2239. 't'a 'away (from), from', ablative (separative) pc. > HS: C: Ag: Knf {Hz.

g: Knf {Hz.} -da and possibly

Aw -dcs and Bl -lsd 'from'; Bln -d 'in' indicates also the cause (qonyat-id 'aus Neid') which may go back
to a sx. of abl. Hz. AL 16-7, R BilS 679-80 ll IE [1] 'dc 'away (from), from' > L dc prep. 'from' and
dc- pv. of separation, Fls DE prep. 'de', Osc DAT id., DA(D)- pv. 'de-', Um DA- id. (DAETOM 'deitum,
delictum'), L in-dc 'thence, from there', un-dc 'whence?' || Clt: OIr di, dc 'from down, from away',
OW, Br di, Crn thc, pv.: OIr di-, dc-, privative ('without', negative): W, Crn, Br di- [2] '-dc / '-T
(archiphoneme '-d" '-d '-t), separative (abl.) case ending > Gk Cr te-oc 'from here', Gl |oto-oc 'ex
merito'; '-T 'from' > OI 'ma-d, Av ma-t_, OL mc-d 'from me', OI 'tvad, Av 0vat_ - 0vat_, OL tcd 'from
thee'; with the '-o-stems '-oT / '-cT: OI vrIad 'from the wolf', as'cad 'from behind', Gk Dl oike
'domo', Gk D ote 'from where?', e 'from which' (rel.), 'whence?', OL -od 'from' (Gnaivod > L Gnaco
'from Gnaeus'), Osc saIaraIlud 'sacello, from the [small] shrine', toutad 'from the community\people',
Gt la|ro 'from where?', Blt '-a (> Lt -o, Ltv -a) and Sl '-a (gen./abl. of the 'o-stem): Lt to 'of\from
this', vilIo 'from\of the wolf', dicvo, Ltv dicva 'from\of God', ChS :1ao poavu:u ta tcla razluciti sc
'to separate from the body', aa+ko vl+Ia 'of\from [the] wolf', R 'nonia 'of [the] wolf' Brg. KVG 383-4,
4O4, 411, EI 37 ['dc 'away (from)'], WH I 325-6, Bc. G 314, 332, Pln. II 444, LP 344, 431.9, YGM-
1 452, Stang VG 181, Vnd.
1
II 24O, P 7O2, IS I 213 ll U '-tV ({Coll., Hajd} '-ta/'-ta) 'from', sep. case
ending > FV '-ta / '-ta id. > BF primary sep. ending '-ta / '-ta / '-oa / -oa > F -ta/-ta (after cnss.),
-a/-a (after vowels) in F Iotoa 'from home' ( Iotona 'at home') [Ioto 'home'], luota 'from [smbd.]' ('de
chez'), 'from the vicinity of' ( luona 'near, bei, chez'), alta 'from under' ( alla 'under'), ylta 'from
above' ( ylla 'above'), ulIoa 'from outside' ( ulIona 'outside, out of doors'), tyIoa 'from the
vicinity of' ( tyIona 'near, bei, chez'), whence the BF partitive ending '-ta / '-ta / '-oa / -oa > F
-ta/-ta/-a/-a (vctta 'de leau', vcrta 'du sang', lasia 'des enfants'), Es -t/-d/- (aastat prt. 'year',
aasta-i-d pl. 'des annes', lciba prt. 'du pain'); the form of primary separative (with '-ta / '-ta) from d
stems with locative sxs. '-s- and '-l- gave rise to secondary case forms: elative '-s-ta / '-s-ta 'from
within' [cp. the seconadary inessive '-s-sa / '-s-sa 'in' < the locative '-s-na / 's-na] (> F talo-sta 'from
the house', Suomcsta 'from Finland', Hclsingista 'from Helsinki', Es linnast 'from [the] town') and
delative '-l-ta / '-l-ta 'from the surface of' (> F oyda-lta 'from the table' [i.e. 'from the surface of
the table'], tori-lta 'from the market', Es laua-lt 'from the table', ollu-lt 'from the field') | Lp S {Sz.}
-t, -dc 'from' (abl. marker), e.g. allc-t 'from the west', yillc-dc id., addc-t 'from the top', Lp K -o 'some,
du' (partitive), e.g. sommco 'de la force' | Er -do/-dc/-dc, (after vl. cnss.) -to/-tc/-tc 'from', Mk -da, -ta, e.g.
Er tolgado, Mk tolgada 'from a\the feather' Sm '-tE sep. > Ne T {Ter.) -x-( / -iaA-( / -iaA-(, pl. -x-r /
-iaA-r / -iaA-r, En {Ter.} -h-o / -go-o / -Io-o. pl. -h-t / -gI-t / -II-t, Ng -go-to / -Io-to, pl. -gi-to / -Ii-to, Mt {Hl.}
'-ja,du 'from' [Mt K {Pl.} irn|adu 'von vorn', chunaadu 'von hinten'], Kms -tt- / -tci- 'from' (+ppa.: tura-tt-o
'from his house' tura-nd-o 'in[to] his house', turattan 'from thy house' turanan 'in[to] thy house',
turatci 'from my house' turani 'in[to] my house') Sz. 56-8, 63-8, Coll. CG 287, Serebr. PGSUJ
4O-1, Rmb. 5O-1, Ter. NJ-93 332, Ter. EJ-93 346-7, Ter. NgJ-93 353-4, Hl. MTKJ 337, Hl. M 14O, K.
