / salliya 'zergehen' (unless identical with Ht sallai_- / salliya- vi.
'broaden') Frd. HW 179, Ts. W 68.
2O5O. 'sul'u 'lax, loose, slack' > HS: CS 'svl ('-sval-) > Ar svl (pf. savila, ip. -sval-) G
'be(come) lax\flaccid\uncompact', ?asval- 'lax, flaccid, uncompact', saval- 'flabbiness of the
belly\limbs', BHb luS' 'sul' (pl. cs. il4uS su,l-c, pl. with 3s ppa. vil1uS su'l-av) 'garments train,
hem' (KB: 'was heranhngt') GB 814, BDB 1OO2, Ln. 1473-4, Fr. II 1833, Hv. 345 ? Eg MK s:
*'weak' in s:- 'the weak of arm' ( N 'suv?V 'weak', q.v. ffd.) EG IV 14, Fk. 2O9, Tk. I 65 ll IE: NaIE
(in Gmc only) 'slcu_- 'hanging down loose, slack' > OSx slcu 'schlaff, feige', ON slr, sl|ar, sl|ot
'blunt', OHG slco 'dull, faded, tepid (stumpf, welk, lau)', AS slav, slv 'sluggish, lazy', NE slov P
962-3, AHDI 61, Vr. 518, Ho. 297-8, Ho. S 68, Kb. 9O9, , OsS 821 ll A 'sula 'be lax, loose' > M 'sula
'loose, lax, free, empty' > MM [MA] sula 'free', [S] sula- v. 'lose machen, lockern (den Halskragen)',
WrM sula, HlM cyn 'loose, free, vacant, empty', Kl {KRS} cyn sul id., {Rm.} sul
u
'lose, locker, schlaff,
frei, leer', Ord {Ms.} sula 'peu tendu, inoccup, libre', Mnr H {SM} sula 'non tendu, lche, faible', {T}
sula 'free'; M 1 Ewk Nr sula 'weak, light', WrMc sula 'free' Pp. MA 327, H 137, MED 736, KW 336-7,
SM 357-8 Tg: [1] 'sula- v. 'leave (lassen, verlassen)' > Ewk sula-, Lm htla-, Orc sulagi-, Ul solaot/t-,
Orl stlav-, Nn Nh solo, sologo-, Nn B sola-, solago-, Nn KU solao- id., Neg solaca-, Orc sulagi- remain
(be left)'; [2] (+ext. ) WrMc sulfa 'freely, easily, without special effort', Z 643, STM II 124 pKo {S}
'snr- v. 'fit loosely, be shaky' > NKo snr-gnta [sal-gata] Gale 641, Rm. SKE 221, S QK #829, MLC
951 KW 336-7 (M, Tg), Rm. SKE 221 (Ko, M, Tg), DQA #2117 [A 'solo 'be lax, loose'] ll D 'culV
({GS} 's-) 'easy, light (non heavy)' > Tm culuvu, Kn suluvu 'ease, facility, lightness', Kt culv 'easy
work, easy', Tu culaIa, Ku sulIara 'light (not heavy)', Tl culuIa(n) 'lightly, with slight\disregard',
culuIani 'light, easy', suluvu 'easy, easiness' D #27O3 ^ IS MS 351 (''suln 'nc:aipcnncnnin' [IE, A,
D]).
2O51. 'suulV 'sulvV (or 's-?) 'heel, sole of the foot, bottom', 'I'uRV suulV ' bottom
[bone] of the foot' > HS: S 'Iursull- > BHb l7xr^q@ Iar'sol (du. with 1s sx. il2`x8r^q@ Iarsul'lay) 'ankle'
({KB} 'Knchel, Fugelenk'), JA {Trg.}, JPA, JEA el`1uxr^q@ Iarsul'la, JEA al1ucr^q@ Iarsul'la, Sr
Iursola 'ankle', Ak Iursinnu 'fetlock, lower leg' KB 1O69, KBR 1146, Lv. T II 39O, Lv. IV 385-6, Js.
1423, Sl. 1O45, Br. 7OO, Sd. 511, CAD VIII 566 The variant represented by Ak Iursinnu seems to go
back to the genitive construction ( oblique case form) 'I'uRV suulV nu B '-sil- 'sandals,
shoes', 'jv-,sl v. 'put on footwear' > Ah csil 'paire de chaussures', BSn tisili (pl. tisila) 'sandals', Ntf
tasilt (pl. tasila) 'fer cheval', Zng tosii 'chaussure', Skn tsila (pl. tsilavin) 'sandals', Kb ossol 'mettre
des jambires, des chaussettes', Gh osol 'tre chauss', ETwl, Ty osol 'se chausser de' Some of these
words may alternatively go back to L solca 'sandal' Fc. 1821-2, GhA 172, Dl. 77O, La. S 213 ll K: GZ
'Iursl- 'heel' > OG, G Iusl-, G X Iursl-, Mg Iurs-i, Iurc-i 'heel, kick of a heel', ? Iur-i 'heel; heel of a
wooden plough', Lz Ius-, ? Iu(r-) 'heel, heel of a shoe (ia6nyi)'. Alternatively, Mg Iur-, Lz Iu(r)- and Sv
{K ?} Ior 'heel' (A Mg?) may represent N 'Iur'u 'Iur'u 'foot, hoof' K 2OO ('Iursl-), K
2
219-
2O, FS K 34O & FS E 381-2 (in both: 'Iurs-), Q 347, Chik. 65 ll IE: NaIE svol-/'sul- 'sole of the foot;
ground' > L solum 'sole of the foot; soil, ground', solca 'a leather sole strapped on the foot, sandal'
|| OIr sol - fol id., nom. pl. solaig, dat. pl. soilgib 'soles of feet' || Gk [Hs.] uio {P, Vn.} 'sole' (= {LS}
[Hs.] acc. pl. uio) to) kotovtivo) too) '[cut] pieces of leather'??) WP II 552, P 1O46, WH II
554, LS 1848, EM 634, Vn. S 167-8 ll ?? U: FU 'ss'i'lV 'low' (or '-c-, '-o-) > ObU {Ht.} 'Ocl-, { Hl.}
'Oal-/'Ocl- 'low' > pVg 'talI"V id. > Vg: T talI"i " talIi, LK talI"o, taloI", MK talI", UK talI"o, NV
talIa, SV/LL talI"a, UL/Ss talI"a id.; pOs {Ht.} 'cl id. > D/Nz tct, Kz c, O lcl Ht. 136 [#135), Kn.
WV 137, Stn. WV 2O6, Hl. rHt 73 ^ If the FU (ObU) cognate belongs here, the initial N cns. is 's-. In
this case K '-s- (for the expected '-s`-) may be due to its position within a cns. cluster. Otherwise
(which seems to be more plausible) the N sibilant is 's.
2O52. 'sE?uLV 'sE?vVLV ({AD} 'ss-) 'to look for, search, ask' > HS: B 'svl 'look for' > Tsh
{Ds.} siggol (3s pf. isugg"ol) 'look for', ? Ah sossoggol 'chercher', as well as Mz svl (sovvol / yotscvvol)
'ask (a question)' (A Ar s?l?) Ds. 62, Fc. 18O9-1O, Dlh. M 196 S 's?l 'ask (question), ask for'
> BHb, EpHb, Pun, Yd, IA, JA [Trg.], JPA, JEA, Sr, SmA, Md s?l G , Ar, Gz s?l G , Qt laS s?l G , OAk
inf. sa?alu, Ak s?l (inf. sa?alu - salu) 'ask (question, inquire)'; d Sb, Mn, Qt laSm ms?l 'oracle',
EpHb, IA, JA, Sr, Md s?l G , Ar, Gz s?l G , Sb laS s?l G 'ask for, beg, plead', Sb, Mn s?l G 'ask,
seek, require', Jb {Jo.} s?l (pf. scl, sbjn. ysol) 'demand payment for a dept', Sq {L} ho?ol id.,
'borrow' HJ 1O95-8, KB 1276-9, A #2566, Js. 15O6-8, Sl. 1O98-9, Br. 748, Tal 859-6O, DM 441-2,
Ln. 1282-4, BK I 1O36-7, BGMR 121, MA 8O, Rk. 156-7, L G 48O, L LS 139, Jo. J 259, Sd. 1151-2,
CAD XVII 274-82 ll A: Tg 'scbju,lc- 'search, look for' > Ul ssvlu- - ssvls/i-, Nn Nh/KU ssvls- v. 'search
so. (o6icinnar)', WrMc {Hr.} scolc- 'think over (nachdenken), suvclc- id., 'look for', {Z} suvclc- - scolc-
id., 'look for; think over (o6(yxinar)'; 'scbju,lcn 'a search, searching, looking for' n. act. > Nn Nh
ssulc id., WrMc scolcn {Z} id., {Hr.} 'Bedenkung, Sorge, Erwgung' Chn so`u_ 'make a search,
search for'? STM II 134, Z 574-5, 653, Hr. 783-4, 837 M 'sila- > WrM {MED} sala-, HlM {MED}
mana- 'persuade, urge, ask consistently', Kl {Rm.} sal
a
-_o 'instndig bitten, betteln, mit Fragen
und Forderungen bedrngen' (Rm.: < 'sila-); M 1 ? Alt/Tlt {Rm.} sila- 'verhren' MED 749, KW
346 ^ B '-v- and Tg '-b- may go back to a N '-v- or to a hiatus epenthesis ('-E?u- > '-Eu- > '-Evu-).
2O53. 'sij?,LV 'to roast, fry, cook' > HS: B 'sl'y > Kb osli 'cuire rapidement' Dl. 776 EC: [1]
EC 'ss'ol- > HEC {Hd.} 'sal- 'cook by boiling, fry, roast' > Brj sal- 'cook by boiling, bake', Kmb sol-,
Hd sar- id., 'fry, roast'; Sa {R} sol- 'braten, rsten auf dem brenenden Feuer', so'la 'Fleisch auf
heien Steinen gebraten; Feuerbrand', Af {PH} sola 'camp-fire for roasting meat', Sml {ZO} sol- vt.
'grill, toast, roast'; [2] EC 'sil- > Sml {ZMO}, Sml N {Abr.} sil- vt. 'fry', ? Or {Brl.} sil-avu 'affumigarsi,
arruginirsi, ossidarsi' R S II 319, PH 193, Hd. 68, 218, 297, 338, ZO 364, 376, Abr. S 232, Brl. 374
S: [1] WS 'cly ('-clay-) 'roast' ('c < HS ''s...?) > BHb cly (pf. el1c1 ca'la, ip. el3c6i% yi-c'lc)
'roast (meat)', JPA, JEA clvy (pf. al1c6 co'la) id., SmA sly G 'roast', Ar lc sly v. G (ip. -sliy-)
'roast, broil, fry', Gz slv v. G 'broil, roast' (: 'cly > slv); hardly here Ak LB sclu 'burn
(fumigants)', because c points to a III 'h (S 'a > Ak c in the presence of a former ' or 'h); [2]
+ext CS 'slI > JA slI G 'einkochen, sieden' (1 MHb slI G id.), Sr slI G 'cook, broil, boil',
Ar slq G vt. 'boil (food, plants) with fire' KB 961, Lv. IV 192, 566-7, Js. 1283, 1588, Lv. IV 192, Sl.
965, Tal 732-3, Ln. 141O, 1721-2, L G 556-7, CAD XVI 124, Sd. 1O9O, Br. 784, JPS 582 ll A: Tg 'sila-
v. 'roast on a spit, grill' > Ewk sila-, Sln sila-, Nn stlo-, Neg d stlat/-, Orc d siloci-, Ork d stlott-,
PClWrMc [TF] siilo- / siyolomc, WrMc solo- / solomc id., Lm htl- v. 'spit (meat, fish)', d htl+t/- v. 'roast
on a spit', Ud {Krm.} silo 'fish roasted on a spit'; - 'silaun 'spit for roasting' [ A {DQA} 'sila
'sharp stick; spit' < N 'siclXX 'bough, twig, stick', q.v. ffd.] STM II 82, Krm. 285, Mls. 237 ?? M
'silun 'soup, bouillon' ( N 'suvjV,lV 'liquid, moisture' [q.v. ffd.]).
2O54. 'SVHaLV 'salt, spice' > IE 'scul-/'sucl-/'sul- 'salt': nom. IE 'scul-s > NaIE 'sal-s > Gk o), L
sal, Ltv sals,? Arm a al; acc. IE 'sucl-m > NaIE 'sal-m > Gk oo | L salcm | Sl [acc. > acc.-nom.]
'soli (> OCS teai soli, Blg con, SCr sol, Slv sol, Cz sul, Slk sol`, R con, Uk cin), gen. IE 'sul-os >
NaIE 'solos > Gk oo), L salis ds : Vd sali'la- - sari'ra- {M} 'salty (?)', OI sali'la-m - sari'ra-m 'sea, sea
flood', OI A sara- 'salty' || Um salu acc. 'salt' || OIr salann, Brtt {RE} 'salci_nos 'salt' > MW halvyn - halacn,
W halcn, OCrn [LC] haloin, Crn holan, MBr holcnn, Br holcn, c`hoalcnn 'salt' || Pru sal id. || Tc A salc, Tc B
salyiyc (obl. salyi-) id. NaIE 'sal-d- 'tasty, spiced (salty, sweet)' > Lt saldus, Ltv salds 'sweet' | Sl
'sold+- 'malt' > OR teae+ solod+, R, Uk ) cono(, Blg cna(, SCr, Slv slad, Cz, Slk slad, P slod id.; - Sl
'sold+-I+ 'sweet' > OCS tao+k+ slad+I+ id. (1 R 'cna(oi 'is 'sweet', 'cna(i-nn 'sweet'), Blg 'cna(i, SCr
sla_daI, Slv sladcI sladoI, Cz, Slk sladIy, P slodIi, R , Uk co'no(inn, Blr ca'no(ii 'salda- 'to salt' > L
sallc- v. 'salt', salsus (< 'sald-to-) 'salted' || Gmc 'salta- 'to salt' > Gt saltan, OHG salzan, NHG salzcn Gmc
'salta- 'salty' > ON saltr, AS scalt, OFrs salt, MLG solt; - {Wt.} Gmc 'saltam 'salt' > Gt, OFrs, OSx salt,
MDt sout, Dt zout, OHG salz, NHG Salz, AS scalt 'salt', NE salt P 878-9, Lub. AP*a 59-6O, Kortl. LVBS
1.6, Wy. IEa 66, F I 78-9, WH II 465-7, Bc. G 34, Slt. 22-3, Vn S 17-8, RE 125, Hm. 385, Frn. 759-6O,
Kar. II 151, En. 241, Fs. 4O9, OsS 74O, Ho. 285, 292, Ho. S 62, Vs. III 712-3, Glh. 557, 571, M K III
448, Vr. 461, Kb. 823, AHDI 55, Wn. 417, JGH 194, 229, 231-6, 337, Ad. 678, EI 498 ['sch_-(c)l-
'salt'] ll HS: B 'zaHl- (> 'zal-) > Ah to-zall-it 'fine salt from Tidikelt', ? Ty, ETwl ta-zol-t 'antimony,
oxyde of antimony', a-z+la (pl. i-z+lat+n) 'jeu durine' Fc. 1959, GhA 221 Empatization 's > 'z
may be due to the lr. (evidenced by the vw. a < 'aH) Ch {AD} 'su'HVl 'salt' > CCh: pMM {Ro.}
'suval 'salt' > Mada suval, Mkt sugul, Zlg suval id. || ECh: Skr {Lk.} suluq, {Sx.} sulum 'salt', ? Ke
{Eb.} sula 'sea' Ro. 318 [#6O3], ChC ??? S 'ssvl > Ar savla- ' bitter tree, aloe, Slanthus
quadragonus, Cacalia sonchifolia (plants)' Hv. 331.
2O55. 's'uvolV 'liquid, moisture' > IE: NaIE 'sul-, -a 'liquor, issue, sludge' > OI 'sura
' intoxicating beverage', Av hura, MPrs hur 'intoxicating drink, milk wine (kumiss)', KhS hura- f.
'mares milk fermented' || Lt sula`, Ltv sula 'sap', Ltv sula 'pus, running sore', Pru sulo 'curdled
milk' || Gk u (with u) 'mire, slime, sediment, matter (exreted from the human body)' || ON sol- (in
cds ) 'mire, puddle', AS sol id., OHG sol {Kb.} 'Sumpfloch, sumpfige Stelle', MHG sol, sul 'saline fluid',
NHG Suhlc 'bog; sump; wallow of pigs', AS solu (solvc) 'puddle', NNr solc 'mud' (< 'sulv-); Scn 1 F
sula adj. 'molten, fluid' - Gt bi-saul|an 'ioivciv, to stain', Nr soyla, OHG bi-sulcn 'to soil', NHG suhlcn,
suhlcn 'to wallow in mire', AS sylian 'to soil', NE sully - NHG Suhlcn 'muddy puddle, wallow,
slough', AS sylcn 'puddle, slough, mire' WP II 453, 468, 513, P 913, Mn. 1334, M K III 487, M E II
717, Bai. 492, F II 962-3, Vr. 529, Ho. 3O6, Kb. 925, 985, Frn. 9, En. 15, EI 323 [''sulch_-
'(fermented) juice'] ll HS: S '-ssil- > Ar syl G (pf. sala, ip. -sil-) 'flow' (of water) [ N 'silV
'be(come) liquid, melt' and 'sizV 'stream, small body of water'] Ch: Su {J} scl 'dicke Suppe' ||
Smr {Lk.} salc 'Brhe aus getrockneter Hirse und Milch' J S 81, Lk. ZSS 81 ll K: GZ 's`ovcl- 'wet,
soaked' ( K 's`ov- < N ''s'uvhX ''sE?uvhV 'moisture, wet, rain') > OG svcl-, G svcl-,
sovcl- " sobcl- 'wet, soaked', Mg su(c)-, ss- 'wet' (of snow'), Lz su- 'wet'; GZ 's`ovl- v. 'wet, make wet' >
OG sovl-, Mg solua, Lz o-sol-u id.; OG svcl-i, G svcl-i 'wet', Sv UB/LB/L/Ln {TK} svcl id., 'whey' K
174, K
2
182, FS K 286, FS E 315, Srj. KE 28, TK 824 ll U 'sula > FU 'sula 'thawed, melted; to thaw,
melt, liquefy' > F, Es sula 'melted, molten, liquid, fluid, not frozen', sula- v. 'melt, thaw' | Er\Mk sola
'not frozen, thawed', 'melted' (of fat, etc.), sola- v. 'thaw, melt' | pChr {Ber.} 'sul+- 'thaw, dissolve' >
Chr: H minam's+las, L mynamsu'l-as 'to thaw, dissolve', E {Ps.} sulc- 'schmelzen', B sulc- id. | pPrm {LG}
su'l- 'thaw, melt, dissolve' > Z cin- sIv-, sIl- id., Vt sIlmInI 'to thaw, dissolve, be boiled soft
(pa:napnrc) )' || ObU {Ht.} 'Oala- - 'Oola- 'thaw, be liquefied' > pVg 'tal-a- 'thaw' > Vg: T/K/N
{Mu.} tal-, T {Kn.} tal-a, Yk {Vxr.} tal-, LL {Kn.} tal-, Ss {Kn., BV} tol- 'thaw'; pOs {Ht.} 'ola- 'thaw' >
Os: V lola-, Vy yola-, Ty o-, oa-, Y o-, D tat-, tata-, K tat-, Nz tota-, Kz oa-, O lal- id.; ObU
d 'Oal-t- - 'Ool-t- vt. 'melt' > pVg 'tal-t- id. (> Vg: Yk {Vxr.} tal-t-, Ss {BV} tol-t- vt. 'melt [fat,
metal]'), pOs {Ht.} 'ol-t- ({ Hl.} 'ul-t-) vt. 'thaw (snow), melt (fat, etc.)' (> Os {Trj.}: V lolta, Vy
yolta, Ty/Y otota id.) | Hg olvad- vi. 'melt, siddolve' ? pY {IN} 'Oaljo, 'thaw' > Y K/T ala- id., alo-
'thawed, melted' ('ranin'), T ala- v. 'thaw' UEW 45O-1, It. #2O2, Coll. 115, SK 1O99-1O, MRS 733,
752, 274, Ps. OT 129, Ber. 69 [#365], Lt. 197, LG 267-8, Ht. #14O, BV 121, Trj. S 215, MF 5OO-1,
IN 219-2O, Ku. 24, Rd. UJ 48 [#8O] (Y A U) ll A {S} 'solV, {SDM97} 's'oli 'juice, liquid' > NaT
'sol 'meat juice, juice, soup' > MT {Rs.} sol ({Br.} sul) id., 'matter, pus', 'liquid', MU {Rs.}, Qzq {Sht.,
MM} sol 'meat juice', Qzq {Rl.} sol 'eine Salzbrhe aus eingesalzenem Fleische' ( A R con 'salt'?),
Qq, Qrg sol, Bsh hul 'ichor', Nog sol id., 'meat juice', VTt sul 'juice (in cells and tissues of bodies),
serum', qanli sul 'ichor' Rs. W 43O, Rl. IV 583, 83O, Bu. I 648, Sht. 186, MM 324, KarR 586 Tg
'sola 'soup, bouillon' > Nn Nh/KU colo, Nn B colo id., Ud colo, Ul colo(n-) 'soup', WrMc sula 'juice
of fruits, ichor' STM II 4O5, 429, Z 686 pJ {S} 'siru 'juice' > OJ siru, J T siru, J K/Kg siru S QJ
#261, Mr. 526 ?? M 'silun 'soup, bouillon' ('i because of the inluence of N 'sij?,LV 'to roast, fry,
cook' [q.v.]?) > MM [MA] {Pp.} silcn, [IM] {Pp.} silc, [S] {H} sulcn 'soup', [HI] {Ms.} sulcn 'bouillon,
soup', WrM silu(n), HlM m' n( ' n) , Brt mnyn id., 'broth', Ord {Ms.} solo 'bouillon', WrO {Krg.}
sol(on) 'soup, chowder', Kl {KRS} m' nn solon, {Rm.} suln " soln " siln 'soup, bouillon', Dg {T}
sil id., {Mr.} silc 'soup', Dx {T} sulic, ShY {SDM} sslcn id., 'broth', Mnr H {SM, T} sulo 'soup, clear
broth'; M 1 Tg: Ewk, Neg, Orc, Ul, Ork, Nn sils, Sln sil(s), Lm hil, WrMc silc 'soup' Pp. MA 333,
447, Ms. H 98, H 143, MED 7O8, Luv. 657, Chr. 738, Krg. 456, KRS 681, KW SM 385, T 386, T DnJ
143, T DgJ 183, Mr. D 216, STM II 85 S VL #229 ('solV 'juice, fluid'), SDM97 (A 's'oli 'juice,
fluid'), DQA #2178 (A 'si_oli id. > T, M, Tg, J) The kind of vowel length in this A (> T short
vw. and Tg long one) develops in open syllables of N roots (under still unknown prosodic
conditions) and is not due to complementary lengthening (because of loss of lrs. or other elements
of a syll.) ^ U 's- and K 's`- provide ev. for N 's-. A and Tg 's- < ''si_- (N 's'uvolV > ''si_olV > > Tg
'sola. N '-vjV,- is reconstructed on the ev. of K '-vc- and the long vw. in A.
2O56. 's'oyl'U 'intestines' > HS: S ''siliy-at- 'placenta, afterbirth' > BHb sil'ya' id. (att. with 3f
ppa.: Et1i!l6S5 silya'tah 'her afterbirth'), MHb ei!l6S5 sil'ya, JA [Trg.], JEA ai!l6S5 sil'ya, em. at1i^l^S5
silyo't-a {Js.} 'after-birth, placenta', SmA eils slyh, Sr 4ojli soli't-a, Md sulita 'membrane
enveloping the foetus', Tgr SleT sslct, Tgy sslvt id., Ar lASa sala(-n) {Ln.} 'secundine (thin skin in
which is the ftus\young in the womb)', Ak fOB silitu - sclitu - salitu 'afterbirth'; bf Ar 0yaliSa
saliy-at v. (3f pf.) 'her secundine became disrupted in her womb' Frnz. LS2 262-3, KB 1411, Lv. IV
562, Js. 1582, 1584, Sl. 1149-5O, Tal 9OO, DM 454, LH 169, Bsn. 218, Ln. 1418, BK I 133, Sd. 1O43,
CAD XV 264, MiK I #1.246 HEC 'sal- 'belly, stomach' > Brj {Ss.} salay, {Hd.} sa'lc id., Sd {Gs., Hd.}
salto 'stomach', Hd {Hd.} satto id., {Ss.} ? salasih-tc 'belly'; Kmb {Hd.} sala`n- 'be pregnant',
salan-cuta adj. 'pregnant' Ss. B 163, Hd. 143-4 (HEC 'salto 'stomach'), 218, 297, 336, 39O, Gs. 284
NrOm: She {CR Mnt.} sil, {Fl.} stl 'belly' Blz. OLBP #15, CR NGS 623, Fl. OO 317 Ch
'sal- 'liver' > WCh: Jmb {Sk.} sa`la || ECh: Kbl {Cp.} saliya, Ll {Grgs.} siyla, Kwn salna, Ke {Eb.}
saldc, Smr {J} sara id. ChC ll U 'ssolac 'intestines, bowels' > F suoli, Es sool 'intestine, bowel', F
suoli 'Mitte des Leibes' | pLp {Lr.} 'colc 'bowel' > Lp: S {Hs.} t|oalic, L {LLO} t|allc, N {N} coallc, K
{Gn.} cuo-lll id. | Er cno sulo, sula, Mk cna {Ahl.} sula, {Ker.} sulo | Chr: L mono solo, Uf solo
'gut(s)', H {Ep., } mon sol 'gut' | Prm {LG} 'sul 'gut' > Z cn suv / suvy-, Z UV, Vt sul || pOs 'sol ({ Hl.}
'sal < 'sol) 'gut' > Os: V/Vy sol, Ty/Y so, I/Nz sut, Kz so, O sol Y {Schf.} solc 'intestine', Y (K?)
{IN} solyc 'gut' Coll. 116 (FU, Y), UEW 483-4, It. #125 (FP 'sola), Lr. #173, Lgc. #675-6, Hs. 1327,
Ker. II 149, MRS 716, Ep. 152, 266-7, LG 273, SZ 359, Stn. D 1329, Ang. UJ 129, Rd. UJ 49 [#82]
(Y A U) ll A: Tg 'sil'u-, d 'silu-Ita 'gut(s)' > Ewk siluIta " hiluIta 'gut(s)', silu-ma- 'to cook food from
bowels (n: rpc6yxn)', Ewk Y/I/Vl hilu-ma 'cook guts', Sln siltIta - silttta, Neg stlta, stltIta 'guts', Lm
hilta, Orc siluIta, Ud {Krm.} suluIta - suliIta, Ork stltqta 'guts', Neg stla- v. 'take out the guts (in order
to cook them)' STM II 85, Vas. 353, 478, Krm. 289 ? T 'solaI > OT [MhK] {Cl.} solaq 'spleen'
Cl. 826 (solaq solaq 'situated on the left' sol 'left') DQA #2O5O [A 'si_olo ' internal
organ', incl. Tg, T] ^ IS MS 344 ('snln 'gut'), Rs. UAW 23, Coll. 148, UEW 483-4 (all authors: U, A)
, Blz. LB #73c (U, Tg, C, S 'silyat- + qu. : S 'salil- 'embryo' & D 'cul(-) 'pregnant' Gr. II #188
('tul - sul 'guts') [U, A + qu. Ko + err. Y, Gil, CK].
2O57. 'suljv,V 'thread , string ' > IE: Ht sucil- 'Faden, Band' Ts. W 77 ll U: FU 'sEllc > Er
cyn 'spun thread' (hardly cyn 'fathom') ERV 631, UEW 444 (refers the Er word to FU 'suilc
'Scho, Klafter') ll A: M 'sulbcc > WrM sulbcgc, HlM cn6yy 'thread, cord' MED 742 pKo 'sir
'thread' ( N 'saru 'sinew, fibre', q.v. ffd.) ll HS: S: [1] S 'ssll > Ar salil-at- 'wool upon the spindle',
[2] (?) +ext. : S 'sslI (''ssilaI-?) > Ar silI-at- (pl. silaI-) 'spun thread' BK 1117, 1129. Ch:
CCh: Mbara {TrnSL} silc 'rope, corde', Bcm {Sk.} salto` 'thread', Mtk {Sb.} sulom, {ChL} suloq, Mf
{BLB} sulom 'arrow' ChC, ChL, JI II 3, Sk. B 25, BLB 322, TrnSL 277, 286 ll ? D 'cicla- > Tm cilai_,
Ml cila 'bow (weapon)' D #2571 ^ Not here (because of the initial sibilant) K: GZ 'msvild- 'bow
(weapon)', which is akin to GZ 'msvil- 'shoot (an arrow)' (see K
2
129) ^ Blz. DA 164 [#114] (D,
CCh 'arrow, bowstring' + unc. K).
2O58. 'salbV 'to cut out, pull out' > HS: S 'sslb - 'sl > Ar slb G 'carry off forcibly, plunder',
Gz slb G 'take off\away, plunder', BHb, JA sl G 'draw from a sheath, take off', JA [Trg.] sl G
'losen, pull, draw', JEA sl G 'pull off\out, remove, draw', ChrPA sl G 'draw from a sheath', SmA
sl G id., 'remove', Sr, Md sl G id., 'pull out', Ak sl id., 'tear out' BK I 1118, L G 498-9, KB
1427-8, Schlt. 2O9, Lv. IV 565-6, Js. 1587, Sl. 1152-3, Tal 9O4-5, DM 469, Sd. 1145, CAD XVII/1
23O-1 ll U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'saolva 'hollowing adze (Hohlbeil); to gouge out' > ObU {Hl.}
'sVvyol id. > pVg {{Hl.} 'savlI > Vg Ss sovli 'Hohlbeil mit einem wendbaren Stiel'; pOs 'suyol >
V/Vy suyol, Ty suyo, Y suvo, D/K so_ot 'Hohlbeil, adze for cutting grooves' | Hg szalu 'Deichsel
(Dchsel), Queraxt, Querbeil, Hohlbeil', szalul-, szalul-, szalval- v. 'gouge out or clean with a crooked
axe (e.g. the internal wall of a wheel)' UEW 889 ('sXlIyV), MF 567-8, Ht. #582, Hl. rHt 73-4 (on
ObU 'v and 'y), Trj. 44O, Stn. FUV 35 ( F salvata v. 'bolt [the door], bar, close' and Lp Vfs {Lgc.}
suolvst v. 'bite') ll A: M 'salba- 'cut grass, weed out' > WrM salba-, HlM can6a- id. MED 664.
2O59. 'silKV (= 'silKa?) 'to let out' (> 'to throw', 'to fall out') > IE: NaIE 'sclg- 'let out, throw,
pour out, free, send off' [ N 'calV 'to pour (out)'?] > OI sr'|ati {MW} 'lets go\fly, discharges,
throws, casts', [RV] 'sarga 'a stream, gush, downpour', [MBh, Rm] 'sarga n. act. 'letting go,
discharging, voiding (an excrement)', Av horozonti 'they send off', ua-qhar
o
stoc 'zu bergieen', Prth
hirz- 'lassen, verlassen' || OIr sclg n. 'hunt' ( *'releasing the hounds'), Brtt {RE} 'sclg- v. 'hunt' > OW
in-hclcha 'venando', hclgha-ti imv. 'hunt!', MW hcly, W hcl, hcla 'to hunt', OCrn [LC] hclhvur 'hunter',
Crn hclghya, hcllya v. 'hunt', OBr a olguo "indagatione" ('par des recherches \ investigations \
enqutes') , MBr hcmolch (for 'cmholch < 'ambi-solg), Br hcm-olc`hin 'to hunt' || MHG sclIcn 'to drizzle
down' (of clouds) WP II 5O8, P 9OO-1, EI 481 (all of them: 'sclg-), M K III 497-8, MW 1183-6,
1245, Vn. S 8O-1, RE 1O5, Flr. 68-9, Hm. 374, SEv. 1O, OsS 753, Lx. 191 OI 'sarga points to a IE 'g,
rather than 'g ( P, EI) ll HS: CS 'slI 'let go, send' > BHb slI Sh

(K6il5S6e5 hi'sliI) 'throw, cast off,
throw away', MHb ek1ulS6 solu'Ia G pp. f. 'Weggeworfene, Verworfene', SmA slI G 'send', Sh

'throw', Ar lS slI G (ip. -sluI-) 'insert (a hand)', 'travel, go along (a road\course)' [possibly a bf
from slI Sh

(pf. ?aslaIa) 'engage so. in a road\course' Hb hi'sliI ''] KB 1414-6, Lv. IV 562, Tal
9OO-1, Fr. II 345-6, Hv. 333 ll U: FU 'silIc ({It.} 'slIc = 'sElIc) 'sink' > pLp {Lr.} 'cslIs- 'go
through [the ice]' (of a foot), 'sink into sth.' > Lp: N {N} cal'gat id., Vfs {Lgc.} ca'l
a'
Iot ''fall
through sth.', S {Hs.} d t|algudh id., 'disappear', Nd {TI} cvlg_at 'durch schwaches Eis treten' || pOs
'scly- ({ Hl.} 'saly-) > Os: Y solom, sollolom, K {PD} sotom, sototam 'allmhlich herabfallen
(ocinarc) ), erschttet werden, ausfallen' It. ULW 193-4, Lr. #1O8, Lgc. #457, Lgc. SL #2843, Hs.
13O1, TI 641 ll A: ? Tg 'silgi- 'get through (a narrow opening)', 'nponc:ar' > WrMc silgi- - silIi- id.,
'kriechen (nc:r)', Lm htlg+, Neg stlgt- id., 'force ones way through', Nn Nh d silgici- vt. 'push
through' STM II 83, Hr. 794 ^ IS MS 35O s.v. 'scl(I)n nc:aipcnncnnin (does not distinguish this
from N 'sul'u 'lax, loose, slack' [q.v.]). IE points to a N '-a, while FU '-c and Tg '-i may be
explained by as .
2O6O. 'salVmV 'collect on the bottom' (of liquid), 'place (depression) where water collects' > HS:
S 'ssml > Ar samal-at-, suml-at- {Hv.} 'black mud, remainder of water', {BK} 'petite quantit deau et
de boue qui reste au fond dun bassin; limon noir au fond dun puit', samal- 'reste deau au fond
(dun vase, dun puits)', sumlan- 'remainder of wine' BK I 1142, Hv. 337 Eg G smr 'Gewsser im
Gau von Diospolis parva (VII. Gau von Obergypten)' EG IV 139 ll U: FU (att. in FP) 'ssallmo
(vocalism after Db.), 'ssollma (vocalism after UEW) > FP {Db.} 'salmo, {UEW} 'solma 'valley,
depression with water, well' > Prm 'soonm- (= {LG} 'soonm- 'depression with water' > Z cccn son
'narrow gully, depression (no6nna, nonna)', Z Ud 'valley, gorge, depression between two slopes', Z
UV 'a gully in the river valley, flooded in flood-time', Vt {Mu.} sum 'small oblong lake near a river'
| F salmi 'strait, narrows, sound', Es salm id., 'narrow strait between two islands' | pLp {Lr.} 'colmc >
Lp: S {Hs.} t|oalmic 'Sund, in dem kein Strom geht', L {LLO} t|al'mc 'Sund; Rinnsal, Wasserrinne; vom
Wasser in einem Deltagebiet ausgegrabener Wasserlauf', N {N} coal'bmc / -lm- 'marked contraction of
a lake, sound between two lakes or reaches of a fjord', T {TI} cua'lm 'Sund, Meerenge' | UEW 775,
SK 956, Lr. #174, Lgc. #677, Lgc. SL #291O, Hs. 1327, Db. OS x, LG 252 ll D 'calVmV ({GS} 'cc-?) [
'Ialja,(-mV)??] 'hole dug for water in dry bed of river' > Kn calamc, calimc, calumc, cilumc, Tl cclama id.,
Ku salma 'well' || ?? Brh Ial 'place where water collects' (unless A InA) D #2367, Em. NDVS 377-8,
Em. DS 369 ^ If Brh Ial belongs here, pD had an initial 'I-, hence the N rec. must be 'salV(-mV). If
the Eg smr and Ar sml belong here and Brh Ial does not, the N etymon must be 'salVmV.
2O61. i 'sVl_itV - -dV 'to slip' > HS: B 'slld > Zkr {Ds.} noslulud, Rf BA {Rn.} onsruoo, Ttq
{Msq.} pf. isclclct 'glisser' Rn. 336, Ds. B 154, Msq. 138 ll K: GZ 's_lct-/'s_lit-/'s_lt- v. 'stumble,
slip' > Mg c_ilat-/c_ilit-/c_irt-, ? Lz lt- id., OG s_lct-, G s_lct- / s_lit- / sxlt-, 'slip, dart off' K 167, K
2

171, FS E 3O9 ('s_l-) ll IE NaIE 'slci_d"- 'slippery; to slide', 'slid"-os 'slippery, smooth; slide, glide' >
Gk oioove v. 'slip; slip and glide along' (aor. eioov), oioo) 'slippery', oioo) 'Gltte,
Schlpfrigkeit' || OIr slact 'masse glissante, coule, ams, tas', NIr slaod 'a smooth sweeping mass;
swathe' || MHG slitcn, AS slidan v. 'slide, slip, glide', NE slidc; AS slidor 'slippery, smooth', NE sliddcr;
NHG d Schlittcn 'sledge' || Lt slysti (prs. slystu, p. slydau) 'to slide, slip, glide', Ltv slist, slist
'(aus)gleiten', slidct 'to slide, glide', a-slidct 'to slip', Lt slidus, Lt Z slydus 'slippery' || OI 'srcdhati
'fail, err, blunder' (P: *'gleitet ab'), sridh- 'failure, error' P 663-4, 96O-1, M K III 558, M E II
786-7 ('hslci_d"-), F II 377, Vn. S 125, Dnn. 652, OsS 825, Lx. 19, Ho. 298, KM 658, Frn. 83O, 833,
Mn. 12O9, 1213, EI 527 ['(s)lci_- 'slicky, slimy, slippery'] ^ K 167 (K, IE). The variation between N
't (in B and K) and N 'd (in IE) may be due to ideophonic connotations.
2O62. 'sulzu(-IE) 'silzi(-IE) 'mucus, slime, saliva; to spit' > HS: C: Bj {Rop.} sil 'saliva', {R}
sil 'saliva, drivel' R WBd 198, Rop. 232 ll IE: [1] NaIE 'slcig-/'slig- 'slime, saliva' > MHG slich, slich,
NHG SchlicI 'slime, ooze' || Sl 'slizi 'slime, mucus' > R cnn:, Slv sliz id., Blg 'cnn:a 'saliva'; Sl 'sliza
'tear (lacrima)' > OCS, OR taio sliza, R cnc':a, Uk cni':a, cno':a, Blg cn':a,, SCr suza, Slv solza, Cz,
Slk slza, P lza id. [2] NaIE 'slci_- +ext. : BSl: Ltv slicnas 'saliva, drivel' | Sl 'slina 'saliva' > SrChS
tauuo slina, Blg, Uk 'cnnna, Blr 'cnin , SCr sli`na, Slv slina, Cz, Slk slina, P slina, (with an obscure ) R
cn'na, Blr, Blg 'cnna 'saliva' || L saliva id. || Clt ({Vn.}: not necessarily A L): OIr sailc, W haliv, Br salo
In some IE lgs. (esp. Gmc and Sl) contamination with paro- and synonymous roots for 'silt', 'slippy',
etc. Lx. 197, Paul 514, Kar. II 225, WH II 468, Vn. S 14, Glh. 562, 596, Vs. III 668, 671-2,
Vr. 516, P 663-4, EI 527 ['slci_-n- '(s)lci_- 'slicky, slimy, slippery'] ll K: G sila 'hemorrhoidal
slime' DCh. 1172 ll U: FU 'sulIc (att. in FP) - 'suzIc (att. in ObU) > F sylIi, Es sulg 'saliva', F
sylIc-, Es sulga-, sulgc- v. 'spit' | pLp {Lr.} 'colIs- v. 'spit' > Lp: S {Hs.} t|algcdh, L {LLO} t|al'Iat, N
{N} col'gat, Kld col:gco id.; pLp ''colIs 'saliva' > N {N} col'ga / -lg- id., L {LLO} t|alIa, S {Hs.}
t|algc id., 'spittle', Kld uonni, {TI} col:,I 'saliva' | Er ccnic sclgc, Mk ccnic sclgo id., Er sclgc-, Mk
sclgo- v. 'spit' | Chr: L mycnin 'suv+l, B suvol-vut, H {MRS} micnynni(, {Ep.}
micnicnnicr so'volv+t 'saliva' (vut, -v+t 'water'), soval- (inf. micnacn-acm), L mycnan- suval- v.