KJ-93 384-5, Hajd US 227-8 Ugr '-l 'from' (> Hg -l 'from' (alo-l 'from below', -bo-l/-bo-l 'out of'
[elative case marker], -ro-l/-ro-l [delative case marker] | Vg: UL -l, -ol, Ss -l, -ol, -n-ol 'out of, from'
(elative case)]); Hajd justifiably rejects Ugr '-l as a cognate and tries to find its etl. ties elsewhere
(FU d '-l 'place on', in my opinion probably cds with 'l, e.g. BF '-l-ta/a 'from', i.e. 'from the surface
of' and Chr {Sz.} -lcc - -lcc 'from') Y: Y K qada-t 'whence?' (qada 'where?'), tada-t 'from there' (tada
'there'), tcni-t 'from here' (tcni 'here'), Y T xo-t 'whence?' Krn. JJ 2O7-1O The vw. '-a/'-a in FV
'-ta/'-ta may be due to grammatical analogy with the locative '-na / '-na within the nominal case
paradigm. The Ugr word-final '-l (if it belongs here) points to a pU '-oV, which became 't in FV (a
reg. reflex of the postcons. 'o). But if Ugr -l does not belong together with FV '-ta/a (which is Hajds
hyp.), the pU case ending may be reconstructed with the cns. 't (as in Coll. CG 287-8 and Hajd US
227-8), which suggests a N reconstructed etymon 'ta ll A: ?? NaT '-ta / '-ta, sep. (abl.) case ending
(functioning as a semantic variant of the locative '-ta / '-ta?) > Yk -ta/-to/-ta/-to (with phonetically
conditioned allomorphs -da/-do/-da/-do, -la/-lo/-la/-lo, -na/-no/-na/-no) (partitive case ending), OT T
-da / -da / -ta / -ta sep.: tabyac-da adirilti '[the Trkt people] separated from the Tabghaches'
(Touquq inscription), mcn ... tabyac qayan-ta bcdizci Iclurtim 'I have brought stone-carvers from the
khan of the Tabghaches' (the small Kl-Tegin inscription), qirqiz-da |antimiz 'we returned from the
-da/-da id. The vowels 'a/a are due to contamination with the
locative '-ta/-ta Kon. GJTRP 157, GJJ 134-5 ll D '-ti 'from' > Kui, Ku -ti, Krx -ti, Mlt -tc, -ti sep.
(mann-tc 'from a tree', malc-n-tc 'from a man', naib alar-ti 'from 4 men'), Klm att-at 'whence?',
-n-attat (sep. ending "increment" -n- [< N 'nu] + attat), -tanat id. (probably < tan 'oneself' + sep.
'-at), Tu {ShanBh} -ttI / -tI 'from' (a ugclI-ttI aIlu on:i ccn`dInI gcttcrI 'they removed a ball from that
well', Iay-tI 'from the hand'), {RamR} -ddI 'from' An. SG 215-6, BB K 247, Shanm. DN 3O8-9, 357,
363, 382, ShanBh T 85, RamR SLDT 81, Hahn KG 14-5 ^ The vw. '-i, '-i in Sm and D suggests a front
vw. in the original particle. IE '(-)dc 'from' (> Gk Cr te-oc 'from here', Gl |oto-oc 'ex merito', L dc,
OIr di, dc, etc.) provides ev. for N 't, while Ugr '-l 'from' (if it belongs here) point to a N 'd ^ IS I 212-
4 ('da, locative pc.; does not distinguish between the etymon in question and the locative 'da, i.e.
'djoy,a place'), Gr. I 157-6O ("ablative T" in IE, U, EA, Yk + unc.: Tg, Gil, CK).
224O. 'tV - marker of plurality ('together') > K '-ta, plural ending in the oblique cases > OG, G
-ta id.; in modern G this so-called "old plural" is used mainly in the written style and is more bookish
than the form with the pl. sx. -cb- Fn. GAS 55-61, Vogt GLG 3O-2 K '-t, sx. of pl. subiecti in verbs
of the 1st and 2nd person > OG, G, Mg, Lz -t, Sv -d; the same sx. functions (in all K lgs.) as a verbal
marker of pl. obiecti (with morphological positional limitations that differ in different lgs.) For
more details see Dt. 57-6O ll HS '-t-, marker of plurality (coalesced with the 't-endings of different
origin and functioning, incl. '-t of the fem.-and-inanimate gender, N 'ta [dem. prn. of non-active
objects] [q.v.] and N ''?atV 'female, woman' [q.v.]) > C '-(V)tV/'-VttV, sx. of pl. > Ag: Bln {Plm.}
mI'rav-ti 'snakes' ( sg. mIra'v-a), IInIl-ti 'ovens' ( sg. IInIl-a), ayg-ut 'lakes' ( sg. ayIg), {R} 'abd-it
'trees' ( sg. ab'-da), 'ardot 'lords' ( sg. ado'r-a), t-odor-ot 'ladies' ( sg. t-ado'r-a), Xm {R} zin-t
'brothers', qin-t houses' ( sg. zin, qin), ir-t 'eyes' || EC '-Vt(V), pl. sx. > Sa {Wlm.} -it ('da-it 'stones'
sg. 'da-a; 'santit 'knives' sg. 'santi; 'loynit 'herdsmen' sg. 'loyna; 'hodit 'trees' sg. hada), Af {Bls.}
-it'tc (amm-it'tc 'uncles' sg. 'ammi; alsit'tc 'moons' sg. 'alsa), Af S {Morin} -ti (saol-ti 'elder
brothers' sg. saal); Sml '-at > -o / -ad- (+ppa.) (Sml N {Lm.}, Sml B {Mrn.} valalo 'brothers' sg.
valal; Sml B ilIo 'teeth' sg. iliI), Sml Ji {Lm.} -da - -do (lamda 'men' sg. lam; lohodo - lohoda 'legs'
sg. loho), Bn {Hn.} -ti (urti 'cheeks' sg. ur); Arr {Hw.} -tc (?artc 'bulls' sg. ?ar; qav?-tc
'crocodiles' sg. qav?; Iacc-tc 'chests [of body] sg. Iacc); Or -ota - -ota (namota 'men' sg.
nama; urota 'stars' sg. uri, Or B ncncota 'lions' sg. ncnca), Kns {BlSO} -ada - -adda
(sinadda 'noses' sg. sina; isIatadda 'women' sg. isIatt-cta; afadda 'mouths' sg. afa; mottada
'friends' sg. motta), Gdl {Bl.} -ada (aada 'fathers' sg. aa; araada 'tongues' sg. ara'-at;
'arada 'years' sg. 'ar-at); Hr, Dbs -a(:)ddc (Iasaddc 'shadows' sg. Iassc; iIaddc 'peoples,
tribes' sg. iIo), Gln -iddc (sam-iddc 'youngsters', mang-iddc 'corns'); Ya -ct, -ct (iIut-ct 'thighs'
sg. iIut; notct 'lips' sg. noto) (unless a case of pl. reduplication); HEC: Kmb {L} -ta, -tc, suff. of
collectiveness (hol'l-ata 'sheep; pl. snglt. hol-'cu; miI'I-ata 'bones' miI-ic'cu 'a bone') || Dhl {To.,
Zab.} -uta, -to, {EEN} -ut_a, -t_o (anut_a 'heads' sg. ani; Ialat_ct_o 'incisors' sg. Ialat_i), (here?)
-addi, -udda (sinaddi 'noses' sg. sina; IoIaddi 'throats' sg. IoI; aludda 'friends' sg. alc) || SC
(here?): Irq, Alg -du, sx. of pl. (Irq {Mous} ?afaydu 'sides' sg. ?afay; caqIadu 'bridges' sg. caqIa,
Alg {Wh.} daba?i 'arms' sg. daba) Zab. 38-43, 61-76, 9O, 115, 137-8, 153-4, 162-6, 179, 196, 2O7-
8, 283, 294-5, Plm. NB 387, R BilS 146, Wlm. S 159-6O, Bls. GGA 177-8, Morin NAS 367, Mrn. SS 26,
Hw. A 336, 371, 388, To. D 136, EEN 1O, 13, Mous 53-5, Wh. 19-26 Ag '-t- goes back to a pC '-tt-
(while pC '-t- > Bln -r-); the same may be the origin of some sxs. in the EC lgs. S '-at-plural
(originally marker of n. coll.) does not belong here ( IS I 12) [see N 'ta, dem. prn. of non-active
(inanimate) objects] ll U '-t, pl. of nouns for animate beings > FU '-t, plural ending: BF nom. pl. '-t (F
Iala-t 'fishes', Krl Iala-t, Vp Iala-d, Lv Ialat_, Es Ialad), in the obl. cases pl. BF '-i_-tc- ('-i_- is another pl.
marker) - '-tc-, e.g. pl. gen. '-i_-tc-n - '-tc-n (> Vp Ialoi_d'cn, F Ialo|cn, Es Ialadc) || pLp '-I nom. pl. (reg.
reflex of pFL '-t, e.g. pFL 'Iala-t 'fishes' > pLp 'IolcI) > Lp N -I (guolcI ''fishes'), Lp S/L -h, -, Lp I -h ||
Er/Mk -t / -t (tolga-t 'feathers', c-t 'ends') || ObU '-t > pVg '-t > Vg {Lml.}: T, LK/MK/UK,
SV/NV/P/LL/ML, UL -(o)t, Ss -(o)d_ (T Iol-ot, LK xult, MK/SV/UK Iull_t, Ss xuld_ 'fishes', etc.); pOs '-t
> Os (all dialects) {Ht.} -t (with allomorphs -ot, -+t), pl. ending of the absolute (non-possessive)
paradigm Sm {Mik.} '-t, sx. of nominal pl. > Ne, En, Ng -?, Kms -?i, (combination with pSm pl.
marker 'y) -yc?, -yc?, Slq {Mik.} -T
2
(= -t/-n) > Slq Tz -t, pl. marker of the non-possessive paradigm:
Iana-t 'dogs', o-t 'trees'; the same ending is probably present in other ds. of Sq, too ( Cs. GSS 14O-
54), but for lack of descriptions of these dialects no precise information is available; the same pl.
marker -T
2
is found as a predicative ending of 3p ({Mik.} -T
2
'sunt'), within the predicative endings
of 1p -mIT
2
, 2 pl. -lIT
2
, and in the possessive endings of nouns: 1p -mIT
2
'our', 2 pl. -lIT
2
'vester', 3 pl.
-tIT
2
'their' Coll. CG 297, Sz. 51, Laan. 148-5O, Krh. 197, 2O8-9, Lml. HFW 11-2, Ht. ChrO 36-7,
Ht. XJ 3O8-9, Mik. GSS 238-9, Hj. SS 11, 19, 23, 26-7, Hl. M 134, Prk. SG 33-8, KHG 169-7O ll A: M '-d,
pl. ending of nouns > MM -d, -ud (e.g. [HI] noyan-d - [PP] noya-d 'officers' [ sg. noyan], yabiya-d
'equestrians' [ sg. yabuyan], [S] clc-t 'sands' [ sg. clc-sun], [MA] bay-ut 'ties' sg. bay), WrM -d
(mori-d 'horses' [ sg. morin], gaad 'countries' [ sg. gaar], HlM, Ord, Brt -d - -t, Kl -d_, Mgl -t; M '-d is
also found in the interr. prn. 'Icd (pl. of 'Icn 'who?') > MM Ict, WrM Icd Pp. IM 178-8O, 229, Gab.
ATG 172 Tg: WrMc -ta / -tc, pl. ending of some animate nouns: ama-ta 'fathers' ( sg. ama), cmc-tc
'mothers', asiha-ta 'youngster' ( sg. asihan), cc-tc 'chiefs' ( sg. ccn); -t- for the expected '-d- has not
yet found explanation Hrl. 33-4 ? T: OT -t, -Vt: crat 'men, warriors' (pl. of cr), oylit 'descendants'
(pl. of oylan), tarqa-t (pl. of tarqan - a title), tcgit (pl. of tcgin 'prince'), OT {Pel. Mng.} 'turIut 'Turks'
(preserved in Chinese transcription); acc. to Br., this sx. is of M origin, but Sin. UAP 212-3 is not sure
about it; Kon. suggests that -t is a loan from Sogdian; -at in MT bayat 'gardens' sg. bay, aymaqat
'stems' sg. aymaq is of Prs (A Ar) origin SIGTJM 12-3, Kon. GJTRP 147, Tekin GOT 122, Prl. T
687, Mng. TLP 111, Batm. JJP 1O2, Ajd. 144, Br. OTG 15O-1 ^ The original meaning of the etymon is
hard to determine. One of possible meanings is 'together', which is compatible with its use as a
marker of multiple subjects and multiple objects in K ^ ISs hyp. of the exclusive connection of {IS}
'-tV with inanimate nouns is not sufficiently proved; its only argument is S '-at- as pl. marker of
non-active nouns, which is erroneous: in fact S '-at- is a compound: '-a- as a marker of collectivity
(used without '-t- in the pred. case of f.) + '-t- as a nominalizer [allowing to use the construction N
(nominal) + '-a- in specificaly nominal cases with case endings ('-u of nominative, '-a od accus.-
genitive) and with the determner -m]. The resulting form N-at-um nom. / N-at-um acc.-gen. is not
actually a pl., it has the case-and-status endings of sg. and is constructed with predicate verbs in f.
sg., because in pS it was a n. coll. (sg. f.). The morpheme '-t- in S '-a-t-u(m)/'-a-t-a(m) goes back to the
N inanimate prn. 'ta (q.v. ffd.) and hence does not belong to this etymon ^ IS I 12 ('-tV as pl.
marker of inanimate nouns), Sin. UAP 211-4 (U, A), Gr. I 1O6-8 ("plural T" in U, A, EA, Gil, Ai).