'spit' | Prm {LG} 'so'l- v. 'spit' > Z conan- sslav-, Vt c na- sala- v. 'spit', Z cocn:i- ssvzI-, Vt
c n:cini salzInI v. mom. 'spit' || ObU {Ht.} 'suzoy- ({ Ht.} 'suooy-) v. 'spit' > pVg 'sul- > Vg: T
sulI-, LK/MK/UK sal-, P/NV/SV/LL sall-, UL/Ss sal- id.; pOs {Ht.} 'soyoy- ({ Hl.} 'suyoy-) >
Os: V/Vy soyo-, Ty/Y so'yo- id. Coll. 117, UEW 479, Sm. 549 (FU 'sulI/dIi(-), FP 'sulIi, Ugr
sudIi 'saliva, spit'), Lr. #161, Lgc. #458, Hs. 13O1, SaR 399, TI 677, Ker. 135, MRS 74O, 758, Ep.
159, LG 27O, Lt. 128, Ht. #564 ll A: M 'silu-sun 'saliva, spittle, slaver, slobber' > MM {H} silusun,
WrM {MED} silusun, HlM mnc id., WrM {Kow.} silusun 'salive, humeur, phlegme', Kl {KRS}
mncn sulson, {Rm.} sulsn, Ord {Ms.} solosu 'saliva, drivel', Brt mnlyn, Dg {T} sulsc - sillc, {Pp.}
silsu', {Mr.} sulcsc 'saliva'; M 'silu-Icy 'slibbery, full of saliva; saliva' > WrM siluIci, HlM mnxnn id., Kl
{KRS} mnio sulIa 'full of saliva' ('cnn) nin'), {Rm.} sulIc 'full of saliva; saliva', ?? Mnr H {SM}
siorg_uo 'saliva, drivel', 1 T: Chg {Rl.} sulagay, Tkm cncicn OulcIcy, Uz cyAnai sulaI, cyAnaian
sulaIay, Qmq silcgcy, VTt {Rl.} silogay - silagay, Bsh lcnoion hilagay, Nog, Qq silcIcy, Qzq c ncicn
silcIcy, Qrg silcIcy, Alt unncicn cilcIcy, Tb/Qmn {B} cilcIcy, Xk stlcgcy 'saliva', ET {Nj.}
solgay - sulgay, Az scliI id., 'slime' H 14O, MED 7O8, KW 37O-1, KRS 686, SM 397, T DgJ 184,
Mr. D 218, Rs. W 435, Rl. IV 6OO, 741, 831, Nj. 55O, 552, UzR 393, TkR 598, RAzS 279-81 (Az scliI
'slime, saliva'), z. 26O, B DChT 165, B DK 268 Tg 'silcmsc 'saliva, dew' > Ul silsmss id., WrMc
silcqgi id., 'drivel' STM II 86 The meaning 'dew' may be due to the infl. of the Tg reflexes of N
's'uLV (or 's'uzV) 'dew' [q.v.] Rs. W 435 (T, M, Tg) ll D 'coll- ({GS} '-) 'saliva' > Tm
collu 'dribbling at the mouth as of a child', ? calai_ 'dribble, saliva flowing from the mouth', Kt :ol,
Klm zoll, Gnd A col - :ol 'saliva', Kn |ollu id., 'slaver', Tu |oll 'saliva, spittle', Tl collu, |ollu 'slaver,
saliva drivelling from the mouth' D #2862 ^ BF, Lp and Mr point to a FU and N 'l, while ObU
suggests FU and N 'z. All other lgs. (C, IE, A and D) do not distinguish between N 'l and 'z ^ IS
MS 365 (N 'suln 'cnn:'), Rs. W 435 (A, U).
2O63. 'smi 'fat' > HS: S ''samjV,n n. 'fat, oil' > BHb Nm3S3 'scmcn id. JA [Trg.] Nm2S6 so'man n.
'cream, fat (of milk)', an1m6uS sum'n-a n. 'fat', SmA, IA, Plm smn 'oil', Pun smn in zbh smn 'oil
sacrifice', Ug smn 'fat, oil, butter', Ar m0Sa samn- 'melted butter', Jb C 'scn 'fat, fatness', Ak fOAk
samn- 'oil, fat, cream', Eb samnum {Krb.} 'fat', {Frnz.} 'oil'; d S 'sa'min- adj. 'fat' > BHb Nm4S1
sa'mcn, JA [Trg.] Nim4S6 so'mcn, JEA an!im4S6 somc'na id., Ug smn id. ('gordo, cebado'), JPA Ar
samina pf. G 'was\became fleshy' KB 1449-51, HJ 1163, A #2637, OLS 444-5, Lv. T II 493, Sl. 575-
6, Tal 9O9, DM 443, BK I 1143, Jo. J 262, CAD XVII/1 321-3O, Krb. EG 34, Frnz. MLE 181, MiK I
#1.248 Eg Md smy {EG} 'fat milk, cream', {Fk.} 'curds' EG IV 13O, Fk. 227 B 'siHm 'fat' ( N
'ci_mV id. [q.v. ffd.]) Fc. 1835, Msq. 141, Dl. 778 C: Bj {Rop.} simum 'suet, fatty covering of
kidneys' Rop. 233, Blz. EDB 24 Ch: CCh: Lgn {Lk.} ssmsn [secondary glottalization?], {Nc.}
scmcn 'be(come) fat' || WCh: mt Dir {Sk.} sinama 'oil' || ECh: Mb {J} sivin n. 'fat', Nd D {J} sva`n, Smr
{J} sva`ni``, Skr {Sx.} sunu, Mgm {JA} scvcn, Bdy {AlJ} sc`vcq 'oil', svcn Ia ta`lta 'fat' (n., lit. 'hard
oil'), Kbl {Cp.} suvsngs, Ll {WeibP} soqgo, Ke {Eb.} son, {Eb. in ChC} son, Kwn suva`nc, EDng {Fd.}
scvc, Brg {Lk., J}, Mu {J} sivin 'oil, fat' Sk. NB 34, Lk. L 12O, ChC, WeibP 81, Eb. 93, JA LM 123,
AlJ 114 , Blz. LECh #26 OS ##2247 ('siman 'oil, fat') ll A: M 'scmc-:in > MM [MA] {Pp.} scmci
'fat of the intestines', WrM scmcin, HlM cyx(nn), Brt lcxc, Ord scmci 'fat around the intestines, fat
of the epiploon'; M 1 WrMc scmcccn, scmccn id. Pp. MA 32O, MED 687, Ms. O 57, Z 587 Tg
'scmcsiI id. > Ewk ssmssiI, Lm hsmsh+I, Neg ssmssi_, WrMc scmsu id. STM II 142 ??? pKo 'sam
'amnion (caul) and placenta' > NKo sam S QK #825, MLC 9O1 DQA #1962 [A 'scmca 'fat',
incl. Tg] ll D 'cavar- - 'camar- ({GS} 's-) 'to smear, to oil, to rub in (oil, etc.)' ( N 'caV v. 'clay,
mud; smear, moisten', q.v. ffd.) > Tl camuru 'oil, any oily\unctuous substance', camuru v. 'smear,
daub, run as with oil', EpTl samaru 'ghee' D #2389, 2674b ^ IS MS 348 (''samn 'to grease' > IE,
A, ?K, HS) (did not distinguish between reflexes of N 'smi 'fat' and N 'c'om E 'to smear' [q.v.]).
2O64. 'simV (= 'simV ?) 'name (as sign of identity), the same' ( 'one') > HS: S 'sim- 'name' >
BHb MS4 scm (pl. t&mS4 sc'mot) , Ph, Pun, Ug, OA, IA sm, BA +ppa. -mS6 som-, SmA {BH} sam, ChPA
sm, sym, JA [Trg.] MS4 scm / em. am1S6 so'm-a, JEA so'ma (cs. scm - sum), Sr so'm-a, (+ppas., e.g.
Jm scm-i 'my name'), NNEA {Mcl.} sima, isma, Ar s0 ?ism-, Sb mS sm, Gz som, Hrs {Jo.} hcm, Mh
{Jo.} ham (pl. Hrs/Mh hsmotsn), Jb E/C sum (pl. 'sim-ts), Sq {Jo.} scm, Ak sum-u, Eb {Krb} sum-um
KB 1432-5, 1791-2, HJ 1155-9, A #262O, OLS 44O-1, Lv. T II 491, Lv. IV 569-7O, Sl. 1153-4, Dlm.
427, Schlt. 2O9, Br. 784-5, Mcl. 3O7, BGMR 126, Jo. H 52, Jo. M 158, Jo. J 262, Krb. EG 4O, Krb. PE
1O7 pB '?i-sim id. (acc. to Pr. M IV-V 111, the B word is not an Arabism; '?i- is a reg. px. of masc.
nouns) > Ah, Kb, Izd i-som (pl. ismavon), Tmz ism (pl. ismavn), ETwl {GhA} csom, Gd ism, Zng {Msq.}
ismi, {Bs.} 4" 'asm 'name'; Kb, Tmz, Izd, Gd smm 'to name' Fc. 1837, GhA 174, Dl 777-8, MT
641-2. Mrc. 176, Lf. II #1464, Msq. Z 521, Bs. Z 147 Eg fMK smy ({ EG} smy) v. 'report, make
report, announce, proclaim' ( *'to call, to name') > Cpt Sd tmmc sommc, B tcmt scmi v. 'name,
appeal, accuse' EG IV 127, Fk. 227, Vc. 188, Crn. 152-3 C 'sim- -'sum- 'name' (= {E} 'si/um-) > Bj
{R} sim (df. 'u-scm, 'u-sum) id., -sim (1s p. a'sim) 'to name' || Ag 'ssq", {Ap.} 'soq" 'name' > Bln {R}
soq" - siq, {Bnd.} soq", Xm, Km ssq", Aw {CR} suqi; d Bln {R} siq- 'nennen, benennen' || EC 'ssumm-
or 'ssu?m- 'name' > Sd su?ma, Hd summa id.; ?? Rn sumat 'a brand; mark (to distinguish lifestock)',
sum- v. 'brand (lifestock)' E PC #447, R WBd 2O1, R WB 328, Ap. IC 46-7, Gs. 295, PB 172, PG 269
, Blz CL 179 Ch {JS} 'sm, {Nw.} 'si/um, {Stl.} 'sumi 'name': WCh {Stl.} 'suma-na id. > Hs
suna (< 'sum-na) | AG: Su {J} sum, Gmy, Cp sIm, Kfr sum, Tal sum, Ang {Hf.} su'm, {Flk.} sum | BT
{Stl.} 'sumV id. > Krkr ssm, Tng stmo, Krf {Sch.} simi | NrBc {Stl.} 'stmVn id. > Dir sin, P {MSk.}
stm, Cg st`man | SBc: Tala ssm, Buli stm, Wnd sim, Zar sum, Kry vusum, Jm {Csp.} sim, Grn {Jgr.} sin,
Sy {Csp.} sum, Bg {Csp.} yisim id. | Ron: Klr {J} sim, DfB {J} sum, Fy {J} Iu-sum id. || CCh 'sm id. > Tr
{Nw.} zim, Hw sim | Mrg {Hf.} ssm, Cb sIma, Klb {AD} ximi, {Mch.} sim, Br sima, Wmd sImo | BB: FlJ,
FlM ztm, Gude lIma | Mtk sb.: {Ro.}: Mkt sum, Mada simc, Myn simi, Hrz ssmay, Mlk, Vm simay,
Zlg zsm; Gzg {Lk.} simcd, {Ro.} simid | Db {Lnh.} zimi` | Ktk: Lgn {Bou.} ssm, Bdm {Cfr.}
hamu | McMsg: Mbara {Trn.} sim | McMs: Ms {J} samna`, scmna, Bnn scmc, ZmB {J} sam, {Sa.} scm,
ZmD {KNC} sc`m, Azm {Pc.} si`mi`na` id. || ECh: Mb {J} samc, , Mjl scmmi, Kjk simi, Brg {J} ?osom,
Mkl {J} suma, Kwn Ia-ss`m, scm, Ke {Eb.} sam, Smr {J} sumi, , EDng {Fd.} siq, Bdy {AJ} scmc, Mgm
pl. {J} scmc id., Mkl {J} suma, Nd D {J} ha`m, Tmk him Ch 'sim- 'ear' < N 's'imV 'to hear' in
several Ch lgs (Gzg, Db, some Masa lgs., Tmk, Smr), where the word means both 'name' and 'ear'
JI II 248-9, Stl. IF 9O, ChC, ChL, Hf. AG 2O, Csp. 27, 59, Jgr. 186, KNC 24, Ro. 296, Pc. 351 , Blz
LECh #58 ; ffd. cf. AD ChCS #2O OS #23O4 (HS 'sum: S, Ch), #2244 ('sim- 'call, speak': S, B, Eg
Ch, LEC), Vc. 188 (Eg, S) ll K ? 's`'um- > Sv: UB {TK} svim - sum, Ln {TK} svim, L {Dn., TK} sum
- {TK} som 'kind of, dialect' (mcrma-mirma sumi liyrals lcvInc_ 'they sing many kinds of songs')
[unless Sv A Aram sum 'kind' < S 'sim- 'name'?] Dn. s.v. sum, TK 825 ll IE: NaIE 'scm-/'som-/'sm-
'the same, one' ( 'together'): [1] 'som-/'som- 'the same, alone' > OI sa'ma- 'the same, equal, like, Av,
OPrs hama- 'like, the same' || Gk oo) 'one and the same, like' || OIr -som, reinforcing pc. of the 3rd
prs. (ys hc-som 'cest lui'), W hvn 'this one' (< 'som-d"c) || L sim-ul 'at the same time', similis 'like,
resembling' || Gmc 'samaz 'same' > Gt (sa) sama, ON samr, OHG dcr samo, da sama 'the same'; adv.: ON
scm, Sw som, OSx samo, sama, AS, NE samc, OHG sama 'same as' || Sl 'sam+ 'oneself; the same' > OCS
tom+ sam+ 'self, ipse; the most', Blg cax, SCr, Slv sam, Cz, Slk, P sam 'self, ipse', alone', R cax 'self,
ipse', 'caxin 'the same, the most' || Arm omn omn 'some, certain, some one' [2] 'scm-/'sm- 'one' >
Gk Mc c-mc, Gk m. c)i) (< 'scm-s), ntr. )cv (< 'scm) (gen. m\ntr. cv-o)), f. io (< 'sm-io); px. o- / o-
'one-, same-' (as in ooco) 'brother' 'one from the same womb', oto 'once') || Arm mi mi (<
'sm-iyos, {EC} 'sm-ih_) 'one' || L scm-cr 'always' || Tc: A sa-s, B sc ('scm-s) 'one' m., A sam', B sana,
somo f. || OI sa-'Irt, Av ha-Iorot 'once, all at once' AdS of NaIE 'som/'sm 'together' ( 'with') (< N
''amj?,V (or '-?) 'together; to unite, tie together' P 9O3-5, AHDI 57, EI 499 (so'mo-s 'same'), 399
('scm-s - 'scm - 'sm-ih_- 'united as one, one together'), M K III 411, 436-7, Glh. 539-4O, F I 1, 471-2 &
II 39O, WH II 538-41, Vn. S 169, Slt. 454, Fs. 4O9, Vr. 461-2, 47O, Kb. 823, Schz. 244, OsS 74O, Ho.
269-7O, Ho. S 62, Frn. 753-4, Vs. III 551-2, StSS 592, KT 158, Wn. 415, Ad. 6758-9, Ad. H 15 ^ u for
'i in some lgs. (Ak, Aw, WCh, Sv, T, etc.) is due to the labializing infl. of 'm.
2O65. 'simV 'be wet; moisture, liquid' > K: GZ 's`im- 'wet; water' > G X sim-ur-i 'water', Mg sim-c
'wet, wetness' Fn. KW-2 43, FS K 284-5, FS E 317 ll HS: EC: Or {Grg.} sama 'become
mouldy\spoiled\dirty', HEC {Hd.} 'sam- 'be wet, rot' > Ged {Hd.} sam- 'be wet', samo 'wet', Sd {Gs.}
sam- 'be wet\humid\damp, rot', sama 'wet, damp, moist; corrupt, putrid' Grg. 251, Brl. 366-7, Hd.
166, 259, 391, Gs. 3OO ll A: M 'simc 'sap, juice, liquid' > WrM simc, HlM mnx 'sap', Kl mnx, {Rm.} sim
o

'juice', Ord {Ms.} simc 'juice, sap; abundant milk (from an udder)', Mnr H {SM} simic 'juice, sap', Dg
{Mr.} simc 'juice', {T} sim id., 'succulence'; M 1 PClWrMc simcn, WrMc simcn ({Z} cnxyn) {Z}
'moisture, humours of the body (from food and drink)', {Hr.} 'Feuchtigkeit; Sfte, Sekrete' MED
7O9, KRS 673, Ms. O 618, SM 396, Mr. D 216, KW 357, Rm. M 38, Mls. 237 But M 'simc- 'swallow,
suck out' and WrMc simi- 'suck' have to be preferably connected with N 'sscHm'u 'to swallow'
(q.v. ffd.) or result from a merger of both N etymons ll D 'cimm- ({GS} 'sc-?) 'moist(ure)' > Tm
ccmmal 'water', Tu {D} simc , {Mnr.} sima 'cold, moistness', Tl ccmma 'moisture', Ku :imbri igi
'drizzle' D #2539 , Mnr. 6616, 649 ^ Blz. 162 [#99] (D, K + err. the D and HS reflexes of N
'SmjV,tV 'cold'. q.v.) .
2O66. 'sscHm'u 'to swallow' > U: FU (att. in FV) 'sscmc 'drink, swallow, gulp' > F sicmi (gen.
sicmcn) n. 'drink, gulp, beverage', sicmaisc- v. 'gulp (down), swallow', Es sccm (gen. sccmc), soom
(gen. soomc) 'draught, gulp', 'Trunk, Schluck' | Er cnxc- simc-, Mk cnxo- simo- v. 'drink' UEW
773, Ker. II 142 ll A: NaT 'sim- (- 'sim-, 'sum-) v. 'swallow' > MQp [CC] {Grn.} sim- v. 'gulp, swallow'
('schlucken, verschlingen'), Osm {Rh.} sum- 'butt with the snout in sucking', Tk sum- 'suck
(butting with the snout)' (of lambs, etc.); 'simur- > OT simur- v. 'swallow in a single gulp', Brb, Nog,
Qq simir-, Qzq c x p- simir-, ET, Osm {Rl.} sumur- id., Az sumur- id., 'suck out', Tkm cxp-
Oumur- 'eat greedily', Uz simir- 'suck\drink slowly' Cl. 829-3O, Rs. W 422, Grn. 22O, Rh. 1O95,
TrR 797, Rl. IV 737, 853, MM 318, BT 141, z. 276, TkR 599 M 'simc- 'swallow, suck out' > MM
[MA] {Pp.} simc- v. 'absorb (a liquid)', WrM simc-, HlM mnxy- 'draw a liquid into the mouth, suck',
Mnr H {SM} ssmu- 'suck', Mgl {Rm.} simina' 3s 'sucks' Pp. MA 333, MED 7O9, KW 358, Rm. M 38,
SM 374 Tg 'simc- 'suck' > Sln sims- 'suck', Lm htmat/- 'suck (a bone)', (with as ) tma- 'suck', Orc
simici- 'suck, suck out', Ud simisi- id., 'suck round', Ul simins-, Ork, Nn Nh simi- 'suck in, soak', PCMc,
WrMc simi- 'suck, swallow'; Tg 'imc- ({DQA} 'simc-) > Lm tm+l- 'percolate', Ul, Nn Nh cimc- id.,
'get soaked', WrMc simc- ({Z} cnxy-) 'be absorbed' STM II 87, 394, Z 61O-1, Hr. 796-8, Mls. 237
pKo {S} 'simii_- v. 'soak, permeate' > MKo simii_-, NKo simi- S QK #547, Nam 318, MLC 1O25 pJ
{S} 'sim- 'soak' > OJ simm-, J: T simi-, K simi-, Kg simi- S QJ #512, Mr. 751 The vw. '-i- may be
due to contamination with N 'simV 'be wet; moisture, liquid' [q.v.] DQA #2163 [A 'simi 'to
suck, soak', incl. T, M, Ko, J] ll HS: B '-suHm- > Ah {Fc.} sumom 'sucer avec un bruit de lvres', BMn
{Bs.} smum 'suck, lick', Rif {Rn.} summ, Izd ssumm {Mrc.} 'suck' Fc. 1O83 C: Ag {Ap.} 'ssq"- v.
'swallow' > Bln/Dmb {R} soq"-, Km {CR} soy"-, Aw suq- Ap. AV 19 Ag '-q"- < C, HS '-m- (near a vw.
'u) reg. WCh: Tng {J} sumbc 'suck' | NrBc {Stl.} 'sYmd- 'suck' > {Sk.} Wrj ssnd-, Sir ssndu, Cg
zumd- Stl. ZCh 253 [#78], Sk. NC 42, ChC ^ IS MS 336 ('scm'Hn 'swallow': IE, A, U), Rs. UAW 41
(U, A) ^ unc. ( IS MS): IE 'scmH- 'ladle out, pour (out)' (> Lt scmiu / scmti 'draw, scoop\ladle
out', Ltv smclu / smclt 'scoop\ladle out', OIr scm- 'pour out', {Vn.} verser, puiser', ? Gk o 'water-
bucket', P 9O1-2, Vn. S 82-3) [IE '-H- reconstructed by him probably on the accentual ev. of Lt
scmti]. Not here Eg fMd sm 'v. 'swallow' (EG IV 44-5, Fk. 214) because it is a caus. of m 'swallow'.
2O67. 'ssiXmV 'to be dark\dim, darken' > HS: WS 'shm 'be black\dark' > JA [Trg.] shm G
{Lv.} 'brunlich\dunkelrot sein', JA {Trg.} Mih5S6 so'him 'dark, black', JEA Mh4S6 so'hcm 'dark-
coloured, glazed', MHb MuhS1 sa'hum 'dark-red', [Trg.] MuhS6 so'hum id., SmA shvm 'brown', Sr
shm G 'be dusky\swarthy', Ar shm 'be black', Jb shmm: snsha'mim 'be\become dark (in
complexion)', sha'mum, sha'mim '(complexion) brown. dark' Br. 769, Lv. IV 583, Lv. T II 4O8, Js.
1548-9, Sl. 1128, Tal 885-6, JPS 571, Jo. J 261 ll U 'ssimV > FP 'simV (- 'simV?) 'become dark, rusty;
rust' > pChr {Ber.} 'sim+ 'black' > Chr: L mcx scm, mcxc 'scmc 'black, dirty', Uf scm+, scm, M
sim, simc 'black', H mnx sim id., mnxic simo 'black, dark' || Prm sim- 'rust, rusty' > Z c x sim, Yz sim id.
|| ?? (with BF 'h- < irreg. 's-) F himmca, himca 'dim, obscure', Es imi 'schwach glnzend,
schimmernd' pY {IN} 'Ocm- 'black, dark' > Y K cmu- 'black', cm-bo- 'dark', cm-il 'night'; OY: K {Bil.}
cmmcl, NW {Lnd.} cmil, Ch {Mat.} cxnno, {Boe.} yxi(in id., K {Bil.} aimaivi, {Klc.} axnnnna 'black'
UEW 758-9, It. #4O2, Sm. 553 (FP 'siimV 'rust'), Ber. 52 [#325], MRS 699-7OO, 7O6. Ep. 15O, Ps. OT
12O, LG 258, SK 17, W EDW 13O, IN 22O, 299, 326, 33O-1 ll A: M 'sumc- > WrM sumc-i-, HlM
cxnn- v. 'appear dimly', WrM sumc-gcr, HlM cxiyp 'obscure, indistinct, pale' MED 744.
2O68. 'sXymV(-tV) 'hips, loins' > HS: WS (or SS) 'ssiumat- (or 'O-?) > Gz somat (- samat) 'loins,
flanks, waist', Tgr ssmst 'flank, side', Tgy svmti - ssmti - ssnti 'waist', Amh ssnt, Har sinti 'filet',
?? Ar simt- 'basque de la cuirasse qui garantit le derrire; bas dune robe qui dpasse celle de
dessus; courroie qui tient la selle'; EthS 1 Bln {R} simit - simit 'side' L G 5O3, LH 347, R WB 3O5,
BK I 1138 ll U: FU 'sXymV (or 's-) 'groin, loins' > Lp T {Gn.} si|ms (gen. si|mizi) 'side' or 'groin'
(F 'kuve'), {TI} 'Weiche' || Os: Nz suyom, Kz suyom 'groin (Leistengegend)', Sh suyom 'hip, loin-cloth
(Hfte, Lendengrtel)', Kr soyom 'waist', N {Pp.) soyom 'Lenden, Kreuz' Gn. 887, TI 552, KrT 82O,
Stn. D 1299, UEW 45 (FU cXymV 'sXymV; AD: FU 'c- is untenable because pOs 's- is not from
'c-) ll A: M 'sami 'groin' > WrM sami 'groin' ({Kow.} 'croupire'), HlM cax id. MED 668, Kow. 1316
ll ? D 'con`ta 'hip, waist' ({GS} 's-?) > Kn sonta, Tu sonta, onta 'waist', Tl tonti 'loins, hip' The
cerebrality of '-n`t- may be due to the infl. of N 'y (palatality > D cerebrality) D #284O.
2O69. 's'imV 'to hear' > HS: S 'sm G 'hear' > BHb, Ph, Ug, Amr, OA, IA, JA, SmA, Sr, Eb
sm G , Sb omS sm G , Ar, Gz sm G , Mh/Hrs/Sq {Jo.} hm (Mh pf. hima - huma, Hrs pf. homa, Sq
pf. 'hysma), Jb {Jo.} sm (pf. si), Ak inf. G scmu 'hear', Mn omS sm G 'witness' KB 1452-6,
1792-3, HJ 1164-6, A #2639, OLS 441, G A 32, Tal 9O9-11, Lv. IV 577-9, Sl. 1158-6O, Br. 686-7,
BGMR 127, MA 82, Ln. 1427-3O, L G 5O1-2, Jo. M 157-8, Jo. H 51, Jo. J 262, Krb. EG 15 B 'sVm(m)
'ear' > Gd {Lf.} c-som (pl. scmmcn), Awj {Prd.} 'i-som (pl. 'smivon) 'ear', d 'ta-sum(m)-Vt 'pillow' (like Fr
orcillcr orcillc, R no(-ym-ia 'pillow' [lit. 'under-ear-er']) > Kb ta-sum-ta 'oreiller, coussin', Izn {Rn.}
tsumta (pl. tosamtavin), Rif {Rn.} tsummot id., Nf tsum'ta, Skn 'tsumti, Awj ta'sumt 'pillow', 'a-samu
> Ah asamu 'oreiller'; - Ah sumot, Kb ssumot 'avoir\utiliser pour oreiller' Fc. 1834, Lf. II #1465,
Prd. 164, 17O, Dl. 781 d? Eg fP smt ({ EG} smt) v. 'hear', ?? Eg fP sm ({EG} sm) 'achten,
respektieren' The loss of ' needs investigation EG IV 12O, 144, Fk. 229 Ch {Stl.} 'sim- 'ear' >
CCh 'sim 'ear' > Tr {Nw.} zim, Hw {ChL} sima-ra, Gbn/Gnd {ChL} sima-ta | Mrg {Kr.} simi, BuP sim,
Klb {AD, Mk.} ximi, Hld/Wm {ChL} ximi, Cb {ChL} ssma, | HgN simc, HgK sim, HgG simvu, Kps
simsy | Gude {Hsk.} lsma, {IL} limin, Gudu {IL} sim, FlJ zsmsn | Lmn {Lk.} ssmsq | Mdr {Eg.} sima,
Glv {Rp.} h'imia, Gdf {IL} simn, Dgh {Frk.} smc | Suk {IL} ssmai_ 'ear' (and sam-ni 'hear') | Mtk
{Sb.} zsmbad, pMM {Ro.} simay > {Ro.}: Mkt sum, Mada simc, Myn simi, Vm simay, Zlg zsm id.,
as well as Mofu {Brr.} sumay, {Ro.} simay, Gzg D {Lk.} simcd, {Ro.} simid | Db {Lnh.} zimi`, Kola
{Sb.} zimi | Gdr {Mk.} sum | Ktk: Lgn {Bou.} sim | Msg {Mch.} xcma || ECh: Kwn M {J} scmdi | Kbl
{Cp.} sami, Ll {Grgs.} suma | Smr {J} sumi, Nd D {J} ham, Tmk {Cp.} him | Mb {J} sumamo , Mjl
sumamo 'ear' ? Ch {Stl.} 'Iu-sim- 'ear' > WCh: SBc 'Iusmi (< 'Iu-sim-?) > Bg Iumsi, Grn I"ansi,
Kir/Tala/Zar Ism, Buli Ium | Hs Iunnc | AG 'I"om > Ang I"om, Su/Cp Iom, Gmy {Fp.} Ium | Bl Iumo,
Tng {J}, Dr, Ngm Iumo, Krkr, Bele Iumo | Wrj Iumai_, Kry Ium, Dir, Jmb Iuma, My Iumai_ | Sha Ium,
Fy humu, Df h"am || CCh: Ms {J} humna`, ZmD {KCN} hu`m, ZmB {J} hum 'ear', Azm {Pc.} humba 'ear,
leaf', hu`mba 'hear' || ECh: Ke {Eb.} Io-soq 'ear' Stl. IF 9O, JI II 114-5, J T 1O5, ChC, ChL, KNC 1O,
Ro. 242, Pc. 217, Blz. LECh s.v. 'ear' ll K 'scm- / 'sm- 'hear, be heard' > OG scm- / sm-, G sm- id., Mg
sim- - ssm-, Lz sim-, Sv som- / sm- id., Sv UB lismc msd. 'be heard; hear sth.'; d 'sm-cn- / 'sm-in- 'listen' >
OG, G smcn- / smin-, Mg simin-, Lz simin-, sibin-, Sv smin- (Sv UB {GP} msd. lisminc) id., Sv LB {TK}
soman - soman n. 'hearing, attention' K 164-5, K
2
163-4, 167, FS K 267-8, FS E 296, Chik. 314, GP
168, TK 713 ll U: FU (att. in Os) 'sim(-Vl-, -Vl-) 'be heard' > Os Kz simos-, Os Sn simollo- 'zu
hren sein' Stn. D 1342.
2O7O. 'samjV,gc '(lock of) hair, fine hair' > HS: SES 'smy > Mh somsy, Jb E suy 'fine hair shed
by camel' Jo. M 395 Eg P/BD sm: 'behaarter Teil des Kopfes; Haare am Kopf' N 'g > Eg : (is it
reg. ?) EG IV 122 C: HEC ({Hd.} 'somba) > Brj {Ss.} 'somi, {Hd.} soma, somi, Hd somba, Sd
sobba 'pubic hair'; Af {Hw.} sammo 'pubic region' || SC {E} 'sc?cm- 'hair' > Irq {MQK} sc?cmi 'a hair',
sc?cq" 'hair, fur', Kz sa?amayo 'body and limb hair', Asa sc?cmuI 'hair; feathers', {Fl.} scmu-g
'headdress, hairdress' || ??? Bj {R} simbchani - simbani, {Rop.} sambo'hani 'eyebrows' ( N
'c'imV 'eyelid; to blink (eyes)' [q.v.]) Ss. B 174, E SC 15O, MQK 92, Hd. 75, R WBd 215 (equates
Bj with Bl scbIa 'hair'), Rop. 238 NrOm {Blz} 'sVm(m)- 'hair' > Ym {Wdk.} so`ma` 'hair', {Lm.} soma
id. (but {C} soma 'head'), She {CR Mnt.} som 'hair (capelli)' Wdk. BJ 133, C SE III 83, CR NGF
623, Lm. Y 373 Ch mt 'sVHVm- > WCh {Stl.} 'suHim- > Hs suma 'growth of hair on the head' | BT:
Ngm {Mk.} som 'hair', Tng {J} saytm 'beard' || CCh: FlJ {ChL} sImcI`n, FlM {ChL} stmIi, FlB {ChL}
stmItn, Gudu {ChL} stqItn 'hair' | Suk {IL in ChC} sumbut id. | Bnn simita, BnnM simit 'hair', Azm
{Pc.} simita 'feather(s)' J T 141, Ba. 958, Mk. II 282, Pc. 211 Blz. OLBP #47, OS #228O, Sk.
HCD 237, Tk. I 74-5, Tk. SCC 83 [#12.13] ll U: FU {UEW} 'saqc 'hair; to plait hair' ( v. 'plait') > F
saa 'fiber, filament; end (of thread)', (?) saic id. | Prm 'si > Z, Vt cn si id. || ObU {Ht.} 'scy- - 'soy-
{< ''scy"-?) 'curl, tress of hair; to plait' > pVg: [1] 'sa 'Locke, Haarflechte, Zopf' > Vg: T sav,
LK/MK sa (sa-an 'their curl\tress'), UK/NV sa, SV/LL sa, UL/Ss say; [2] 'sa- v. 'plait' > T
sav-, LK/MK/UK/SV sa-/sa-, NV sa-/sav-, LL sa-/sa-, UL/Ss sa- v. 'plait'; pOs: [1]
'soy 'tress of hair' > V/Vy so, Ty sa'", Y sa'v, D/K/Nz/Kz/O scv id.; [2] 'soy- v. 'plait' > V/Vy
so-, Ty sa'"-, Y sa'v-, D/K/Nz/Kz/O scv- | Hg szo- / szov-, su- / suv- v. 'weave, spin' UEW
471-2, LG 254, Ht. #571, MK 5O9-1O ll A 'saqa 'hair lock, (?) gill' > M: [1] 'saqna > WrM saqna, Kl
{KRS} saqna 'forelock of a horse', WrO saqna, saqnai 'tuft, forelock'; [2] 'saqmay > WrM {Rm.} saqmai,
Kl {Rm.} saqma - saqma - saqmo 'Haarzotte auf dem Stirn oder dem Scheitel (der Pferde\der
Menschen)'; [3] MM {MA} saniq 'locks, curls' KW 313, MED 672, KRS 441, Krg. 385, Pp. MA 318
Tg 'scnqc(n) 'beard, gill' > Ul ssnsm bi - ssnsm bi 'bearded', ssns - ssns 'gill', Lm O hsqnon 'fringe of
cloth (6axpoxa)', Lm hsqns, Ewk ssnqsn, Neg ssnqs, Orc ssqs, Ud ssqs, Ork ssns, Nn Nh ssyqs 'gill',
WrMc scqclc 'gill, cocks comb' STM II 143 ?? T {TL} 'saq-aI, 'saq-it 'a place on the neck under
the jaw' > Alt saqat - saqit 'a place under the ear at the end of the jaw; jaw, neck', {Ra.} 'gill', VTt
saqaq, Nog saqgaq, Qq sayaq 'gill', Tlt {Ra.} sat 'jugular vein', Tv sat 'carotid artery', Tf sat 'cervical
artery' Tl 222, Ra. 226 SDM97 (A 'scq(V)mV 'fringe, hair lock'), DQA #965 (A 'scqaou id.)
The vw. 'a of the first syll. in M and T is probably due to v. harmony.
2O71. 's'omjV,gE 's'ogmE 'enter, penetrate' > HS: S 'ssym > Ar sym G 'inivit (puellam), ps.
suyima 'ventrem plenum habuit' Fr. II 32O C: Bj {R} sum- scv. 'come home, enter; penetrate',
{Rop.} sum- 'enter, interfere' - caus. sum-s- vt. 'enter, put in' Rop. 238, R WBd 215 ? Ch: Mdr
{ChL} ssmsa 'come' || SBc: Kir K/L {Sh.} sin 'come!' ChL, Sh. SB 34 ll U 'soqc 'enter, creep in,
penetrate' > Lp: OSw {L} suognc 'intrare', N {Fri.} suogqa-/suoqa- - suodn|a-/suon|a- vi. 'smyge, smtte
ind i', {N} sudn|a / -n|- ' creep into (with difficulty) (e.g. creep into a cave)', L {LLO} suotn|a - suoIqa-
'durch eine ffnung hindurchpassieren', K {Gn.} suoannc-, Nt {TI} su_aqqa- vi. 'enter' | ? Er sova-,
su'va-, Mk su'va- 'enter, go in' || ObU {Ht.} 'OVq- (- ? 'OVqa) id. > pVg {Ht.} 'tuv- > Vg: T to- - toy-,
LK tuv-, UK tuv-, P/LL tu- id.; pOs 'aqa-/'oq- ({ Hl.} 'Iqa-/'aq-) id. > Os: V laqa- / loq-, Vy yaqa-,
Ty/Y aq-, aqa-/aq"-, D/K taq-, Nz toq-, Kz oq-, O laq- id. | OHg av- 'eindringen, sich
hineinnehmen, einwachsen'; - OHg avat- 'eindringen lassen; einsegnen' > Hg avat- 'initiate (so.)
into' Sm 'tcuy- 'enter, go in' > Ne T r-c, Ne T O {Lh.} tu'-s, Ne F {Lh.} cu', Ng {Mik.} tidi, En
{Ter.} 3s aor. uya, Kms {KD} 1s prs. su'lcm Y K {Krn., Nik.} sog- 'enter', {Krn.} ft. soxtcyc 'I shall
enter' UEW 446-7, Coll. 4, Db. OS xxix, xxxii, Sm. 548 (FU 'sooqi- 'enter' > FP 'sooqi-/'suqa-, Ugr
'Oaqi-), Fri. 688-9, N III 586, TI 342, Ker. II 147, LG 266, Ht. #144, MF 1O1, EWU 61, Jn. 167, AD
YN, Krn. JJ 284, Nik. RJS 6, Ang. 229 ll A: [1] M 'simgu- > WrM simgu- 'creep in, sneak in' [2] M
'siqgu- - 'suqgu- v. 'dive' > WrM siqgu- - siqgu- - {Rm.} suqgu-, HlM mynia-, Kl {Rm.} suqgo- - suqg
a
-
'dive' MED 711, KW 337, 368 The variant 'siqgu- with an unexpected 'i may be due to the infl.
of 'siqgc- 'set' (of a celestial body), 'be absorbed into sth.' ( N 'siqIU 'sink, fall') NaT (A M ?):
Nog suqu- 'dive', Qzq, Qq suqgu-, VTt {Rs.} siqgi- 'dive, plunge' Rs. W 436, KrkR 596 ll D (in
CD) 'coqI- enter' > Klm soqg-, Nk soq- id., Prj coqg- 'pierce' (of a thorn), Gdb soqg- 'be pierced
into', soq- 'pierce, penetrate' D #2676(a) ^ In some daughter lgs. the phonetic history is likely to
have been: '-mg- > '-qg- > '-q-or: '-gm- > '-gq- (as ) > '-q-. The long vw. in D suggests that the nasal
cns. was preceded by a lr. (N 's'ogmE) ^ In many lgs. there nay have been (mutual?) infl. of N
's'omjV,gE 's'ogmE and N 'siqIU '' [q.v.], so that it is hard to distinguish between their
respective reflexes.
2O72. 'SamirV 'fat, grease' > IE: NaIE 'smcru- id. ('Schmer, Fett') ( 'ma'ri?V 'animal fat' [q.v.])
> Gmc 'smcrva- > ON smior, smor 'butter, fat', Dn smor, Sw smor, NNr sm(|)or 'butter', OSx smcro,
OHG smcro [gen. smcravcs] 'fat' ('Schmer, Fett, Schmiere'), NHG Schmcr 'animal fat, grease, suet', Gt
smair|r n. 'fat', AS smcoru [gen. smc(o)r(u)vcs] 'fat, grease, suet, tallow', NE smcar n.; Gmc {Wht.}
'smcrvyan 'to spread grease on', {AD} 'anoint, smear' ( 'mcruuqV 'to smear' [q.v.]) > ON smyria,
smyrva 'bestreichen, salben', Sw smor|a, Dn smorc, NNr smyr|a 'smear, anoint'., OHG smirvcn 'to apply
serve, smear; to fatten', NHG schmicrcn 'smear', AS smicrvan 'to anoint', NE smcar || OIr smi(u)r (gen.
smcra), NIr smior, W mcr 'marrow' || Gk uov 'sweet-oil, sweet juice of plants, ointment, balsam',
uie, ouie 'rub with ointment\unguent, anoint', ? oui) 'emery powder (used by lapidaries
for rubbing and polishing)' ( Gk uo 'myrrh' A S ['murr- id. > OCn, Ak murru, BHb r7m mor, Ug mr,
Aram arum mu'ra, etc.]) || Lt P/Z smarsas 'fat' n., esp. 'fat \ tallow of poor quality' ( Lt smarsas 'smell,
stench') || Tc B smarc 'oil', {EI} 'oily, freasy' WP II 69O-1, P 97O-1, EI 194 (''smcru-), Vn. S 142, Fs.
438, F II 273-4, 751, Ch. 723-4, 1O28-9, Vr. 52O-1, AHDI 62, Sw. 154, 156, Ho. 3O2, Ho. S 68, Kb.
917-8, OsS 832-4, KM 663-5, Frn. 841, Wn. 456, Ad. 668, Ad. H 36 N 'c'om E 'to smear' [q.v.]
ll A: T 'samir 'fat' (< 'samir-y-) > OT samiz, MQp scmiz, MOg XIII samuz, Chg samiz, Tk scmiz 'fat',
Tkm ccxn: Ocmio 'fat', thick' (of an animal), ET, Uz, Qmq scmiz, VTt cnxc: simiz, Bsh lnxc&himio, Xk
simts, Alt {BT} scmis 'fat', Qzq ccx : scmiz, Yk amis 'fat', Alt/Tlt/K {Rl.} samis 'fat, fattened', Nog,
Qq, Qrg scmiz 'fat, fattened, stout', Chv caxaAp sam+r adj. 'fat, thick'; NaT 'samri- 'fatten, grow fat' >
OT {Cl.} samri-, MQp scmir- id., Chg samir- id., become thick\stout', Tk scmir-, Tkm ccxpc- Ocmrc-, ET
{BN} scmru-, scmir-, Uz, Qmq scmir-, VTt cnxcp- simir-, Bsh himir-, Qzq ccx p- scmir-, Alt {BT} scmir-,
Alt/Tlt/Shor {Rl.} samir- 'fatten, grow fat', Nog, Qq, Qrg scmir-, Xk simtr- 'fatten, grow stout' Cl.
83O, Rs. W 4O9, Rl. IV 5O9-11, Pek. 257, Jeg. 177 The pT alternation '-r / '-r- may be accounted
for by a pre-T nominal sx. '-y- in 'samir-y > 'samir ll D 'camVr-, {GS} 'samVr- v. 'smear' > Kn savaru
v. 'rub in, apply to (as water\oil\medicine\ashes)', Tl camuru v. 'smear' D #2389, GS 1O8 (on D
'-m- > Kn -v-) ^ This N etymon may go back to some cd including N 'smi 'fat' [q.v. ] with a sx.
'-rV (or a second component of a cd , from which only the syll. 'rV has survived).
2O73. ? ? 'SmjV,tV 'cold' > HS 'smt > B 'smd 'be cold' > Awj {Par.} smt, Ah, ETwl, Gh,
Tmz {MT}, Izd, Rif, Izn, BSn, Shl, Mz, Wrg, Ntf, Gd smd 'be cold', Kb ismid 'tre froid', Sll ismtd id.,
asommtd 'le froid', Zng {TC} sammuo 'froid' AiM 254-5 [#15.1.], Fc. 1835, PrGG 299, Mrc. 1233,
Dl. 778-9, Ds. 135, Dl. 778-9, Rn. 317-8, MT 642-3, Dray 228-9, Par. 166, TC D 8, Nic. 373, Bs. MS I
121 Ch 'smd > WCh: NrBc: Cg {Sk.} sidan, P {MSk.} ssndi 'cold', Dir {Sk.} sumbudu id., Mbr
I"i sindi 'harmattan' | SBc: Plc {Sch.} simtu, Ds Bn {Sch.} simIi, Zar GL {Sch.} simda 'cold' || CCh: Lgn
{Nc.} sumadc 'Wind, Klte', {JI Lk.} ssmads, ssmads` 'wind', Glf {Lbf.} sama 'cold' | Gzg D {Lk.}
himcd 'wind' | Gdr {Srp.} scmia id. | Ms {Mch.} simc, ZmD {Srp.} shimbcdc, ZmB {Sa.} simbcdc, Azm
{Pc.} simct-na 'wind' JI I 37 & II 78-8O, ChC, ChL, Stl. ZCh 178 [#3O8], Lk. L 118, Pc. 35O-1 Gr.
LA 54, AiM l.c. ll A: M 'scmtcrc > WrM scmtcrc- 'freeze out, be destroyed by frost' (unless WrM
{Kow.} scmtcrc- 'se briser, se casser' < N 'sscjy,mjV,tA 'tear, break' [q.v.]) ll ? D: Tu {Mnr., D} sima
'cold, chill', {D} simma adj. 'cold'; ( D 'cimV 'moist, wet' < N 'simV 'be wet; moisture, liquid') Tu {D}
simc, {Mnr.} sima 'cold, moistness'; not here Tm ccmmal 'water' and other reflexes of D 'cimV 'moist,
wet' ( Blz.} D #2539, Mnr. 6616, 649 ^ Blz. DA (equated D with HS + unc. the D and K
reflexes of N 'simV ''). .
2O74. ? 'sscjy,mjV,tA 'tear, break' > U: ? FU 'sscnta 'tear, tear off' > Er sindc-, Mk sindo- vt.
'break, break off, break to pieces' || OHg, Hg szcd- vt. 'pluck, pick (lesen, pflcken')', () 'gather,
collect' UEW 473, Ker. II 142, EWU 14O2, MF 574 ll A: M 'scmtcrc > WrM scmtcrc- {Kow.} 'se briser,
se casser', ? {MED} 'lose hair\wool\feathers\skin' MED 687, Kow. 1358 ll ?? IE: NaIE 'snci_t- (mt <
'sci_nt-) 'cut, harvest' > Gt snci|an 'to harvest', uf-snci|an 'uooi, to slaughter', ON snia 'to cut, mow',
Sw snida 'to carve', AS snian 'cut into, hew (stone), cut off, amputate, cut (hair, corn), cut into
pieces', OHG snidan 'to cut, mow', OSx snithan, NHG schncidcn 'cut' || Sl 'snct+ > Uk cn r 'block (of
wood), log', OP sniat, Cz MS/L snct 'trunk of a tree', Cz snct m. 'small tree, small block of wood' || ?
OIr sncid 'petit, bref, droit' WP II 695-6, P 974, Vn. S 149, KM 669, Fs. 44O, Vr. 524, Kb. 921,
Schz. 263, OsS 838, Ho. 3O4, Ho. S 68, Ma. CS 461.
2O75. 's'cnV 'long time, year', 'old' (of a person) > HS: S ''san-at- 'year' > OAk
santu(m) ~ santu(m), Ak sattu(m), Ph st (pl. snt), Pun SATH, Mb st, Amn pl. snt, BHb en!S1 sa'na (a bf
from pl. Min%S1 sa'n-im for the phonetically reg. ''sat), Ug snt, (AkSc) {Hnr.} sanatu (a bf similar
to Hb sa'na), OA cs. snt, pl. abs. snn, IA snh, cs. snt, st, BA cs. tn2S6 sonat, pl. Nin5S6 sonin, JA [Trg.]
an!S6 so'na, aT1S2 sat'ta, SmA snh, Sr 'no, so'na, em. 4.ona sa<n>tta, Ar UnaSa sanat- GB 85O-1,
929, KB 1478-9, 1784, HJ 117O-5, Hnr. 182, OLS 447-8, Tal 914, Lv. T II 499, 521, Js. 16O4, 1636,
Br. 789, BK I 1154 Eg fMKL snf 'last year' (with deictic -f) EG IV 162, Fk. 231 Ch: ? CCh: Tr
{Nw.} soni, Pdl sona 'year' (unless loans from Ar) ChC, ChL possibly also S 'vOn 'old' (if from
''vcn < inactivity px. 'v- + px. 't + 'sn) > BHb NS1i! ya'san, Ug yOn 'old, rank' ('viejo, ramcio'),
yOn G 'be\become old' KB 427, OLS 546 Ch 'vsn 'year' > WCh '(v)sn > Ngm sani | NrBc
{Sk.}: Wrj vassnna, Kry vassn, Sir vassnuva, Jmb vasun, Dir asin ChC ll IE: NaIE 'scn(o)- 'old;
year' > OI 'sana- 'old, ancient', Av hana- 'old, old person' || Arm hin hin (gen. hnoj hnoy) 'old, worn,
decayed' || Gk cvo) 'belonging to the former of two periods, last years', cv koi vco 'the old and
new [day]', i.e. 'the last day of the month [which consisted of two halves, one belonging to the old,
the other to the new moon]', oi-cvo) 'two years old' || L scncx (gen. scn-is) 'old' (of a person), cmpr.
scnior 'elder, old', scnc-o / scncrc 'be old', scncsco 'grow old', scnatus 'counsil of elders, the Senate' ||
OIr scn 'old', Brtt {RE} 'scnos 'old' (of a person) > MW, W, MBr hcn id., Br hcn, Crn hcn 'old, ancient' ||
Gt sincigs 'tco|ut), tco|utco) (old)', sinista 'tco|utco), eldest', L (A Brgn) [AmM] sinistus
'sacerdos apud Burgundios omnium maximus', OFrk sini-sIalIus 'the eldest house servant', ON sina,
NNr sina, Sw scna 'last years grass' || Lt scnas 'old, worn, ancient', scnis 'old person', scniai 'long
ago, for a long time' NaIE 'scno-matcr 'grandmother' > OIr scn-math(a)ir, Lt scn-motc' id. P 9O7-
8, EI 4O9 (''scno-s 'old'), M K III 426, F I 522-3, WH II 313-4, Vn. S 83-4, RE 117, Ern. 316-7, Hm.
374, ECCE 255, Slt. 69, Fs. 422-3, Vr. 476, Frn. 775, Kar. II 169-71 ll D (in GnD) 'cc'n_- 'old' (of a
person) > Gnd scnal " scnal 'aged, old man, senior', Kui scnda 'first-born, eldest' D #28O8 ^ But U
'soqIV 'old' (of a person) (UEW 448, Coll. 71) probably belongs to N 'oqE (or 'onE) 'old' rather
than here (because of its vw.).
2O76. 'siuNY(-IV) (= 'siuNuu?) 'dark, night' > A: M 'soni 'night' > MM [MA, IsV, IM, LV] {Pp.,
Lg.}, MMgl {Iw.} soni, WrM soni, HlM m' n' , Ord {Ms.} soni, Kl {KRS} c' , {Rm.} so, son, Mnr {SM, T,
Pot.} soni, Mgl {Rm.}, Dg {T} su'ni id. Pp. MA 326, 446, Pp. L III 59, Lg. VMI 65, MED 732, Rm. M 39,
KW 335, KRS 457, SM 353, T 36O, T DgJ 191, Iw. 133 Tg 'siqI- 'dark night, dark' > Ewk siqIs,
siqIsv 'dark night, darkness of the night', Lm hiqIu 'dark night', Lm A siqIu, Neg siqIsltsn 'darkness',
Lm hiqIsltsn 'northern side, shady side', Ork siIIsv 'dark night; it is dark' STM II 91 DQA
#2O56 [A 'szi_ono 'night'] ll ? D (in CD) {KR & An.} 'cintt- 'evening, night' > Klm cintcvcla 'evening',
sittcna-tlun` 'in the evening', Nkr sittc 'evening', Prj citta 'night' D #2528, An. SG 127, KR 14-69, GS
127 [#331] ('cint-) ll HS: [1] Eg: BD/RT snI 'dark', MK {Fk.} snI.t 'darkness' EG IV 175, Fk. 234
WCh: NrBc: Cg {Sk. in ChC} sin, {Sk. NB} sin 'night', ? P {Gw.} si-i, {MSk.} ci 'night' | SBc: Kir {ChL}
suqri, Bg {Csp.} zondi` 'evening' : BT: Grm {Sch. Sh.} inni, Krf {Sch.} inIu, Dr {ChL} uq
'black' | SBc: Ds B {Sh.} zini, Ds D {Sh.} i, Ds Bn {Sh.}, Zar L {Sh.} i, Dw {Sh.} zi, Sy {Csp.} i,
{Car.} zi, Sy Zk {Sh.} sq, Zar GL {Sh.} iqi 'black' ChC, Stl. ZCh 179 [#313] ('sijH,ni 'night, be
black' > NrBc + qu. BT and SBc words for 'black'), Sch. BTL 136, Sk. NB 17, MSk. 2O8, Sh. SB 42,
Csp. 42, 49 lll 'siuNuu 'sleep, slumber': N 'siuNY 'night' may underly some roots for 'sleep,
dream' in HS, K and IE: HS: [1] HS 'vsn v. 'sleep' > S 'vsn v. 'sleep', 'va'sin- 'asleep' > BHb, Ug
ysn G 'sleep, fall asleep', Ar vsn G v. 'tre endormi dun profond sommeil, tre dans son
premier somme, sommeiller', BHb NS4i! ya'scn 'asleep, sleeping', Ar USiva vasin-un 'qui est
profondement endormi, qui est dans son premier somme', BHb NS4i! ya'scn pf. G 'asleep', Ar aSiva
vasina pf. G 'tait profondement endormi' KB 427, OLS 542, BK II 1538-9 Ch 'vsn 'sleep' >
CCh: Lgn {Lk.} visan, MsgP {Mch.} vcscq 'sleep' || WCh: ? Wrj {Gw.} ussauna 'sleep', ? P {MSk.}
(ndur) asin 'lie down, sleep', {IL} ndsr. asiq, Dir {Sk.} yisa, {IL} yisah 'sleep' ChL, ChC, Lk. L 125,
MSk. 165, Sk. NB 40 [2] S 'si'n-at- n. 'sleep' > BHb en!S4 sc'na, Yd snh id., BA so'na' n. 'sleep'
(att. +ppa.: ET4n^S5 sin't-ch 'his sleep'), BA em. at1n^iS5 sino't-a, SmA synh, Sr 4o,ne em. scno't-a,
Ar naSi sinat-, Sb tnS snt, Ak sittu, Eb sit-t-um (= {Frnz.} sittum), Mh/Hrs {Jo.} ssnct, Jb C {Jo.}
's`o'nut, Jb E 'su'nut (misprinted in Jo. M as vunut) 'sleep', Ug snt id., 'dream', Sq {L} sinoh 'heure
de la nuit' KB 427, 1479-8O, 1794, HJ 1175, A #125O, OLS 448, 542, Br. 789, Tal 364, Jo. M 432,
Jo. H 124, Jo. J 293, CAD XVII/3 4O5, Sd. 1292, Frnz. MLE 182, L LS 417, MiK I #2.82 Ch
'sn, 'sun- 'sleep, dream' > WCh: AG 'dream' > Ang {Kr.} sun, Su suyun, {J} sugun, Gmy {Kr.} suvun |
DfB {J} sunan, Bks {J} sunat, Klr {J} n. act. `asvan id. | BT: (a) Pr {Frz.} con, {ChL} cnn n. 'sleep'; (b)
Krkr {Kr.} n. suna, Gera {Kr.} n. suns, Ngm {XChL} suna, Krf {ChC} n. sunna, Pr {Frz.} cuna n., Bl
{Lk.} ?i- suna 'dream' | NrBc 'sleep' > Wrj {Sk.} ssn-, Kry {Sk.} ssnasan, My {Sk.} ssnassno, Sir {IL}
s"sni, {Sk.} sunsu`ni`, Mbr {Sk.} ssn- id.; 'dream' (d ): Wrj {Sk.} msssn-, n. mu`ssna`i_, Cg {Sk.} musi`ni,
Kry {Sk.} msssn-, n. mussn, My {Sk.} amusun, P {MSk.} ndsr mastna, Sir {Sk.} n. mu`suni, Mbr {Sk.} n.
mussq, Jmb {Sk.} ambssuna, Dir {Sk.} msssq | SBc 'dream': Bg {Sh.} i saq, Kir {ChL} sandsn,
Tala Z {Chl} sonc, Gj {ChL} sunIIti`, Buli {ChL} son, Dw {ChL} sctn, Zr {ChC} scdn, Zr K {ChL}
stdn | Ngz {Sch.} suvIn, n. suvan, Bd {ChL} suvansn || CCh: McTr 'dream': Tr {Nw.} ci zinc, Hw
{ChL} sIsInira, Gnd {ChL} sunstta, Gbn {ChL} sina?ata, Bk {ChL} sinata | BB 'sleep': Bcm {Sk.} sino,
n. act. sinto, BtG {Mch.} cino, Mln {ChL} ctnti n., Gudu {IL} cont id. | McMs 'sleep': Ms {Mch.} scq,
{ChL} n. act. scnda, Lame {ChL} n. act. scnc, sycnc, LamP {IL} ndc scn, Bnn {ChL} n. act. siycna,
BnnM scna, Azm {Pc.} sc`na`, Zm {J} scn, ZMD {KNC} sc`n ChC, ChL, Sk. NB, KNC 24, Frz. P 26-7, Pc.
347 ll K: Sv: UB isnav, L isnav n. 'dream' (as well as LB (h)istam id.??) TK 338, GP 112 ll IE: NaIE
'snou_dj",-/'snudj",- 'slumber' > Lt snaud- (inf. snausti, 1s prs. snaudziu) vi. 'drouse, doze, slumber',
Ltv snaust (1s prs. snauzu) 'slumber, sleep', Lt snauda 'drouse, doze, somnolence', Ltv snauda
'Schlummer, Halbschlaf', Lt snuda 'Schlummer, Halbschlaf', snusti (p. snudau) 'begin to
drouse\doze\sleep' || Gk vuotoe 'nod in sleep, nap, slumber; is sleepy' Frn. 852-4, F II 329-3O ^
If these roots for 'sleep, dream' belong here, N 'X is specified as 'uu, so that the N etymon may be
reconstructed as 'siuNuu 'sleep, slumber' ^ Bl. KM 139-40 [#26]. (equates HS 'vsn with the Sv
and IE cognates). ? There is a possibility of adducing here HS 'vsn v. 'sleep', 'sin- n. 'sleep'
and 'sun- 'dream', but this HS is more plausibly explained as belonging to N 's'uNV 'breathe,
take a rest, be calm' [q.v.], or (if we admit a cluster contraction '-Pn- or '-Pn` > HS '-n-) to N 's'uPV
'to sleep, rest' [q.v.] with a sx. '-nV (cp. NaIE 'svo-nos, 'svc-no-s, 'su-n-os n. 'sleep').
2O77. 'son'i 'one, only; to be separated' > IE: NaIE 'scni-/'s,ni-, 'scnu-, sn-tcr- 'alone, separated'
> OI sanu-'tah / sanu-'tar- 'away, off, aside', sanutya- 'fernstehend', Av hanaro 'except, without' || Gk
I/Hm otc 'aloof, apart from, without' (< 'sntcr) || Gt sundro 'koto ovo), kot ioiov, apart,
separate', OSx sundar 'besonders', OHG suntar 'separated, far', MHG, AS sundor 'apart, separated', ON
sundr 'entzwei, gesondert', NHG ds : bcsondcrs, sondcrbar, sondcrn || L sinc 'without' || OIr sain adj.
'different, distinct, particular' ('s,ni-s), W o-han, a-han- 'from', gva-han 'separated, different', OW han
'other' ('alium'), Crn hanys 'heimlich' || pTc {Ad.} 'sja,nai_ > Tc: A snc, B snai_ 'without' Ht sani- 'one
and the same', sannai 'single (vereinzelt)', sanizzis 'excellent' P 9O7, EI 24-5 ('scn-i/u- 'apart'), M K
III 427, WH II 542-3, Vn. S 14-5, F I 178, Fs. 458, Vr. 561989, OsS 895, Schz. 275, Lx. 218, KM
715-6, Ho. 33O, Ho. S 72, Wn. 433, Ad. 712-3, Frd. HW 187, Ts. W 69-7O ll HS: S 'ssny > Ar {Fr.,
BK} sanay-at- 'totalit, le tout', {Ln.} (?a_aoahu) bi-sinayatihi '(he took it) wholly' Ln. 14O, BK I 1155
Eg P snv ({EG} snv) 'sich trennen von jemandem' EG IV 157 ?? SC 'san- ({E} 'saq-) v. {E}
'come apart, separate' > Kz sanas- v. 'split (firewood)', a SC lge 1 Mb -sangc v. 'leave, take leave' E
SC 179 ll A 'son'i ({SDM97} 'sonu) 'one, single' > Tg 'soni > WrMc sono 'one, only, single', soni_on -
sono_on 'single, unpaired' STM II 111, Z 621, S AJ 227 [#3O8] M 'sondu- 'be odd' (of numbers)
> WrM sondu-gay, HlM con(ion 'odd (number)' MED 726 NaT 'siqar 'one of a pair' > OT {Cl.}
siqar 'a side, one of the two sides' (qu. length of a), Nog siqar 'only one, single'
(oniq siqar almasi qalyan 'he remained with only one apple', siqar uli 'the only son'), Osm {Rl.} r'nyC sinar
'von einem Geschlechte abstammend', Tk sinar, Kr {Rl.} siqir, Qzq, Qq, Qrg, Alt, Tlt {Rl.} siqar, VTt
s+qar, Bsh h+qar, ET siqar 'one of a pair', Qmq siqar id., 'very similar', Kr {KRPS} siqar avuc 'palm of
one hand' Cl. 84O-1, Rs. W 417, DTS 5O4, NogR 321, KumRS 294, KRPS 493, Rl. IV 622, 631
pKo {S} 'hnnah 'one' > MKo hnna(h-), StKo hana S QK #63, Nam 469, MLC 178O, Rm. SKE 6O For
the origin of Ko 'h- cp. Ko 'him 'sinew, strength' < pA {DQA} 'si_ormc 'sinew' < N
's'cRjV,mu 'sinew, root' pJ {S} 'sa- (px. of reciprocal action) > OJ sa-, pJ 'sanc 'completely,
definitely' > OJ sanc S QJ #1635, Mr. 515 S AJ 254 [#63] DQA #2111 [A 'si_ona 'one, single'],
Rm. SKE 6O (Tg, Ko).
2O78. 'SonV (= 'sonV?) hear' > A: M 'sonus- 'hear, listen' > MM [IM, LV] {Pp.} sonus-, [HI] {Ms.},
[S] {H} sonos-, [MA] {Pp.}, [IsV] {Lg.} sonas-, WrO {Krg.} sonos-, Kl co` c-, {Rm.} son
o
s- - soqs
a
- id., WrM
sonus-, HlM conco-x, Ord {Ms.} sonos-, Mnr H {SM} sunoss- id., 'obey', {T} sunosc-, Dx {T} sonosu-, Dg {T}
sonso-, {Mr.} sonsc- 'hear, listen', Mgl {Rm.} sonusu- 'hear'; MMgl {Iw.} sunasa 'quick hearing', M 'sonur
'sense of hearing' > WrM sonur, HlM conop 'hearing, the quality of hearing well', WrO {Krg.} sonor
'sense of hearing, fine hearing', Kl conp soq+r adj. 'hearing well', Kl D {Rm.} sonr 'hrbar; mit
scharfem Gehr', Brt lonop 'fine' (of hearing), 'sensible' Pp. IM 124, Pp. MA 324, 446, Pp. L III 59,
Lg. VMI 64, Ms. H 95, H 135, Iw. 133, MED 728, Krg. 4O8-9, KRS 454-5, KW 331, Rm. M 38, Chr.
684, SM 362, T 361, T DnJ 133, T DgJ 161, Mr. D 211 DQA #2O75 [A 'si_una 'to hear, observe'
> M + unc. the T and the qu. Ko descendants of N 'cc?NV 'to recognize, know (connatre)' (q.v.)] ll
HS: CCh 'sn 'hear' > Lgn {Lk.} ssna, {Bou.} ssqgs, Msg {Trn.} sVqV id. JI II 185 ? SES 'sny
'see' ( N 'cc?NV '', q.v. ffd.) ll IE: NaIE +ext. 'scnt- 'perceive, feel' ( 'think') > L scntio / scntirc /
scnsi / scnsum 'feel, perceive' (> It scntirc 'hear'), scnsus 'feeling, meaning' || OHG sin (gen. sinncs)
'sense, mind, intention' (< 'sinOna- < 'scnt-no-) > NHG Sinn id. [- MHG, NHG sinncn wv. 'think'; AS
sinnan 'sinnen, nachdenken, sorgen um', OHG sinnan sv. (< Gmc 'sinOi_an) 'strive for, endeavor,
demand' > MHG sinncn id.] || Lt sintc'ti 'to make up ones mind, think, think over', sintc'|imas
'opinion' | OCS tai scsti 'prudent' WH II 515-6, EI 418, EM 924, Ho. 295, Kb. 853, 856, OsS 765,
Schz. 251-2, Lx. 195, KM 7O9, Frn. 786, Mikl. E 292, P 9O8-9 (identifies this IE with IE 'scnt-
'go') ^ If the ambiguous SES 'sny 'see' belongs here, the N rec. will be 'sonV, otherwise it is a less
specified 'SonV.
2O79. 'sunE 'to disappear, finish' > HS: S 'sVn- > Ar naSa san-at- 'barren soil', 'barenness of the
year' ( san-at 'year' < S ''san-at- id.), sanva?- adj. f. 'barren' (of a year), UnaSa sanat- 'barren year'
(-t- of naSa san-at- reinterpreted as belonging to the ), UniSa sanit- 'barren; a man possessing
nothing', SmA sny sani prtc. 'deteriorated', msny 'destruction' Fr. II 362, 367, BK I 1148-9, 1154-
5, Ln. 144O-1, 1448, Tal 914 ll A: NaT 'son- 'disappear' > OT son- 'die down, disappear', Tk son-
'go\die out, be extinguished', Tkm {TkR, TDS} Oon- 'die out' (of fire), 'be extinguished', Az, ET,
Qmq, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg, Alt {Verb.} son- id., VTt sun- (1 Chv sun-), Bsh hun- id., Ggz son- id.,
son--scn- 'fade'; a connection with MQp, Osm soyun- 'go out, die down' (of fire) is qu. Cl. 834,
Rs. W 43O (mentions Tkm Oon- [ Rs.} son-] with a long vw., which is at variance with the data of
TkR and TDS), Jeg. 198, TkR 589, TDS 6O8 M 'sonu- 'be extinguised, go out' (of fire), perish' >
MM [MA] {Pp.} soni- 'be extinguished', [S] {H} sunocgu 'auslschen', WrM sonu-, HlM c' n' -,
Brt lny- 'be extinguihed, go out' (of fire)', Mnr H {SM} suno- id., 'fade', {T} suno- 'perish, fade, Kl
{Rm.} son- 'vergehen, untergehen, zu Ende sein; verlschen (das Feuer)' Pp. MA 326, H 138, MED
732, Chr. 697, SM 361, Rm. KLW 333 ? pJ sin- 'die' > OJ sin-, J: T sin-, Ky sin-, Kg IcsiN, Ns/Sh
sin-, Ht s`I_n_-, Y nni- id. S QJ #14, Mr. 752 S AJ 112, 274 [#13], S VL 2O6-7 (A 'siunV);
SDM97 (A 'su:nc 'so:ni 'to fade, extinguish') and DQA #2O92 (A 'si_uni id.); in S AJ, SDM97 and
DQA a long pA vw. is reconstructed on the basis of erroneously recorded Tkm son-); not here
( SDM97 and DQA) Tg 'si- ( 'su-) 'extinguish' (< N 's'uhi?V 'to fade, extinguish') ll IE: NaIE
(att. in Gmc) 'svci_n- 'decrease, (?) disappear' > ON svina - svina - svcna, Nr svina - svina, OHG
svinan 'to dwindle, decrease', MHG svincn 'abnehmen, schwinden', MDt svincn 'verschwinden,
auszehren' NaIE 'svcnd"- 'disappear, wither' [ N 'SuNdV 'dry up' (intr.), q.v. ffd.] P 1O52, Vr.
57O, Ho. 338, Ho. S 73, Kb. 1OO5-6, KM 694.
2O8O. ? 's'uNV 'breathe, take a rest, be calm' > K 's`vcn- 'breathe, sigh; take a rest' > OG sucn-,
G svcn- v. 'rest', Lz svan- 'breathe' || ? Sv svcm- / svm- v. 'rest, take a rest\breath' [UB 1s aor. (=
pfc.) ot-svcm, 1s pfc. ot-soma, msd. Ln li-svcm, UB li-svminc, LB lisvminc, L lisminc] Sv -m- (for
-n-) is obscure K 174-5, FS K 282, FS E 313-4, GP 179, 244, TK 465 ll A: Tg 'siqti- 'calm, silent'
> Ewk siqti 'calm' (of weather), siqtili n. 'quiet, silence (in the space)', siqtils 'be quiet, silent' (of a
person), Nn Nh siqcisn- 'become silent' STM II 91-2 ll HS: Eg snn 'calmer, apaiser' Mks. II
#78.3619 l possibly also HS 'vsn v. 'sleep', 'sin- n. 'sleep', 'sun- 'dream' [ N 'siuNY(-IV) 'dark,
night', q.v. ffd.] > [1] HS 'vsn v. 'sleep' > S 'vsn v. 'sleep', 'va'sin- 'asleep' > BHb, Ug ysn G
'sleep, fall asleep', Ar vsn G v. 'tre endormi dun profond sommeil, tre dans son premier somme,
sommeiller', BHb NS4i! ya'scn 'asleep, sleeping', Ar USiva vasin-un 'qui est profondement endormi,
qui est dans son premier somme', BHb NS4i! ya'scn pf. G 'asleep', Ar aSiva vasina pf. G 'tait
profondement endormi' KB 427, OLS 542, BK II 1538-9 Ch 'vsn 'sleep' > CCh: Lgn {Lk.} visan,
MsgP {Mch.} vcscq 'sleep' || WCh: ? Wrj {Gw.} ussauna 'sleep', ? P {MSk.} (ndur) asin 'lie down, sleep',
{IL} ndsr. asiq, Dir {Sk.} yisa, {IL} yisah 'sleep' ChL, ChC, Lk. L 125, MSk. 165, Sk. NB 40 [2] S
'si'n-at- n. 'sleep' > BHb en!S4 sc'na, Yd snh id., BA so'na' n. 'sleep' (att. +ppa.: ET4n^S5 sin't-ch 'his
sleep'), BA em. at1n^iS5 sino't-a, SmA synh, Sr 4o,ne em. scno't-a, Ar naSi sinat-, Sb tnS snt, Ak sittu,
Eb sit-t-um (= {Frnz.} sittum), Mh/Hrs {Jo.} ssnct, Jb C {Jo.} 's`o'nut, Jb E 'su'nut (misprinted in Jo. M
as vunut) 'sleep', Ug snt id., 'dream', Sq {L} sinoh 'heure de la nuit' KB 427, 1479-8O, 1794, HJ
1175, A #125O, OLS 448, 542, Br. 789, Tal 364, Jo. M 432, Jo. H 124, Jo. J 293, CAD XVII/3 4O5, Sd.
1292, Frnz. MLE 182, L LS 417, MiK I #2.82 Ch 'sn, 'sun- 'sleep, dream' > WCh: AG 'dream' > Ang
{Kr.} sun, Su suyun, {J} sugun, Gmy {Kr.} suvun | DfB {J} sunan, Bks {J} sunat, Klr {J} n. act. `asvan id. |
BT: (a) Pr {Frz.} con, {ChL} cnn n. 'sleep'; (b) Krkr {Kr.} n. suna, Gera {Kr.} n. suns, Ngm {XChL}
suna, Krf {ChC} n. sunna, Pr {Frz.} cuna n., Bl {Lk.} ?i- suna 'dream' | NrBc 'sleep' > Wrj {Sk.} ssn-,
Kry {Sk.} ssnasan, My {Sk.} ssnassno, Sir {IL} s"sni, {Sk.} sunsu`ni`, Mbr {Sk.} ssn- id.; 'dream' (d):
Wrj {Sk.} msssn-, n. mu`ssna`i_, Cg {Sk.} musi`ni, Kry {Sk.} msssn-, n. mussn, My {Sk.} amusun, P
{MSk.} ndsr mastna, Sir {Sk.} n. mu`suni, Mbr {Sk.} n. mussq, Jmb {Sk.} ambssuna, Dir {Sk.}
msssq | SBc 'dream': Bg {Sh.} i saq, Kir {ChL} sandsn, Tala Z {Chl} sonc, Gj {ChL} sunIIti`, Buli
{ChL} son, Dw {ChL} sctn, Zr {ChC} scdn, Zr K {ChL} stdn | Ngz {Sch.} suvIn, n. suvan, Bd
{ChL} suvansn || CCh: McTr 'dream': Tr {Nw.} ci zinc, Hw {ChL} sIsInira, Gnd {ChL} sunstta, Gbn
{ChL} sina?ata, Bk {ChL} sinata | BB 'sleep': Bcm {Sk.} sino, n. act. sinto, BtG {Mch.} cino, Mln
{ChL} ctnti n., Gudu {IL} cont id. | McMs 'sleep': Ms {Mch.} scq, {ChL} n. act. scnda, Lame {ChL} n.
act. scnc, sycnc, LamP {IL} ndc scn, Bnn {ChL} n. act. siycna, BnnM scna, Azm {Pc.} sc`na`, Zm {J}
scn, ZMD {KNC} sc`n ChC, ChL, Sk. NB, KNC 24, Frz. P 26-7, Pc. 347 ^ Qu., because the supposed K
cognate may be explained otherwise (as derived from 'sv-), and the HS for sleeping and
dreaming ('vsn, 'sin-, 'sun-) may alternatively belong either to N 's'uPV 'to sleep, rest' [q.v.] with
a sx. '-nV (cp. NaIE 'svo-nos, 'svc-no-s, 'su-n-os n. 'sleep') [if we admit the possibility of a cluster
contraction '-Pn- (or '-Pn`-) > HS '-n-], or to N 'siuNY(-IV) 'dark, night' [q.v.].
2O81. 'son'Vq'u (= 'soni'q'u?) 'sinew, tendon; root' > HS: S 'ssn_ [ N 'saqqa 'stalks,
branches' (q.v.) ??] > Ar sin_- 'root' BK I 115O EC: Sml sun, Sml N sun {Abr.} 'belt, strap', {Gal.}
'tendon, nerve, vein', Sd {Hd.} sun-co (pl. sunna), Tmb {L} sun-cu 'belt of leather' ZMO 368, DSI
564, Abr. S 228, Gal. 131, Hd. 394 ll IE: 'sncuv-, 'scnuv-o- 'sinew' ({Mn.} 'scnov-o-): [1]
'sncu_-, 'snci_u-, 'sncu_jo,r- 'sinew, string, cord' > OI 'snayu, 'snayu-h, OI 'snava ntr., Av snavar , Sgd
sn?v 'sinew' || Gk vcuo f., vcuov ntr. 'sinew, bowstring' || L ncrvus 'sinew, tendon' || OHG snuor
'string', NHG Schnur 'string, cord, twine', MLG snor, MDt, Dt snocr, Dn, Sw snor 'cord' || BSl ( N
'saqcXV 'to plait, twist'?): ? Ltv snau|is 'noose, loop' ({ME} 'Schlinge') | Sl 'snova-ti - 'snu-ti / prs.
'snu|-o 'set warp' > RChS tu:u snuti / prs. tueaa snovo, OR snovati / snu|u, Blg cno) na, SCr snovati /
snu`|cm, Slv snovati / snu|cm, Cz snouti - snovati / snu|i id., Slk snovat` 'to wind, reel' || Tc B snor (pl.
snaura) 'sinew' [2] {Mn.} 'scnov-o-/-a 'sinew' > Gmc {KM} 'scnavo - 'scnivo-, {P} 'sinva 'sinew' >
ON sin, OHG scnava, scna 'sinew', MHG scncvc 'sinew, nerve', NHG Schnc 'sinew, tendon, fibre', Sw
scna 'sinew, nerve', AS sionu (gen. sionvc) 'sinew', NE sincv The relation of this root with IE
'sncH-/'snoH- 'plait, twist' 'to spin' [< N 'saqcXV (= 'saqcXa?) ''] is not yet clear; in some
descendent lgs. the verb may have coalesced with the derived reflexes of the IE root for 'sinew' or
have served as an additional source of words for 'sinew' [cf. the hyp. of EI 571: 'sinew' IE
'(s)nch(i)- - 'snchu- 'twist fibres together] But Av hinu 'Band, Fessel' and Ltv {ME} a-sainis 'Band,
Fessel, Schnur', Ltv sainot {ME} 'schnren, einpacken, (in Bndel) zusammenbinden', {Turk.} 'to
pack (up)', Ltv sainis 'parcel, bundle, package' are better explained as derived from Av ha(y)-
'binden, fesseln' and Ltv sict 'to bind' respectively (cf. N 'V_E 'to plait, spin, bind') P 891,
976-7, Mn. 1127, 1232-5, AHDI 56, 62, 56, M K III 533-4, F II 311-2, Vr. 476, Ho. 295-6, Kb. 842,
923, OsS 754, 841, ME III 93, 636, 973, Vs. III 699, Mikl. E 312, Wn. 458, EI 571 ['(s)nch(i)- and
'snchu- 'twist fibres together to form thread; occupy oneself with thread'] ll U 'sonc 'vein, sinew' > F
suoni, Es soon id., 'tendon' | pLp {Lr.} 'sons 'sinew, vein' > Lp: S {Hs.} suonc, L {LLO} suotna, N {N}
suodna / -n- id., Kld cynn, K {Gn.} sunn id., 'sinew-thread, thread' | Er/Mk san 'vein, sinew' | pChr
{Ber.} 'sun 'sinew, tendon' > Chr: L mocn son, B {Ber.} sun, M {Ber.} son, {UEW} sun, Uf {Ps.}
sun, H mycn sun | Prm 'so'n ({ LG} 'so'n 'sinew' > Z, Vt cocn ssn, Vt B scn || ObU {Ht.} 'OInV > pVg
'tInV 'vein, sinew' > OVg: N NSs taanc, N SoO ran, N W Sol rc n, Vg: T tan, LK/Ss tan,
UK/P/NV/SV tsn id.; pOs 'an id. > Os: V/O lan, Vy yan, Ty/Y an, K ton, Nz ttn, Kz on Sm {Jn., Hl.}
'csn 'sinew' (or 'tsn, if the unexplained change 't- > c- occurred at the level of pSlq or some Slq
dialects) > Ne T {Ter.} rySt ts? (nom. pl. ryn' tcn?), Ne T O {Lh.} ts?_, Ne F L {Lh.} tIon ({ Lh.}
tic` n), Ne F P tIq?_, En X {Cs.} ti, En B {Cs.} ti (gen. sg. tino'), Ng {Cs.} taq, {Ter.} taq | Slq: Tz LTz
{KD} tsn ({ KD} ton`) 'sinew', Tz/B {Cs.} cc`n id., Tz {Prk.} d tInI 'tendon', Kar {Cs.} tcn, Tm {KD}
cad_ ({ KD} tsa ), MO {Cs.} ccn, Chl {Cs.} can, NP/UO {Cs.} canc 'sinew' | Kms {KD} t`cn 'sinew,
vein', Koyb {Sp.} rcn 'sinew' | Mt {Hl.} 'tsn 'sinew' (Mt K {Pl.} dun, (yn 'nna', Mt M {Sp.} rcn id.)
Coll. 58, Db. OS xii-xiii, xxx, UEW 441, Sm. 548 (FU 'sIIni 'vein' > FP 'sooni, Ugr 'Oorsini), MF 318-9,
It. #163, Lr. #1179, Lgc. #7161, Hs. 1267-8, Gn. 992, SaR 331, Ber. 59, MRS 724, 746, 28O, Ps. OT
133, LG 2O3, Lt. 166, Ht. #143, Jn. 32-3, Cs. 134, 28O, Hl. M 358 [#1OO4] ll A: ? Tg [1] 'suna 'strap,
belt, rein for draught-dogs' > Ewk suna 'rein for draught-dogs, strap, rope', Lm htqIan 'rein for
draught-dogs', Ork suna id., suna- vt. 'to tie', Orc suna 'shamans long draught (hold by people
during the uni-festivity)', Ul stna 'shamans belt', Nn Nh/KU sona id., 'long strap in childrens
garment', WrMc suna - suna 'rein of draught-dogs' STM II 127, Z 633, 653 NaT 'siqir 'vein' > OT
U {Cl.} siqir 'muscle, sinew', MQp siqir 'sinew', XwT XIV siqir 'bow-string', Chg siqir id., 'sinew', OOsm
siqir, Osm sinir 'nerve, sinew', Tk sinir 'nerve', Tkm siqir, ET, Qrg siqir, Uz singir, Qmq, QrB, Nog, Qq, Uz
siqir, VTt cc` cp siqir, Bsh hiqir, Qzq c ` p siqir, Alt/Tlt {Rl.} siqir, Xk, Tv cnnp sir, Tf si:r 'sinew', Yk
iqir 'thread' Cl. 841, Rs. W 423, TL 264, Rl. IV 687, 696, Ra. 227 M 'sinda-sun > WrM sindasun,
Hlm man(ac 'nerve, tendon, sinew, vein', Ord sind_asu 'nerf, tendon', Kl man(cn 'tendon of Achilles',
Kl {Rm.} sand
a
sn 'Ende der Flechse, Sehne', Brt man(aala( n) 'tendon(s) of hind legs; muscles'
MED 71O, Ms. O 618, KRS 664, KW 348, Chr. 72O pKo {S} si`ur 'string, sinew; bow string' > MKo
si`ur, NKo sivi S QK #314, Nam 326, MLC 1O4O DQA #2OO9 [A 'siqri 'sinew'; incl. T, M, Ko]
^ IS MS 341 s.v. nna 'son/H/n (IE, A, U), Coll. IUS 7O (IE, U) ^ The common designation of sinew and
is natural, because both served as ropes ^ The rec. of N 'q in this is qu. , because it is based on
the ambiguous Ar root only. A vw. between N 'n and the qu. 'q is suggested by U '-n- (rather than
U ''-q- which have been expected as a reflex of '-nq- = '-qq-). This vw. may have been 'i, which can
be responsible for 'i of the first syll. (as ?) in T, M, Tg, Ko and possibly in some IE lgs. (Av hinu, etc.).
If the Ar word is not taken into account, the rec. must be 'sonjV,H'u (= 'soniH'u?).