2241. 'ti?u 'to shine, be bright, be seen' > HS: Eg: fOK t: v. 'be hot (sky, bread, etc.)', G t:
'verbrennen', fMd t:.v {Fk.} 'heat', {EG} 'Hitze, Glut', NK t:y.t 'Glut' EG V 229-31, Fk. 293 ll K 'tc-
'light (lux)' -: (1) pGZ 'na-tc- 'light' > OG natcl-i n. 'light, ray', OG, G natcl- adj. 'light, bright', Mg, Lz
notc- 'torch, splinter (used as torch, nyunna)'; - 'nat-/'nt- 'shine, give light' > OG nat-cb-a, nat-ob-a n.
act. 'to shine, give light', G a-nat-cb-s 'lights up, illuminates', a-nt-ia '(it) shines, gives light'; ?? (2) K
'tc-n- 'become visible, get lighter' [ N 't'oNV 'to appear', q.v. ffd.] > OG tcn- 'be dawning'
(da vitar gantcna yamci igi 'when the morning was come' [Mt. 27.1]), G tcn-cb-a 'dawn', Lz tan-aa id.,
'become visible', Mg tan-a-a 'to dawn, spend the night' K 92 ('tcn-), 145 ('na-tc-), K
2
68
('tcn-/'tc-), 136-7 ('nat-c- 'light', 'nat-/'nt- 'to shine, give light'), FS K 143 ('tan-/'tn-), 147 ('tcn-), Marr
146, Abul. 318 ll IE: [1] 'dci_- 'shine, be bright' > OI 'didc-ti 'shines, is bright', 3p didyati || Gk Hm ocoto
3s ipf. 'videbatur', aor. ooooooto, Gk occo) 'visible' || IE broken rdp 'doy-do- and sim. > ON tcitr, AS
tat 'glad, merry' ( 'shining'), ON tcita 'to gladden, delight', AS ttan id., 'to caress', AS tat 'glad,
merry', OSx tct 'glad', OHG zci 'zart, lieb, angenehm' P 183-4, ES 513, M K II 45, F I 354, Vr. 586,
Ho. S 74, Ho. 342-3, Sw. 167, Kb. 1246, OsS 1241 [2] 'dycu_- 'daylight', 'deified daylight, heaven' >
NaIE nom. 'dycu_s - diycu_s, acc. 'dyc(u_)m, voc. 'dycu_, gen. 'di'v-cs, 'di'v-os) > OI 'dyauh (acc. dyam,
gen. di'vah - 'dyoh) 'heaven, sky, day', Av dyaos abl.-gen. 'from the sky'; OI 'diva 'by day', 'divasa-
'heaven, day' || Gk Zcu) (acc. Zv, gen. Ai(F)o)), Gk B/Lc Acu) 'Zeus', cvoio) 'at midday' || L gen. Iovis 'of
Jupiter', Osc dat. iuvci, Aioci 'to Jupiter', L dics 'day' (for the expected 'dicus on the analogy of
acc. dicm), L [Plt.] dius 'by day', L nu-dius tcrtius 'now is the third day' || OIr dic, NIr dia, Brtt {RE} 'dii_iu_s
(< IE 'diycu_-s) > OW did, MW, W dydd, OCrn [VC] dct, Crn dcth, dyth, OBr {Flr.} dcd - did, MBr dcz, Br L
dciz, Br T/Cr/V dc 'day' || Arm tiy tiv 'day' [2a] IE 'dycu_s-otcr 'father daylight, father heaven'
(name of a god) > OI 'dyaus i'ta || Gk Zcu) tot || L Iuitcr - Iuitcr, Um voc. Iuatcr, dat. Iuvcatrc ||
Ilr [Hs.] Aci-totuo) Ht siu- god' ({GI} 'god of sun', 'god of heaven'), sivanna- 'divine', sivatt- 'day',
Lw tivat- (nom. tivaz), Pal tiyaz 'god of sun' [2b] d with an 'o-sx.: NaIE ''dci_vo-s 'heavenly' (
'god') > OI dc'vah 'heavenly, divine; god', Av dacva- 'demon, false deity' || OL dcivos, L dcus 'god', dca
'goddess', divus 'divine, god' (- divinus 'divine'), Osc dcivai 'deae' || OIr dia (gen. dc) 'god', OCrn
duiu-(tit) 'Gott(heit)', MW {SEv.} dvyv, dyv, W duv, OCrn duy, Br douc 'god', MW {LP} dvym-avl 'divine' ||
ON tivar pl. 'gods', Gmc 'tci_vaz > ON yr 'war god', pl. tivar 'gods', OHG iu, io (gen. Zivcs) 'Mars' (in
zicstac 'dies Martis, tuesday'), AS i (gen. ivcs) id., cd tivcs-d' 'tuesday' > NE tucsday || Lt dicvas,
Ltv dicvs, Pru dcivs, dcyvis (gen. dcyvas) 'god' P 184-6, EI 149 ['dyc(u_)- 'day'], 23O-1 ['dci_'v-o-s
'god', ''dycu_-s h_'tcr 'sky-father'], Ts. W 77, Carr. P 75, Lar. 128-9, GI II 791, Watk. G, Neu AT 116-
131, M K II 42, 63-4, 7O-1, M E I 75O-2, F I 61O-1, WH I 345-6, 349-51, 359-6O, 732-4, Bc. G 315,
338, LP 6.2, 16, Thr. 34O, RE 87, SEv. 29, Flr. 132, 138, YGM-1 197, Vr. 6O3, OsS 1291, Ho. 35O,
Frn. 93-4, En. 158, Tp. P A-D 321-4. Slt. 6O-1 ll ? A: M: MM [AT] ciugcn - ccugcn 'shining' MED 12OO
^ Cp. Etr tiu, tiv- 'moon' Pfiffig 3O4-5, Pallottino Ew 3O3 ^ BmK 3O3-4 (equating IE 'dycu_- with
Sum dc v. 'smelt' and D 'ti- 'fire', actually belonging to N 'tayva 'fire' [q.v.]), S NSR 4-6 [err. :
compares IE with K 'dyc 'day' (in fact from 'daovIV 'sun, day') and reconstructs a pN 'd"-].