2O82. 's'uNc`VXV 'worm, snake' > HS: Eg fP sh ' snake' EG IV 394 B: BSn sao (pl.
isatton) 'vers intestinaux' Ds. B 363 NrOm {Blz.} 'sus- 'snake' ( N 'ssussV '-u- 'worm,
snake', q.v. ffd.) ll U: [1] FU 'stuncV 'worm' > Krl Ld cun - cunu 'angle-worm, earth-worm
(Regenwurm)', Vp {ZM} cunz " cun " conz id. || pVg {Stn.} 'tans / tans 'worm' > Vg {Kn.}: T
tans " tans, LK/MK/UK tons, NV/SV/LL to' ns, P to'ns - tuns 'worm' UEW 53O, ZM 65, Kn. VW
7O, Stn. WV 13O, 212 or [2] U 'sVqcV(-lV) 'lizard' > FU 's'uqcVlV > F sisilisIo, sisalisIo, Es
sisaliI, sisuliI " susaliI id., 'lacerta' | pLp {Lr.} 'tcncslsqIcs 'lizard' > Lp: S {Hs.} dcad|aalummcs, Ar
diol, L {LLO} tadt|uli|, N {N} dalaggcs, Kld {TI} ccn:,clcq:,I (with ideophonic variants) | pChr
{Ber.} 'siqsal+ id. > Chr: L mi` manc soq'salc, Uf/B soq'salc, M siqsal`c, H {Ep.} macimacnic
saI'salo, {MRS} macimani saI'sal+ | Prm {LG} 'co'Vl ({ LG} 'co'sl) id. > Z
(:o(:yn ouv - uo(:yn couv, Z LV couv, Z Lt oIl id., Yz 'unl - 'cunl ' small inedible fish' ||
ObU: pOs {Ht.} 'soosol, {Hl.} 'suasol 'lizard' > Os: V/Vy sosol, Ty sasat, Y sasa, D sast, sas,
sast, Kz sos, O sasl; Vg (A Os?): L {Mu.} sosla, sosla, N {MK} sosla, sossol 'a mythical animal
resembling a lizard or a dragon', UL {Kn.} sosla ' a mythical animal' Sm {Jn.} 'tcans+, {Hl.}
'tcans+ 'lizard' > Ne: T ran: id. , T {.} tanc id., 'snake', F L {Lh.} ta
n
s 'lizard'; Ng {Cs.} tan'su (pl.
tandu?) 'river-lamprey (Neunauge)'; En {Cs.}: X 'tadu, B tasu id.; Slq: Tz {Prk.} tusi, Tm {KD} coz,
Nr {Cs.} tos, MO {Cs.} tos, Chl toso, Ke tussu, NP tussu id.; Kms {KD} t`onz_o, {Cs.} thcnsc, Koyb
{Sp.} ran:a id.; Mt {Hl.} 'tanV (Mt T {Pls.} taanschc, Mt K {Pls.} tandi, Mt M {Sp.} ranc id. UEW 454-
5 [U 'sVqcV(-lV) - 'sVcV(-lV)], SK 1O43-4, Lr. #1244, Lgc. #697O, Ber. 62 [#322], MRS 696, 756, Ep.
148, LG 91, Stn. D 138O, KrT 879, Trj. S 434, MK 566 (Vg A Os), Jn. 151, Cs. 149, 213, Hl. M #959
ll A: Tg 'isclc(n) 'lizard' > Ewk issls " hissls, Sln issl, Lm isol, Neg issls, Orc issls, Ul issls - sssls, Ork
ssls, Nn issls " isslin 'lizard', Ud ysls ' lizard', WrMc isclcIu umiyaha 'scorpion' (with umiyaha 'worm,
insect') STM I 332, Krm. 243 ^ UEW 454 (U, Tg). In Tg the initial sibilant was lost by dis . One is
tempted to suppose that FU 's'uqcVlV and Tg 'isclcn 'go back to a N (analytical?) diminutive
's'uNc`VXV LV, but then we face a phonetic problem: the diminutive pc. is 'lV with a postalveolar
'l, while in the FU stem we see a plain 'l.
2O83. ?? 'ssaN'cV 'knee, articulation' > HS: S 'ssOijn,C- > Ak OB/YB sisitu(m) - tisitu - tisitu,
Ak MA sisitu 'wrist, ankle' ['(Hand-\Fu-)Gelenk'] Sd. 125O ll U {UEW} 'sancV 'knee' > ObU
'can`c 'knee' > pVg {Ht.} 'sans > Vg: T sans, LK sons, MK/UK sons, P/LL sans, NV sans,
UL/Ss sans id.; pOs {Ht.} 'can`c > Os: V/Vy can`c, Ty ca'n`c, Y/D/K ca'nc, Nz/Kz sas, O sa's id.
Sm: Koyb {KD} st'ni, st'nc, si'ni, sIni 'knee', Koyb {Sp.} cinc id. UEW 471, Coll. 69, Ht. #1O3, KD 58
^ Qu. (because of the phonetic uncertainty in S).
2O84. 'SuNdV 'dry up' (intr.) > IE: NaIE 'svcnd"- 'wither, disappear' ( N 'sunE 'to disappear,
finish' [q.v.]) > OHG svintan 'to dwindle, vanish' ('schwinden, sich verzehren, zunichte werden'),
NHG schvindcn 'to become less, wither, dwindle, fade', vcrschvindcn 'disappear', OSx far-svindan id., AS
svindan 'to waste away' || ? Sl 'vcd- in 'vcd-no-ti 'wither, fade' (> P vicdnac, Cz vadnouti, Slk
vadnut`, HLs v|adnyc, Blg n na, SCr vc`nuti, Slv vcniti, R 'n nyr, Uk 'n nyrn) and 'u-vc'd-a-ti id. >
OCS aao:u u-vcd-a-ti, R yn '(ar) The loss of 's- in Sl is puzzling (metanalysis in the verb with a
preverbs?) P 1O47, Ho. 338, Ho. S 73, Kb. 1OO6, Schz. 279, OsS 917, KM 694, Glh. 666, Vs. I 375 ll
D 'cun`t- ({GS} 's-?) 'dry up' > Tm cuntu id., 'be evaporated by heat', Kt cund_- vi. 'boil away', Kn
sundu 'evaporate', Tl cundu 'be evaporated\dried up'; D 1 OI sunth- 'become dry' D #2662, M
K 353-4 ^ IS MS 365 s.v. coxnyr ''sundn.
2O84a. ??? 'SUnjd,V - ?? 'SVmVdV 'sand, small stone', (?) 'soil' > IE: NaIE 'saond"- and\or
'samjo,d"- 'sand' > Gmc 'sanoa- > ON sandr, OHG sant, MHG, MDu sant - sand, NHG Sand, OSx sand, OFrs,
AS sond 'sand', NE sand (and Gmc 1 F santa id.); there is a pGmc variant with 'm: MHG samt, NGr
B/Trl sam, Yd dma2z zamd 'sand', apparently related to Gk ooo) 'sandy soil', but the cns. in
ooo) may be due to the infl. of oo) 'sandy ground' and )ooo) 'sea-sand' [Gntert on the
latter: Reimwortbildung, interaction between two originally different roots] KM 623, F I 84, Gnt. R
119-2O ll A {SDM97} 'sunV > pJ 'suna 'sand' > J: Tk suna, K suna, Kg suna, Ns sina, Sh sina`, Y
cinaN id. ll HS: Ch: WCh: Buli {Sh.} sincs 'sand' || ECh: Skr {Lk.} sinc`, {Sx.} sin-|orr, Jg {J} scn, Brg
{J} sano, Mu {Lk.} sinoI, {J} siniyo, Mjl sino, Kwn {Mch..J} gssin, Smr {J} gavsi`ni`, Nd D {J}
Iusa`yn, Tmk {Cp.} Issaq, EDng {Fd.} gosinc 'sand' JI II 281, Blz LECh #69 ?? B: [1] 'smd > Ntf
asomdod (pl. isomdad) 'pierre sur laquelle on aiguise les couteaux' B 'svn > Nfs tasavant 'pierre
fusil', Sw {La.} tasovont ' small stone (= Ar N"rC)' Dray 371, La. S 277 ll ?? U: FP 'sonta 'dirt' > F
sonta, Es sonniI 'dung, manure' | Chr: H sand+, B/Uf sondo id., 'urine' | Vt S zud 'black mud (used for
dying)' UEW 764-5, Ep. 146 ^ Lexical interaction between two different etyma? If the FU root is a
valid cognate (in spite of the semantic distance), it suggests a pN 's-.
2O85. 'S'uNdu ' river, body of water' > IE: NaIE 'sind"u- (??) 'river' > OI sindhu-h 'stream, river;
the Indus', Av, OPrs Hindu- 'Indus-land, the Indus' || OIr Sinainn acc. sg., Sinnac dat. sg. 'the Shannon'
Fick VW II 3O3, WP II 5O9, M K III 668, M E II 729-3O (does not accept this IE et.) ll A: M: WrM
sondu-lgc 'stream, brook', 'ruisseau' The meaning of the sx. -lgc is obscure (usually -lgc is used for
deverbal nouns of result) MED 731, Kow. 1424 ll D: eD ''cun`t'i (1 OI cunti, cundya- 'well',
cuntiIa 'kleiner Wasserbehlter', [Hmc.] cundhi 'small pond', Prkr cundhi 'natural pool', Pali sondi
'a natural tank in a rock') > D (bf ?) 'cun`V 'pool, pond' > Tm cunai_ 'mountain pool or spring tank',
? Kn donc, donc 'a small natural pond in a rock', ? Tl dona 'a pool in a hill' D #2716, M K I 394 ll
HS: Eg BD svn.v 'Gewsser, Teich' EG IV 69 C: Dhl {EEN} soni 'river' || Asa {OS ?) so?on-I id.,
1 Mb {E} sonda 'valley' E SD 182, EEN 25 ?? CCh: ZmB {Sa.} zsna, ZmD {Srp.} zna, {KND} ss`na?
'river' ChC, KNC 23.
2O86. 'suNjV,RVV (or 'suRNVV) 'nasal mucus', ? ' watery part of blood, etc.' > HS: EC
'sinra--'sunra (or 'sirna-/'surna-) 'nasal mucus' > Sa {R} sin'ra- - sun'ra- (1 Tgr {R} SN) ssnda id.
[not confirmed in LH]), Or {Grg.} furri, Kns {Bl.} sorn-cta, Hr {AMS} surun-ho, Brj sur'ra, Sd sandiddo
('-nr- > -nd-) id. mt '-nr- > Kns -rn-, Hr -rVn- Ss. PEC 23, 32 (EC 'sirn-/'surn-), R S II 329, Grg. 151,
Hd. 1O2, 221, 39O , AMS 186 Eg XVIII snx.t {EG} 'nasal mucus', {Fk.} 'phlegm' EG IV 171, Fk.
233 ll U: FP 'surE(-mV) 'snivel, nasal catarrh' > pChr 'surcm > StChr L, Chr Y surcm 'nasal catarrh'
| pPrm 'zu'rim 'snivel' > Z, Vt zIrIm id. UEW 761, Ber. 74, LG 1O8, MRS 747 ll A possibility: IE: NaIE
'scro- 'watery part of curdled milk, watery part of blood' > L scrum id. || Gk oo) id. The words of
the same phonetic shape, but meaning 'a stream, a lake' and sim. (OI 'sara-h, etc.), belong to the IE
'scrH- 'to stream' < N 'sa'riX'u id. [q.v.] P 9O9, WH II 443-4, F II 425 An alt. solution: IE
'scrH- 'to stream, flow' (< N 'sa'riX'u) is the source of Gk oo) and L scrum, too ^ In U and (?) IE
the N cluster '-nR- (or '-Rn-) contracted to '-r-, which brings about compensatory lengthening of the
vw. in D. If the IE word belongs here, its lr. is lost in in prevoc. position ^ If the N etymon was
'suNjV,RVV, it may have gone back to a cd with the first component 'suqV 'smell' ( 'nose')
[q.v.]. In such a case the unspecified 'N is to be replaced by 'q, so that the N etymon will be
'suqVRVV.
2O87. ''sajN,'X '(lock of) hair, feather' > HS: S: Ar "zay0za zayza?- - "zayzi ziza?- - zaY0za
zayza - Yazi"za zaziy-at- (pl. za'yaza zayaza) 'feathers, tips of feathers' Fr. II 27O, BK I 1O32
CCh: McHigi: FlK {ChC} ctnci, {ChL} sinci 'hair' | Cb sIsi - sisi, WMrg cici(r), Ngx sisi, Klb si`si
'hair', Mrg {ChC} stnsc gic 'feather' | Msy {Mch.} sosoq tala, Kola {Sb.} ststq, Db {ChL} suson 'hair'
ChC, ChL ll ? K: G I cincl- 'down feathers', G cincl- 'fibres of a root' (G cincl- belongs here if it is
a loan from Zan, where pK 'c` yields 'c; in this case the phonetic history may be as follows: N
''sanX > pre-K 'sEn`V > [ass. devoicing] 'sEnc`V > [as ] K 'c`Enc`V > Zan 'cinc- 1 G cinc-) Chx.
1936 ll U: FU ''saccV 'thin fibres of plants used to produce threads' > Hg szosz 'oakum, hemp',
szoszIc 'flaxen-haired, blond' || Prm: Z, Prmk ss 'the best and purest kind of hemp-\flax-fibres'
(infl. of Z ss 'pure, clear'), Z {W} ss - so 'fibre, thread, oakum'; Z 1 VTt sus 'oakum, tow' 1 Chv
sus id. Hg sz- points to FU 's-, while the depalatalization 's > ''s in the prehistory of Prm must
be explained by positional changes (dis ?) UEW 433 ('scV), LG 262-3, MF 599-6OO ll A {AD,
SDM95} 'sacV > T 'sa 'head hair (of humans)' > OT, MU sac, MQp sac - sas, Chg sa - sac, Tk sac,
Uz soc, ET cac - sac, VTt u` u sas, Bsh sas, Nog/Qzq/Qq sas, Qrg, Qmn/Tb/QK {B}, Tlt {Rl.} cac,
Brb/K {Rl.} cac, Tbl {Rl.} cac - cac, Alt cac, Sg/Qb {Rl.}, Xk sas, Yk as, Tf cc's, Chv sus id., Tkm
Oac, Az sac, QrB cac id., braid', Qmq cac, Tv ca's 'braid' Cl. 794, Rs. W 39O, TL 197, Rl. III 19O5
& IV 195, 389, 394, Ra. 196 Tg: Ewk sa|i 'plait (of hair), long hair' STM II 54 Ko {S} 'cic"
'feather' > MKo cis, cic" S QK #119, Nam 445-6 ??? M: MM [MA] yjN'S saniq {Pp.} 'iy(pn', WrM
sancig, HlM canuni 'tuft of hair on the temples of women; side whiskers', as well as Kl sanig_ 'kurze
Haare ber den Stirn', unless Rm. is right in deriving the Kl word from san
i
- 'to hang' and
interpreting it as 'etwas hngendes'. Rm.s explanation is hard apply to WrM and HlM because of
the vl. WrM -c- and HlM -c- ( WrM sani-, HlM can- 'hang, hang down'), so that the WrM and HlM
word may have resulted from contamination of a word for 'hair' and WrM sanig-sanig, HlM
canni-canni 'dangling, hanging loosely with a swinging motion' MED 671, 673, Pp. MA 318, Kow.
1288, KW 312 ADM57 s.v. 'sacV (T, Tg, Ko), S AJ 287 [#258] (A 'sacV), ADM97 s.v.
'scnc`V (T, Ko, qu. M sancig + unc. Tg 'cc 'patch, rag') ^ If the N word was 'sanX, it was later
transformed into 'sayX (loss of the marked feature of nasality in almost all branches). Its
subsequent development may be hypothetically reconstructed as follows: 'sayX > (as ) 'saycX
(in most lgs.) or 'zayX (in pre-S); 'saycX > 'sacX (in most lgs.); vowel as in A: 'aj:,...X >
'aj:,...V.
2O88. ? 'scvVNV ' bone' > U: FU 'scvVnca (or 'sccvcsa) 'heel; heel-bone, hock' > pLp
{Lr.} 'ccvcc > Lp: L {LLO} t|cu't|c 'der Knochen zwischen dem Schienbein (tibia) und dem
Metatarsus (Kanonenbein) am Hinterlauf (des Rentiers, usw.); Tarsus; Fuwurzel', N {N} cv'a /
-v- - cv'c / -v- 'hock of reindeer or other quadruped; calcaneus, the heel-bone of reindeer
etc.', Kld {TI} cicu':,c
e_
'Fugelenk, Beuge des Hinterbeines (bes. beim Rentier)' || Os {Stn.}: Ty
say"ont 'heel', Y Ior-savont 'heel, back part of the foot', Nz su_os 'Rckseite des Unterschenkels
beim Pferd', Kz su_os, O so_os 'Hinterseite des Fuwurzels und des Unterschenkels (bis zur
Kniekehle) Lr. #134, Lgc. #559, LLO 115O, N I 459, TI 657, Stn. D 132O-1 The authors of UEW
reject the connection between Lp and Os ( Stn. D 1321). If nevertheless the connection exists, the
FU word is 'scvjVn,cA (with a secondary '-Vn- in Os?)ll HS: S 'ssnss > Ar sanasin- pl. 'os qui
aboutissent aux vertbres' or 'extrmits des os des ctes' BK I 1151 ll AdS of K '`V`val-, {K, K
2
}
'``val- 'bone' (< N 'AhulV '(calf of) leg, bone of leg', q.v. fdd.) This AdS influenced the
meaning of the K word ^ The et. presupposes reductions in K and Lp, which weakens its
plausibility. The as between the reflexes of 's and ' in Ar is natural and practically inevitable.
2O89. 'ssaqV 'tooth' > HS 'sin- 'tooth' > S ''sinn- 'tooth' > OAk, Ak sinn-u(m), Eb {Krb.} sinn-,
BHb NS4 scn (stem sinn-: sin'n-o 'his tooth', sin'n-ayim 'teeth'), Ph, Ug, SmA sn, BA scn / sinn- 'tooth',
JA {Trg.] scn / em. sin'n-a, JEA an`1iS sin'na, Sr 'noe scn'n-a, Ar sinn-, Gz sonn, Tgy ssnni, Jb E 'snin, Jb
C snin, pl. snun id. KB 1472-4, OLS 446, Lv. IV 584, Lv. T II 498, Sl. 1136-7, Tal 915, Br. 789, Jo. J
262, Jo. M 6O9, L G 5O4, CS 241, Bsn. 189, Sd. 1243, Krb. EG 6-7, MiK I #1.249 B '-sin- 'tooth' >
Ah i-sin-on 'teeth', c-sin 'incisive tooth', Gh i-sin 'tooth', pl. i-sin-on, Gd a-scn, pl. scn-cn, Si a-sain, pl.
i-sin-on (ai < i regularly in final closed syllables, La. S 4), Skn, Snd i-sin, pl. i-sin-on; the
homogeneous and consistent (throughout the whole B family) phonetically reg. structure of the
word, allowing the rec. of pB '-sin-, rules out its explanation as loan from Ar NA sonn 'tooth' Fc.
184O, Lf. II #1481, La. S 224, Nh. 149, Sarn. 1 Ch 'sin, pl. 'san 'tooth' [by 's ({ Nw.} 's) I mean
the phoneme which yields WCh and ECh 's and CCh lateral 's] > WCh: SBc {Sh.}: Zar K, Tala, Buli
sin, Zar Gl/L, Sy B, Gj sin, Grn siq, Plc P, Wnd scn, Bg, Kir saqal 'tooth' || CCh 'sin, pl. 'san 'tooth'
> Ktk: Lgn {Lk.} sini, pl. san, Bdm {Lk.} hInay 'tooth', Glf xir | McMrg (with '-n > -r) Mrg, Klb xir, Pdk
sira | Tr zin | McMtk: Mtk zc`cn, pMM {Ro.} 'san > {Ro.}: Hrz, Vm sahan, Mofu scr, Zlg zir, as well
as Gzg {Lk.} ssq, siq, {Ro.} siq | McMdr (with '-n- > -r-): Mdr sarc, Glv ssr-da | McMs: Ms si-ta |
McMsg: Msk sIyIq, Mlw sIqsIq | McMs: Azm {Pc.} sina, Ms {ChL} siano, {Mch.} siya, Bnn {ChL} sina`,
BnnM {ChL} siino, Lame {ChL} si?i || ECh: Mu {Lk.} siqaqu, pl. saqi, Jg {J} saqo, Brg saqo, Mkl {J}
scqo, pl. scqcq, Bdy sinta, pl. sina, Ke Is-ssq, Tmk hin 'tooth' JI II 33O-1, J LM 175, AlJ 113, Trn.
LDM 2O, Ro. 349 [#753], ChL, Sh. SB 32, Pc. 351-2 The forms of Ktk and Mu suggest that 'sin was
originally the form of sg., while 'san was pl. (formed by means of the HS pattern of 'a-plurals, Gr.
IP) Eg sn (= sn in EG's transcription; the phonetic reading of a character resembling a fish-spear,
or, acc. to Gard., 'two-barbed arrow-head', {EG} 'Zweizack') EG IV 148, Gard. 514 ??? SC: Irq
{MQK} sihino - schno 'tooth' (in particular 'incisor') (pl. sihna? - schna?, sihcni), {Wh. IP} sihino 'tooth',
pl. sihini, {Wh. SI} schno-sihno 'a tooth', Alg {Wh.} sihino, pl. sihcni, Brn {Wh.} sihina, pl. sihcri
MQK 93, Wh. IC 26, E SC 18O The SC word is qu. as a cognate, unless one finds an explanation
for the unexpected word-medial h ll U: FU 'ss'aqV [or '-u- (less plausible)] 'pin, peg' > Lp N {N}
sag'gc '(wooden) pin, peg, knitting needle', L K saq'gc id. || pObU 'OuqI 'Keil' > pOs 'oqI ({ Hl.}
'uqI) id. > Os: V lonI, Vy yoqI, Ty so'qI, Nz tuqI, Kz suqI, O luqI; pVg 'tuqIol 'Strpel,
Propfen' > Vg T tuqIol N III 367, Stn. WV 28O, Ht. 138 [#147] ll D: [1] D 'can`ja, 'chisel, awl' > Kn
cana ~ cana ~ ccna 'a small chisel', Tu ccn+ - ccn+, Tl scnamu 'awl, chisel' D #2445 l [2] NED
'caqIVr- v. 'be on edge' (of the teeth), 'have the teeth set on edge' > Krx caqgrna v. 'be on edge' (of
the teeth), Mlt cargc v. 'have the teeth set on edge' D #2289, Pf. 19O.
2O9O. 'suqc 'to smell' > HS: Eg fP ssn 'smell (riechen)', Eg MK/G snsn id., Eg {Mks.}
snsn.t 'perfume' ( N 'cuqV 'smoke, smell'; cp also 'suqc 'breathe' [q.v.]) EG IV 172, 277, Fk. 245,
Mks. III #2634 C: EC {Ss.} 'san-/'sin-/'son-/'sun- 'nose' > Sa, Af, Sml san, pBn {Hn.} 'saq (> Bn
J/Bi/Kj/L saq), Rn sam, Arr {Hw.} sono, Dsn {To.} son-o, Elm {Hn.} sono, Or {Grg.} funn-an, Or Wl
{Brl.} funy-an(i), Or H {Ow.} funn-ani, Or B/O/Wt {Sr.} funn-ani, Kns sina - sona, Gdl sina, Gwd, Gln
sindc, Hr, Dbs sind-iccc id., HEC {Hd.} 'sano 'nose' > Sd, Ged sano, Kmb sanu(-ta), Hd sanc, Brj
'suna id.; EC 'sin- > Sa {R} sin- v. 'smell (riechen)', sin n. 'smell (Geruch)', si'no 'pleasant odour', Hd
si?n- v. 'smell' (of meat, butter'); the EC verb may be inluenced by EthS (cf. Tgr {LH} ce~ scna v.
'smell (riechen)'< N civnV 'smell, stench') || Dhl {To.} sina, {EEN} pl. sinannc 'nose' || Ag {Ap.} '?sssn-
/'?ssan- 'nose' > Xm {Ap.} sssq, Xm T {CR} ason, Knf {TBZAC} san, Aw {Hz.} sssan R S II 325-6, Ss. B
169, L G 562, LH 646-7, Grg. 15O, Sr. 3O5, Brl. 153, Ow. 261, Hw. A 432, Hn. BD 119, PG 256, Hd.
1O6, 297, To. D 146, EEN 24, Ap. AV 5-6, TBZAC 1O2, Blz. CWL, To. DL 526 NrOm {Blz.} 'sin(d)-
'nose' > Mj sInu, Shk sInt, Na sinus | BMa sIntc, Sz sun-i, HzMa sini, GaMa sindi | Jn {Wdk.} si`ya` | Bnc
{Wdk.} sint, She sint | Mch {L} sito, Shn sinta, Anf sInto, {Gt.} sinnc | Cha {C} sinda, Bdt sidc,
Wl/Zl {C} sidc, Gm {Hw.} sidc, Gf sidc, Bsk {C} sintsa (= sinca), Dk {C} sinda Blz. OLBP #85, Wdk.
BY 166, Hw. EG Ch: WCh: Hs sansana v. 'emit a smell', Gw {Mts.} susuna id. | Wrj {Sk.} ssss`n-,
Cg {Sk.} ssssn-, My {Sk.} sasin-, P {MSk.} sasun-, Sir {Sk.} sisidivi, Jmb {Sk.} sahsan (misprint for
sansan?) || pMM {Ro.} ziN 'smell at' > Mada ziq, Myn zu, Mkt zin, Mlk zc, Gzg za?aq, Mofu za Ch
'Sin 'nose' ( N 'cuqV 'smoke, smell'?) > WCh: Fy {J} sin | ? Tng {J} vtstn | Tala {Sh.} sssn, Buli {Sh.}
?isin || CCh: Gude {IL} sina, Bcm {Sk.} sinc | Suk {IL} ssin, {Mk.} sin | ZmD {Srp.} sin || ECh: Smr
scndc , Kbl {Cp.} hI:ndi, Ll {Grgs.} hinda, Tmk {Cp.} hun 'nose' JI II 258-9. ChC, ChL, Ro. 329
[#688] , Blz. LECh #62 Gr. LA 6O ll K 's`sun- > G {Chx.} sun- 'smell at', {DCh.} sun-i 'odour,
stench' Chx. 1282, DCh. 12OO ll U: FU (att. in Prm) 'suuqV > Prm {LG} 'zu'q n. 'smell' > Vt :in zIn,
Vt Kz {UEW ?} zsq (zo`q), Vt G {Wc.} zIm, Vt Uf {Wc.} zIq, Yz znn id., Prmk :in zIn 'stench' U
'ssaqIV 'taste, smell' > Hg szag n. 'smell', Slq Tz sanga- 'smell [sth.] (Slq {Set.} saqam 'schmecken')
LG 1O8, Lt. J 115, Wc. W 133 [#1272], UEW 463, Sz. MNyH 159 ( Hg szag), Set. FUS 6O (Vt Slq
saqam, Hg szag) ll A: M 'siqsi- > WrM siqsi-, HlM mnnmn- 'smell\sniff all over', 'track down by sniffing
(as dogs do)', WrO {Krg.} siqsi- v. 'sniff', Kl mn` m- siqso- 'smell\sniff all over', {Rm.} siq
i
s-(_o)
'aufspren, wittern' (Hund) MED 712, Krg. 442, KRS 675, KW 359 ^ IS MS 342 s.v. :anax 'sun(g)n.
2O91. 'saqcXV (= 'saqcXa?) 'to plait, twist, tie' > IE 'sncH-/'snoH- (= 'sncx-/'snox-?): NaIE
'snc-/'sno- 'plait, twist' ( 'to spin') > Gk vce 'I spin', 3s prs. v) (< *ovi_ci) 'spins' || L nco / nc-rc
v. 'spin' || OIr sniid 'spins, patches', snim n. act. 'spinning', Crn ncthc, MBr ncza- v. 'spin', W nyddu, Br
ncza- id., 'twist'; OIr snath 'thread', OBr [] notcnn, MBr ncut, Br ncud(cnn) id., OIr snathat 'needle' ||
Gmc 'sno- -'sno-O- > OGtn sno|, Sw snodd n. 'braid (cord)', AS snod {Sw.} 'fillet', {Ho.} 'Kopfband,
Kapuze', NE snood OHG na|cn, nacn, NHG nahcn, MDt nacycn, Dt naaicn 'to sew' ON snua v. 'wind,
(double &) twist (yarn), twine (thread)' || Ltv {ME} sna-t (prs. sna|u) 'twist loosely together, spin'
?? Ht scnahha- {Mn.} 'snare, ambush', {Ts.} 'Hinterhalt' P 973, Mn. 1127, 1232-5, F II 311-2,
WH II 159-6O, Vn. S 148-9, 151-2, LP 24.4, Hm. 598, YGM-1 346, Ho. 3O5, Kb. 711, OsS 637, KM
5O1-2, Vr. 526, Vr. N 461, ME III 974-5, Ts. W 74, EI 571 ['(s)nch(i)- and 'snchu- 'twist fibres
together to form thread; occupy oneself with thread'] ll HS: Eg fOK snh 'binden, fesseln' EG IV 168-
9 S 'ssnh > Ar sanih- 'fil sur lequel on enfile les ornements du cou (perles, coquillages, etc.)'
BK I 1149 WCh: [1] pNrBc 'saqh- 'to sew' > Wrj {Sk. in ChC} saqh-, {Sk. NB} 'saqg-, Mbr {Sk.}
sa`qh- id. ChC, Stl. ZCh 196 [#481], 255 [#1O7], Sk. NB 39 The lateral 's in NrBc needs
explanation ll U: either [1] FU 'saqc 'a hair, hair plait' > F saa 'fiber, filament, strand, cord' ( FP
'saqa 'thread'), saic (gen. saiIccn) id., [had of] thread' | Prm {LG} 'si 'a hair, fiber, string' > Z,
Vt cn si 'a hair', Z , Prmk si 'thread', Z vugIr si 'fishing line' (vugIr 'fish-hook'), Yz si 'thread,
fiber, a hair' || Hg szo-/ szov- v. 'weave, spin' | ObU: (I) {Ht.} 'sc--'so-, {Hl.} 'sa--'so- 'to
plait' > pVg 'sa- id. > Vg: T sav-, LK/MK/UK/P/SV sa-/'sa-, NV sa-/'sav-, LL say-/'sa-,
UL/Ss sa- id., pOs {Ht.} 'soy- id. > Os: V/Vy so-, Ty sa'"-, Y sa'v-, D/K/Nz/K/O scv- (II) ObU
{Ht.} 'scy-'soy, {Hl.} 'say-'soy 'hair plait' > pVg 'sa 'hair plait, pigtail' > Vg: T sav,
LK/MK/UK/NV sa, SV/LL sa, UL/Ss sa id., pOs 'soy 'hair plait (Haareflechte)' > Os: V/Vy so,
Ty sa'", Y sa'v, D/K/Nz/Kz/O scv or [2] FP {UEW} 'saqa 'thread' > F saa 'fiber, filament,
strand, cord' (see above [1]) | Prm {LG} 'sEqis 'thread' > Z cynnc sunis 'thread, yarn', Vt cncnic sinIs,
Vt MU/Y siqIs, Vt Kz scqos 'thread' UEW 471 (FU 'saqc 'Haar, Haarflechte; flechten, spinnen'), 755,
SSA III 244, LG 254, 266, Ht. #571, Stn. D 13O8 ^ If Ht scnahha belongs here, the N rec. is with
'-_- ('ssaqc_V), otherwise it is with an unspecified 'X (= 'h_). If the FU cognate is 'saqc, we
reconctruct a pN 'saqcXV, but if it is FP 'saqa, the N rec. is likely to be 'saqcXA.
2O92. ?? 'Soqjg,'o (='sssoqjg,'o?) 'to produce loud vocal sounds (to call, make an incantation,
weep)' > HS: C: Ag: Bln {R} siq- 'rufen, herbei-\an-zu-rufen'; but Bln siq- 'nennen, benennen' is
likely to go back to C 'sim- -'sum- 'name' < N 'simV 'name' [q.v.] The vw. may be due to
apophony or to the infl. of siq- '(be)nennen' R WB 328 ll IE: [1] NaIE 'scng""- 'speak, make an
incantation', 'sing' ( '`iqU 'to sing, produce musical sounds' [q.v. ffd.]) [2] NaIE 'svcn-
'tnen' > P 1O46, Mn. 1346 ll A: Tg 'soq'a 'cry (weep)' > Ewk, Sln, Neg, Orc, Ud, Nn KU soqo-, Nn
Nh/B soqgo-, Lm hoq-, Ul soqgo- - soqgt-, WrMc soqgo- id. STM II 111-2 T 'siqilc- v. 'whine, howl' >
OT siqilc- ({Cl.} siqilc-), OOsm XV siq(i)lc- - siq(i)ldc- id., MQp XIV siqildc- 'howl' (of dogs), Chg {Rl.} -"rknS
siqra- 'weep quietly, -}knS siqla- id., 'howl', Osm siqlc- 'whine, moan', Tk sinlc-, si?qclc- - sinilc- v. 'sob
quietly, moan'; but T 'siq (o for humming and buzzing) hardly belongs here Cl. 832, 84O, Rl. IV
689 ?? M 'scqgcnc- > WrM scqgcnc- v. 'sing' (of wind)' The front vowels 'c in M and 'i in T may
be due to the infl. of the reflexes of N '`iqU '' [e.g., infl. of M ':iqginc- v. 'ring, tinkle' (of bells)]
DQA #2668 [A 'si_uqu 'to whine, weep'; incl. Tg, T].
2O93. 'siqIU 'sink, fall' > HS: Eg P/RT snI {Hng.} 'set' (the sun), 'sink into water' (of a drowned
person), {EG} - vom Untergehen (von der Sonne), vom Verschwinden ins Wasser (vom
Ertrunkenen), snI.v fP {EG} 'Stelle wo die Sonne untergeht' EG IV 175, Hng. 723 ll IE: NaIE 'scng"-
v. 'fall, sink' > Arm ankanim anIanim v. 'fall' || Gmc 'sinI"an > Gt sigqan, ON soIIva, Sw s|unIa, NNr soIIa,
Dn synIc, OSx, OHG sinIan, NHG sinIcn, AS sincan 'sink', NE sinI WP II 495-6, P 9O6, Mn. 1127, Slt.
367, Fs. 42O, Vr. 576-7, Ho. 294, Ho. S 64, Kb. 855 ll A: 'ssuqIi 'sink' > M 'siqgc- 'sink, set' (of a
celestial body), 'be absorbed' (of liquid), 'be digested' (of food)' > MM [MA] {Pp.} siqgc- id.., [S]
siqgc-, [IsV] siqgc- 'sink', 'set' (of the sun)', [IM] {Pp.} naran siqgcIu 'west' (lit. 'setting of the sun'),
Ord {Ms.} siqgc-, Kl {Rm.} siqg
o
- 'set (of the sun, etc.), 'be absorbed' (liquid), Kl {KRS} mnni- siqg
e
-
'soak, be absorbed', WrM siqgc-, HlM mnniy- id., 'be digested' (of food)', Kl mnni- siqg
e
- 'soak, be
absorbed', Brt myniy- id., 'sink\plunge into', Mnr H {SM} ssqg_c- 'simbiber dans, pntrer dans'; M
1 WrMc siqgc- 'be absorbed' MED 71O-2, Pp. MA 334, 446, H 141, Lg. VMI 66, Ms. O 62O, SM 377,
KW 359, KRS 675, STM II 9O T: [1] NaT 'siq- 'sink into (sth.)' > OT siq- id., 'be absorbed\digested',
Osm {Rh.} siq- 'be absorbed; be swallowed, go down the gullet, be digested', 'skink & crouch into the
smallest possible space', siqc ger. 'sinking', Tk sin- 'penetrate' (of smell), Az d sinir- 'be digested',
Tkm Oiq-, ET, Qmq, Nog, Qrkl, Qrg, Tv siq-, VTt cc` - siq-, Bsh lc` - hiq-, Uz siqgi-, Tf stq- id., 'soak into
the earth, be absorbed', Qzq c n- sin- id., 'penetrate; find room, go in, fit in', Yk iq- 'soak into the
earth, be absorbed'; [2] ?? T {Rs.} 'siq- 'go in, fit into' > Chv s+n-+s- 'find room, go in'
('noxccrnrc) '), Shor/Sg/Qb {Rl.} siq- 'hineinpassen, hineindringen' Chv s- < pT 's- due to the
palatalizing infl. of 'i Cl. 833-4, Rs. W 418, Rh. 11O2-3, Rl. IV 622, Ra. 227, Ash. XVII 3O9, Md. OJ
43 pJ {S} 'sintum- 'sink' > OJ sidum-, J: T sium, K sium-, Kg sium- id. S QJ #1O73, Mr. 754
DQA #2151 [A 's'i_uqu 'to sink', incl. T, M, J] ^ In most lgs. the phonetic history is likely to
have been: '-mI- > '-qI-, in some lgs. > '-q-. In Ko the cluster '-mI- contracted to '-m- ^ In many lgs.
there may have been (mutual?) infl. of N 'siqIU 'sink, fall' and N 's'omjV,gE 's'ogmE 'enter,
penetrate' [q.v.], so that it is hard to distinguish between their respective reflexes.
2O94. 'sa?cjq,IV 'sc?ajq,IV 'to be near, approach' > HS: EC: Rn soIIo 'closer, nearer', HEC
'siI- ({Hd.} 'sinI-) v. 'approach' > Ged, Sd {Hd.} siI-, Hd {PB} siIa?- id. || Ag 'ssII"- 'be near' >
Bln {R} suI-r- vi. (md.) 'approach', suI-s- vt. (caus.) 'make so. approach' PG 262, Hd. 21, 26O, 393
[+ unc. Hd hinc-, Kmb hinc y- 'be(come) close, approach'; rec. of HEC 'sinI- with an unj. '-n-], AD
SF 96, 272-3 (C ''s?I") NrOm (A HEC?): Omt (Gf?) {Mrn.} siI-, Gm {Hw.} siIo vi. 'approach'
Mrn. O, Hw. EG SES 's?I > Sq {L} s?I 'se rapprocher' L LS 4O9 AD SF 272-3 ll U: ? 'sac-
'reach (a place), arrive, come' ( N 'sagE 'to obtain, hold' [q.v. ffd.]) ll D 'ccII- (- 'ccqII-) 'near, close
by' > Prj ccIIal 'near', Krx ca_a 'around, near, in the vicinity of', ? Tm ccqgata(n) id., ccn'gali
'nearness, neighbourhood' D #2753; An. SG 137, KR 14-69 (both on D '-qII- > -qI---II-) ^ HEC,
Om '-I- < '-?I-.
2O95. 'saqqU 'shoulder, nape, back of the neck' > K 's`'iq- > Sv UB/L/Ln siq 'back
(dorsum)' Ni. s.v. cnnna, GP 273, TK 818-9, Dn. s.v. siq ll HS: C {AD} 'siunI"- 'nape, back, shoulder'
> Bj {R} sonI"a - sanI"a id., Bj A {AD} ?t sinI"a 'back' || EC: Sa {Wlm.} sunIu 'shoulder joint', Af {PH}
sunIu (pl. sunIuIa) 'shoulder', Sml {R} sagan (pl. sagammo) 'Nacken, Genick', {Lrj.} sagan-madon 'nape
(joint of the neck)' AD SF 91-2, PH 185, Lrj. 242, R SS II 338 ll U 'saqIV ({UEW} 'scqIV - 'saqIV)
'arm' > ObU { Hl.} 'OcqI- (or 'OiqI-) > pOs 'cqIor ({ Hl.} 'iqIor) 'upper arm, shoulder' > Os: V
lcqIor 'upper arm', Vy ycqIor 'Arm von der Schulter bis zum Handgelenk, das ganze Arm', D/K
tcqIor 'Achsel', Kz aqIor, O la'qIor 'shoulder (Achsel, Schulter)' Sm: Ne: T {Ter.} r ` ia( taqgad
'biceps; naked arm', T Tz {UEW Lh.} taqIad 'upper arm', F P {Lh.} ccqIat 'forearm' UEW 439,
Coll. 18, KrT 1O68, S D 782, Ter. 7O3, Lh. 5O3 ^ AD GD #48 (U, HS), IS MS 355 s.v. nncuo
2
(U, HS).
2O96. 'SaV 'to taste, be tasty' > IE: NaIE 'sa- - 'sab- 'juice', v. 'taste, perceive': [1] 'sa- > Av
visaa- (vis-saa-) 'poison-juiced' (i.e. 'whose juice is poison') (vis- 'poison'); Irn 1 Arm vi2ap visa
'dragon' | Arm ham ham (< 'sa-mo-) 'juice, savour, taste' || L saio- / -crc v. 'taste; have taste; discern,
be wise, think', saor n. 'taste', Osc SIPVS 'sciens'; L saa 'juice' || Gmc 'safan- 'sap' > ON safi id.; MHG
bc-scbcn 'wahrnehmen', ON scfi 'mind', OSx scvo 'Gemt, Herz', AS scfa 'mind, heart' [2] 'sab- > OHG
saf " sah (gen. sahcs, saffcs) 'juice', MHG saf (gen. saffcs), saft, NHG Saft, MLG sa() 'juice, sap', AS
s id., NE sa || Ilr sabaium 'beer' WP II 45O-1, P 88O, EI 566 ('sa- 'sap', ? 'sa- ? 'sc- 'taste,
come to know'), Brtl. 1173, H. I 247, WH II 476-7, Bc. G 324, Vr. 459, 467, Ho. 268, 288, Ho. S 64,
Kb. 817, OsS 744, Lx. 17, 175, KM 619, Mn. 11O7, 1112-3 ll HS: C ({E} pC 'sob- 'be pleasant, sweet,
pleasing'): Bj {R} 'sibo 'beauty, pleasantness', {Rop.} 'sibi, 'sibi 'good', {R} scbob (p. a-s'bob) 'be
good, beautiful', {Rop.} sibob 'be good' || Hd {E ?} so- 'be sweet' PB 174 || (here??) SC: ERt {E}
'scba 'beer' > Kz {E} sava-Io (-Io is a sx. of m.), Asa scba id. E PC #249, E SC 93, E p.c. (2OO2), R
WBd 2O9-1O, Rop. 235 ll D 'cav- ({GS} 's-) 'taste' > Tm, Tl cavi id., Kt cayv 'taste let in mouth for
food just eaten', Kn savi, sam'vi 'that has taste', 'that is palatable\savoury\sweet\nice', Tu sabi, savi
'flavour, taste; palatable, sweet', Klm savvi, Nkr savad 'sweet' D #2396(a) Gr. II #398 ('sa
'touch\taste') (IE, Ai + err. A, J, EA).
2O97. 'saP'u(-sV) 'thorn, pointed stake' ( 'needle') > HS: S 'sa'ay- > Sr 'jofo soa'y-a
'stimulus, okoo)', Ar 'fASa safa(n) {Hv.} 'prickly grass', {BK} 'arbre pines', {Br.} 'pricks of barley
(spinae hordei murini)' Br. 794, Hv. 325, BK I 11O4 ll IE: Ht saiIIusta- - sciIIusta- 'needle' Ts. W
7O ll U: FU 'sasV 'netting-needle' > Lp: S {L} t|uoscm 'furca', N {Fri.} cuoscm 'bifurcum terreum' |
Chr: V sas 'netting-needle', () 'winding-spool', () L monmsos, H manmsas 'winding-
spool, thread on a winding-spool' || ObU {Ht.} 'Ooos > pOs 'soos 'netting-needle' ('s- for 'O- by as )
> Os: V/Vy savos, Ty/Y saos, D/K/Nz suos, Kz suos, O soos id.; pVg 'tas 'small stick' > Vg: T
tas, LK/MK/UK/P/NV/SV/LLz tos id. UEW 432, MRS 692, 719, Ht. #153, Coll. 118 ll A: Tg 'sa-
(+ sx.), 'sas- 'needle' > Neg saIt, Orc satu 'netting-needle\spit', Orc sasaqIi 'needle for pricking
birch-bark', WrMc sabsi- v. 'stitch (leather when making footwear), prick\singe with a needle (skin
of ill persons for treating them)' STM II 64 M 'sibugc(n) 'awl' > MM [S] sibugc 'Bohrer,
Pfriemen', [IM} sibugc, [MA] sibugc, WrM sibugc(n), HlM m' n' i, Ord sovogo, Brt m6iy, Kl m' ni,
{Rm.} sovgo - sovg

, Mnr H {SM} s_ub_ug_c, Mnr H/M {T} sibugc 'awl' H 139, Pp. MA 332, 446,
MED 696, Ms. O 63O, Chr. 737, KRS 681, KW 367, SM 383, T 382 ? NaT 'subri > OT suvri 'with a
tapering end, sharp, pointed', Tk sivri, Az {Cl.} sivri, Qzq/TbTt {Rl.} suiru 'pointed' Cl. 791, Rl. IV
796 KW 367 (M, T) M 'i and T 'u are probably due to the ass. infl. of the reflexes of N 'u
DQA #2665 [A 'si_abi 'to sew, perforate, awl', incl. M].
2O98. 'saV 'riverbank, river' > HS: WS ''si- > Ar sif- 'shore of the sea or of a great river,
side of a valley' (df. ysii> ?as-sif- is applied to the sea-shore of Oman); Ar sif-, 'sif-at- 1 Jb C pl.
'scf, sg. sift, Jb E 'scft, Mh ssft 'sea-shore' Ln. 1485, BK I 1176, Jo. M 355 Not here Hb ef11
sa'a 'bank, shore' [from N 'a'V 'lip; edge, shore, riverbank'] Eg fMKL/Md s.t 'bank (of
waterway), shore; edge (of a wound, well, vessel, horizon)' This word may have influenced the Eg
word for 'lip' [s.t with s- for the expected s-, cp. S 'sa'-at- 'lip', see N 'a'V ''] EG IV 99-1OO,
Fk. 222 B 'sif- - 'suf- / pl. 'saff- 'river' > Mz {Dlh.} suf (pl. isufon) 'rivire qui coule, torrent', Shw
{Hy.} suf (pl. isafon - isaffon), Sll {Ds.} a-sif (pl. i-saffon), SrSn {Rn.} a-sif (pl. asaffon), Izd {Mrc.}, Tmz
{MT} a-sif (pl. i-saffon) 'rivire, fleuve', Kb {Dl.} asif (pl. isaffon) id., 'wadi', Nf {Beg.} usof (pl. i'soffon)
id., {La.} usof (pl. isaffon) 'rivire', Ah {Fc.} a-sif 'valley' (preserved in toponymy) Rn. 313, La. S
289, Ds. 131, 25O, Dlh. M 184, Dl. 759, Fc. 18O6, MT 617, Msq. Z 527, Hy. 456, Mrc. 4O2, Beg. N
317, Fc. 18O6 Some infl. of N 'ccjy,V 'to sink, immerse; swim; flow' cannot be ruled out
NrOm {Blz.} 'saf- > Zs {C} safa 'river, lake', Gf {C} safa, Gm {Hw.} saa 'river' Blz. OL #212, C SE
III 2O7, C SO 51, Hw. EG Ch: WCh: Gmy si 'river' ChC OS #2253 ('si- 'river, river-bed') ll A:
M 'saba > WrM saba, HlM can, Kl can 'river-bed' (unless saba, can 'vessel'), WrM sab, HlM can
'frontier, limit', Kl {Rm.} sav
a
'Grenzland, Seitenplatz'; M 1 Chg saa 'Seitenplatz auerhalb der
Stadt', Osm saa yol 'round-about way' MED 653, KRS 434, KW 315 T 'sc- > Xk si 'small river
bay', Tv, Tf sc 'river bay', Qb/Sg/Qc {Rl.} sc 'tributary of a river, Nebenflu', ? Chg {Rl.} sia
'terrace' Rs. W 41O, BIG 187, Rl. IV 493, 726, Ra. 226 AmTg 'sasV 'bank (of a body of water)' >
Orc sasa id., Ul, Nn Nh sast, sast qtrant 'bank (at the edge of water)', Nn KU sastIt, Nn B
safst qtrant id. STM II 64 pJ {S} 'sis 'tide' > OJ sio, J: T/Kg sio, K sio S QJ #1166, Mr. 525
DQA #1922 [A 'sa`i 'shore': T, Tg, J] ^ The stem with 'i in HS (S, B, Ch) may be interpreted as
a bf from pl. 'sa- (the pattern 'i sg. - 'a pl., preserved in B?).
2O99. 'siV 'to pour, to drop, to drizzle, to filter\screen' > HS: Eg fXXII sfsf ({EG} sfsf) 'spenden
(Wasser)' EG IV 118 +ext. : S 'sI v. 'pour out, spill' > BHb sI (pf. K6f2S1 sa'aI, ip.
K67pS6i% yi-s'oI) v. 'pour, pour out', Ug sI v. 'spill', JPA sI G v. 'pour out, spill, shed', JEA
sI G id., 'flow', Sr sI G 'pour from one vessel into another, empty out', Md sI v. 'pour out,
spill', Ar sfI v. 'shed (blood), melt', Gz sbI v. 'melt', Tgr tssvbbvIv 'gegossen werden (aus Metall)',
Ak sI (inf. saaIu) to pour, heap\pile up'; possibly S 1 Eg sfc ({EG} sft) ' oil (used in rituals
and originating from SW Asia)' KB 15O4-5, OLS 449, Js. 1616-7, Sl. 117O-1, Br. 795, JPS 591, DM
472, Sd. 1168-9, L G 483, CAD XVII/1 412-22, EG IV 118, Fk. 225 ll IE: NaIE 'sci_-/'sci_b- v. 'pour,
spill, screen': NaIE 'sci_b- > MLG sicn, MHG sifcn, AS siian v. 'drop, drip', NE scc, sic; Sw sia
'langsam flieen, sickern', MLG si 'small brook' NaIE 'scji_,bon 'tropfbares Fett' > Gmc 'sai_o
'soap, resin' > AS sac id., OHG scifa, ON saa 'soap'; Gmc 1 F saiua, saiio, L sao 'soap' (cf.
Rufinus Apologia Originis : t) Icovik) ooti kocitoi oc ootev) NaIE 'sci_- > OHG sib, NHG
Sicb, Dt zccf, AS sifc 'sieve', NE sicvc || Sl: SCr siiti 'to drizzle' || Tc A si-, sc- v. 'anoint', scal
'ointment' WP II 468, P 894, WH II 5O4, Vr. 462-3, SSA III 143, Ho. 27O, 293, 296, Kb. 836, 848,
OsS 751, 758, Lx. 193, KM 699, Wn. 427-8, Glh. 548-9 ll A 'sibE-rV > M: [1] 'sibcrc- > WrM sibcrc-,
HlM mnnpy- v. 'drizzle', M 'sibcr > WrM sibcr, HlM mnnyp, mnnnp 'drizzling rain, light shower', Ord sivcr
'une fine pluie' MED 695, Ms. O 625 [2] M ''si'|u- (acc. to Rm. SKE, it may go back to pA
{Rm.} ''si'u-) > MM [MA] su- v. 'filter', WrM sigu-, HlM m- v. 'filter, strain; percolate', Kl m-
su- v. 'filter', Mnr H {SM} su- 'faire ou laisser couler' Pp. MA 337, MED 693, KRS 688, KW 372,
SM 383 ? pKo 'siri-v. 'moisten' > MKo siri- id., NKo uri- v. 'sprinkle, shower, rain slightly'
( NKo uri- 'scatter, sow'?) S QK #959, MLC 814 SDM95 s.v. 'siba 'clay; to smear' Tg: WrMc
sibIuri {Z} 'drain-gutters\holes in city walls, iancnnnin,
cno6a\orncpcr ) na iopo(cion crn (n) croia no(i', {Hr.} 'Loch am Fue der Mauerzinnen als
Wasserabflu und Schiescharte' (WrMc u spelled with the characters of WrM u) Z 6OO, Hr. 789]
Rm. SKE 49 (WrMc siIu- [for WrMc sibIuri?] WrM sigu- + Ko c"i-da v. 'sift' and [with two
queries] T: QK {Rl.} cu-, Tb {Rl.} cu- 'mit einem Netze fischen') M siba- (> WrM siba-, HlM mnnax
v. 'plaster, apply ointment') does not belong here but rather to A 'sia- 'clay; to smear' < N 'siv'a
(or 'sivga) 'to smear' (q.v.) ^ IS SS 345 [#11.11] (S, Eg sft, IE, M).
21OO. ? 'siV '(young of a) bird' > HS: Eg G sft ' bird' EG IV 118 B ''vsaf- > ETwl/Ty
{GhA} tossaf ' blue-violet sparrow' GhA 17O, PrGG 290 NrOm: Gng {Blz.] 'sVff- 'bird' > Kf {R
Krapf} soffcc 'bird' R K 79, Blz OL s.v. 'bird' ?? WCh: Wrj/Kry {Sk.} siv 'cock' Sk. NB 12, Stl.
ZCh #33O ({Stl.} 'sivV 'bird'; mentions Su {?} si 'bird') ll D (in GnD) 'civ- -'ci- 'young of birds'
( N 'c`iu(-rV) 'small bird') > Knd sir`i, sii 'chicken', Gnd civa " civa(l) " civna " civa, Kui sia, Ku
hia " hia " hia id.. 'chick' D #2636 ll A 'sij:,`u 'small bird' > M 'siba-yun 'bird' > MM [L] {Pp.}
sibavun, [MA, IM] {Pp.}, [HI] {Ms.} sibaun, [S] {H} sibao_un id., WrM sibagu(n), HlM mynyy 'bird, fowl',
Brt my6yyn, Ord {Ms.} sivu, Kl {KRS} monyn, {Rm.} sovun, Mnr H {SM, T} su, {Pot.} mnno, Mnr M {T}
sibu, {Pot.} mnno 'bird', ShY {Pot.} monyn H 139, Pp. L III 6O, Pp. MA 332, 447, MED 747, Rm. 366,
SM 383, T 386, Pot. 418, Ktw. OuJ 451 STg 'sii- ' small bird; a swallow' > WrMc {Z, Hr.}
sibirgan 'motley swallow, gesprenkelte Schwalbe' (-gan induced by guldargan 'swallow'), Jrc {Kiy.}
sibijr,hun 'swallow' Z 599, Hr. 788, Kiy. 1O7 [#183] pKo {S} ' ci_oi n. 'swallow' ( N 'c`iu(-rV)
'') > MKo {S}, NKo ccbi S QK #183, Rm. SKE 26, Gale 848, MLC 1464, Nam 425 Rm. SKE 26
(Ko, Tg), DQA #2O14 (pA 'sziV 'a kind of small bird').
21O1. ? 's'uPV 'to sleep, rest' > IE 'svc-/'su- v. 'sleep' > Ht su- v. md. 'sleep' NaIE
'svc-/'su- v. 'sleep, dream' > OI 'svaiti, 'svaati 'sleeps', Av x
v
a- 'sleep' || Gk uto 'waking vision,
Wahrtraum' || L d soio / soirc 'put\lull to sleep', d soor/ sooris 'deep sleep' || ON sofa, AS
svcfan 'to sleep', MHG cnt-svcbcn 'fall asleep', svc (gen. svcbcs), AS svcofot n. 'sleep' || Sl 's+a-ti
'to sleep' > OCS t+uo:u s+ati, SCr sa`ti, Slv sati, Cz sati, Slk sat`, P sac, R cnar, Uk 'cnarn id., Blg
cn v. 'sleep' - NaIE ''svo-nos, ''svc-no-s, 'su-'no-s n. 'sleep, dream' > ON svcfn, AS svcfn id. || OI
'svana-, Av x
v
ana- 'sleep' || Tc A sam', B sanc id. || Sl 's+n+ id., 'dream' > OCS t+u+ s+n+, Blg cn,
SCr sa`n, Slv scn so`n, Cz, Slk, P scn, R, Uk con id. | Lt sanas, Ltv sanis n. 'dream' || Gk utvo) n. 'sleep' ||
Arm un I"un (gen. noj I"noy) id. || pAl {O} 'suna > Al g|umc id. || L somnus id. || pClt {Vn.} 'sou_no- >
OIr suan, Brtt [RE} 'sou_nos 'sleep' > MW, W, Crn, OBr, MBr, Br hun id., OCrn [] hun 'letargia'
- NaIE {EI} ''svoniyo-m 'dream' > L somnium, Gk cvuttiov, Lt sanys id., OI 'svaniyam 'dreamy'
d : IE 'svcVr-/'suVr- > L soor 'deep sleep', Gk uto 'true dream, waking vision', Ht suariya- v.
md. 'dream, sleep' P 1O48-9, EI 17O, 527, Ts. W 78, F II 966, 97O-1, WH II 557-8, 561, Vn. S
196-7, RE 13O, Slt. 63-4, Vr. 528, Ho. 334-5, Lx. 41, 222, O 138, Glh. 539-4O, 571, Frn. 762, Kar. II
154, Wn. LE 125, Wn. 46O-1, Ad. 666, Ad. H 29, 36 ll HS: SES 'sj?, > Jb C {Jo.} 's`cf (ip. 'ys`cf, sbjn.
'ys`cf), Jb E {Jo.} 'scf 'sleep', Sq {L} scf ~ sc?cf id. Jo. J 267, Jo. M 425-6, 593, L LS 4O9, 42O Ch:
CCh: Msg {Brt.} safaua 'sleep', Msg G {Trn.} inf., pl. sifi, sg. ssfa v. 'se reposer lombre' | Nz {Mch.}
zavo 'sleep' | Suk {IL} ssvai_ id. || ?? WCh: My/Mbr {Sk.} sav v. 'rest' JI I 154 ('zb 'sleep') & II 298-
9, ChC, Lk. DQM 111, Trn. LM 114 ll ? A: Tg: WrMc {Hr.} scbi- 'sich erholen', scbIi- id., 'wieder zu
Krften kommen', {Z} scbi-, scbIi- 'take breath, rest' Hr. 773, Z 581, STM II 134 M 'scb(Ii)- > WrM
{MED} scbIi- v. 'recover from fatigue; to rest, refresh oneself', HlM {Luv.} cynxnn- v. 'rest' (but
cynxnn- 'be cooled [e.g. by sweating]' may be of another origin), Brt ly6 iny- 'let the horse take
breath' MED 679, Gl. II 395, Luv. 372, Chr. 7O1 STM II 134 ^ The discrepance between the IE
ev. for N 'uu and the M-Tg vw. 'c (pointing to a N 'E) is still to be explained ^ IS MS 367 s.v. cnar
(IE, HS: SES, Msg).
21O2. 'S'uV 'to sweep' > IE: NaIE 'svc-/'scu_- 'sweep' > Vd (h. l.) sva'u '(?) broom' || Gmc
'svoon > ON soa, Dn, NNr soa v. 'to sweep', NE svcc; AS c-svoc, OHG gisofa - gisoha,
gisofo - gisoho 'garbage, discharge', NE svoo; ON sofl 'broom' ?? NaIE 'svc-/'scu_- 'pour
(schtten), scatter' > L [Fest.] su-o / -arc 'throw', dis-si-o (- dissu-o) / -arc 'strew around, scatter,
disperse' || Sl 'su-ti / 's+-o 'to pour (schtten)' > OCS t:u suti / t+ua s+o, OR suti / s(+)u id., SCr
with prvs.: sa-suti / sa-scm 'pour out', na-suti / na-scm 'pour in\into', etc.; Sl ip. 'sia-ti
'schtten' > ChS tuo:u sIati, SCr si`ati, Slv siati, Cz syati, Slk syat`, P syac, R 'cinar id., Blg
'cnnnax 'I pour' WP II 524, P 1O49, EI 582 ['svc- 'throw, sweep (into the air)'], M K III 561 (the
meaning of sva'u- is obscure), WH I 256-7, Vr. 628, 53O, Ho. 339, Kb. 376Vs. III 812, 818, Glh. 548
ll HS: B 'sfd > Sll {Ds.} sfd v. G 'sweep', Mz {Dlh.}, Mtm {Ds.} sfd v. G 'wipe (off\away), Wrg
{Dlh.}, Tmz {MT}, Gd {Lf.} sfd v. G id., 'clean by wiping', Kb {Dl.} sfo v. G 'wipe, rub', Ah {Fc.}
sfd v. G 'clean (by wiping, etc.), remove (dust, sand)' Ds. 31, Ds. B 121, Dlh. M 184-5, Dlh. Ou
29O-1, Dl. 76O, MT 618, Fc. 18O6, Lf. II #1432 Ch: WCh: Dir {Sk.} ssfa, Sir csfu, My csfs 'sweep'
|| CCh: Gude {ChL} sabag-ic, FlJ {ChL} stvabi, FlM {ChL} sibi, FlB {ChL} stba | Lgn {Bou.} ssvaya id.
|| ECh: Mgm {J} savvo, Mkl {J} sic id. ChC, ChL ll A 'si'u (< ''suu?) v. 'sweep; broom' >
NaT 'su 'broom' > Chg {Rl.} su id., d Chg {Rl.} susa, susuI id.; T 'suur - 'siir- v. 'sweep' >
OT {Cl.} siir-, [MhK] {Dnk.} suur-, MQp XIII-XIV suur- id., Osm {Rl.} -rvpvS suur-, Tk suur-, Chg
{Rl.} suur-, siur-, ET, Az suur-, Tkm cnp- Ouur-, Uz suur-, Qmq, QrB, Alt {BT}, Qmn {B}, Tlt
{Rl.} sibir-, VTt cc6cp- sibir-, Bsh lcncp- hiir-, Nog., Qzq, Qq, Qrg S siir-, Qrg siir- v. 'sweep', Tv
sirbir v. 'sweep', Chv maAnaAp s+b_+r 'broom'; T 1 M 'si|ur (> 'siur) 'broom' > MM {MT} siur, Kl
conp sa|ur, {Rm.} savur (infl. of savur 'Fcher'?) - sur, WrM sigur, HlM mp sur; M 1 Yk
siir 'broom'; 'siur- 'sweep' > MM {MT} si?ur-, {HI} siur-; 'si|urdc- 'sweep' > WrM sigurdc-, HlM
mp(y-, Kl conp(- sa|urdo-, Kl D {Rm.} savurd
o
-, Ord {Ms.} surdc- id.; M 1 Yk siiy- 'sweep', Ewk
siiy--siir- id. Rl. IV 848-5O, Cl. 719, 729, 732, Rs. LTS 171, Rs. W 437, MKD 171, Jud. 682, 921,
BT 128, B DK 246, TvR 267, Pek. 2234-5, Jeg. 334-5, Pp. MA 336, Ms. H 98, MED 7O3, KRS 445, SM
383, KW 319, T 386, STM II 93 Chv s- < pT 's- due to the palatalizing infl. of 'u ? M 'scbiu- v.
'fan, wave', {?} 'sweep' > WrM scbi-, HlM cyny-x id., Ord {Ms.} scvc- 'venter, sventer', Dx siu-, Mnr
H {SM, T} su- 'sweep', ? Kl D {Rm.} sav-_o 'mit den Flgeln flttern\schlagen'; - 'scbi-ur 'fan' >
WrM scbigur, HlM cynp id., Kl {Rm.} savur 'Fcher' MED 679, Ms. O 577, SM 383, T 386, T DnJ
142, Rm. 319 ? Tg {DQA} 'siiu- > Ewk i- v. scrape' STM II 398 ? (mt ?) pKo {S}
'sir- 'sweep, wipe' > MKo sir-, NKo s:il- S QK #6O3, Nam 321, MLC 1O27 DQA #2166 [A
'si`a 'to sweep', incl. T, Ko] ll D 'cE- 'sweep' > Tm cira, Kn ciari, Kdg cic, Tl ci:uru, Klm, Nk
sabdi, Prj ccid, Gdb scct " cccd " scc " scct, Gnd hcur " hcur, Knd sicr_, Png hios, Mnd
hcur, Kui sccri, Ku hcori " hauri 'broom', Krg tii, Knd sia-, Png hi-, Mnd, Ku hc-, Kui sca- v.
'sweep', ? Tm civu 'sweep clean (as floor)' D #2599 ^ IS MS 348 s.v. xccrn ''sun (IE, A, D).
21O3. 'sEPjq,V 'cover, bury' > U: FU 's'itV- v. 'shut, cover'> Z sitI-, Yz siti- id.; Z 1 Vg N
{MK} sati - sati, ML {MK} sati- - sati, LL {MK} scti-, P sati-, K sati- - sati- 'bury, hide'
LG 256-7, MK 529, Coll. 57 ll HS: Eg fP sb_ ({EG} sbh) 'close arms about sb., enclose, shut away'
EG IV 91, Fk. 22O ll ? IE: NaIE 'sccl- v. 'bury' > L scclio v. 'bury' (sup. scultum) Dv. #353, WH II
517, EM 615 The morphological structure of the L word remains obscure.
21O4. 'saqyE 'matter, pus, gall' > HS: Eg Md/N s_ 'gall' > Cpt: Sd ttc sisc, A ttc si_c id.,
'bitterness' EG III 228, Vc. 2O3 SC: Irq {Mgw.. MQK} sa_i 'bile', {E} sa_i 'gall-bladder' E SC 179,
Mgw. 1OO, MQK 92 ? CCh: Lgn {Nc.} tscIi 'gall' (c- for the expected s- is puzzling) Lk. L 123
OS #2171, Tk. I 169 ll U 'sayc ({Jn.} 'scx|i) 'pus, liquid of the body, rotten liquid' > pLp {Lr.}
'scys matter, pus' > Lp: S {Hs.} sic|c, L {LLO} s|cd|a, N {N} sicgg|a / -|- 'matter (in a boil, wound),
Kld {Gn., SaR} siyy 'matter in a boil' | pMr {Ker.} 'siy- > Er, Mk cin siy, Er/Mk si 'matter, pus' | pChr
{Ber.} 'suy id. > Chr: H myc su, L mycn suy, Uf su, B suy, M suy id. | Prm {LG} 'sis 'rotten stuff,
rot; rotten' > Z c c sis, sis " sis, Vt cnc sis id., Yz 'sis 'rotten' || pObU {Hl.} 'Ocy- [= {Ht.}
'Oay--'Ocy-) -'Ooy- 'pus, matter' > pVg {Ht.} say > Vg: T/UK/P say, LK say, Ss say id.; pOs {Ht.}
'oy > V loy, Vy yoy, oy, Ty/Y o'y, D/K tcy, Nz tiy, Kz iy id. | Hg cv " cv id. Sm {Jn.}
'tc - 'ti 'pus, matter' > [1] 'tc > Sq Tz {KKIH} tc, Slq Tm {KD} tc id., UO {KD} t
i_
c 'ear-wax', Kms
{KD} ca, Koyb {Sp.} ry 'pus, matter'; [2] 'ti > Mt {Hl.} ti (Mt M {Sp.} ri) id. Sm 'ti- " 'tc- v. 'rot' > Ne
T d rnx-:, Ne F {Lh.} tim-c, Ng {Mik.} tim-si id., En X {Cs.} 1s aor. timcro? 'get sour', Slq Tm {KD}
tcmba, Slq Chl {Cs.} v. cicmba, Kms {KD} 1s prs. t`c?lcm 'rot' Coll. 11, UEW 434, Sm. 54O (U 'scx|i
'matter' > FU, FP 'scc|i, Ugr 'sa|i, Sm 'tio|), Lr. #1139, Lgc. #6313, Hs. 1129, Gn. 955, SaR 32O,
ERV 627, PI 261, Ker. II 14O, Ber. 72 [#386], MRS 742, Ep. 157, LG 259, Lt. J 176, Ht. #118, MF 115-
6, Jn. UK 57 (U 'scx|i 'faul, Fule'), Jn. 161, Hl. M 358, KKIH 181 ll A: Tg 'si, 'si-lsc ({Bz.} 'sui-lsa)
'gall' > Ewk si, Sln silds, Neg silts, Ud {Krm.} silihs, Ul silts - silts, Ork suilts, Nn silts - silts, WrMc silhi
'gall', Jrc {Kiy.} silihi 'gall bladder' Bz. 994, STM II 73, Krm. 285, Kiy. 126 [#516] This Tg root
contradicts my hyp. of N 's- yielding Tg 's- ^ Hardly here the alleged IE {P} 'sci_-/'soi_- 'trpfeln,
rinnen, feucht', arbitrarily abstracted by WP and P from 'sci_l- (> Lt scilc' 'saliva', etc.) and 'sci_m-
(> OHG scim 'Honigseim', W hufcn 'cream', etc.) ^ IS MS 336 s.v. inon 'sa|n (Tg, U), AD GD 7.
21O5. 'sArjV,(na) 'to sing, pronounce ritual\magic formulas, make incantations' > HS: S '-sir- v.
'sing', 'sir- 'song' > BHb ip. -sir-, pf. sar 'sing', sir 'song', JPA ar!iS5 si'ra id., Ug syr 'sing' [(AkSc)
3m yasir in a pr. n.], sr [(AkSc) siru] 'song', sr 'singer', sr, (AkSc) sir- 'song', SmA, ChrPA -sir- 'sing',
ar!iS5 si'r-a 'Gesang', Ak OB scru id. KB 1371-4, A #2682, OLS 451-2, Hnr. 181, Tal 89O-1, Lv. IV
549, Sd. 1219 Ch: Kwn {J} si`rc v. 'sing' ChL, JS 228 (Ch. 'sr) HS '-r- < '-rn- (as ?) ll U: FU
'sarna 'solemn\magic utterance' > F saarna 'sermon', saarna- v. 'preach', Krl A soarnu 'folktale, legend'
| Prm 'sorni ({LG} 'sorni) > 'sorni ({LG} 'sorni) ['o > 'o due to 'r) > Z cccpnn sorni, Yz
'sorni 'conversation, discourse', Z sornit-, Prmk {W} cornit-, {WR} sornit- 'speak, talk' || Os: K sarna'y-
'invoke (protecting spirits, etc.) by incantations' ({PD} 'hervorzaubern, durch Zaubersprche
herbeirufen'), Km sarna'ymon ya'stota' 'mit Schmeichel \ Koseworten sprechen' (ya'stota' 'say, speak')
Coll. 55, It. #38, UEW 463, Sm. 553 (FP 'sarna 'discussion'), LG 253-4, PD #2O9O, Stn. 1373 ll A:
NaT 'sarin 'incantation, song', 'sarji,n- v. 'sing' > Qzq {Rl.} sarna- 'sing incantations', Qzq {Sht.} sarn-
v. 'lament, bewail, sing mournfully; moan', Qmq, Alt {BT}, Tb/Qmn {B}, Xk {BIG} sarin 'song',
Tel/Shor/QK/Sg/Qb {Rl.} sarin 'Gesang', qor sarin 'Wettgesang, in dem die beiden Gegner sich
gegenseitig tadeln\verspotten', sarina- 'Lieder singen', Tb {B} sarina- 'sing', Alt {BT, Rl.}, Qmn {B}
Tel/Shor {Rl.}, Qmq sarna- id., Nog, Qmq sarn- 'sing' (of birds), Tkm capna- Oarna- 'mumble, mutter',
rcpr. Oarnas- 'exchange angry words' Rl. IV 323, 334, Sht. 168, NogR 289, BT 126, B DChT 147, B
DK 246, TkR 567, BIG 182, KumRS 279 ?? Tg {DQA} 'sarin 'a feast (Gastnahl) > Nn Nh/KU sart,
Nn B sart(n-) id., WrMc sarin id., 'a meal, banquet'; 'sarila- v. 'feast (schmausen)' > Nn sartla- id.,
'celebrate a wedding', WrMc sarila- v. 'feast, offer a meal' STM II 66 DQA #1936 [A 'sarV 'song,
feast'] ^ The absence of 'n in S may either be original (in this case N 'na is an additional
morpheme) or result from later loss (due to metanalysis?) ^ Coll. 146 (U, T) IS MS 342 ('sarnn
':ainnnannc' > U, T) & UEW 462-3 (FU, T).
21O6. 'saru 'sinew, fibre' > HS: WS (or CS?) 'surr- 'navel-string' > BHb sor' 'navel-string, navel'
(att.: K6r`4s1 sor'r-cI 'thy [f.] navel-string', etc.), Ug sr, JPA {Lv.} ar1&S so'r-a, JEA {Sl.} ar!uS su'ra,
Sr roe scjr,'r-a id., Md sura, NMd sorra 'navel', Ar surr- 'navel-string'; SES ( N 'irvV
'ir'u 'root' and 'irguu 'vein, sinew'?): Mh {Jo.} sirc 'navel', Hrs {Jo.} scra, Jb C {Jo.} 's`i'ro, Sq
{L} 'sirah - sirah id. KB 1522-3, OLS 453, Lv. IV 525, Br. 8O2, DM 456, Mc. HM 512, Ln. 1338, Js.
1542 (JA ar1&S 'chain, cord'), Sl. 1124, Jo. M 395, Jo. H 124, Jo. J 267, L LS 421, 433, SSL LSNP 433,
MiK I #1.254 B 'srjv, > Izn/Rf asrav 'fil de chane du mtier tisser', Rf B/A firu usra 'fil
horizontal (trame)', Tmz i-sirr (pl. i-sarr-on) 'fibre de bois\viande; fil de trame, fin pour le tissage des
djellabas ou des burnous' Rn. 314, MT 653 ll IE: NaIE 'scr- 'thread, string' ( NaIE 'scr- 'fasten
together in rows' < N 'scRV 'row' N 'irguu '') > OI A sarat {MW} 'thread', {M} 'sutra', sarit {MW}
'thread, string', {M} 'sutra', sarani- {MW} 'a strait\continuous line', OI mauItiIa-sara, muItamani-sara,
mani-sara 'string of pearls', NPrs r'E hor 'row, string (of pearls, etc.)', ?? YAv hara-, haraiti- 'a
legendary mountain ridge' (Brtl.: "nach Yt. 19,1 umlagert das Gebirg alle Lnder des Westens und
Ostens") || Tc A sar- 'vein' || Gk oio 'fishing-line of horsehair', oo) 'cord, chain' ( IE 'scr- 'fasten
together in rows') || OLt sc'ris 'thread, cobblers thread' || ON sorvi 'Halsband aus aufgereihten
Perlen\Steinen' P 911, F II 421, MW 775, 821, 836, 1182, M K III 442, Mn. 1131, Brtl. 1787, Vl.
II 143-9, Sg. 1485, Bai. 479-8O, Vr. 577, Wn. 414, EI 354 (OLt sc'ris < 'scr- 'line up') ll U 'sarV >
FU 'sarV 'vein, root' > Chr: H macp sar 'blood vessel (artery, vein), pulse', L mcp scr, L nycpmcp
vur-scr 'pulse' ( 'blood-vessel'; nycp means 'blood'), in(mcp Iid-scr 'pulse' (in( 'hand'), B/Uf
vur-scr 'blood vessel' | Prm 'scr in 'vir-scr 'blood-vessel' ('vir 'blood') > Z UV vir-ssr, Vt Sr vir-scr, Vt
Kz vcr-scr 'blood-vessel' || pObU {Ht.} 'Ocr 'root' > pVg {Ht.} 'tar id. > Vg: T tar, LK/MK/UK/NV
tor, P/SV/LL/ML tor, UL/Ss tar; pOs {Ht.} 'cr id. > Os: V/O lcr, Vy ycr, Ty/Y a'r, D/K/Nz tcr, Kz cr |
Hg cr (acc. crct) 'blood-vessel, vein, artery' pY {IN} 'Oar- 'root' > OY K {Bil.} larIul, {Merk} larIun id.,
Y K {IN} lar-qul, {Krn.} lar-_ul id. (-q--_ and -l are nominal suffixes) The names for blood-
vessel\sinew and for root were connected because both were used as threads (ropes) Coll. 77,
UEW 437, It. #3O1, Sm. 548 (FU, FP, Ugr 'sara 'fibre'), 553 (FP 'scrV 'vein'), MRS 87, 197, 697,
7O2, LG 264, Ht. #155, MF 159-6O, IN 22O, 3O7 ll A: Tg: [1] 'sirc-, 'sirc-Itc 'sinew, thread' > Ewk
sirsIts 'sinew, vein, sinew-fibre', sirsn ' a horse-hair (in self-shooting bows, fish-nets, etc.)', Sln
siriIts - siritts, Neg, Orc siysIt, Ud sisIts, {Krm.} scIts 'thread', Lm sirsn 'a hair, thread in a self-
shooting bow', Orc siysIts 'thread in a snare device', Ud sis 'a hair (trigger in a self-shooting bow'),
Ork sirsIts 'fibre, a hair (in threads)', Ul, Nn KU sirsIts 'thread, rope', PCMc sircn 'thread', WrMc
sircn id., 'bow-string', WrMc sirgc - sirxc 'fibre, thread' STM II 97-8, Krm. 283, Z 616-9, Mls. 238
[2] ? Tg 'scrc- v. 'embroider' > Ewk ssrs-, Lm hsrs- id., WrMc scrcmc 'threads (of deer wool) for
embroidery' STM II 146 ? pKo {S} 'sir, {Vv.} 'silX 'thread' ( N 'suljv,V 'thread') > MKo {S} sir,
MKo XV {Vv.} sirl 'thread', Ko sil id., 'silk thread', ? MKo XII sil {WS} 'Watte, Flocken' S QK #1O68,
MLC 8O7, Rm. SKE 233, Gale 62O, Xol. 359, Vv. AEN 5, WS 125 DQA #2718 [A'szcrri 'thread,
embroidery' > Tg 'scrc-, Ko] ^ In some daughter lgs. it may have contaminated with paronymous N
roots, such as 'siRbV 'sinew; to sew' [q.v.] a o.
21O7. 'scRV 'row' > U 'scrV > FU 'scrV 'row, order' > Chr: B s+r 'Gemtsart, Character, Art und
Weise, Gewohnheit', Uf s+r, H sor id., 'Beschaffenheit, Bau, Konstruktion', ? L mip s+r 'norm,
measure, limit' | Prm: Z MSs/UV scr 'skill, craftsmanship; custom, way of behaviour', Z {W} scr
'Gewohnheit, Sitte, Mode, Weise' || ObU {Ht.} 'sir 'manner (Art und Weise)' < pVg 'sir > Vg:
LK/MK/UK/P/UL/Ss sir id.; pOs 'sir > Os O sir - sir 'custom, manner, law', V moyo-sur 'wie beschaffen',
D -sir '-lei', Y scr, K sir 'Art, Beschaffenheit' | Hg szcr 'implement, remedy', {UEW} 'Mittel, Gert,
Zeug', szcr 'row, order' pY {IN} 'Oar 'something' > Y K sar id. ? Sm: Ne T O {Lh.} scr 'Sache,
Angelegenheit', Ne T ccpcnt 'according to, as', En {Cs.} sic', Ng sicr 'Sache', Ng d {Mik.} 'scr-Iali
'bu ntelen (guiltless, innocent)' (lit. 'ohne Sache'), Kms {KD} mbi scr
c
'was?, was fr?, uro raioc?'
(if literally 'what is the thing?') According to Jn. 67-8, the Sm is to be reconstructed as with an
initial 'I rather than 's- (on the ev. of Kms scr
c
Sm 'I- before front vowels yields Kms s- - s-) and
hence does not belong here. But the Y cognate supports the traditional view (reflected in UEW 475)
connecting the Sm with U 'scrV UEW 475, Ber. 58-9 [#3O6] (pChr 'cir- with an unjustified
'c-), MRS 756, LG 25O-1, Ht. #6O3, Jn. 67-8, KD 63, IN 221-2 ll IE: NaIE 'scr- 'fasten together in
rows', (P} 'aneinander reihen, knpfen' ( N 'irguu 'vein, sinew' N 'saru 'sinew, fibre') > Gk
cie ('scri_o) 'fasten together in rows, string', cvcie 'string on (a th.)'; ( NaIE 'scr- 'thread, string'
< N 'saru ''): oo) 'cord, chain, necklace' || L scr-o / -crc / scrui / scrtum 'join together, put in a
row, connect', scrics 'row, succession', Osc (MANIM) ASERVM '(manum) adserere' || OIr {Vn.} scrn-
'tendre, joncher, arranger', {P} scrn(a)id 'serit', srcth 'row' P 911, EI 354 ('scr- 'line up'), WH II 522-
3, Bc. G 312, Vn. S 93-5, F I 469 ll HS: CS 'sur-at- 'row' > MHb er!uS su'ra, JA [Trg.] at1r^uS suro'ta,
Ar ravSu sur-at- 'row, line', JEA suro'ta 'row', ? BHb er!uS su'ra 'retaining wall (of terrasses)' ( ruS
sur 'wall' < S 'sur- id.?); S 1 G sar-i 'row (of fruit-trees, grape vines, etc.), bed for vegetables
(Beet)', sar- v. 'plant (in rows), make beds for vegetables' Chx. 1754-5 KB 1348, Js. 1542, Ln. IV
1465, Sl. 1124-5, Chx. 1754-5 S '-u- belongs to a derivation pattern.