2242. ??? 'to'?i 'fig' > HS: CS 'tV?i'n-at-, 'tV?in- 'fig tree, fig' > BHb en!a4T6 toc'na, Pun (?) Nit
tyn, IA tyn, JA [Trg.], JEA at1n^iT4 tcn(o)ta, SmA t?nh, tynh, Sr E tc?tta, Sr W oi ti?tta tit'to,
4oi ti<n>tta tit'to, Md tina 'fig tree', Ar tin-, tin-at- 'fig tree, fig', Ak tittu(m) (pl. tinatu(m)) id. KB
1544-5, Lv. T II 536, Sl. 12O5-6 EC: Sml {R} doyn 'fig tree, fig', pl. doymo R SS II 123 NrOm: Ym
{C} tc?a 'sycamore' C SE III 85 ll D {Km.} 'toy-, {GS} 'toy- ' fig tree' > Prj toy 'Ficus glomerata',
Gdb toy marin id. (marin 'tree'), Gdb toia " toya, Knd toga, Png toga mar, Mnd tugc id., Kui toga 'fig, fig
tree', Ku toya 'fig' D #3537, GS 188 [#478] The cns. -g- in Knd, Png, Mnd and Kui is still
puzzling. Krishnamurti (Km. 33-4) claims that -g- of several D lgs., incl. some lgs. of the SCD, CD and
NED branches, may go back to pD '-y-, without formulating a clear phonetic law ^ Blz. DA 16O
[#8O] [equates the D root with Arm t`uz, Gk B tukov 'fig tree' (cp. F II 818) and HS {Blz.} 'tiI- 'fig'].
2243. 'tu?'o 'two' > IE 'dvo(u_) 'two' m. (and 'dvoi_ f./ntr., {Huld} 'duvai_ f.) > OI m. d(u)vau,
f./ntr. d(u)va, YAv m. duua, ntr. duuac-ca, KhS duva, NPrs du, Psh dva, Oss: I dsvva - duva, D
duv(v)a || Arm erku crIu || Gk Mc dvo, Gk Hm ou()e, Gk A ouo || pAl {O} 'duvo (f. 'duvai_), {Huld} 'du
(f. 'du) > Al: T/G dy du, SG/Be du, P du, f. du || L m./ntr. duo, f. duac || OIr dau, da, NIr da, Brtt {RE}
'dvau_ m. > OW dou, MW dcu, W dau, Crn dov, dcu, OBr, MBr dou, Br daou || Gt m. tvai, f. tvos, ntr. tva,
OSw Ru tuaiv, OSw m. tvcr - tvc, f. tvar, ntr. tu, ON m. tvcir, f. tvr, ntr. tva - tvau, OHG m. zvcnc, f.
zvo, ntr. zvci, eNHG (before XVIII) m. zvccn, f. zvo, ntr. zvci (> NHG zvci & zvo), OSx m. tvcnc, f. tva,
ntr. tvc, AS m. tvo'cn, f. tva, ntr. tu, NE tvo (and tvain); the ON, OSw, OSx, AS and OHG m. forms
are due to analogical restructuring within the paradigm of cases and genders (in WGmc based
probably on pGmc forms of obl. cases, incl. gen. 'tvayon and dat. 'tvayiyom that preserve the pIE
du. morpheme '-oi_-, cf. Brg. DK 55ff.) || Lt du m., dvi f., Ltv divi, Pru dvai | Sl 'd(+)va > OCS +ao d+va,
Blg, R, Uk (na, SCr, Slv dva, Cz, Slk dva, P dva; Sl f. 'd(+)vc > OCS +a1 d+vc, Blg, R (nc, Uk (n , SCr
(nc " dvi|c, Slv dvc, Cz dvc, Slk dvc, P dvic || Tc: A vu m. (< 'dvo-u_), vc f. (< f. 'dva-i_), B vi m./f. (<
'dvo-i_) The initial component of cds : NaIE 'dvi- 'two-, bi-' > OI dvi-, Av bi-, Arm erki- crIi-, Gk oi-, OL
dvi-, L bi-, ON tvi-, Lt dvi- HrLw tu-va-i 'two', acc. tuvazi 'duos', Ht cd da-yuga 'two years old', dan 'for
the second time' P I 228-9, Mn. 174-6, EI 399-4OO ['dvoi_- - 'd(u)voi_yos 'two, group of two'
(cardinal collective), ''dvch(u_) - 'du'vch(u_) 'two' du.], M K I 82-4, M E I 761-3, Bai. 163-4, Ab. I 385-
6, F I 424-5, WH I 381-3, Huld 56, O 79, Me. EAC 165, RE 141, SEv. 45, LP 13.3, YGM-1 164, Flr.
151, Fs. 484-5, Vr. 6O1-2, Ho. 357-8, Ho. S 76, Kb. 1271, OsS 131O-1, KM 896, Frn. 1O7-8, En. 164,
Tp. P A-D 395, ESSJ V 185-8, KT 158, Wn. 585-6, Ad. 598-9, Ad. H 19, 137, Ts. E III 5, Mer. HHG 16,
Mer. SGA 283 ll HS: S 'tav?am--'tu?am- 'twins, a twin, sth. double': 'tav?am- > BHb Mim5a9&T
to?"'m-im pl. 'twins', Ar av0Ta - v0Ta tav?am- 'one of the twins', Ak tu(?)am-tu 'twins; sth. double
(double door, double bag, etc.); CS 'tu?am- > BHb Mim5aT6 to?o'm-im 'twins', Ar "Tu tu?am- 'twins;
twin things, a pair'; d 'ta??um- 'twin' > Ar uTa ta?um-, OA 'ta??um(-a) (1 Ak NA ta??um- 'double, of
twins') > Sr W "oo ta<?>ma tom-o, JPA 'tomo 'twin' 1 eo) KB 1561, Br. G I 384 (an unc.
hyp. connecting S 'tav?am--'tu?am- with Ar va?ama 'agree, live peacefully with'), Sd. 1340, 1364 ?
WCh: AG {Tk.} 'to 'repeat, do again' > Ang {Flk.} to, tu-to 'do sth. over and over again', Ang K {J} to
'repeat (an act)' Flk. 294, Tk. (p.c., 2OO2) ll U: FU (att. in BF) 'to-ncc 'second' ('-ncc is a sx.
marking ordinal numerals) > F toincn (gen. toiscn), Es tcinc (gen. tcisc), toinc, Vp toync (gen. toyzcn),
Lv t"oy (gen. t"oyz) SK 1327-8, Kt. 444 ll A {SDM97} 'tuvu 'two' > Tg '|uvc- 'two' > Ewk,
Sln |u-r, Lm |o'-r"|u-r, Neg |u-l, Ork, Ud u, Nn u_s-r " u, Ul u_s-l, Ork du, WrMc uvc, Mc
Sb u, Jrc {Kiy.} uvc STM I 276-7, Krm. 234, Y #2736, Klz. MS 15O, Kiy. 132 [#637], S AJ 215
[#132]) pKo: [1] {S} (in S AJ) 'tubvir, {DQA} 'tuburh 'two' > OKo {Lee} tuor - tu|or, eMKo [NR]
{Blz.} tufuri, MKo {Lee} turh, {S} turh, NKo, Ko Ph tul, Ko: Sl tul, Ks tul, Hm tu`l pKo {S} 'tubu- in cds >
MKo, NKo tu- S AJ 255 [#94]), S QK #94, Nam 166, MLC 5O1, 5O9, Lee GKS 174, Mr. KJ 245, Blz. N
128 M ':ijv,rin 'two' > MM [S] irin 'two', WrM irin 'two (women)', Dg uru 'pair', Mnr H {SM}
_ur 'couple, pair' H 9O, MED 1O6O, S AJ 238 [#98], SM 96 ? T: [1] 'tu-l 'equal, counterpart,
corresponding to so.\sth.', 'a place opposite to this one' ( ''making a pair to, a second one (just like
this one)' > OT tus id., OT U tuj:,s 'one of the same age, comrade', 'counterpart',
Tkm dus 'approximately equal' (ol bid dus bar 'he is approximately of the same age', lit. 'he our [age-
]equal is'), Qrg, StAlt tus, Tv, Tf tus 'a place opposite to this one' (StAlt tuz-im-da-yi 'one who is
opposite to me', lit. 'opposite-my-in-being'), Qrg tus-tuq 'corresponding, counterpart', Yk tus 'the side
in front of so.', Chv: L rcAn til, H til 'a certain place; just; opposite'; [2] SDM97 and DQA suggests a T
etymon {SDM97 }'tj`,or-, {DQA} 'tVbVr 'second' > Blgh {SDM97} tvircm (source? - not mentioned
in Erd.) and Chv rcncAp tcb_ir 'another'; but Jeg. and Fed. suggest a more plausible et.: Chv rcncAp
'another' < rara ncAp 'noch (rara) ein (ncAp), rcnpc 'another' < rara ncAppc 'noch ein (ncAppc)' (cp. VTt
TYK {TTDS} tabir 'once more' < tay+ bir, lit. 'noch ein') Cl. 558, Rs. W 5O1, DTS 59O, Tz. UIS 1O2,
Rl. III 15O8-9, Rh. 922, TkR

287, BT 159-6O, Jud. 774, TvR 184, Ra. 146, Pek. 2854-5, Ash. XV 28-33,
Jeg. 243, Fed. II 214, TTDS 435 S AJ 33, 292 [#424] ('di_uvV 'two'), DQA #2247 (A 'ti_ubu; incl.
M, Tg, Ko), Blz. N I 11O, 112-3, 118-21, 128 ll ? K 'tqu- 'two' - in extended stems: [1] 'tqu-b- 'pair,
twins' > OG, G tqub-i-tqu-i, Mg tqu--tIub-, Lz tqub-, Sv UB/Ln {TK} tqvib, L {TK} tqub 'twin(s);
an equal one; couple, pair', G tqu-ad 'in twos, in pairs', tqu- 'zwei Dinge aufeinanderlegen', Sv UB
{GP} tqvibd adv. 'in pairs', tquba 'one of a pair', [2] 'tqu-c- > G tquci 'pair of joint fruits\nuts,
pair' K 184-5, K
2
194, Abul. 415, DCh. 1232, Chx. 137, TK 722, GP 261; the K stems may belong
here only if the "harmonic cluster" 'tq goes back to the cluster 't? [cp. GZ 'cqal- 'water, well' < N
'cil'?A 'to be wet\moist, moisture (water, etc.)'] or there is another source (ext. ?) of K 'q ^ Cf.
Mng. E-1 23 (IE, U, Ko), IS MS 338 (IE, U, Ko), AD KJRE 11O-1 (IE, S, U, Tg, Ko, K), Blz. IET (IE, A,
mentions BF, rejects the S cognate [on the basis of Br.s unc. hyp. connecting S 'tav?am--'tu?am-
with Ar va?ama 'agree, live peacefully with' - not 'imitate']; mentions similar words in other lgs.:
Austronesian 'Duva, Ainu tu 'two', Sino-Tibetan 'Tur 'pair' and Cherkes tu 'two'), Tk. (p.c.) (Ang, IE);
AD AltAD #4 ^ Mng. E-1, Gr. II #4O4 ('tu 'two') [IE, U, A, Ko, Ai].
2244. ?? 'ta'i 'to tear' > HS: C: Dhl {EEN} da- v. 'tear' || SC: Kz {E} da?- v. 'bite' EEN 27, E
SC 163 (SC 'da- v. 'rend, tear') Ch: WCh: AG: Su {J}, Mntl {J} tc, {ChC} tc, Kfr {Nt.} tc, Mntl {J}
tc v. 'tear' | BT: Glm {Sch.} ta-(ala) id. || CCh: BM: Hld tu`va`, Wmd ttva id. J S 84, Sch. BTL, ChC,
ChL ll IE: NaIE 'da-/'do-, 'dai_-/'doi_-/'di- v. 'divide, tear\cut into pieces' > OI 'dati, 'dyati 'cuts up,
divides, mows', 'dayatc 'divides; participates' || Gk ooiooi 'I divide', ooi), ooit, ooitu) 'portion,
sacrifice' || Gl arcanto-dan - argantodajn, 'monetarius' (lit. 'silver divider') || ? pAl {O} 'dana (from 'daya-
under the infl. of other verbs in '-na) > Al da| (aor. dava) 'divide' P 175-6, EI 161 ['dch_(i)- 'cut up,
divide'], M K II 2O-1, 3, F I 341-2, Billy 13-4, O 54 ^ BmK 312 (equating the IE with S 'thn v.
'grind', SC {E} 'dah- v. 'knock' and K 'tc_- v. 'break').