21O8. ??? ''sErV 'back, nape of neck' > HS: S (WS?) ''sryv > Ar "raSa sarat- 'back', ? SES: Mh
{Jo.} sar 'behind; back, backwards', Jb E/C {Jo.} 'scr id., 'because of', Hrs sar, scr 'behind, after', Sq
{Jo.} scr, {L} sar 'behind'; the unexpected s- suggests that the SES word is an ancient loan from Ar;
otherwise the pS origin of SES s- is 's- (< HS 'c-), so that the S word does not belonged here BK I
1O85, Hv. 319, Jo. M 351, Jo. H 112, Jo. J 231, L LS 29O-1 C: Bj {R} 'sara 'back (Rcken)' (unless a
loan from Ar, as suggested by Bj {Rop.} sarat id.) || Ag: Xm {R} sora 'back' || EC: Af {PH} 'sarra 'back,
rear', sarra 'sheeps tail', Sa {R} sa'ra 'tail, rear', Brj {Hd.} saro 'tail of sheep' || Dhl sarc {To.} 'back',
{EEN} 'lower back, meat above buttock' || SC: Brn {E} sira 'buttocks' Blz. EDB 25, E SC 178, EEN 24,
To. D 146, Hd. 218 Eg P s:, Cpt tet soi 'back' EG IV 8, Vc. 185 ll D 'car_-, {GS} 'sar_- 'neck' > Tl
aru, arru, Prj car id.; but D 'ccr- (> Tm cruttu 'nape of neck', Ml crattu, Kui scrIi 'back of the neck',
Ku hcrIi " hcrIi 'shoulder, neck') belongs rather to N 'cchrV 'back' (q.v.) D ##2817, 2419 ll ?? U:
FU 'ssErV > Prm 's'o'rV- 'space behind sth.' ( N 'cEhrV 'back', q.v. ffd.) ll A: NaT 'sirt 'back
(dorsum) of an animal' > OT Og {Cl.} sirt id., Chg sirt 'shoulder, shoulder blade', MQp XIV, MOg sirt
'hill', Tk sirt, ET sirt, Qmq sirt, VTt s+rt, Bsh h+rt, Tv sirt 'back of an animal; ridge of a mountain',
Tkm Oirt 'hind part, ridge of a mountain, hill', Nog sirt 'rear, exteriour part', Uz sirt, Alt sirt id., 'ridge
of a mountain', Qrg sirt 'exteriour part, highland', Qq, Xk sirt 'exteriour part, back of an axe', Qzq
sirt id., 'height, hills'; T 1 Hg szirt 'rock, cliff' Cl. 846, Rs. W 419, TL 268, DTS 5O5 ^ Qu. because
the vowels in A, FU and D violate rules of reg. sound corrs. ^ Blz. DA 154-5 [#24] #23 and Blz.
LB #6b (HS, Vt, D , T ).
21O8a. 'saRV 'top, hill' > K: G scr-i 'hill'; Lz {Blz. Tll. ?} scrti 'top of a hill' DCh. 1164
ll IE 'scr-/'sr- > Ht {Ts.} scr 'oben, oberahlb, darauf, darber' Gk Hm iov 'peak'; but hardly here
iov {EI} 'promontory' Ts. W 74, F II 568, EI (Gk iov 'promontory' < IE 'vri- 'fort') ll HS: EC:
Sml sarc 'upper, top, topmost; above, up, high', Rn sarat 'of the sky, (of) above, upper', sartis 'above
him\it, on top of him\it, the top of him\it', sarcc 'above, higher than' ZMO 356, PG 256-7 ll U
{UEW} 'sarma 'top of the tent' > FU: Vg: UL {Knn.} surmas 'smoke\light hole at the top of the tent',
ML/P {Mu.} surmo/ surom, K {Mu.} so'rom ({ Mu.} so_rc'm) id. Sm: Nn: T capna, T O {Lh.} sarva 'top of
the tent', En 'sama?a 'smoke hole at the top of the tent', ? Kms {KD} ma-zoro id. (ma? - ma? 'tent')
Coll. 58, Coll. CG 144, UEW 463, WVD 3O8-9, MK 579, Ter. 533, Kh. 4O4 ^ Blz. KM 139 [#24], Blz.
LB #111f and Blz. LNA #52 (all: incl. K, IE and EC) .
21O9. 'S'iRV 'red, yellow' > HS: ? S ''sr'sr > Ak ? srsr v. 'be red': sarscrru - sarsarru 'rote
Paste, rote Farbe', BHb (A Ak?) r"S2S1 sa''sar paus. 'red lead (minium)' Sd. 1191, KB 1536, GB
866 (rS4S1) Ch: WCh: DfB {J} saran 'red' || ? CCh: Azm suruna 'the red sub-soil' J R 221, Pc.
361 C: Ag {Ap.} 'sar-/'sar- 'red' > Bln/Q {R} sor- 'be red', Xm {R} zor--cor- id., Xmt {CR} sor- id.,
{CR} soro, {Bnd.} sarou_ 'red', {Ap.} sar-, Aw {CR} sar- 'red' Ap. AV 17, R WB 3O9, AD SF 2O7 ll
IE: NaIE 'scr-/sor- (+exts. '-to-, '-bj",o-, '--, '-II-) 'red, reddish': [1] Ltv sarts 'red' (of the human
face), Lt sartas 'light red', 'light bay' (of horses) [2] L sorbum (<'sorb"- or 'sord"-) 'red berry
(service-berry, rowan-berry)' || R cop(o)6a) nnna 'hip-berry, blackberry', P sir(iI), sicr(n)iI, Blr
c p) nyxa 'Serratula tinctoria (a yellow dying plant)' | Lt ?? scrc's (pl.) id., Lt
scrbcnta, scrbcntas 'currant (berry)' || Sw {P} sarf 'red-eye (fish)' But not here ( P) R
cocpoia 'red-eye, roach, Rutilus (a fish with red scales)' (A FU, cp. F sarIi id.) P 91O-1, WH II 562,
Vs. III 721-2, SSA III 241 ll A: M 'sira 'yellow' [ A {S} 'si_arV'white, light (of colour)', {DQA} 'si_ayri
'white; yellow' < N 'sEXarV 'bright, daybreak'] > MM [MA, IM, LV] sira, [S] {H} sira, WrM sira, HlM
map, Brt mapa, Kl sar
a
, Ba, Mnr H {T} sira, {SM} sira, Dg {Mr.} sar, Dx {T} sIra, MMgl {Iw.} sira, Mgl
{Rm.} sira Pp. MA 335, 447, Pp. L III 6O, H 141, MED 714, S AP 238 [#1O7], T 383, T DnJ 143, T BJ
152, KW 349, Rm. M 39, Iw. 134 ^ The et. is qu. for several reasons: (a) since the S cognate
denotes a product of culture and a trade article, it may be a Wanderwort, (b) the IE is doubtful,
because it is not represented in its pure form, without still unexplained extensions (P wants to see
the pure form of the in the word OI sara-, which he translates 'Mark eines Baumes', while M K III
461 translates it as 'firmness, strenghth, hardness (of wood)'; in any case, this word is semantically
too remote from the meaning 'red', anf M is right in rejecting P's et.), (c) the M word may belong
entirely to the N 'sEXarV '' Gr. II #437 ('scr 'yellow') [IE, M + err. Sm, Tg, J, CK].
211O. 'surV 'surE 'to rub, scratch' > U: FP 'surV v. 'smear' > Chr: L mycpamsu'r-as 'to smear',
M surc- 'schmieren, bestreichen', B surc- 'einschmieren', H {Ep.} micpacm'sora-s 'to smear, rub' |
Prm {LG} 'zu'r- > Z :ipan-ni zIrav-nI, zIral- 'rub, smear', Vt :ipa-ni zIra- id., 'paint' UEW 761, MRS
746, 76O, Ep. 163, LG 1O8 ll HS: Ch: WCh: AG: Su {J} svor 'Brei aus einem Gef kratzen; reiben',
Ang {Stl. ?) svor- 'rub' || ECh: Smr {J} sa`r 'rub' J S 83, Stl. VZCh A #244, ChC s.v. 'rub' ll A: T
'sur- 'rub, smear' > Osm {Rh.} sur- 'rub on\against', Tk sur- 'rub on, smear, anoint', Uz sur-: ycr sur-
v. 'plane (earth surface)', ET {Jr.} sur- " suy- 'rub, polish, make smooth\even', {Mal.} 'scrape
(animals hide to produce leather)', Bsh hir-, Tv sur- id., Kr {Rl.} sur- 'rub', Tkm cp- Our- 'rub,
plough', Ggz, Qmq, QrB, Alt {BT} sur-, Uz sur-, VTt c' p- sir-, Bsh l' p- hir- v. 'plough', Qzq sur- v.
'furrow, scrape, plane', Qq, Nog sur- v. 'plane (wood), plough', Qrg sur- v. 'rub, plane (wood), Tlt
{Rl.} sur- 'reiben, einreiben, hobeln', Slr {Tn.} sur- " sur- 'sweep' ( N 's'urbV 'to swing, to sweep'
[q.v.]), Yk ur- 'scrape, scrape clean (the inner side of hide)', Chv ccAp- sir-, sir- 'rub, smear'; NaT
'surt- v. 'rub' > OT, Chg XV, ET, Qrg, Osm {Rh.} surt-, Tk surt-, Tkm cpr- Ourt-, Uz surt- id., Qmq,
QrB, Alt {BT}, Xk surt-, VTt c' pr- sirt-, Bsh hirt- 'rub, smear', Az surt- id., 'pass sth. on sth.
(npono(nr o(nnx npc(xcrox no (pyioxy)', MQp [CC] surt- 'anoint', Qzq surt-, SY {Ml.} surt-, {Tn.}
surt`- " surt- 'smear, wipe', Qq, Nog surt- 'wipe' Md. 64, 177, Cl. 846, 844, TL 382, Rh. 1O88-9,
Jeg. 188, UzR 387-8, Rl. IV 81O, Jr. 281, z. 278, Tn. SJ 49O, Tn. SJJ 2O8, Ml. ZhU 1O7, GRMS 443,
Jud. 672-3, TkR 6O1, Sht. 185-6, Pek. 3165 M: Ba {T} sirc- 'sweep' (unless < M 'sirbc- [ N
's'urbV '']) T BJ 152 ll D 'cor_- ({GS} 'c-?) v. 'itch, scratch' > Tm cori v. 'ith, scratch in order to
allay itching', cori v. 'itch', corant- 'scratch', Ml cori n. 'itch, scab, nettles', coriyuIa v. 'itch, scratch,
rub oneself', Kt toyr- v. 'itch', corqg 'an itch', Kn turi 'itching, the itch, scratching', Tu
to||i " co|i " co||i, Prj cod-, Gdb soy-, Gnd soh- v. 'itch', Ku :ura IalIa 'itching of the feet' D #2865 ll
K 'srcs-/'srs- 'polish, rub (in), grind' > G srcs- / sris- id., Mg sirs-ol-, ?? Sv {K} sras- 'cut, trim, square';
- GZ 'srsv-il- 'pimple, abscess' ( pp. 'rubbed [place]) > OG srsvil-, G sirsvil-, Mg sursu-, Lz msursu-,
msirsu- K DE2 173, K
2
167-8, Chx. 1273 K 'srcs-/'srs- < (as) pre-K 's`r-cs-/'s`r-s-? ^ Fn. KD
#121 (K 'srsv- 'scab' D 'cor_ic-/'cur_ic- 'Grind, Flechte').
2111. 'surE 'heavy, large' ( 'full', 'whole') > IE: NaIE 'svcr- 'heavy' > Gmc 'svcra- id. > ON
svar-r, AS svr(c), svar, OHG svar 'heavy', MHG svar, NHG schvcr 'heavy', OHG svari 'burden', Gt
svcrs 'cvtio), honoured' ( 'weighty') || Lt svarus 'heavy, weighty', Lt svaras, Ltv svars 'weight', Lt
svcrti (1s prs. svcriu), Ltv svcrt 'to weigh' || L scrius 'serious, earnest' ( 'weighty') P 1151, WH II
521, Fs. 466, Vr. 565, Ho. 331, Kb. 996, OsS 9O3, Lx. 221, KM 692, Frn. 949, 951 ll HS: CS 'sr v.
'valuate' ( *'weigh') > BHb sr G 'reckon', MHb sr D 'put a valuation on, estimate', JA {Trg.},
JPA, JEA sr D id., 'measure, calculate', BHb ro2S2 'saar, JA ar!o9S2 sa"'r-a, SmA sr n. 'measure',
Ar sir- 'market-price'; BHb Mir%o1S6 soa'r-im pl. 'measures' (Gn. 26.12) KB 149O, GB 854, Js.
1612, Tal 919, Lv. IV 59O-2, Sl. 1168, Ln. 1363, A #2913 ? Eg N s: 'rich, big' ( Eg fMK s: 'make
bigger', a caus. from : 'big'?) EG IV 41-2 EC {Ss.} 'sor- 'rich' > Or {Grg.} sor-om- 'become rich',
sor-oma, sor-cssa 'rich', {Th.} sorcs-a 'ricco, opulento', sorom-a / nom. -ni 'ricchezza', pBn {Hn.} 'sur-
'good' (> Bn Bi sur-ida, Bn J/Kj sur-iya, Bn K sur-uva id.), Hr/Dbs {AMS} sor(o)Iico m. / sor(o)Iicc f.
'rich', Gln {AMS} sorohitto, sorIitto m. / sorIittc f. id., Dbs {AMS} sorohum- 'become rich' || Bj {R}
srr pcv. (pf. as'rar, pqpf. 'csrira) 'be long', sc'rara 'long', {Rop.} sarara 'long and fairly thick' || Ag: Bln
{R} sir- 'sich erstrecken, lang/hoch/fern sein' Ss. PEC 33, Hn. BD 11O, 124, Grg. 363, Th. 3O9,
AMS 187, 223, 267 , R WB 329, R WBd 2O5, Rop. 234, Blz. CL 179 Ch: WCh: Bl {IL} sirri, {Bnt.}
siri 'big' || ?? ECh: Smr synr 'be long', Mkl so?uru 'long' (unless akin to Mu sagar, Mjl -sngnr, Kjk
sugor id.) ChL, Bnt. K 23 ChC, Blz. LECh #49 ll K 'sur- > G X sru 'very', OG, G sruli 'full, whole',
Sv suru {FS} 'bermig, sehr, gro, ganz', Sv UB/LB/L/Ln {TK} suru 'too (trop), very', Sv UB {GP} suru
'redundant(ly)' F KW1 #48, FS K 275, FS E 3O5-6, TK 711, GP 259 ll ? U: FU (att. in BF) 'ssurc 'big'
> suuri 'big, high', Krl suri " suri id., Vp sur " suu_r 'big', Es suur 'big, adult' Coll. and UEW equate
the BF word with Krl surima " surima 'groats', Er suro, Mk sora, {Ker.} soro 'corn, grain', Chr E suro
'cabbage soup', Chr H soras and Chr Uf suras 'groats, porridge', but the connection is doubtful
(on semantic grounds), albeit not ruled out (: 'groats' 'coarse' 'big' in the prehistory of NE
grcat, G gro, R ipynnin) SK 1136, ZM 527, Coll. 59, UEW 779, Ker. II 15O, Bc. 879 ll ? D (in NED)
'cur_rcur_r- > Krx :ur:ur
u
r-na v. 'feel heavy (as from bad digestion)', ? Mlt |ur|ura 'slowly, dimly,
drowsily'; D 1 Mrt sursuri 'dullness\drowsiness which arise from eating plentifully' D #2692, Pf.
191 ^ Blz KM 12O [#21] (K, C, IE, [?] U + unc. WrM sur 'commanding appearance, grandeur,
majesty; might' [which is certainly a loanword, as suggested by its phonetic structure] - MED 744,
KW 34O-1).
2112. ? 'sijh,rV 'late' ( 'night') > HS: ? EC: Sa {R} saroy 'be late (sich verspten, zu spt \ spter
kommen)', Af sarra 'later time', sarraI 'afterwards' ( sarra 'back, rear [derrire], sarra 'tail') R S II
331, PH 189 ? CS 'shr 'evening' > Ar sahrat- id.; [ N 'schrE 'be awake, watch (over), feel,
notice', q.v.] 'shr 'pass the night awake' > Ar shr G (pf. sahira) 'pass the night awake', JA [Trg.],
JPA, Md, Sr shr G 'be awake', JPA {Js.} shr G 'get up early' Hv. 341, Ln. 1451-2, Js. 1527, DM
451, Br. 76O ll K: GZ {FS} 'scr- 'night' > OG scr- 'night' (scrit vidrc cisIramdc 'the night up to the dawn
[aurora]'), OG, G scr-i 'evening meal', Mg, Lz scr-i 'night' (A OG?), Mg o-sar-c 'shirt' ( *'nightie,
nightgown' 'that of the night') FS K 268, FS E 297, GM S 132, 164-5 , IS I 241 ll ? IE: NaIE
{Vn.} 'scr- 'late' > L scrus 'late', scrum 'late hour, evening' || Clt {Vn.} 'siro- > OIr sir [sir] 'late, long
lasting' ({Vn.} 'long, durable'), tri bith sir 'forever', Brtt {RE} 'siros ('long in time' 'long in space') >
OW, MW, W, OBr, Br, OCrn hir, Crn hyr 'long' The IE cognate is acceptable unless the L and Clt
words are derived from IE 'sc(i)- {WH} 'langsam\spt kommen, sich hinausziehen', {Vn.} 'sattarder,
relentir, sarrter' Vn. S 115-6, P 891, WH II 326-7 [all of them derive the L and Clt words from IE
'sc(i_)-], RE 11O, EI 357 ('scro-s or 'schro-s 'long') ll A: T: OT {Cl.} sur-c-uI 'a story told at night'
Cl. 845 ll ? D 'cir- ({GS} 's-) 'night' > Tm, Ml iravu, ira 'night', Irl ravu, raodu, Kt irl, Td il, Kn irul,
iratu, irlu, Kdg iri, Tu irI+, Tl rcyi 'night', Gdb sirtal 'evening' D 'cir- 'dark, black' The D
cognate is acceptable unless it is identical with the for 'dark, black' D #2552, Zv. 145 [#2O9]
Possible infl. of D 'cIir- ({GS} 's-) 'dark' < N 'sihrV 'gray, bright' is to be taken into account ^ The
presence of a lr. ('h) is suggested both by Ar sahrat- and by D '-r- (resulting from 'r-clusters, while N
'-r- outside clusters yields D '-r_-) ^ Qu. , because the presumed Af, IE and D cognates have alt. etl.
explanations, and the primary meaning of CS 'shr is not necessarily connected with 'late, night'
^ Blz. KM 138-9 [#23] (unc. adduction of Bj and Om words for 'cloud' and Gnc sirari 'heaven').
2112a. 'S'ihurV 'person (man?) of the other moiety' > HS: S: Ar sihr- 'daughters\sisters
husband' The emphatic cns. s- (for the expected s-) still needs explanation (infl. of Ar shr L
'copulate with a woman' or Ar sihr- 'affinity, relationship' shr 'to melt'?) Ln. 1737-8, BK I
138O EC (?) 'sVr- 'relative' > Or {Brl., Grg.} fira (nom. fir-ri) 'relative, friend', ( N 'SuKurV
'parent-in-law'?): Kns {BlSO} sarI-att-a 'brother-in-law of man', Gln {AMS} scrIo 'Schwager'
; but not here Sd sor-icca, sor-amo and Ged sorcssa 'eldest brother' (derived
from HES 'sor- 'be first, preceding') Ss. PEC 5 (reconstructs pEC 'sar- - 'scr- - 'sir- - 'sur- 'relative',
but does not specify the cognates in individual lgs.), Brl. 148, Grg. 145, BlSO 173, AMS 267, Hd. 33,
Gs. 294 Ch 'svr - ' sK"r - 'srv - 'srKv ({Nw.} 'sVrV) 'in-law') ( N 'SuKurV 'parent-in-law',
q.v. ffd.) > WCh: Hs suruIi 'father-in-law, son-in-law' | AG 'ssysr ({Sch.} 'soyor, {Hf.} 'soyor)
'(father-\mother-)in-law' (ffd. see N 'SuKurV) | Ngz {Sch.} sau_raI (pl. sau_rau_cin) 'father-in-law,
mother-in-law' | BT: Bele {Sch.} huri 'in-law' (h- < 's-) || CCh: Tr {Nw.} ssrvsIi 'male relative-in-law'
| BtG {Mch.} scrva 'father-in-law', Bcm {Nw.} scrvcy | Mdr {Mch.} sola 'relative-in-law' | Msg {Nw.}
sula id. Nw. ChCR #74, Sch. DN 145, Sch. BTL 17, 3O, ChC OS #437 (AG Ar) ll IE: NaIE {Schn.}
''syco_uro- /'syco_u'ro-, {EI} 'syo(u_)ros 'wifes brother' > OI sya'la-h id. || Sl 'suri id. > OCS
mp+ sur+, McS mypa, SCr Sr mypa, OP szura, szurza, P szurzy, ds : Blg ) mypcn, ) mypci, SCr sur|aI, Slv
sur|aI, OCS mpuu+ surin+, R, Uk ) mypnn (pl. R ) myp ) id. | Arm hor hor 'son-in-law' WP II 514, P
915, EI 84-5, M K III 551-2, M E II 782, Tr. 261, Glh. 615 ll D 'ccj:,r_V ({GS} 's-) 'relative-in-law
(spouses younger brother?)' > Tl cralu 'husbands brothers wife' (-alu denotes fem. sex?), Nk
scrutra 'husbands younger brothers wife', Gnd scr(a)ndu " harndu " crvond 'spouses ypunger
broether; spouses younger sisters husband', scriy-ar` - scriy-al " scrcy-ar` 'elder brothers wife'
(-ar` - -al is a sf. of the female sex), Knd scr_on 'husbands younger brother', Mmnd hc:un 'wifes
younger brother', Kui sc:cn:u 'husbands younger brother' D #2819 ^ Blz. DA 156 [#47] (D, EC,
Ch) .
2113. 'SuHvErV (= 'suvErV?) 'sour, seasoned' > IE: NaIE 'suro- 'sour, salty, bitter' > ON sur-r
'sour, bitter', syra 'sour milk', MLG, MHG sur 'bitterness'; ON syra 'sour milk', OHG sur 'sour, bitter',
NHG saucr, Nr, Dn, Sw sur, AS sur, Dt zuur 'sour', NE sour || Lt surus, suras 'salty', Ltv surs 'bitter',
Lt suris 'cheese, cottage-cheese', Pru suris, sur 'cheese' | Sl 'sIr+ 'sour, raw, moist' > R ci) pon, Uk
cn) pnn id., OCS, OR tp+ sIr+ 'uo), damp' (of fresh plants), Cz syry 'damp, dank', Slv d siro`v
'raw, uncooked'; Sl 'sI

r+ 'cheese' > OCS tp+ sIr+, R cip, Uk cnp, SCr sir, Slv sir, Cz syr, Slk syr, P scr,
Blg d ) cnpcnc id. WP II 513, P 1O39, Vr. 562, Ho. 33O, Kb. 994, OsS 898, KM 626, Frn. 944-5, En.
259, Trt. 293-4, Vs. III 819, StSS 67, Glh. 549, EI 69 ('su-ros or 'suH-ros 'sour, acid' (especially of
liquids or cheese)] ll A {DQA} 'suyrc {AD} 'sour, acid, odorous' > T 'sirIc 'vinegar' > OT, Tkm, Qzq,
Qrg sirIc, Tk sirIc, Az sirIa, ET si(r)Ia, Uz sirIa, VTt ccpi` sirIa, Bsh hirIa Cl. 851, Rs. W 423 M
'sori- 'to taste' (presumably 'to taste spiced food') > WrO sori- 'to taste, try', MM [S] sori-, WrM sori-,
HlM copn-, Brt lopn-, Mnr H {SM} sori- 'to test, try'; - M 'sori-sun 'spices', esp. 'wild leek\onion' > Kl
{Rm.} sorsn 'Gewrz, eingekochte Lauchblten', Mnr H {SM} soro_s 'wild leek\onion', WrM {Kow.}
sorisun 'grappe des raisins, poignet doignons', WrM {MED} sorisu(n), HlM copc, Ord {Ms.} sorisu 'wild
leek (the dried flowers of which are eaten)' KW 332, H 136, MED 729, SM 355, Ms. O 584, Krg.
412, Gl. II 438 (sorisun, HlM sorson 'flower buds of onion\garlic'), Kow. 1412, Chr. 685 Tg {DQA}
'sur- - sur 'odour' > Ul sort, sort(v)lt, Nn sort, sortst- 'stinking, fetid', Ul sorst-, Nn Nh sortst- 'stink,
be fetid', Nn sur sns-, surgi- 'to smell strong', surgi 'fragrant, odorous', WrMc sur scmc 'with good smell'
STM II 113, 129 pKo {S} 'sui- 'become sour' > MKo sui-, NKo su_i- S QK #466, MLC 1O22 pJ
{S} 'su_arasi > OJ su_arasi 'Lugisticum chinensis (:op) ), Nothosmyrnium japonicum' S QJ #12O8, Mr.
531 DQA #2O37 ll ?? U: FU 'c'uyrV > Prm 'cu'r- > Vt cIrs 'sour', Z cir- 'turn sour' (of kvass), 'go
bad' (of meat), 'turn rancid' (of butter) | F {LG ?} suira-ta 'be spoiled, nauseating' (not found in
the available dictionaries of F, incl. SK and SSA) | L N {N} civra 'evil-smelling, malodorous', civriidit
'to smell bad' || ObU {Ht.} 'car- > pVg 'car- > Vg: P sar-, NV/SV/LL sar- / sar-, UL, Ss sor- 'turn
bitter' (of fish); pOs 'car-> Os: V/Vy/Ty/D tar-, Nz/Kz sor-, O sar- 'turn rancid, go bad' (of fish,
fat) The deviant 'c- is puzzling (infl. of a different root?) LG 3O7, Ht. #82, Coll. 117, N I 395
ll ?? HS: S 'savjV,r- > Ar rAv0$a savra(n) 'honey taken from the hive', rav0$u surat- 'bee-hive',
svr G (ip. -sur-) 'collect honey from the hive' BK I 1285, Hv. 381 ^ The Ar cognate is doubtful
for semantic reasons. It may be alternatively equated with FP {LG} 'sXrvV 'sweet beverage' > Chr E
sor'va 'sweet beverage made of honey with water (xc(ona) cira)' | Prm 'sorvX > Vt sursvu, survu, Z
zarava 'birch-tree sap' (LG 1O4, 269, Ps. OT 125, MRS 72O). But if the Ar word belongs here, the N
rec. must be 'suvErV.
2114. ? 'sEXarV 'bright, daybreak' > HS: S ''sahar- 'daybreak, dawn' > BHb 'sahar (trad.)
'aurora', {KB} 'aurora' or 'daybreak', Mb shrt, Ug shr, Ar sahar- 'daybreak', JA [Trg.], JPA sah"'r-a
'dawn, daybreak', SmA shr 'dawn', Ak scirtu, scru 'morning', Eb si-/c
x
(EN}-lum (= sc_rum) id. KB
136O-2, A #2592, OLS 435, Tal 886-7, Lv. IV 537-8, Js. 1551, Ln. 1317, Sd. 1218-9, Krb. EG 29 ll ? U
'sc'arV 'bright (hell), white' [ N 'zahrV (or 'zahrV) 'to shine, be bright; light (lux)', q.v. ffd.) ll ??
A 's'i_aj:,rV ({SDM95} 'sa:ri, {SDM97} 'sari) 'white, yellow' > Tg 'si_aj:,ru- ({SDM95} 'si_aru-)
'light, whiteness; light in the sky (rainbow, etc.)' > Ewk scrun 'rainbow', Ewk SB scrun id.,
'lightning', Ork scrro, stro 'rainbow', WrMc sari '(is) white, clean', n. 'light, rays' ({Z}: 6no, uncro,
cnrno; cnr, c ) n c nyua') STM II 72, Z 666-7 T 'si_ar(ig), ({Rm., SDM95} 'sar(ig), {Md.} 'si_ariy)
'yellow, light (hell)' ( N 'sERKV 'red, yellow'?) > NaT 'sarig > OT sariy 'yellow', Tkm Oari, Tk sari,
Az, Qzq, Qrlq, Nog, Qrg, StAlt sari, VTt sar+, Bsh har+, Xk, Shor sariy, Tv, Tf sari, Uz sariq, ET
sariq - sariy 'yellow', Yk arayas 'light yellow' || Blgh 'sar (< 'si_ar) 'white' (in the place name 'sarIcl,
attested in the medieval Byzantine and Hb sources as Eokc likrs 'Sarkel, "white city" [ChS c1aea1o
bclovcza]) > Chv L mypa sura 'white'; Blgh 1 OHg sar 'yellow (?), blond (?)', Hg sar- (in cds
sar-arany 'pure gold', sar-gyiI 'yellow lizard'), sarga 'yellow' ( N 'saRKV ''?) Cl. 848, Rs. W 4O3-
4, TL 6O1-2, Gomb. BTL 2OO, Jeg. 339, Fed. II 462-3, EWU 13O5-6, Ra. 226, Md. 114 M 'sira
'yellow' ( N 'S'iRV 'red, yellow', q.v. ffd.) pKo {S} 'hni_- 'white' > MKo hni_-, NKo hi- S QK
#1OO, Nam 482, MLC 1898 On the origin of Ko 'h- see s.v. N 's'cRjV,mu 'sinew' pJ {S} 'siru_a-
'white' > OJ sirvo-, J: T siroi, K siroi, Kg siroIa, Ns siru-, Sh siru- S QJ 89, Mr. 84O SDM97
s.v. 'sari 'white; yellow'), DQA #2O36 (A 'si_ayri id.) The pA rec. with '-iaj:, is evidenced by Chv
L sur+, Chv H sor+ 'white', Hg sarga [< Blgh.] (Chv, Blgh s- < 'si_-) and by Tg 'si_aj:,ru- ^ Cf. Jn. 138,
Dybo OS I viii, SK 973-4.
2115. 'ssayvVrV 'nit' > U: FU 'ssayvarV 'nit' > F saivar, saivara, Es sacrc, sacras id. | pLp {Lr.}
'civros 'nit' > Lp: L {LLO} t|iuros, N {N} civros, Kld cIvras id., S {Hs.} t|uvrcs id., 'a fly' | Prm {LG}
'ssrVl 'nit' > Z ccpon scrov, scrol " scral, Prm sc'rsv, Vt ccpcn scrcl, Vt Y/M/Uf scrcr | Er sarIo, Mk
savIa id. | Chr: L mapicnuc sar'gcncc 'nits', Uf sarIcncc, B sarIincc, H {Ep.} mapiynic sargcno 'nit' In
Mr and Chr the FU merged with loans from Turkic lgs. ( below on T ''sirIa 'nit') Coll. 149,
UEW 77O, SK 948-9, Lr. #143, Lgc. #596, Hs. 1353, MRS 693, Ep. 147, LG 251 ll A {DQA} 'si_ayri >
T ''sirIa > NaT 'sirIa 'nit' > OT sirIa, MU, MQp, Chg, OOsm sirIc, Tk sirIc, Ggz, Az sirIa, Tkm OirIc,
Uz sirIa, ET si(r)Ia, Kr, Qmq, QrB, Nog, Qq, Qrg, Alt sirIc, Qzq sirIc, VTt ccpio sirIa, Bsh lcpio
hirIa, Xk strgc, Tv sirgc, Tf si'rhc || pBlgh 'sirIa id. (with 'si...a < pT 'si...a due to vowel harmony;
's- is a phonematized palatal allophon of 's- [preceding 'i] after the synharmonic generalization of
the back vocalism) > Chv maApia s+rg_a 'nit' Cl. 85O, Rs. W 423, TL 182, Jeg. 335, Md. 79, 176
M 'sirIc ' parasytic insect' > MM [MA] sirIc 'nit' (A T?), WrM sirIc, HlM mnpx ' flea', Kl {Rm.}
sirI
o
' a red insect on cattle, red lice', Ord sirxc 'louse' Pp. MA 232, MED 718, KW 36O, Ms. O
623 Tg: [1] Tg 'scrc- - 'sorV- 'eggs of insects', 'lay eggs' (of insects) > WrMc scrc 'eggs of insects',
Ewk soro- 'lay eggs in reindeers nasal cavity' (of insects), ssrsqIi " soroqIi 'an insect laying eggs in
reinde er nasal cavity' STM II 113 ? pKo {S} 'hi_o 'nit' > MKo hi_o, NKo (< cd ) soI"a 'nit' S
QK #299, MLC 939, Nam 488 pJ {S} 'siram(u)i louse' > OJ siramji_,i, J: T sirami, K/Kg sirami, Ns
siyan, Sh siraN id. S QJ #45, Mr. 525 DQA #1982 [A 'si_ayri 'nit, louse'] ll D 'cir-, {GS} 'sir- 'nit'
> Tm, Ml, Kn ir, Kt cir, Td tir, Kdg ciri, Tu tir+ " cir+ " sir+, Tl iru, Klm sir, Nkr sir, Nk pl. sirIu, Gnd
sir " hir " hir`, Png, Mnd hir, Ku hiru, Krx cir D #2625, GS 116 [#3O9], 44 [#1O1] ll HS: WCh: SBc: Zar
{IL} ssr 'louse', Zar K {Sh.} sir, Zar GL {Sh.} ssr, Zar L {ASh.} si_cr, Sy {Csp.} ssr, Sy B {Sh.} scrs
ssrs (in Sh. SB the badly printed letter c or c is hard to read), Sy Z {Sh.} sicru id., Jm {Csp.} surudu,
Grn {Csp.} suya 'flea' ChC, Sh. SB 26, Csp. 18, 57 ^ Rs. UAW 19 (U, A), S AJ 87, 276 [#43], IS MS
336 s.v. inn(a ''sa|rn (A, U, D + unc. [?] K 'cil-) Gr. II #162 ('curi 'fly' n.) [A, J, FU + unc. Sm,
EA].
2116. 'scrjV,XV 'grove, coppice; tree' ( 'wood, Holz') > HS: S 'ssarjV,h- > Ar sarh- 'any non-
coniferous tree', ' tree of Nejd' Fr. II 3O6, BK I 1O79 ll U: FU 'scrtV 'grove, forest' > Prm 'sord (=
{ LG} 'sord) ' grove (forest)' > Vt SW su'rd, Vt cyp( surd 'grove', Z sord ' forest' or ' grove' (in
place- names) || Hg crdo 'forest, wood' LG 261, Lt. 64, MF 161 (derives crdo from crcd- 'have its
source, rise, spring') ll A: M 'sircqi > WrM sircqi, HlM mnpyniy, Brt mypynin 'grove, coppice of small
trees, densely growing bushes' MED 716, Chr. 75O ll D 'ccr_aI- 'firewood' > Tl ccraIu in
vanta-ccraIu 'firewood for cooking' (vanta 'cooking'), Gnd Mu hcrI 'a bundle of firewood' D
#2794 ^ The vw. after 'r is suggested by D '-r_- (< N '-r- outside cns. clusters).
2117. 'sjiy,aRju,yV 'beam, pole' > HS: WS 'sarvVy- (or 'sarvVy-?), ? 'sariy- > JA [Trg.] , JPA
ir%S1 sa'ri, at1ir%S1 sari'ta 'joist, beam, post', JEA sari'ta 'beam', Ar {Ln.} sariyat- 'column (of stone
or of baked bricks), mast' (unless a prs. prtc. of sry), Gz sarvc (with a spelling variant sarvc)
'beam of wood, log, trunk' L G 535, Lv. IV 611-2, Js. 1631-2, Sl. 1181, Ln. IV 1356 Aram and Ar
point to a pS 's-, while the traditional Gz spelling with s- does not necessarily reflect the OEth
phoneme and may have appeared after the merger of s and s in living EthS lgs. ll K: G sar-i 'stake,
vine-prop' Chx. 116O, DCh. 111O ll U: FU (att. in FP) 'ssarya 'lath, beam' > F sar|a 'series, row',
lohiadon sar|at 'lange Holzspleie' (lohiato is 'salmon-weir'), Krl A saryu, sardu 'lattiswork, sledge-
laths', Krl {SK} sarya, sarya 'herd, crowd', Es sari (gen. sar|a) 'series' (A F?), 'cluster (of berries)', {W}
'Traube, Eierstock' | Prm 'sori 'beam, roost for hens' > Vt surI id., Z sor 'beam (for drying clothes)
within a house', cian sor 'roost', Z US sur 'cross-beam, pole' ('ncpcina(nna,
iopn:onranno no(ncmcnnin mccr'), Yz 'sur 'pole' UEW 77O-1, Sm. 553 (FP 'sar|a 'spar'), W EDW
1111, Lt. 62, LG 253 ll ? A: (mt of 'y?) Tg 'si_araq 'pole' ('cp(') > Ewk scraq, Lm har+q, Neg scyaq,
Orc saqi, Ud saqi id., ? Ul cd scsaqt 'pole for a balagan (store hut)', ? Ork cd scstqt 'a pole for
building a tent', Nn Nh/KU sa: 'a pole for hanging fish to dry', Ewk scr- v. 'prepare poles as the
frame of a tent' STM II 72 NaT [1] 'siruI 'pole' > OT siruq 'a pole, tent-pole', Chg suruq, MQp
siruq 'pole', Osm XVIII siriq 'a long piece of wood', Tk siriI 'pole' ('mccr, cp('), Ggz siriI id., 'stick', Sg
{Rl.} siraq, Tlt/QK {Rl.} siriq 'Stange'; T 1 M: WrM sirug, HlM mypai 'pole, long mast, stake', Kl
myypi id. ('mccr'), Kl D/ {Rm.} sur
a
g 'Stange' [2] 'sira 'pole, row' > StAlt sira 'pole' ('cp(', 'Stange'),
Osm, Az, Ggz sira 'row, series' ('Reihe, Ordnung, Reihenfolge'), Kr sira id., 'line' Cl. 848, BT 137, Rl.
IV 637-41, Hs. 28O, KRPS 494, GRMS 451-3, MED 713, KRS 686, KW 37O The vw. 'i of the first
syll. has not yet found explanation M 'surgayaq 'pole, rod' > WrM surgagag, HlM cypiaai, Brt
lypiaai id., WrO suuraq - suuraq 'a pole', Kl {Rm.} sury
a
g 'Stange' (WrO and Kl s- under the infl.
of the above M loanword from T) MED 739, Chr. 691, KW 37O, Krg. 458 pKo {S} 'hi_o 'a house
rafter' > MKo hi_o, NKo soIara, hi_oIara S QK #277, Nam 488, MLC 933 The vw. of the first
syll. in the A lgs. (Tg 'i_a, T 'i, M 'u) may be explained by contraction of N '-iya- and by regr. as
DQA #2O67 [A 'si_oyru 'pole; tent made of poles'].
2118. ?? 'siRbV 'sinew; to sew' > HS: S 'ssrb > Ar srb v. 'confectionner, coudre, faire une
outre' BK I 1O77 ll A: M 'sirbu-sun 'sinew, tendon' > MM [IM, IsV] {Lg.} sirbusun id., [IM] {Pp.}
sirbusu 'bowstring', [LM] {Pp.} sirbusun, [S] {H} sirbusun 'sinew', [HI] {Ms.} sirbusun 'tendon',
WrM sirbusun, HlM m' pn' c, Brt mp6yly( n) 'nerve, sinew, tendon; fibre, filament', Ord {Ms.}
sorvosu, Dg {Pp.} sirbcs, sirbu's, {Lg.} sir|u's, {T} sirbcs, sirbus id., Kl mpcn surusn 'nerve,
sinew, tendon; fibre, filament', {Rm} survsn - sir(v)usn 'Sehnen, Nerven', Mnr H {SM} sb_u_s
'nerf, muscle, fibre, filament, nervure'; but the variant 'sirmu-sun id. goes back to N
's'cRjV,mu 'sinew, root', q.v.) Pp. MA 446, Pp. L III 6O, Lg. VMI 64, H 141, Ms. H 97, Lew. II 75,
MED 716, KRS 687, KW 371, SM 37O, T DgJ 184, Chr. 738, Cev. 856 SDM95 (A 'surmu 'sinew',
SDM97 (A 'surmu id.: M + unc. Tg 'sumu 'sinew', pKo 'him id., 'strength', N 's'cRjV,mu).
2119. ? 's'urbV 's'ubVrV 'to swing, sweep' > IE: NaIE 'svcrb"-/'surb"- v. 'swing, sweep' > W
chvcrfu n. act. 'whirling, turning round', chvcrfan 'whirl for a spindle' || Gt af-/bi-svairban, OSx svcrvan
'to wipe off', OHG svcrban 'abwischen, abtrocknen, abreiben', MHG svcrbcn 'sich wirbelnd
bewegen', ON svcrfa, AS svcorfan 'to scrub, file, wipe' || Gk oucto) 'anything swept together,
sweepings' ({F} 'Kehricht, Unrat'), ? [Hs.] ou uovo 'dry sticks, firewood' || BSl: Ltv svarsts 'a
borer, drill, gimlet', svarstit 'to bore' | Sl 'svirbc

ti 'to itch' > SCr cnp6crn " svrb|cti, Slv srbcti, Cz

svrbcti, Slk svrbict`, P svicrbicc, R cncp'6cr, Uk cncp'6irn 'to itch', Blg cp'6n 'it iches'; - Sl 'svorb+ n.
act. 'itching' > R 'cnopo6 id., ChS tapoc+ svrab+, OR taepec+ svorob+, Cz, Slk svrab 'scabies', SCr, Slv
svrab 'itch, scabies'; OCS [Supr.] d tapociu+ svrabin+ adj. 'kvoeo), causing itch'; the semantic
prehistory of the Sl ('itch' v. 'scratch' v. 'rub, sweep') may involve contamination with IE
'svcr- 'weep, rub' ( N 'surV 'surE 'to rub, scratch') P 1O5O-1, EI 6O7-8 ('svcrb"- 'turn, move in
a twirling motion'), F II 823-4, YGM-1 156, Fs. 1O-1, Vr. 568, Ho. 335, Ho. S 73, Kb. 1OO1, OsS
913, Schz. 278, Vs. III 573, 583-4, Glh. 6O1, SJSS XXXVI 32, StSS 595 ll A: M [1] 'sirbc- > WrM sirbc-,
HlM mnpny-, Ord {Ms.} sirvc- - sorvo-, WrO sirbc-, Kl {Rm.} sirv
e
-_o v. 'sweep', ? Ba {T} sirc- 'sweep'
(unless to N 'surV '' [q.v.]); [2] 'sirba- > WrM sirba- " sirbc-, HlM mapna-, Ord sirva-, Brt map6a- 'wag
the tail', WrO sirbc- v. 'wave', Kl {Rm.} sarv
a
-_o 'wedeln, mit dem Schwanze schlagen', d Kl
mapna(x sarv-ad-_+, mapnn:x sarv+-lz-_+ 'wag the tail' MED 718, Ms. O 623-4, Krg. 451, KW 351,
361, KRS 665, Chr. 722, T BJ 152 ? T: Slr {Tn.} sur- " sur- 'sweep' (unless to T 'sur- 'rub,
scratch' < N 'surV 'to rub, scratch' [q.v.]) Tn. SJ 49O, TL 382 ll D 'cibir_- 'fan' > Tm civiri, Kui
:icri 'a fan', Kn siguri, sigudi ' chowrie', Tl siviri 'chowrie' D #258O.