2245. 'tibV (or 'tuba?) 'grass, straw; to cut grass\plants' > HS: S ''tibjV,n- 'straw' > BHb Nb3T3
'tcbcn, JA [Trg.] an!b6T5 tib'na, JEA an!b6iT5 tib'na, Sr 'noe tcb'na, Ar tibn- - tabn- 'straw', Ak
tibnu 'straw, chaff' ('Stroh, Hcksel') KB 1553, GB 87O, Js. 1645, Lv. T II 524, Sl. 12O3, BK I 193, Sd.
1354-5 ? Ch: pAG {Stl. VZCh} 'd'ib, {Hf.} '|i v. 'harvest' > Gmy {Hf.} di, Ang {Hf.} |i, Su {J}
di id. || ? CCh: Bcm {Sk.} davo id. ChC, J S 64, Stl. VZCh The origin of the initial glottalization in
Ch is not clear ll K: (1) 'tib- 'grass' > G tiv-a 'hay' (K: < tib-va, n. act. of tib- v. 'mow'), G Aj tiba-, Mg tib-
'hay', Lz tib- 'grass'; (2) 'tib- 'mow' > OG, G tib-, Mg, Lz ti- id. K 94, K
2
71, FS K 149-5O, FS E 162-3
ll A: NaT 'tj`,oPan 'straw, husk, chaff' > Nog toban 'straw', Qzq, ET toan 'husk, chaff', Qq toan 'chaff,
bran', Qrg toon 'chaff', Shor toban 'dust of grain, dust of rotten wood' KrkR 648, Rl. III 1232, MM
349, Sht. 2O2, Nj. 31O, NogR 353, Jud. 751 The vw. of the T form may be accounted for by vowel
harmony (regressive as ): 'toPan < ''tuPan (possibly from ''tiPan due to ass. labialization of the vw.)
^ IS MS 367 s.v. 'cpc:ar (pacrcnn) )' 'tnn (HS, K).
2246. ? 'tcbV 'follow, run, chase' 'beg hard, demand' > HS: WS 'tb > Ar tb v. D 'demand
instantly', MHb tb v. G 'search, ask, claim, summon', JA [Trg.] tb v. G 'ask, demand, inquire', JEA
tb G 'demand, claim, solicit', Sr tb G 'seek, demand, beg; require, claim', Mh tb G (pf. tuba,
sbjn. ystbc), Jb E/C tb G (pf. tc, sbjn. 'yotba) 'follow' BK I 19O-1, Js. 1645, Sl. 1191-2, JPS 6O3-
4, Jo. M 399 ll D 'tcv- v. 'beg hard, importune by begging' [ N 'tcyvV 'to ask (for), beg'] > Tm tcvvu
v. 'beg hard, importune', Ml tcra 'beggar', Tl dcvurincu v. 'beg humbly, importune', Krx tcmb- v. 'beg
for alms' D #3431A ll A {DQA} 'tcba- 'run' > [1] T 'tj,abira- 'run at full speed, rush, gallop' > OT
{Cl.} tavra- 'hasten, be in a hurry', Tk dabra- - davri- 'galop, run at full speed' Cl. 443, DTS 542, ET
VGD 112-4 [2] T 'tj,abil- > Chg {Bu.} tavis- 'run, jump', d 'tj,abil-gan 'hare' > OT tavisgan, MOg
XIII tavsan, MQp XIV davusayan, Chg XV tavusqan, MU tavisqan - tavsan, Tki {Cl.} tavsqan (sic!), Tk
tavsan, Az dovsan, Ggz, Qmq tavsan, Tkm tovsan, Xlj dovusyan, Uz (Shch., TL} tusqan, ET tosqan, Yk
tabis_an; T 1 M 'taulayi 'hare' > MM [PP] t`avlayi, [LM] <v0Ta tavlay, [MA] taulai_, [S] taolai_ - taulai_,
[IsV] taulai_, WrM taulai, HlM ryynan, Ord t`ula, Kl ryyna, {Rm.} tula, Dg {Pp.} t`au_lc, {Mr.} tau_li,
Mnr H {T} tuli id., {SM} t`uli, MMgl itaula, Brt ryynan 'hare, rabbit' Cl. 447, Rs. W 453, Shch. Zh
136, TL 164, Bu. I 338, Pp. PP 131, Pp. L II 127O, Pp. MA 343, HJ 145, MED 788, KRS 52O, Iw. 1O7,
SM 43, T 367, Mr. D 193, Chr. 438 Tg (in NrTg) 'tcb- > Ewk tsvul- 'catch up with ((oinar)', Lm
tsvut- 'go behind so.' STM II 226 Tg 't- (for the expected 'd-) may be due to the infl. of Tg 'tcbc-
'catch' (< N 'tbV 'to catch, seize') ? pJ {S} 'taasir- 'run' > OJ taasir- (tabasir-), influenced by asir-
'run' (unless d from it with the px. ta-) S QJ #744 DQA #2354 [T, M (considered a genetic
cognate rather than a loan from T), Tg, J], Vld. 255 (M, T) ^ Qu. , because D 'tcv- has an alt. et.
2246a. ??? 'tEbjV,sV 'heel; trample, kick with the heel' > HS: Eg NK tbs 'heel' > DEg tbs > Cpt:
Sd [at tibs, B tat t"ibs id. EG V 262, Er. 625, Vc. 211 ll A: M 'dcbsc- > WrM dcbsc-, HlM (yncy-, Brt
(y6ly- v. 'stamp the feet, trample', Kl {Rm.} dcvs- id., {KRS} (cnc- 'kick with the foot', MM [S} dcbsc- v.
'dance' MED 239, Chr. 214, KRS 191, KW 9O, H 34 ^ It is tempting to adduve here U: ?? OHg fXVII,
Hg i taos- 'tread (on/down), trample' ( EWH 1481), but it is more likely to be a d descendant of U
i 'taV v. 'trample' (< N 't'abHa 'to trample, crumple, press') ^ Highly doubtful (esp. for semantic
reasons).