212O. ? 'sVri_Ka 'cold' > HS: C: HEC 'sirga 'cold' > Brj sirga 'cold' (of weather), sirga-ga 'cold' (of
food), sig'gir-i n. 'cold' (of weather), sirgc-d- v. 'cool, become cold', Hd, Kmb sigg- id., Hd sigga(:)lla,
Kmb sigga 'cold' (of food) Hd. 43, 22O, 298, 338, Ss. B 166 (hyp.: HEC 'sirg- < 'sigr-) ll K mt
'sIar_- > Sv UB/L/Ln {TK} sIar_-al 'hail' TK 7O8, Ni. s.v. 'ipa(', GP 259 ll IE: NaIE
'srci_g-/srig-, 'srig-os- 'cold, frost' ( 'z'iR V or 'z'i RV 'be very cold'??) > Gk io) 'frost', ice
(pfc. with prs. sense cio) 'be cold, shiver from cold' || L frigus / frigoris n. 'cold, coolness',
frigidus adj. 'cold', frigc- 'be cold\chilly, freeze' || Lt {Nsl.} strc'Iti (prs. strc'giu) 'freeze' (uc' astrc'gc'
'the river has frozen') | Sl 'srczi > Slv src'z 'crusted snow, white frost', P srcz', srzcz', Cz striz
'first ice on water', Slk striz - sricz 'ice crust, hoar-frost' WP II 7O5 & P 1OO4 (no BSl cognate),
WH I 547-8, F II 654-5, Br. 534, Ma. CS 482-3, Kmc. 816 ll U: FU 'sVrV. > Hg szirony, szilony 'the
surface of snow, that has been frozen after melting weather', (here??) szirony, szirogy, sziroty 'breiiger
Schnee, Graupenregen' UEW 464-5 [equates Hg szirony 'surface of snow' with Z carsm 'ice crust
on the snow' and Sm 'sIra 'snow' and reconstructs pU 'sarV 'snow, ice crust on the snow' (cf. N
'cARjV,yV 'cAyRV 'to freeze, feel cold', 'z'iR V 'z'i RV '')], MF 58O.
2121. 's`URtV 'dirt(y)' > IE: NaIE 'svordo- 'dirty, black' ( N 'curtV 'soot' [q.v.]) > L
'sordus - sordc- v. 'be dirty, unwashed', sordidus 'dirty', sordcs 'dirt' || Gt svarts, ON svartr, AS svcart,
OSx svart, Dt zvart, OHG svarz, NHG schvarz, Dn sort 'black', ON sorta 'black colour' || NPrs "vX _vol
'lampblack' WP II 535, P 1O52, WH II 562-3, Fs. 464, Vr. 531, 565, Ho. 334, Ho. S 72, Kb. 996, OsS
9O4, KM 69O, EI 147 ('svcrd- 'svcr- 'darken by making red or black') ll HS: Eg fRNK s:t 'dirt'
(and Eg MK [Fk.] s:t 'earth'?) - Eg fBD s:t 'besudeln, lstern' EG IV 27, Fk. 211, Hng. 663 ll K
's`svar-/'s`svr- > MG [Vsr.] svar-, G svar-/svr- v. 'stain, make dirty' Chx. 1242, DCh. 12O1 ll ? A:
AmTg 'sortoan 'yellow' (-g|-, -g- < '-rt-, ADb. SR-D 119) > Orc sogo, Ul sog|o(n-), Ork sogdo(n-)
'yellow', Nn Nh sog|o id., ? Tg. 'sor- 'become yellow' > Nn Nh soron-, WrMc soro- id. STM II 1O3-4,
1O9 ll ?? D 'cIott- 'mud, mire' ( N 'cotV 'mud', q.v. ffd.) ^ The loss of 't in K 's`svar-/'s`svr- may
be due to metanalysis.
2122. 'Sar'i 'to drip' > IE: NaIE 'srcsI- v. 'drip' ('-csI- goes back to a sx.) > Av srasI- / srasca- v.
'drip, trickle down', Av srasIa- 'tears, weeping', NPrs 4riSi scrcsI 'a tear, a drop, droppings of the
eaves', MPrs srixt 'dropped' || Arm srskel srsI-cl 'to sprinkle' WP II 6O2-3, 7O5, P 1OO2, Brtl. 1644-5,
Sg. 675 ll A: NaT 'sarI- v. 'drip, overflow' > OT sarq- id., Tkm capi- Oarq- 'drip', ET sarqi-, VTt sarq-,
Bsh harq- v. 'drip, ooze', Qmq sarq- 'flow in thin current', Nog sarq- 'ooze', Qrg sariq- 'drip' Probably
a merger with a different , hence the meaning 'hang down' (in OT, Tk, etc.) Cl. 847-8, Rs. W
4O4, Jeg. 183, Nj. 495 M 'sari- v. 'drip, urinate' > WrM sari, HlM {MED} capn- v. 'drip, leak; urinate
in an irregular manner', HlM {Gl.} sari- 'urinate', {Luv.} sari- id. (of a dog), Ord sari-, Brt lapn-
'urinate with a leg raised' (of a dog) MED 675, Gl. III 187, Luv. 351, Chr. 677, Ms. O 563 ll D (in
GnD) 'car`- v. 'drip, fall (out\off)' > Gnd B sar`ana v. 'drip' (of water from wet clothes), v. 'dribble'
(of saliva), Gnd Mu har`- 'fall in drops', Png, Mnd har`- 'fall off' (of leaves), Png har` 'fall out' (of hair)
D #24O4 ^ Depalatalization 'r > T 'r before a cns. (Hl.s rule).
2123. ? 'SiurV 'squeeze out, filter, strain' > A: T: [1] sur- v. 'filter or strain (a liquid)' > OT
{Cl.} suz- id., Chg XV suz- 'purify, clarify', MQp [CC] suz- 'strain, purify', Tk suz-, Az, ET, Qzq, Qq,
Nog, QrB, Qmq, Qrg suz-, Tkm c:- Ouo-, Uz suz-, VTt c' :- siz-, Bsh l' &- hio-, Chv ccAp- sir- v.
'filter (a liquid)' Cl. 861, Rs. W 438-9, Jeg. 188-9, Md. 64 [2] ?? T 'sir- vi. 'melt, ooze' > OT siz-
id., XwT XIV, MQp XIV [incl. CC] siz- 'melt', Chg XV 'drip, ooze', OT U {Tz.} siz- 'sickern', Tk siz- 'ooze,
leak, percolate', Tkm ci:- Oio-, Az, Qrg siz-, Alt {BT} sis-, Uz siz- 'ooze, leak', Qzq, Nog siz- 'elude,
evade, run away' Cl. 861, Tz. UIS 98, Rs. W 42, Az. 279, BT 137 If the primary meaning is 'melt'
and the menaing 'ooze' is due to the infl. of T 'sur-, T 'sir- does not belong here Tg 'siri-
'squeeze out (a liquid)' > Ewk sir- " siri-, Ud si-, Ul, Nn strt- 'squeeze, squeeze out, milk', Lm htr- v
'milk; squeeze out (matter from a wound)', Neg siy- v. 'milk', Orc si- v. 'milk, squeeze out (milk from
the breast)', WrMc siri- 'squeeze, squeeze out, milk, squeeze out matter from a wound' STM II 93,
Krm. 283 DQA #2O21 [A 'si_uru 'to leak, ooze'; incl. M, T 'sir-], DQA #2184 [A 'si_uri 'to
flow, drip'; incl. T sur-, Tg] ll IE: Ht scsariya- 'seihen, filtrieren' [ N 'Sac'u 's'ac'u 'scatter,
spread about, pour' (> 'to winnow, sift')?] Frd. HW 191, Ts. W 75.
2124. 'SUrV (= 'SorE?) to speak, declare' > IE 'svcr- 'speak (solemnly)' > L scrmo (gen.
scrmon-is) 'talk, conversation, discourse', in libcrtatcm adscrcrc 'to declare (a slave) free' (lit. 'declare
[him] into freedom'), Osc svcrrunci dat. 'spokesman' || Gmc 'svc
2
r- > Gt svaran, ON svcr|a, OHG
svcricn, svcrrcn, NHG schvorcn, OSx, AS svcrian 'to swear', NE svcar; ON sori pl., MHG svuor, NHG
Schvur 'oath'; ON svara 'to answer', svar, OSx ant-svor, AS and-svaru n. 'answer', NE ansvcr || ? pTc
'sar- (={ Ad.} 'sar-) > Tc A/B sar- 'explain to, inform, teach' Ld sfarva {EI} 'oath', {Gsm.}
'Gelbde' P 1O49, WH II 521-2, Buck OU 325, Vr. 565, 568, Fs. 463-4, Kb. 1OO1-2f, KM 695 (Gmc
'svc
2
r- 'swear' ellipsis of 'pronounce an oath', preserved in ON svcr|a cium), Ad. 655-6, KT 39
(on Tc s = [s]), EI 535 [*(s)vcr-'say, speak'[, Gsm. LWE I 95-6, Hirt UG I 33 (on Gmc 'c
2
) ll A: T
'sor 'anything spoken, word' > OT soz id. ({Cl.} soz with unj. length of the vw.), XwT XIII, MQp XIV,
OOsm XIV, Chg XV soz 'word, speech', Tk soz, Tkm Ooo, Az, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg soz, VTt suz, Bsh
huo, Uz cyA: suz, Alt, Xk, Tv sos, Yk os 'word' Cl. 86O, DTS 511, Rs. W 43O ll HS: WCh: pBl {Stl.}
'sVr- > Bl {Lk.} sor- 'speak', ? Pero ccro id., Tng {J} scrc id., 'deliver a speech' | AG 'sVyVr {Hf.}
'swear' > Kfr {Hf.} scgcr 'swear', Gmy {Hf.} su'r id., {Srl.} sur uoc = sur "s id., 'take an oath', Ang
{J} ssr, {Hf.} sir 'swear', {Flk.} sir 'an oath; repentance, regret', Mpn {Frz.} scr v. 'confess guilt', n.
'confession' Stl. ZCh 245 [#28], J T 142, Hf. AG #91, Flk. s.v. sir, Frz. DM 54 Eg fP sr 'fortell;
make known' EG IV 189-9O, Fk. 235; I am thankful to Tk. (p.c., 2OO2) for drawing my attention
to the Eg cognate and for providing data on Gmy {Srl.} and Ang {J}.
2125. 'siharu, -PV 'dirt, earth' > HS: S 'ssVhVr- > Ar d raEi'Sa sahir-at- 'earth' BK I 1156, Ln.
1452 Eg G sr 'dirt' EG IV 191 ll U: FU 'ssarV 'excrements, dirt; to defecate' > pChr {Ber.} 'sur
'excrements, dung' > Chr L/B/M/Uf sur, Chr H s+r id. (with an irreg. vw. that defies explanation);
Chr H sara-, Chr Uf/B sora-, Chr L/E sora- " sara- v. 'defecate' | pMr {Ker.} 'saro- > 'saro- 'defecate'
> Er scrnc-, sarni-, Mk sarno-, scrno-, sarondo-, sarondo- id. ( FU 'carV 'dung' < N
'c`'arV 'dirt, dung, rubbish', q.v.) || Hg szar 'dirt, excrements', szar- 'defecate' | Os: Nz sor 'dung (of
reindeers, elks)', Kz sor 'excrements, round pieces of dung' ( 'c`'arV '') UEW 465-6, Coll. 117,
Ker. II 138, Ber. 7O, 268, 275, MF 568-9, LG 25O, 271 ll A 'si_aru > T {IS} 'sar, {Md.} 'si_ar 'clay,
swamp, dirt' ({tAD}: < ''sEar) ( N 'sa'riX'u 'to stream, flow') > Blgh 'sar [1 OHg sar 'muddy
river, swamp, mire', Hg sar 'mud, mire, dirt' (EWU 13O5, Gomb. BTL 112), Chr L/H sor 'scale (in a
cauldron), dirt' (MRS 719, Ep. 153)], Chv L myp sur 'swamp, quagmire' || NaT 'saz 'clay, swamp, dirt'
> ET saz, StAlt, Xk sas 'swamp, quagmire', Chg, Qrg, Chg, Nog, Qmn/Tb/QK {B}, VTt saz, Bsh hao
'swamp', Qmq saz id., 'clay', QrB saz toraq 'clay, clay soil' (toraq 'earth'), QrB d sazliq 'clayey,
argillaceous', Qq, Qzq saz 'clay (in saline soil), marshy swamp', Kr saz 'dirt, silt', Yk as 'pus, matter'
Yk points to a pNaT short 'a, while the Hg loan from Blgh suggests a pT long 'a Rs. W 4O6, TL 93,
376, Md. 114, 177, Jeg. 339, Fed. II 462, Bii. PDG 43, Nj. 496, KumRS 274, RKB 118, Sht. 154, Pek.
164, BT 126, BN 132 ? M 'siru-yay (- 'sirayu?) 'earth, soil' > MM [S] {H} siroay, [HI] sirau, [MA]
sirau - siru 'earth', [IM] siru 'sand', WrM sirugai, siruga, sirui, HlM mopon, mopoo 'earth, ground, soil',
Ord {Ms.} soro, Mnr H {SM} siru, {T} siru, ShY {S ?} ssru 'earth', Brt mopon 'dust, soil', WrO {Krg.}
siroi 'earth', Kl {Rm.} sora - sora id., 'soil, sand', {KRS} mopa 'dust, sand', 'earth', Ba siro 'dust'; M
1 Ewk sirui " sirui " sirgi " ssrgi 'sand, pebbles', Sln {Iv.} ccpi 'sand' (a merger with the Tg
cognate?) Pp. MA 336, 447, Ms. H 97, H 142, MED 718-9, Krg. 451, SM 4OO, T 383, T BJ 152, KW
365, KRS 68O, Chr. 73O, S AJ 234 [#25] Tg 'siru-n, siru-Ita 'sand' > Neg siyun, Orc siya, siru, Nn Nh
stya, Nn KU stro - stru, Nn B strt(n-) 'sand', Ul stya(n-), {PSchm.} siru id., 'pebbles', Ewk PT {Cs.}
scruI id., Sln siruIta 'sand' STM II 96 pKo {S} 'hnrI 'earth' > MKo hnrI, StKo hilI hiI, Ko:
Sl/Cl/PhN/Kw _iI, Ph hiI, Chj _fiI S AJ 252 [#24], S QK #24, Nam 48O, MLC 1894 S AJ 291
[#4O3], DQA #2O34 [A 'si_ari, incl. T, M, Tg, Ko], Pp. VG 3O, 6O, 114, KW 365, Md. OJ 195 lll A
form with an ancient sx. (or the second element of a cd ) '-PV survives in IE and D: IE: NaIE
'srou_-/'sru- 'scabby dirt on the body' ('schorfiges Schmutz am Krper') > Gk uto) (pl. uto)
'dirt, filth, uncleanness' || Sl 'stru+ (< 'srou_os) 'scab on a wound' > R, Blg crpyn, Cz stru id., OR
t:pu+ stru+ 'wound, scab on a wound', OCS t:pu+ stru+ 'wound (touo, vulnus)', P stru 'scab,
scurf', SCr stru 'tetter, mange', Slv stru 'poison' WP II 7O3, P 1OO4, F II 665-6, Vs. III 784-5, SJSS
XXXVIII 185, Srz. III 56O, Ma. CS 478 ll D 'car`V- 'cowdung' > Prj cari (BE: probably = car`i), Gdb
sar`i "sadi, Gnd sarai " sar`ai " sar`a " har`a, Knd, Png, Mnd, Ku r`ai id. D #24O2 (b).^ The
original bisyllabic '-iha- is suggested by Ar sahir-at- (with vowels belonging to the derivational
pattern) and by pT 'si_ar (> Chv L sur, where s- is from 'si_-).
2126. 'sirKa 'pain; to be ill\wounded, pine, languish' > IE: NaIE 'scrg"- v. 'languish, be ill' > OIr
scrg {Vn.} 'consomption, maladie, diminution', NIr scarg f. decay, decline', scargaim, scirgim v. 'pine,
languish' || Lt sirgti / prs. scrgu , Ltv sirgt / prs. sirgstu - scrgu 'be ill', scrga 'illness, epidemy' || Tc A
sarI, Tc B sarI {Wn.} 'illness, pain', {EI} 'illness' || ?? MHG scrvcn, scrbcn id., scrvc, scrbc f. 'innerlich
abnehmen, entkrftet werden, dahinwelken' Gmc ( IE 'svcrK-, {EI} 'svcrHK- 'watch over, be
concerned about' < N 'c`URIa 'watch, watch over'): ON sorg, OHG s(v)orga 'sorrow, care', AS sor
'sorrow, pain' (> NE sorrov), ON syrg|a 'be concerned about', AS sorian 'grieve, be anxious about', Gt
saurga 'sorrow, care' WP II 529, P 1O91, EI 516 ['svcrg"- (with unj. 'v) 'be ill'], EI 636 (Gmc <
'svcrHK- 'watch over, be concerned of'), M K II 495 [NaIE 'scrog"-/'sro_g"- if the 'v-element in Gmc
(OHG svorgcn 'beanxious, care') is secondary], Mn. 1131, Kb. 1007, Vn. S 92, Lx. 192, Frn. 787,
Wn. 422 ll HS: S 'ssrI > Ar srI (pf. sariIa) v. G 'pine away', 'tre affaibli, tomber dans la langueur'
(- srq G [p. sariqa] 'saffaiblir, devenir lche et languissant [les articulation, les nerfs]) BK I 1O83-
4, Hv. 318 ll A: T 'sir 'ache, pain' > NaT 'siz > OT siz-la- v. 'ache, have a sharp pain', StAlt {BT} sis
'aches in bones (noxora, 6on n iocr) x)', Tlt {Rl.} sis 'sharp pain', Tk sizi id., 'pang', Tkm cn(-cn(
Oid-Oid (ideophone of pain) Cl. 863, Rs. W 42O, Rl. IV 66O-7, BT 775, TkR 6O3 M 'sirqa- v.
'injure, cause pain' ( N 'zarXV 'to cut, wound'??) > MM [S] sir_a- 'verletzen, schdigen', d : WrM
sirqad-, HlM mapxr-ax 'be wounded or injured'; M 'sirqan 'wound, sore' > WrM sirqa(n), HlM mapx
'wound, sore; injury', Brt mapxa, Ord sar_a 'wound, sore', Kl mapx, {Rm.} sar_
a
id.; M 'sirIirc- - 'sarIirc-
> WrM sirIirc- - sarIirc-, HlM mapxnpa- v. 'bite, sting' (as pain or sensation produced by eating hot
pepper, etc.), 'feel pain as from rheumatism', Ord {Ms.} sarxira- v. 'prouver une douleur
lancinante', Mnr H {SM} sg_iric- 'cause une douleur lancinante, avoir un got piquant et aigre' H
142, MED 718-9, 753, Luv. 647, Cev. 84O, KRS 667, KW 35O, H 142, Chr. 723, SM #348, Ms. O 61O.
2127. 'ssussV '-u-'worm, snake' > HS: NrOm {Blz.} 'sus- 'snake' ( N 's'uNc`VXV 'worm,
snake') > Wl {Lm.} sossa, Zl/Gf/Bdt {Lm.} sosa, Dwr {Lm.} sosa, Malo/Bsk {Lm.} sos, Gm {Hw.}
sossi, Dc {Lm.} soss
i
, Zs {Lm.} sos
i
, Cha {Lm.} sosa " sosa id., Kcm sossc 'python', Gmr {Bnd.}
sos (?), Mj {Bnd.} so(:)s, BMa/DMa {Bnd.} sos 'snake' Blz. OL s.v. 'snake', Bnd. PO 149, Lm. W 51,
Hw. EG s.v. 'snake' B: Ah a-sis 'ver de bois' Fc. 1867 ll U: FU 'ssussV 'intestinal worm' > FU: Mk
{PI, Ps.} c: n su'zal, Er {ERV} cc: n sczal, {Ps.} sczal " sizal id. || Os D/Km/Kr susto id., 'tapeworm'
UEW 492, Coll. 116, Ps. sL 66, Stn. D 1381.
2128. 'savsV 'to get dry, hard' > IE: NaIE 'sau_s- / 'sus- 'dry, arid' > OI 'susyati 'becomes dry,
arid', 'susIah 'dry, arid, dried up', Av haos- 'dry up, wither (vertrocknen, verdorren)', husIa- adj.
'dry, dried up', OPrs usIa- 'Festland', KhS husIa-, ClNPrs dy$vX _osi-dan, NPrs _usi-dan 'to grow
dry', {Vl.} 'exsiccari, exsiccare', 4Xu _osI 'dry, withered', Oss D ncycyn isusun, Oss I cicin ssssn
'evaporate, dry out' (< 'vi-sus-) || Gk Hm o)uo), Gk A o)uo) 'dry, dried' || pAl {O} 'sau_snya (d from IE
'sau_s-) > Al tha| vt. 'make dry, dry up' || L sudus (< 'suz-do-) 'dry', 'bright, cloudless' (of weather) ||
AS scar, MLG sor, NNr soyr 'dry' || Lt sausas, Ltv sauss 'dry', Lt sausti, Ltv sust 'to get dry', sausinti vi.
'dry', susIis 'scabby person' ( 'dry', OI 'susIah), Pru sausai 'dry' | Sl 'sux+ adj. (dadj. 'sux+-|i)
'dry' > OCS t+ sux+, Blg cyx, SCr, Slv suh, Cz/Slk (aadj.) suchy, P (aadj.) suchy, R pradj. cyx ('is
dry'), aadj. cy'xon, Uk aadj. cy'xnn; Sl 'sus-i-ti vt. (caus.) 'to dry' > OCS tmu:u susiti, SCr susiti, Slv
susiti, Cz susiti, Slk susit`, P suszyc, R cy'mnr id., Blg 'cyma vt. 'I dry'; Sl 's+x-no-ti 'to get dry' > OCS
t+ua:u s+xnoti, Blg 'cxna, SCr sahnuti (sc), Slv usahniti usshniti, Cz schnouti, Slk schnut`, P schnac, R
'coxnyr, Uk 'coxnyrn P 88O-1, M K III 361-3, Vl. I 696, 757, Sg. 462, 487, BM 193, 2O3, Ab. III 211-
2, F I 188-9, WH II 624, Ho. 287, AlED 886-8, O 471, Frn. 766, Glh. 593, Vs. III 73O, 813, Chrn. II 22,
EI 17O ('hsus- - 'hsou_s-os 'dry') ll HS: ? Eg fMd sv (< 'ssv?) 'dry, dried', DEg sv 'get dry', adj.
'dry' (Vc.: svy) > Cpt: Sd eec souc, B wet soui 'get dry'; Eg N svy.t 'dry place' EG IV 429, Fk.
263, Er. 494, Vc. 225, 274 CCh: Mrg {Hf.} su v. 'dry up' (water), Ms {ChL} soya, BnnM {ChL}
so?amo vt. 'dry' || ECh: Kwn M {OS ?} ssvc v. 'dry up' Hf. GML 35, ChL Tk. I 1O2 (Eg, Ch
[Mrg, Kwn M], qu. S 'svy 'roast'), OS #2224, OS CChELR 2OO ll K: GZ 's`us- v. 'dry, roast' > G
{DCh.} sus- vt. 'dry, roast, fry', {Chx.} (mo-)sus- 'aus-\durchbacken', 'verbrennen, versengen (z. B.
Drre das Land)', Lz {FS} sus-Icr-i 'roasted, fried' K
2
183 ('s`us- A IIr 'sus-), DCh. 153O, Chx.
1855, FS K 385, FS E 433 ll U: FU 'ssasV > Ugr 'OasV 'get dry\hard' > ObU 'Oos- / 'Oas-a- > pVg
{Ht.} 'tas- / 'tas-a- vt. 'dry' > Vg: T tas- / tas- / tasa-, LK tos, MK/UK/UL tos-, P/NV/SV/L/ML
tos- / tos-, Ss. tos- id.; pOs {Ht.} 'sasa- / 'sos- 'get dry' > Os: Ty sas-, sasa- / sos-, Y sas- / sos-, D/K
sos-, O sas- id., Os V/Vy {Trj., Ht.} sosom, Os Ty/Y {Trj.} sasom 'hard, dried up' | Hg asz- 'go dry,
parch, wither' Sm: ( UEW): Ne cyca- 'be drained, run out' (of reserves) [adduced in Lh. SA 157]
may well belong here (N 'savsV > 'suj:,sV > 'suj:,sV > Ne susa-) UEW 844, Ht. #166, Trj. S 434,
MF 98 ll ? A: Tg: WrMc susa- 'die' (of animals) Z 64O ^ In Tg there is as ''s`...s > K Tg 's...s. The
loss of the expected initial 's in Eg may have several explanations (such as as ''ss > s, or
reinterpretation of the initial 'sV- as a causative px. and later a bf sv), but they do not explain
why v follows rather than precedes s. N 'av may have contracted to 'a (in Ugr) and to 'u (in K, Sm
and [?] Tg) ^ IS MS 367 s.v. coxnyr 'su'sn (i.e. 'su'sV) (IE, U, K).
2129. 'sitV 'tooth' ( 'sickle') > K 's`V't- > Sv: UB/LB/L sdiI, L stiI 'tooth' TK 815, Ni. s.v.
:y6, GP 272, Dn. s.v. sdiI ll A 'ssidtV 'ssidtE > M 'sidun 'tooth' > MM [LV, IsV] sidun, [MA, IM,
HI] sidun, [S] {H} sidu, WrM sidun, HlM m((yn), WrO sidun, Kl m(n sud
e
n, (Rm.} sudn, Mnr H {T}
sdi, {SM} sd_i, {Pot.} mnro, Mnr M {Pot.} mry, {Rkh.} shutu, Dg {Mr.} sidu', Dx {T} sidun, Ba {T}
sdoq - doq, Mgl {Rm.} su'du'n id. Pp. L III 8, 6O, Pp. MA 332, 446, Lg. VMI 63, Ms. H 97, H 139, MED
698, Krg. 445, KRS 685, SM 371, Pot. 414, Rkh. 378, T 384, T BJ 152, T DnJ 143, Mr. D 189, Rm. M
39, KW 37O (here?) NaT 'sioiy > OT [MhK] {Cl.} sioiy 'the gaps in the teeth between the gums'
Cl. 799-8OO, MKD III If the T word is a valid cognate, the pA has '-d-, otherwise it is '-dt- ll D
'cct-, 'cct- + sxs. 'sickle' > Prj cctal, Gdb sct, Gnd sctcr` " satar` " satar D #2756 ll ?? HS: Eg sty
'manier la faucille' [unless identical with Eg sty '(Hand, Arm an etw.) legen', see N ''satV 'podex;
to sit, sit down'] Mks. II #78.3917 ^ If the cognates meaning 'tooth' (Sv, A) and those meaning
'sickle' (D, Eg) belong together, the N had '-t-, but if these are two different N roots, the one
meaning 'tooth' had '-td-. The connection between 'tooth' and 'sickle' may be based on the
construction of mesolithic sickles (discovered in the Natufian culture) which had a row of
microlithic stone tools (resembling teeth) as their cutting edge.
213O. 'sitV 'to tie' ( 'to spin') > HS: S 'sty 'bind threads, fix the warp' > Ak satu inf. 'Faden
knpfen', MHb sty G (pf. et1S1 sa'ta) 'fix the warp, start the loom', JA [Trg.] sty G 'weave'; - S
''sitiy- - ''satay- 'warp' [ N 's'itV 'thread (made of hair?)'] > BHb it5S6 so'ti ' web', MHb {Lv.} it5S6
so'ti, JA [Trg.], JEA ai!t5S6 soti'y-a, SmA sty, Sr 'o4e sct'y-a, Ar tASa sata-, U'taSa sata-t- 'warp',
cp. Ak sutu 'web' Sd. 12O3, 1293-4, KB 1539, GB 867, Lv. IV 617, Lv. T II 521-2, Js. 1637, Sl.
1185, Tal 936, BK I 1O51, Ln. 13O6 N 's'itV 'thread (made of hair?)' [q.v.] Eg OK/Md sty
'fasten together [knpfen] (e.g., a collar, a net)' EG IV 33O Tk. I 228 ll K {FS} 's`ct-/'s`t- [{K
2
}
'(s)ct- / '(s)t-] v. 'spin (with a spindle)' > OG st-, G rt- v. spin', Mg rt- v. spin, (?) turn', Sv -lt-/-lct- v.
'spin' [msd. UB/LB/L li-lt-c, Ln li-lct-c, 3s aor. UB anlct(c)] K 172 ('(s)t-), K
2
177, FS K 281, FS E 312
('s`ct-/'s`t-), TK 44O, GP 52, 158 ll U: FP 'sitV- v. 'tie, fasten' > F sito-, Es sidu- 'bind, tie, fasten', F sidc
(gen. sitccn), Es sidc 'band, tie, bond' | Er sodo-, Mk soto- v. 'bind, tie' | Chr: L myc(imsuo+s, YO/V
{Bk.) soooIs, Uf/M suo+s, B suo+s - suous, H mic(icmsooos 'hoop of a cask' (< ptc. of the v.
'suo+- - 'suoo-) UEW 762-3, Ker. II 146, MRS 742, 759, Ep. 16O ll A: M 'sidc- > WrM sidc, HlM
mn(y-, Brt my(y- v. 'baste or stitch', WrO sidc- v. 'baste, tack', Kl mn(- id., {Rm.} sido-'mit weiten
Stichen heften, zufllig annhen', Ord sid_c- 'faufiler, piquer', Mnr H {SM} sdic- 'rapicer'; M 1
WrMc siin 'rope'; d M 'sidcmc-sun > WrM sidcmcsun, HlM mn(yxc 'thread, cord, string; ribbon', WrO
sidcmcsun 'string, cord', Kl mn(xcn '(thin) rope', {Rm.} sidmsn 'dnner Strick\Faden, Zwirn', Ord
sid_cmcs 'bout de corde\fil' MED 697, Chr. 743, Krg. 445, KRS 671, KW 355, Ms. O 613, SM 334,
STM II 99 ? Tg: Ul {PSchm.} cnraxo 'clasp, buckle (:acrcia, np) ia)' STM II 99 Ko: [1] pKo
'stii_ 'belt' [ N 's'itV 'thread'] > MKo stii_, NKo ti 'belt'; [2] Ko {Rm.} sit- (sit-ta / sit-c"s / sit-c"in) v.
'baste (clothes)' Rm. SKE 239, S QK #426, Nam 177, MLC 55O DQA #1987 (pA 'ssidou
'ssi_udu 'tassel, string [:an) :ia, pcxcmoi]', Rm. SKE l.c. (Ko Ewk sitimns v. 'attach, tie together'; in
fact, Ewk sitimnns is a loan from M (WrM siimnc-, HlM mnnxny- v. 'attach, fasten' Yk sitim 'rope,
cord' [MED 722, STM II 99, Pek. 2253]) ^ IS MS 364 s.v. cn) :inar 'sidn (U, A), IS SS #3.17, Rs. UAW
1O (U, A), Coll. UA 1O (U, A), Blz. KMNE 365 (HS [Eg, S], K, ? A [M, Ko]) ^ Ul cnraxo contradicts my
hyp. on Tg 's- from N 'ss- (rather than 's-), but the Ul word (a term of material culture) may be a
loan (from M or some other lge.).
2131. 'sutjy,V - 'sujy,tV 'to drink, to suck (milk); milk' > HS: S 'sty (prm. '-stay) v. 'drink' >
BHb sty (pf. et1S1 sa'ta, ip. eT3S6- -s'tc), Ug sty, OA, BA, SmA, Sr sty G , JA {Trg.], JPA, JEA sty
G , Gz sty (pf. satya, js. -stay), Ak sty (inf. satu), Eb sty id., Sb msty 'drink' (n.) KB 1537-8,
1796, OLS 458-9, Tal 936, Lv. IV 616-7, Sl. 1184-5, Br. 811, L G 518, BGMR 129 AdS of Eg fP
sdy v. 'suckle' [ N 'cayVdjV,yV 'female breast' N 'suNV 'milk; to suck(le)'] EG IV 564-5, Fk.
273-4, Tk. I 314 (Eg sdy S ''Oady- 'female breast') Eg s- < 's- of 'suNV ll K 's`tVm- > Sv: UB/L
li-sdmc, Ln li-stmc msd. 'make (so.) drink, 'become drunk', UB {GP} ot-sdoma, L {Dn.} ot-sdom 1s aor.
'I made him drink' TK 46O, GP 178, 244, Dn s.v. sdom ll IE: NaIE 'svci_d- 'milk' > ? Irn: Av
xsvid- (x- remains obscure), KhS svida-, NPrs ry$ sir id. || Lt svicstas, Ltv svicsts - svicsts 'butter' P
1O43 (adduces OI Isvidyati 'becomes wet'), M K I 295 (rejects Isvidyati), Bai. 415-6, Brtl. 562, Frn.
953 (the Lt-Irn connection is not mentioned), EI 382 (? '(I)svci_d- 'milk') ll ? A 'ssu't`V > T
'sut 'milk' > OT QU/U {Cl.} sut, MU, MQp, MOg, XwT sut, Chg sud - sut, OOsm sud, Tk
sut / sut- - sud-, Tkm Ouyt, Az sud, XT {DH} sit, Xlj sit ({ DT} silt), VTt c' r sit, Bsh l' r hit, Uz sut,
Qmq, QrB, Qzq, Qq, Nog, ET, Ln, Qrg, Alt, Xk, Shor, Tv sut, Tf su't, SY sut - sot, Yk ut, Chv ccAr sit,
{Md.} sit Cl. 798, Rs. W 438, TL 448-9, Jeg. 189, Fed. II 46, Md. 64, Ra. 229 M 'sun 'milk'
(acc. to Dr., bf from 'sud [i.e. 'sud], reinterpreted as pl. 'su-d) [ N 'suNV '' (q.v. ffd.)] The
A is qu. as a cognate because '-t`- is not expected here. Is it a suffixed form ''suo-t`V (> 'sut`V
with compensatory lengthening of the vw.)? DQA #2O94 [A 'si_utj`,i 'milk, liquid' > T, M +
unc. Ko 'stim 'sweat'].
2132. 'sVtVLV 'to set, put, collocate' > HS: S 'stl v. 'set, plant' > BHb stl v. G 'transplant (a
plant)', MHb stl v. G 'set, plant', JA, Sr stl G 'plant', Ar E (A Aram) stl v. G 'transplant', BHb
lit5S6 so'til v. 'transplanted shoot', Pun 1 Gk [Diosc.] oiicoooc 'icokiov to co' [{LS}
'Urospermum picoides'] ( Hb ed31 il4it5S6 soti,lc sa'dc 'transplanted shoots of the field'), JA
al1it3S6 soti'l-a '(transplanted) shoot', Ak A/YB stl v. G stl 'plant', Ak sitlu 'sprout, shoot', Md sitla
'plant', Ar SL (A Aram) satl-at- 'nursery-plant' KB 1539-4O, BDB 1O6O, LS 1598, Wehr 414, Js.
1638-9, Sl. 1185, DM 477, Br. 812, Hv. 351, Sd. 1O33, 1251, CAD XV 197 ll IE: NaIE 'stcl- v.
'collocate (stellen)' > OI [Dhat.] 'sthalati 'stands' || Arm steem stcl-cm 'I collocate, place, settle,
estalish', stecanem stclcan-cm 'I create' || Gk otce (*otc-i_e) 'set in order, arrange' || OL [Fest.]
stlocus > L locus 'place' || 'stol-no-s > ON stallr n. 'Gerst, Altar; Stall', AS stcall 'act of standing, place',
OHG stal 'place of residence, place, stable', MHG stal 'Steh-\Wohn-ort, Stall', NHG Stall 'stall, stable',
NE stall; OHG stcllcn 'to put, set up, institute' ('apponere, collocare, statuere') > NHG stcllcn 'to put,
place, set' (- Stcllc 'place') || Pru stallit 'to stand' P 1O19-2O, EI 472 & 5O6 ['stcl- 'put in place,
(make) stand (up)'], M K III 525, WH II 817-8, F II 786-8, En. 254, Stl. 333 (fn. 81a), Vr. 542, Ho.
318, Kb. 949, 96O, OsS 862-3, Lx. 2O8, KM 736-7, 744-5.
2133. 'sVTYmV (= 'sVtYmV?) 'to hear' ( 'ear'), ? 'to feel' > HS: Eg fP sm 'hear'; Eg may go
back to '-ty- or '-dy- EG IV 384-7, Tk. I 262 (equates Eg sm with S 'sm 'hear' by supposing
that Eg goes back to ') ? WS 'cvt (mte 's...t > 'c...t?) > Jb C cs'bct 'listen carefully', s`c'sct
'listen carefully, keep ones ears open', Sr, JA [Trg.], JEA, Md svt G , SmA svt Sh

'listen'; WS
'cavt- 'voice' > Sr oa savta, Jb C sabt id., Ar v0ca savt- 'voice, noise' Jo JL 243, Tal 73O, BK I
1382, Js. 1272, Sl. 957-8. Br. 625 ll IE: Ht istamass- 'hear', istamana- 'ear', ? Lw tummant- 'ear' Frd.
HW 9O, Pv. I 452 , Ivn. SA 153 ll K 's`t'um- 'ear' > Sv: UB/LB sdim, L/Ln stim 'ear', ? GZ d
'sa-'s`tum-al ({K
2
} '(s)a-(s)tum-al-) 'pillow' ( nomen loci 'place of the ear', like R no(ymia 'pillow'?) >
OG sastumal id., G sastumal 'head of the bed', ? Mg ortumcl, Lz omtunal 'bearing log of the fire' TK
815, Ni. s.v. yxo, GP 272, Dn. s.v. stim, K
2
175 ^ If the N stop was 't (indirectly suggested by HS),
K 't is due to as 'st > 'st.
2134. 'soutuu 'to beat, strike' > U: FU 's'ottV 'strike' > Prm 'so't- ({ LG} 'so't-) v. 'chop, strike'
> Yz 'su't- 'cut' (mom.) ('py6anyr'), Z cocr- sst- id., 'strike' || ? Hg ut-, it- 'strike, hit, knock' The
Hg front vw. u- may be due to the ass. infl. of a front vw. in the next syll. ('-u?) Coll. 121, LG
265, Lt. 146, Lt. J 18O, UEW 23 (rejects the connection between Prm 'so't- and Hg ut- because of
the discrepancy between their vowels and derives [with a query] Hg ut- from FU 'aItV 'beat, chop',
though FU 'a- does not regularly yield Hg u- or i-) ll A: Tg: Ewk sutiga- 'knock out (nimn6nr, ni6nr)'
STM II 131 ll D 'cutt'i ({GS} 's-) 'hammer' > Tm cutti 'small hammer', Ml cutti, cuttiIa, Kn suttigc,
Tu sutti, suttig, Tl suttc, Gnd suttc, Kui suthi 'hammer'; D 1 Mrt sutIi 'an instrument of stone-
splitters' D #2668 ll IE: NaIE '(s)tcu_-I/g- 'hit, strike' > OIr {P} stuag 'chop with an axe' (infl. of
OIr tuag 'axe' < NaIE 'tcu_I-/'tuI- v. 'thrust, stab, prick' < N 't'uKa 'to thrust, stab'?) [unless stuag
is a misinterpretation of OIr {Vn.} stuagaid 'il courbe'] || MDt/NLG {P} stuIcn 'stoen, aufschichten',
Nr {WP} stauIa 'to push' || Sl 'stuI+ n. act. 'knocking' > SrCSl/OR t:k+ stuI+, P stuI, R/Uk cryi;
'stuIa-ti v. 'to knock' > P stuIac, R 'cryiar, Ul 'stuIati, Blr 'cryian; R cry'uar id. | Ltv stuInit 'push
forward by little strikes', {ME} 'stossen, schlagend vorwrtssstossen' WP II 616, P 1O32-4, Vn. S
193, Vs. III 787, Br. 523, Kar. II 312, ME III 11O2 ^ The '-I/g-extensions in IE and the element -ga-
in Ewk may belong together and point to a N derived (compound?) etymon 'sUtuu-Ka ^ IS SS #1.31
(U, D), IS MS 33O s.v. 6nrC (U, D) ^ Ewk sutiga- seem to contradict my tentative hyp. on Tg 's- from
N 'ss- (rather than 's-)
2135. 'ssEvV 'oneself, self' [() '[human] body (??)] > HS 'sv 'himself' > Eg fO sv 'he; him,
himself' ( N 'sE 'he\she', q.v.) EG V 59 EC {Ss.} '?is- 'self, oneself' [< N ''hi 'iste' [q.v.] (or 'yi
'he') + 'ssEvV 'self', posssibly N '?inAsci 'person, man' [q.v.]) > Af is-i, Sml, Elm is, Rn is- (+ppa.),
Bn sc (< 'is-c), Bs is-c, Or H {Ow.} if-i, Or S {Sr.} uf-i " if-i " of-i, Kns is-i, Gdl iss, Brj {Ss.} issi, Ya ch
'(one)self' Ss. PEC 35, 54, Ss. B 1O7, Bl. 171, PG 16O, Ow. 187-9, Sr. 331, 376, 396-7, Hd. 13O, 2O1
ll IE: NaIE 'svc- - 'sc- 'himself' ('sich'), gen. {P} 'scvc, dat. {P} 'scb"ci_ and {Szem.} 's(v)oi_, enclitic
gen.-dat. 's(v)oi_ 'of\to himself', 'svo- (pronominal adj.) 'his own' > OI 'sva-, Av hva- - x"a- - hava-,
OPrs huva- 'own, ones own' Arm inn in-I"n (gen. inean in-I"can) 'he, she, him-\her-self' ( I" < 'sv-)
Gk c, Gk P hc 'himself' (< 'svc), gen. Gk Hm co, c)io, cu, c)u, Gk A o)u (< 'svcsyo), dat. Gk A o)i,
oi, Gk L Foi (< 'svoi_), Gk Hm coi (< 'scvo_), possessive Gk A o), Gk D Fo) 'his own' (< svos) || pAl
{O} 'svai_-ta > Al vchtc - vctc - vctc '(one)self' || L sc 'himself', sibi, Osc sifci, Pl SEF'EI 'to himself'
(< 'scb"ci_), OL sovos, L suus 'his\her own', Osc suvcis 'of himself (sui)' (gen.), suvad 'sua', Pl SUOIS
'suis' || Gt, ON siI, OHG sih, NHG sich 'himself', Gt sis, ON scr 'to himself'; - possessive Gt scins, OHG
sin, NHG scin 'his' (< 'sc_-no-s loc. 'sci_?), Gt svcs 'ones own; property' || Pru sicn acc. 'himself' (or
'oneself'?), scbbci 'to himself' (or 'to oneself'?), Lt savc acc. 'oneself', savcs 'of oneself' (gen.), dat.
sau, sav 'to oneself', savas, Ltv savs 'ones own', Pru svais id. (or 'his\her own'?) | Sl 'sc acc. 'oneself'
(> OCS ta sc), 'scbc 'to oneself' (> OCS tcc1 scbc), 'svo|i 'owns own' (OCS taeu svo|i) ?? Ht si-
'he', Lc 'si- id. (in scsi 'his') may be aternatively (and better) equated with NaIE 'so- 'der' (masculine
gender) and U 'sE 'he, she' ( N 'sE id.) P 882, Szem. IEL 22O-1, M K III 566, M E II 787-8, F I
431-2, Kb. 853, Bc. G 324, O 498, Frn. 767, En. APG 13O-2, En. 247, Frd. HW 192, KrlSh. XLJ 2O, 65
ll U: FU 'ssEvV > ObU 'Oov 'he' > pVg 'tav > Vg: T tuv, LK tav, acc. tavo, MK/UK/NV/SV/LL
tav, P tav, acc. tava, UL/Ss tav; pOs 'oy ({ Hl.} 'uy) > Os: V lo, Vy yo, Ty c", Y
cv - o'v, D/K tcv, Nz tuv, Kz uv, O luv Ht. #125, Hl. rHt 71-4, Vrt. table I ll ?? A 'sEvXn
'human body, spirit\soul' > Tg 'scbcn 'spirit, ghost' > Orc sovo(n-), Ud ssvs(n-) 'spirit (ghost) helping
the shaman', Ewk, Neg ssvsn id., 'idol representing the helper spirit', Ul scvo(n-) - ssvs(n-), Ork ssvs,
Nn Nh ssvs, Nn B ssvs(n-) 'spirit helping the shaman', 'idol', Sln ssvu 'spirit', 'idol', Lm
hovIi " sovIi 'god' STM II 135, Krm. 29O DQA #195O [A 'scbV(nV) ( 'z-) 'strange,
supernatural'; unc. comparison of the Tg word with M 'scbc-un 'strange' and Ko son 'guest'). ^
According to my tentative working hyp., A 's- (> Tg 's-) is not cognate with U 'ss-, hence the
adduction of A 'sEvXn 'human body, spirit\soul' is at variance with the supposed sound corrs. But
if this phonetic obstacle is overcome and we take into account that A '-n may be drawn back to N
'nu 'of', then the etl. meaning of A 'sEvVn 'body, soul' is probably 'that of a body'.
2136. 'si'hvV 'sun' > HS: Eg fMK sv 'day' (in a date) > DEg ssv - sv id., Cpt Sd/B te- su- id.; ?
Eg fMK sv 'time' > DEg ssv - sv 'Termin, Zeit', Cpt Sd tu scv, Cpt B tue scu 'time (temps)' EG IV
57-8, Fk. 215, Er. 461, Vc. 2OO ? S: Ar zhv (ip. -zhuv-) G 'shine' (of a lamp) (as -sh- [-sh-] >
-zh-?) BK I 1O23, Hv. 3OO ll A: ? Tg 'si'yun 'sun' > Ewk siyun - hivun - sivun, Sln sigu, Neg
sivun - siyun - siyun, Orc ssu(n-), Ud su(n-), Ork {STM} s
s
u(n-) [probably < 'sy_un < 'siun], Ul, Nn B
siu(n-), Nn Nh/KU siu 'sun', PCMc [TF] siyun 'sun', WrMc sun 'sun, day'; but the spelling of PCMc
does not necessarily reflect the pronunciation (siy- or sy-), but may be a mere spelling device to
render 's- STM II 78, Vas. 35O, Krm. 288, Ci. 32O, Mls. 24O On the origin of Mc s- see
Introduction, 2.2 ^ Hardly here NaIE 'saj:,vcl- / 's(u)vcl-, 'sul- / 'svcn-, 'sun- 'sun' (P 881-2),
because in this way the element '-(c)l- remains unexplained. For a better et. of this IE word cf. N
'3aHulV 'light (lux), sunshine, sun'.
2137. ?? ''sEvj,V 'to want', 'to beg' ( desiderative) > A: T 'sab- 'love' > OT {Cl.} sav-,
MQp/XwT XIII sav-, Chg XV scv-, Tk scv-, Ax scv-, Tkm c' n- Ooy-, Uz scv-, ET soy-, Qmq, QrB, Qzq,
Nog, Qq, Qrg suy-, VTt c' n- siy-, Bsh hiy-, Alt {BT}, Tlt {Rl.} su-, Chv sav- id., ? Yk iay- 'be friendly
to' Cl. 284, Rs. W 4O6-7, Jeg. 173 Ko {S} 'sii- 'wish, want' > MKo sii-, NKo si"- si-, si"i- id. S
QK #832, Nam 325, MLC 1O43, 1O66 A sx. with voluntative or optative meaning: M
'-suj:, / '-suj:,: 'ora-su 'let me enter!', og-su 'let me give!' > MM -su / -su (Iclc-su 'I shall say!', Mgl
-sun (with a secondary -n), WrM -su-gay / -su-gcy Pp. IM 255 NaT '-sun / '-sun, 3s optative > OT
-zun / -zun, MU -sun / -sun, ET -sun, Az -sun / -sun / -sin / -sin Tg -su, marker of imv. (2s, 3s) in several
archaic verbs: WrMc bi-su, Nn bi-su 'be!', WrMc o-so 'let him\it be, be!, become!', WrMc gay-su 'take!',
Nn ga-su 'buy!', WrMc bay-su 'ask (a question)!', Nn di-su 'come!' DQA #1975 ('scbc 'to love, have
fun'; incl. T, Ko) ll IE: NaIE '-s-, '-sy-: [1] volitive sx. '-s- 'want to' > OI -s- in susru-satc 'he wants to
hear', OL viss-o > L vis-o ('vci_d-s-o) 'want to see', Gt ga-vciso 'I visit' ( 'want to see'); [2] in
several lgs. this '-s-, '-syo- changed into a marker of future: Gk -o- in ocie 'I shall show', ci)e 'I
shall leave', OL dixo 'I shall say', faxo 'shall do', caso 'I shall take', Osc fust 'will be', Lt duos 'will
give'; the less reduced variant '-syo-: OI participium futuri bu-sya-nt- 'who\which will be', OCS
cmac-a bIscstc-|c 'future' Brg. KVG 529 ll HS: ? S 'svy > BHb sv D 'cry for help', o@uS
'su
a
, eo1v^S2 sav'a 'a cry for help', SmA vebsa ?sbhv 'outcry' [sv] (unless related to Plm syt
{HJ} 'protectrice, female helper', suggesting a CS 'sv or 'sy 'help') KB 134O-1, GB 814, HJ
1129, Tal 883 ? C: Ag (Ap.} 'civ-/cav- 'beg' ( N 'vic`'U 'to order, require, beg'?) > {Ap.} Bln, Km
siv-, Xm cav-, {R} cav-, Q scv-, Dmb {R} sov- Ap. AV 2O, R WB 331-2, CR K 254, AD SF 1O5 ^
Ag {Ap.} 'c- (= 'c-?) may go back to 'S...? < 'S... ^ AD NEPGF 24O-1 (does not distinguish
between the reflexes of this N , those of 'Suv V 'to push, cause' and the grammaticalized reflexes
of 'suvhV 'to loosen, release'), Gr. I 2O4-6 ("future S" in IE, A, EA).
2138. 'siv'a (or 'sivga) 'to smear (with clay)' > HS: CS 'syy 's ('-suyy-'-su-)
- '-suy- > BHb s G (2pm imv. uo7S so'u) 'be smeared \ plastered up', {BDB} 'be blinded', Sh

'plaster up', JA [Trg.], Sr s vt. 'smooth, paste (gltten, bestreichen)', JEA s T 'be smoothed
down', JA [Trg.] -su- G 'plaster', Sr -su- v. G 'daub, besmear', SmA ssy 'smooth', s TD 'be
coated'; ?? Ar sysy v. 'add fat to the food; to smear the hair with fat or with oil' GB 183, BK I
1O95, Tal 919, Lv. T II 5O3-4, Js. 1538, 1611-2, Sl. 1168, Br. 564, JPS 566 B 'zvy v. 'smear' > Ah
{Fc.} ohvy, Gh {Nh.} ovy, Tnsl osvy, ETwl, Ty ozvoy id. B 'z- may be due to as 'sy > 'zy (> B 'z)
Fc. 625, Nh. s.v. 'oindre', GhA 218, Pr. H 72 [#439] ll K: GZ 'sv- v. 'pass ones hand over (sth.),
smear, oil (sth.)' > OG sv-, G sv-/s-, Mg, Lz s(v)- id. - GZ 'sv-am-/sv-m- id. > G svam-/sm-, Mg, Lz sum-
id. K 163, K
2
164-5, Chx. 1214-6, FS K 268, FS E 297-8 ll ?? IE: Ht sah- 'verunreinigen,
beschmieren' Ts. W 66 ll A 'sia 'clay; to smear' > NaT 'siba v. 'smear' > OT siba- - suva- v. 'smear
with clay, plaster' (partially coalesced with suba- - suva- v. 'water' OT suv 'water'), MT XIV [IM]
siba-, Osm siva- 'beschmieren, tnchen, mit Stuck bewerfen', Tk siba- v. 'smear', Xk ci6a- siba- v.
'smear (the house with clay)', Sg {Rl.} suba-, Shor {Rs.} suba- v. 'smear\coat with clay', ET Tr {Rl.}
suba- v. 'plaster'; Osm siva 'plaster, stucco', Shor siva 'hardened dung in bears stomach in winter'
Cl. 785, DTS 515, Rs. W 414, BIG 2O4, Rl. IV 672, 788, 11O5 M 'siba- v. 'smear, coat with
mud\clay, plaster' > MM [MA] siba-, WrM siba-, HlM mana- v. 'plaster, stucco; apply mud\ointment',
Ord sava- v. 'cover\coat with mud', WrO {Krg.} saba- v. 'daub, smear, cover with dirt', Brt ma6a-
'putty, coat, besmear', Kl man- sav- vt. id. (':a-o6-xa:inar, mnaincnar'), {Rm.} 'beschmieren (mit
Lehm), tnchen', ,Dx {T} suva- v. 'smear\coat'; - M 'sibar 'mud, clay' > MM [S] sibar, [HI, IM] sibar
'mud', [MA, IsV] sibar 'clay', WrM sibar, HlM manap 'mud, morass, clay, plaster, stucco', Ord savar
'boue, enduit de boue', Brt ma6ap, WrO sabar, Kl {Rm.} savr 'mud, clay, dirt', Kl {KRS} manp 'clay',
Mnr H {SM} s_avar 'boue, mortier, argile, badigeon', Mnr M {T} savar, Dx suva, Ba sbar, bar 'clay',
Dg savar 'clay, mud' H 139, Ms. H 96, Lg. VMI 66, Pp. MA 332, 447, MED 693-4, Krg. 431, Chr.
712, KRS 659, KW 352-3, Ms. O 61O-1, SM 369, T 381-2, T DgJ 182, T DnJ 142, T BJ 152, Mr. D 192,
Pp. IM 123 Tg 'sia- (= 'siqa-?) v. 'smear' > Ewk siva- id., Ud siqala-, Nn B siqsIts- v. 'stop up (a
hole)', Lm htvta " htvtav 'swamp, marsh' STM II 74 pJ {S} 'saa 'bog, marsh' > OJ saa, J: T
sava, K sava, Kg sava id.; pJ 'saa-s- v. 'dip, smear with laquer' > ltOJ saqa-s-, J T savas- S QJ #463,
Mr. 2O, 748 Rm. 352-3 (M, T), Rs. W 414 (T, M, Tg), Pp. VG 3O, 46 A '-- (suggested by
Ud/Nn -q- and pJ '--) is likely to go back to '-bH- < N '-vg- DQA #2O11 [A 'sia 'clay; to
smear'; incl. T, M, Tg] ^ IS MS 348 ('sivn 'to smear [with clay]'; U, K, A). If the Ar and the Ht
cognates are valid, they suggest N '-g-, which contradicts the K ev. for a "lighter" lr. (').
2139. 'scv V 'to drink' > K 's`v- v. 'drink' > OG su 'drink!', G sv-, Mg, Lz s(v)-, Sv {K} s(v)-
'drink' (lalo-s aor. 'he drank', mi-sv-a pfc. [res.] 'I have drunk'); - GZ {K} 's`v-am / 's`vm v. 'drink' >
OG suam- / sucm- / sum-, G svam- / sm-, Mg, Lz sum- id. K 17O, 173-4, K
2
179, FS K 281-2, FS E 313 ll
HS: B 'svh ({ Pr.} 'svh) [pf. stem '-svah] v. 'drink' > Ah {Fc.} imv. osu / 3m pf. isva (Fcj. 24), Gh
{Nh.} osu, Gd {Lf.} csv / isvu, Awj {Par.} su / ycsva, Sll {Ds.}, Izd {Mrc.} su / isva, BSn {Ds.} su /
isvu, Kb {Dl.} sov / yosva, Izn/Rf/SrSn {Rn.} su, Tmz {MT} sov / svi - sva, Mz/Wrg {Dlh.} sov / yosvu,
Si {La.} su / isua, Nf {Beg.} csu / ycsuvu, Skn {Srn.} su / isua, Zng {TC} csbi 'boire' (pf. yisbc) Fc.
1842, 2OO1, Msq. 38, Lf. I 258 & II #1512, Dl. 795, MT 661, Dlh. M 195, Dlh. Ou 3O7, Mrc. 35-6,
Beg. N 22O, TC Z 303-4, Nic. 368, Par. 161 Ch {AD} 'svh v. 'drink' > WCh: Hs sa | Su {J} sva,
Ang svc, Cp su, Gmy {Fp.} sua, Tal {IL} su`va | Fy {J} so, DfB {J} soh | Bl, Krkr {J} s-, sa-, Grm {Gw.}
shcna or shcna, Krf {Sch.} shc-vo, Ngm sovo | Wrj {Sk.} sa, {J} sa! (imv.), Cg {Sk.} sa`, Kry {Sk.} sa`,
My {Sk.} sa-, Sir {Sk.} sa, P {MSk.} sa, Jmb si, sa, Mbr {Sk.} si / sa | Bg {J} sc, {Sh., IL} sa?, {Jgr.} sa,
{Csp.} sc, Kir {Sh.} sc, Grn {Sh., Csp.} sai_, Tala {Sh.} h'a, Jm {Csp.} hc, {Gw.} hiyc, Gj/Zul/Plc {Sh.}
sa, Buli {Sh.} sa, Tule {Sh.} sc, Zem/Tule/Wnd/Ds/Dw {Sh.}, Sy/Zar {Sh.} sc | Ngz {Sch.} sa, Bd
{Sch.} ss?-yin, ssgin || CCh: Tr {Nw.} za, Gbn si, Hw sa | Cb {IL}, WMrg {ChL} sa, Mrg {IL} sah | FlJ
{ChL} sc, FlB/FlM {ChL} si, Gude {Hsk.} sa, Bt {Mch.} sa, Bcm {Sk.} sobo`, Gudu {IL} sa | Mdr {Eg.} sa,
susc | Suk {IL} ssvan | Mtk {Sb.} sa, pMM {Ro.} 'say > Mofu {Brr.} -s-, {Ro.} scy, Gzg D {Lk.} sc, {Ro.}
si, Mkt {Ro.} sa, Mada/Myn/Mlk {Ro.} sc, Hrz {Ro.} sava id. | Db {Lnh.} sa | Gdr {Mch.} sa | Lgn
{Lk., Bn.) sc, Bdm {Lk., Cfr.} hi, Msg {Trn.} s ` | ZmB {Sa.} sc, ? {J} cc || ECh: Kwn {J} sc``, Ke {Eb.} sc |
Kbl {Cp.} suvs, Ll si | Smr {J} sn, Tmk {Cp.} hc | Skr {Sx.} sc`, {Lk.} sa | EDng {Fd.} sc | Mb {Lk.} suva,
Brg {J} saya, Jg {J} s- id. JI I 51 {Ch. 'sv) & II 11O-1, JS 88, Nw. #39, Stl. IF 92 (Ch 'sai?- >
'svy / 'sy? / 'sv?), ChC, ChL, Stl. ZCh 18O [#326] (WCh 'sal - 'sil), Ro. 239, Csp. 15, 47, Sh. SB 35,
Hsk. 267 AD ChCS ##17, 27ll ? U: FU {Coll.}'scc-, {UEW} 'scvc- v. 'eat' ( N 'sEgIV 'to eat,
swallow' [q.v. ffd.]).
214O. 'Suv V 'to push, cause' ( 'to ask for', causative) > IE 'scu_L-/'suL- > NaIE 'scvo- 'set
in motion' > OI su-: su'vati 'sets in motion, vivifies, urges', pp. 'ra-su-ta 'angetrieben, gesandt',
savi-'tar 'stimulator, rouser, vivifier' (to distinguish from su- 'grant, bestow; allow, authorize' < N
'suvhV 'to loosen', q.v.) | Av x
v
aqhay
o
'drngt', malnyu-suta 'vom Geist getrieben' (OI/Av u < NaIE
'u < IE 'uL; OI i < NaIE 'o < IE 'L) || ? OIr soid twists, turms' Ht {Ts.} suvay- 'stoen, drngen,
schieben' {EI} 'push, urge', Pal sunat 'poured out' Not here Gk coe ('coe) 'let, suffer, allow,
permit', OHG fir-sumcn 'to neglect, miss', MHG sumcn 'to delay, linger, tarry', which belong to IE
'scu_H-/'suH- 'let, neglect' < N 'suvhV '' EI 5O7 ('scu_h- / prs. 'su'nch-ti), M K III 488-9, MW
698, 119O-1, 1239, Kb. 986, F I 434, Ts. W 79 ll A: Tg 'sub- 'push' > WrMc subada- 'push each
other', Ul stbaqa- 'interfere, meddle in other peoples business' STM II 115 ll D: ? D 'co'v- ({GS}
's-?) > Kn so, sovu, sohu 'drive off, chase away', sovali 'chasing away, driving off'; the connection
with Tm ou 'drive away, cause to flee' and occu 'drive away, chase' is doubtful D #2878 lll
This N word was grammaticalized as a marker of causativity: HS 'sV- > S 'sV- px. of causative verbs
(Sh -stems) > Ak sV-, BHb, OA hV-, Ar, Gz ?a-, Sb hV-, Mn, Qtb, Hdr S sV- Eg s- id. B 'sV- id.: Shl
ird 'be clean' - s-ird 'make clean, wash', Tmz Oamoz 'take (often)' - s-Oamoz 'make so. take (often)',
Tw imyar 'tre grand' - somyor 'rendre grand', etc. C px. '-sV- id. [following the personal pxs.] (in
verbum finitum of the prefix-conjugated verbs), sx. '-sV- [preceding the sxs. of person-gender-
number] (in verbum finitim of the suffix-conjugated verbs and in some nominal forms of verbs) >
Bj pxs. and sxs. -so/sc-, -s- || Ag (sxs.): Bln {Plm.} -s-, -is-, -ss-, Xm {Ap.} -s-, -Iz-, -Iss-, Km {Ap.} -s-, Q {R}
-s-, -z-, Aw {Hz.} -c- || EC '-s- (prefixes): Sa {Wlm.}, Af {Hw.} -ys-, -s-, (?) -y-, (sxs.): Sa -is-, Sml -si-, Or,
Sd -s-, ? Rn -s- - -(i)c- || SC: Irq {Mous} caus. sx. -s- NrOm: Gf {Mrn.} sx. -s-/-is-, Cha {C} -s, -is, -s, Zl
{C}, Ym {C} -s, Kf {C} -c- id. Ch: traces of the HS causative marker have been found in Hs: Hs -ar,
-sc, causative sxs. of the verb Dk. SHL 1OO-1, Dk. AL 1O4-7, Dk. JDPA 256-61, Sd. G 116-7 [
89 (17)], 122-3 [ 94 (22)], Bst. ESA 19, Lip. 334, 387-392, Ed. 44O-5, AD KJ 93-7, AD SF 287,
Pr. M VI-VII 57-9, Cadi 41-5, Hz. AL 31, Ap. REA , Ap. Kh II 47O-1, Ap. K 331, PH 246-7, PG 31-2,
Mous 17O-5, C SE III 34, 143-4 & IV 2O9-12, C SO 39, Mrn. O 58-9, AiM 223, PorS 363 ll ? A: J: J
(incl. Ryukyu ds.) -s-causative: J noIo-s(u) 'leave behind' noIo-r(u) 'remain' ^ AD NEPGF 24O-1
(does not distinguish between the reflexes of this N , those of ''sEvj,V 'to want' and the
grammatical reflexes of 'suvhV 'to loosen, release'), Gr. I 2OO-2 ["causative S" in IE, Y, A (Tg, J, qu.
T), EA, Ai].
2141. ''s'uvhX ''sE?uvhV 'moisture, water, wet, rain' > HS: S 'sshh, '-ssuhh- > Ar sahh-
'rain', shh (ip. ya-suhh-u) v. 'pour, flow'; S 'ssayh- - 'ssay- > Ar sayh- - say- 'flowing water' BK
1O57, 1173-4 NrOm: Bnc {Wdk.} so`?, Gmr {Fl.} so? 'water' Wdk. BY 11O, 182, Fl. OWL, Blz. OL
('so? 'water') C: Ag {Ap.} 'ssv- ({ Ap.} 'sov-) 'rain' > Km {Ap.} ssva, {CR} suva, Xm {Ap.} sIva,
Bln {Bnd.} suva, {R} zu'va, Q {R} suva 'rain' || EC: Ya so_o 'rain' || SC: Alg sa?ami, Brn {Wh., E} sa?ama
'river', ?? Asa {E} so?oqI 'valley' R WB 312, Ap. AV 19, Blz. CWL, E SC 18O, Wh. IC 25, AD SF 1OO
?? Ch: WCh: Cg {Sk.} zavc` 'water' | Gj {Sh.} zc, Tule/Zem/Sy/Zar {Sh.} za, Zem D {Sh.},
Ds/Wnd/Dw {Sh.} sa id. JI II 34O-1, Sh. SB 33 ll K ''s`ov- v. 'wet, wetten' - GZ 's`ovcl- 'wet,
soaked' and GZ 's`ovl- v. 'wet, make wet' ( N 'suvjV,lV 'liquid, moisture' [q.v. ffd.]) ll IE
'scu_H-/'suH- > NaIE 'scu(o)-/su- 'moisture, rain' > Gk uci (with a long u) 'it rains', ucto) 'heavy rain'
|| Gmc: OHG sou (gen. souvcs " sovcs) 'juice', AS scav 'juice, moisture', ON sogr 'rain; sea' || Pru sugc
[suyc] 'rain' || pAl {O} 'suya > Al shi 'rain' || pTc {Ad.} *su-/svasa- > Tc A/B su-/svasa- v. 'rain P
912-3, EI 477 ('suH- 'rain'), Lehm. GE 213 (on the Gmc ev. of a lr. in this word), Krs. WT I 299, Wnt.
TE 193-4 (on the Tc and Gk ev. of an IE lr.), F II 978-9, Ho. 287, Kb. 926, OsS 845, Schz. 264, Vr.
577, 413-4, Wn. 443, Ad. 693, Ad. H 1O2 AD ChCS ##17, 27 ll A: T 'si_ub ({Md.} 'si_ub) 'water'
({tAD}: < ''sEub) > NaT 'suj:,b 'water' > OT [MhK] suv - suv, {Cl.} suv (i.e. suv), {DTS}
suv - suv - sub - suy 'water, river', [MCh.] suv 'water' (interpreted by Md. as sub), Tkm cyn Ouv, Tk su,
Uz, Qmq, Nog cyn suv, Az, ET, VTt, SY {Ml.}, Slr {Ten.} su, Qzq cy suv, Qq suv, Bsh hIv, QrB, Qrg, Alt
su, Tv, Tf, Xk, Shor suy, Yk u || Chv siv, Chv MK {Md.} su 'water' Md. 12O-1, 177, Cl. 783-4, TL
88-9, MKD 169-7O, DTS 512, 515-6, TkR 592, Ra. 229, Jeg. 34O, Ml. ZhU 1O5, Ten. SSJ 487 The
rec. of a long vowl (Cl., Md.) is not justified (Tkm has a short u, the long -u of Yk goes back to
'-ub) d ? M 'subag 'narrow long swampy depression' (< *'river'), 'ditch, canal' > MM [HI] {Ms.}
subaq 'foss, canal', WrM subag, HlM cynai 'ditch, trench, canal; narrow long swampy depression', Brt
ly6ai 'ditch, gutter' Ms. H 96, MED 733, Chr. 687 DQA #218O [A 'si_ubau 'water' > T {DQA}
'sib (= 'suj:,b?)] ll D 'cu- 'wet' > Gnd susu (ai_ana) 'be just a little wet' (of clothes drying) DED
#2242 (+ unc. D 'coI-, {GS} 'zoI- 'wash, rub' [D #2872, GS 119, #312]) ^ The tentative N rec.
''suvhX explains the pT form as resulting from vowel harmony: 'su-...-X (= [s'u...-X]) >
(synharmonic as with preservation of the palatality of 's'-) 's'u...-X (or 'si_u...X) and later pT 's'-
(or 'si_- ?) > Chv s-. The alt. rec. N ''sE?uvhV tries to explain the pT diphthong '-i_u- as going back
to a former bisyllabic structure '-Ehu- ^ N '-h- is reconstructed on the ev. of S and K (it is the only
cns. yielding S 'h and K zero). N 's- is reconstructed on the ev. of K 's`-. But if the K cognate is
rejected (as ambiguous), we must replace 's- and '-h- by unspecified 's- and '-X- ^ AD LRC 7-8, IS
MS 341 ('snvn 'n(iocr' > IE, T, K, HS).
2142. ?? o 'soyV 'to sound' > IE: NaIE {P} 'svci_-/'svi- id., +ext. : 'svci_sd- > OI Isvcdati -
Isvcdati 'buzzes, hums, murmurs' (I- from metanalysis in some word group or due to
onomatopia?) || OIr {Vn.} scit- 'souffler', {P} sct- 'play (a wind-instrument)', ind fct 'sibilus', NIr
fcad 'a whistle', W chvythu 'blow (wind), play (a wind-instrument)' || ? Gk oie v. 'hiss' || Sl o 'svist+ n.
'whistle' > OR taut:+ svist, Cz svist, P svist, R, Uk cnncr id.; - 'svistati - 'svistcti 'to whistle' > OC, OR
taut:o:u svistati, R cnnc) rcr - cnnc) rar, Uk cnnc) rarn, Cz svistcti - svistati, Slk svistat`, P svistac Not
here Gt sviglon 'to blow a flute', OHG svcglon 'to blow a Schwegelpfeife', AS {Ho.} svccl 'music'
and L sibila- v. 'whistle' (see N 's'ugjV,lV 'produce sounds by voice or by blowing') P 1O4O-1, EI
72 ('svci_- 'blow through a small aperture so as to hizz or buzz'), Vn. S 76-7; M K I 295-6 (because
of the onomatopia he rejects all connections of the OI word), M E I 441, F II 7O4 (oie is o) , Vs. III
58O-1, Ma. CS 389 ll U: FU 'soyc 'to sing, sound', 'voice' > F soi- v. 'sound, ring', soitta- 'play (a
musical instrument)', soitto 'music', Es soitlc- v. 'scold' | pLp {Lr.} 'coys v. 'sound, resound' > Lp: L
{LLO} t|uod|at, N {N} cuogg|at / -|-, K {Gn.} cuyyco id., Vfs {Hs.} t|uo|cdh id., t|uo|c n. 'sound' | pChr
{Ber.} 'so-It+- v. 'sound (lauten, tnen)' > Chr: H mairam'saIta-s, L moiramsoI'ta-s / soItc-, B/M/Uf
soItc- v. 'play (music), be heard' || ObU {Ht.} 'suy 'voice, sound' > pVg 'suy > Vg: LK/MK soy, P/Ss
suy 'voice'; pOs {Ht.} 'soy ({ Hl.} 'suy) 'sound, voice' > Os: V/Vy soy, Ty/Y so'y, D/K scy,
Nz/Kz siy, O siy id. | Hg za|, sza| 'noise, din, sound', za|- Coll. 114, UEW 482-3, Lr. #188, Lgc.
#754, Lgc. SL 2899, Ber. 64 [#336], MRS 689, 714, Ht. #565 ll ?? A: pJ {S} 'savaI- v. 'sound, male
noise' > OJ savaI-, J: T/Kg savag-, K savag- S QJ # 987, Mr. 748 DQA #1938 [A 'saybo
'sound' > J + unc. T 'sogla- 'say' (in fact from N 'soK'U 'to say') + Tg savu- (an unjustified rec.
from Orc saiIi n. 'sound' and o: Ud safu-safu o-, safura- and Ewk sauda- 'rustle'] ll ? HS: C: Dhl {EEN,
To} so? v. 'sing', {To.} so?c 'song' || SC: Asa sisa?a 'voice' E SC 231, EEN 24, To. D 147 ^ IS MS
342 s.v. :nyuar 'so|n (IE, U) ^ If the qu. A root does belong here and its rec. 'saybo- is valid, the N
rec. must be 's'o'yvV ^ Qu. (at both the IE and the N level) because of the onomatopic factor in
the history of the words.
2143. 'sizV 'stream, small body of water (lake & sim.)' ( 'marsh') > HS: S 'ssyl > Ar sayl- 'a
stream' ('torrent') - sala / yasulu v. 'stream' (of water) BK I 1177 Possible infl. of 'suvjV,lV
'liquid, moisture' (q.v.) ll IE: NaIE 'sclos- 'lake, marsh' > OI 'saras- 'lake, pond', 'Sarasvati- (name of a
stream and a goddess), Irn 'harah- 'lake' in n. l.: Av Hara_
v
a
i
ti-, OPrs Harauvati- 'Arachosia (a province
in the Persian empire)' ( OI 'Sarasvati-) || Gk co) ntr. (gen. cco)) 'marsh-meadow, marshy ground;
backwater' || ? W hclcdd, hcl 'meadow along the side of a river' P 9O1, EI 37O (''sclcs- 'marsh'), M
K III 443-4, F I 5O1-2 ll U: FU 'sizV 'moisture; small stream; moist, swampy land' > Prm: Z : n zila 'a
place with stagnant water (xccro, i(c cronr pana) no(a)', 'nasse, sumpfige, morastige Stelle',
arsa-zila 'anhaltender Staubregen im Herbst', Yz zilI'ya 'moist, swampy' || OHg ugy - igy 'spring,
brook, river' ('fons, rivulus, fluvius') UEW 442, LG 1O5, MF 959-6Oll D 'cil- ({GS} 's-?) 'pond,
brook, river' > Tl ciluu 'a pond', Klm silIa 'river', Nkr silIa 'brook, river', Prj cilva 'brook, rivulet',
Gnd silIa 'small river' " hilIa " ilIa 'rivulet' D #2569 ^ Eg fP s ({Vc.} < 'syv) 'lake, pool,
basin' > DEg sy 'lake, well' > Cpt ut sci 'well, basin' (EG III 397-8, Fk. 26O, Vc. 258), which
probably belong to N 'c'a?ivE (or 's'a?ivE?) 'body of water, wet\swampy ground' [q.v.].
2144. 'sugzV 'finger(s), hollow hand' > HS: CS ''suyja,l- 'hollow hand' > BHb 'soal' 'hollow
hand, handful' (att. forms: &lo0S1 so`'l-o 'his hollow hand', pl. Mil5o1S6 soa'l-im and pl. cs. il4o9S2
sa",lc), Sr su'la, Md sula id., JA {Trg.} al1o9S2 sa"'l-a - al1uoS6 sou'l-a 'hollow of the hand\sole'
KB 1487-8, Lv. T II 5O3, Js. 161O, DM 454 ll U 'suz'a 'finger' > pObU 'Ouz(V) id. > pVg 'tula
'finger-ring' > Vg: T tola, LK/MK tolo, UK tulo, P/NV/UL/Ss tula id.; pOs {Ht.} 'uy - 'oy 'finger' >
Os: V loy (with 1s ppa. luyom 'my finger'), Vy yoy, Ty/Y oy, D/K tuy, Nz tuy, Kz uy, O luy id.; V/O
luy 'sewing-ring, finger-ring', Vy yuy, Ty/Y uy, D tuy, Nz tuy, Kz uy id. Sm {Jn.} 't+ya, {Hl.}
't+ya 'finger' > Mt {Hl.} 'taya id. (Mt: M/K {Mll.} taia id., M {Pl.} ran(a 'his finger', T {Mll.} ta|am 'my
finger') Coll. 64, Coll. CG 4O5 ('sulV), UEW 449 ('suzV), Sm. 54O (U 'suvda 'finger' > FU
's/suvda, FP 'suvda, Ugr 'suda, Sm 'to|a), MF 651-2, Ht. #116, Jn. UK 21 (U 'suza), Hl. MTKV 62-
3, 88, Hl M #941 ^ In S the N cns. '-z- yields '-l- if the root-initial cns. is a sibilant; therefore no S
's.s-roots are attested.
2145. 'scA 'a relative from the opposite moiety' ('father\son-in-law', 'mothers brother', and
sim.) > K {K
2
} 's`i`c- or {K} 'si`c- 'son-in-law' > G sic-, Mg si(n)a- " sinda id., Lz sia- id.,
'bridegroom', Sv: UB/L cizc, LB/Ln cizc 'son-in-law' K 163 ('si`c-), K
2
181 ('s`i`c-), TK 831
The pK rec. 's`i`c- is preferable. As : N 'scA > 'scA (whence regularly K 's`i`c-); dis 's... > s...
in Zan ll HS: EC 'sVz- ({Blz.} 'sVz-) 'relative-in-law' > Sml soddog 'father-in-law', soddoh 'mother-in-
law', Rn {PG} scyyoh - soyyoh, {Oo.} so'yoh 'female-in-law' (= mother- \ daughter-in-law)', {PG, Oo.}
scyyoh (/-II-) 'male-in-law (father- \ son- \ brother-in-law)', pBn 'siddah 'mother-in-law', 'sister-in-
law' > Bn B/J/Kj siddah, Bn K soddoh id., {Grg.} sodd-a 'in-law, wifes sibling', Or H {Ow.} sodda, Or
B/O/Wt {Sr.} sodda 'in-law' (Or 1 Arr sodda id.), Arr soh 'in-laws', Gln {AMS} soqo 'son-in-law' Hn.
BD 118, 149, PG 259, 1O (on the morphophoneme -h / -II-), Oo. 7O, Grg. 36O, Sr. 386, Ow. 271, Hw.
A 394, AMS 222 ? (mt ?) WCh: P {MSk.} cosi-ti (pl. cosani) 'in-law', ??: Wrj {Sk.} ayi-na id.,
ciyaI"-ai_ 'female relative-in-law' MSk. 171, Sk. NB 27, Stl. ZCh 255 [1O2] ll U 'ccca 'uncle' > F
scta 'fathers brother', ? Es scdi 'mothers brother' | pLp {Lr.} 'cccc 'fathers brother' > Lp: S {Hs.}
t|icdsic, L {LLO} t|ichtic, t|ahtic, N {N} cccc, Kld {TI} cic,cc 'fathers younger brother' | Er cicc
'elder brother-in-law (sisters husband)', Mk ana 'scava - scava 'mothers mother',
r 'scata 'mothers father' | pChr 'cuco > 'ccca > Chr L uy'uy' cucu, H ui'ui' coco, {Rm.}
cico 'mothers brother', U cuco - tuco | pPrm 'coz 'mothers brother' > Z uo coz, Z Lt/Ud
coz, Vt u'yxypr cuzmurt id., u'y6y6i 'mothers father' || Vg: LK {Kn.} sas, Ss {Kn.} sasi 'uncle', P
{Kn.} sasso-m 'my uncle' Sm {Jn.} 'cica 'mothers younger brother' > Ne T rn( , T O {Lh.} tidc,
Ng {Mik.} d tItida, Slq: Tz {KKIH} tita 'mothers younger brother', Tm {KD} d (dim.?) ccog_a,
MKe cica id., Ch {Cs.} tccca, MO {Cs.} ccca 'mothers brother', Ke {Cs.} citca, NP cicc, Nr dim.
cccga 'uncle' pY {IN} 'caca 'elder brother, uncle' > Y K {IN} caca id., {Krn.} caca 'elder
bother' UEW 34-5, Sm. 536 (U, FU 'ccca, FP 'c/scca, Ugr 'ccca, Sm 'cica), Lr. #126, Lgc.
#534, Hs. 1315, TI 665, PI 312-3, RMarS 167, Ep. 144, Rm. OTS 158, Ber. 7, Jn. 33, KKIH 183, KHG
OSJ 92, Cs. 135, 147, 258, IN 21, Krn. JJ 284, Rd. UJ 35 [#5] (Y A U) Pre-U ass. affricatization
of 's-: 'scA > 'ccca ^ Blz. KM 119 [#18] (K, EC, U) & 13O (added NB), AD NM #111, S CNM 12
( proto-Lezgian).
2146. 'Si'V 'to skin, scratch' > K: GZ 'ig-vn- v. 'pinch, nip, tweak (large portion)' > G
ign- id., Mg gsgon-, gigon- id. K 269, K
2
281, FS E 574 ('ig-) ll HS: C: Ag 'sVsI- v. 'skin' >
Bln {R} sisI- R WB 311 ll A: Tg 'sisa- v. 'scrape, scratch' > Ul stsa/t- 'scrape (cio6nnr, cipccrn)',
WrMc sisa- 'dig in the earth' (of pigs), 'gnaw' (of worms) STM II 98 ? NaT 'soy- v. 'skin (an
animal), peel' > OT soy- v. 'skin', XwT XIV soy- v. 'strip off', MQp 'soy- v. 'peel', Osm XIV soy- v. 'flay',
Tk soy- v. 'strip, undress, peel', Ggz, Az soy- v. 'peel, skin', Tkm con- Ooy- v. 'peel', SY soy- v. 'skin (an
animal)', Qrg soy v. 'skin' 'slaughter', Qzq soy- id., 'undress', Tv soy- v. 'skin, take off (a saddle)',
Alt soy- id., 'slaughter', Xk soy- v. 'skin, bark', VTt suy- id., 'slaughter' Cl. 858, Rs. W 425, Ten. SSY
2O6, Jud. 65O, Jeg. 198 ^ K '-, C and Tg '-s- are due to as between sibilants.