2247. 'ta?Vga 'rock, mountain; top' > HS: B: Ah ctoq (pl. itoqqon) 'rocher pic un peu
surplombant' Fc. 1919 Om {AD} 'daI-/'taI- 'mountain' > SOm: Hm {Ldl.} duIa 'mountain'
Bnd. AL 135, CR H 42O-5, HWH 324, C SE IV 5O7 C: Ag: Xm {BSW} tsg"a 'up', {R} adv. and postp.
dag 'up, on', bi-dag 'im/auf dem Lande', dagcs 'upon', dag'scsa 'upper', Bln {R} dag postp. 'on, above',
Q {R} dig 'ber, auf' || Bj {R} 'tagcga 'high (Hhe)', ta'gig 'height', Bj A {AD} ?i ta'gig 'highland,
mountainous region', ta'gcga 'high' Ss. B 61, Ss. PEC 18, Bl. 184, Grg. 118, Brl. 89, Sr. 294, R WB 98,
R QW 47-8, R Ch II 352, R WBd 223, BSW KhWL 7 Blz. OL (HS 'daguh 'mountain, rock') Since
the connection with EC {Ss.} 'dagh-, {AD} 'tagVh- 'stone, rock', B 'dy 'stone and with Ch 'dVg- - 'dVg-
'stone' remains too qu. on phonetic and semantic grounds, it has not been taken into account ll A
{DQA} 'tcga 'high, top; mountain' > T 'tag 'mountain' ({ADb.} 't-) > OT tay, Tkm day, Tk dag, Ggz
da, Az, CrTt day, Qzl {Jk.} tay - tay, Tv (ai tay, Tf tay, Slr day, SY, Ln, ET, Xk tay, Uz roi toy, CrTt tav,
Qmq, Nog, Qz1, Qq, VTt, Bsh tav, Qrg to, Alt tu, Tv, Tf tay, Chv t+v, Chv L tu id., Yk tia id., 'forest'
ADb. Ttd 52 [#18] (neutralization of T 't- and t`-), S AJ 18O [#54], Cl. 463, ET VGD 117, Rs. W 454,
Ra. 168, Md. 27, 178, Jk. K 31, Dr. TM II 439-4O, Jeg. 254, Fed. II 24O M 'dcc-rc 'above, up' > MM
dccrc ([PP] dccrc, [MA, IM] dcrc), WrM dcgcrc, HlM (yyp, Kl dcr 'top, on top of', Dx isrs, Dg dsr, Mnr
H {T} dcrc, {SM} d_src, Mgl {Rm.} dcra' 'on, on top of', Dg {Iv.} dcrc 'top'; M 'dcc-du > WrM dcgcdu,
HlM (yy( 'higher, upper; highest', Mnr H {SM} d_icd_i 'upper'; M 'dcgdc- > WrM dcgdc-, HlM, Brt (yi(y-
'rise' 1 Ewk dsgdi-, Sln dsgds-, WrMc dcIdc- id. S AJ 239 [#129], MED 242-3, T 328-9, STM I 228-9
??? Tg 'dcg- v. 'fly' > Ewk, Lm, Neg ds-, Orc dsili, Ud disli-, Ul, Nn dsgds-, WrMc dcyc-, Mc Sb dsys- id.;
NrTg: Ewk dsi - dsi, Sl, Neg dsi, Lm dsi 'bird' STM I 228-9 pKo 'to 'still more, moreover' > NKo
to id. S AJ 256, S QK #147, MLC 439 pJ 'taIa 'high, mountain' > OJ taIa- high', J: T/Kg taIa, K
taIa- id; OJ taIc 'mountain', J: T/Kg taIc, K taIc id. S AJ 271[#162], S QJ #162, Mr. 539, 841 S
AJ 283 [#188], DQA #2236 ll ?? U: Sm {Jn.} ''ta'I'v+ (= 'tcsaItvmV) 'das Obere, Oberlauf' > Ne T Y
{Ter.} dat. sg. r' 'up, to the sides', Ne T dat. sg. {Ter.} r' yAt 'up', {Lh.} ta'?|u? " tu'?u? 'up', Ne T
r' yAn 'top, upper', Ne F {Lh.} dat. ci?u| 'up', En {Cs.} tc?i 'top', Slq Tm {KD} tam 'aufwrts', Slq Ch
{Cs.} tammcl das oben befindliche', Kms {Cs.} thava 'aufwrts' Jn. 155, Ter. 699, Cs. 146, 186, 2OO,
257 ^ If the vocalization hyp. of SDM97 is right, the A vw. 'c corresponds to U 'a and seem to
point to N 'a. In A there is compensatory lengthening of the vw. ({SDM} 'c) due to the loss of the lr.
2248. ??? 'ttu?'gV 'to listen' > HS: C {AD SF} 'tg(g) > EC: Arr {Hw.} -ttcg-/-ttig- 'know' (1s
?ittigc, 2s, 3f tcttcgc, 3m ycttcgc) ( N 'dajh,gU 'to watch, look at'?); EC 'd'ag- 'ear' > LEC {Bl.}
'dag- 'ear' > Af dag 'auricular region', Rn {Oo.} 'dog(-c) 'ear', {PG} dog 'ear-drum; hearing (ability to
hear)', Bn dcg, Sml dcg 'ear' (the vw. c on the analogy of the d verb dcg-ay-sad-); - LEC 'daga-ay- v.
'hear' > Kns, Gdl daIay- 'hear', Or {Grg.}, Or H {Ow.} dagay-, Or B/O daga, dagcta, Or O dagc-a,
dagcta, Elm dcI-ay-, Arr {Hw.} dcg(a)y-, Kns daI-ay-sad- and Sml dcg-ay-sad- (both latter forms with
sxs. of ben. + caus.) v. 'listen'; also Rn {PG} dag-, {Sim} dag-, Arr dcdcgad-, Ya dcI- v. 'hear'; Brj
'daga 'ear' Ss. B 61, Bl. 137, 248, Grg. 118, Ow. 258, Sr. 294, Sim 19, PG 88, 96, Hw. A 354-5 Ch
: WCh 'dIv (or 'dI") > NrBc {Stl.} 'n-duIvy- v. 'hear' > P {MSk.} nduIu, Mbr {Sk.} dsIs, My {Sk.}
dsIay-, Sir {Sk.} dshivi id. | Bd {ChL} dsI"an, {IL in ChC} dug"a id. || CCh: Tr {Nw. in ChC} tsIi id.
|| ECh: Kjk dugiyc, Kjk aigala, Mnj igcvo, Mu {J} cgcv, Jg {J} doy-, Brg doyi id.; ? Ke {Eb.}
digi 'think' ( N 'dajh,gU '') Stl. ZCh 252 [#56], JI II 184-5 , ChC, Blz. LECh #4O ll ? A 'tugV
({ADb.} 'tuy- [ ADb.} 'duy-]) v. 'listen' > M 'duyul- > WrM dugul- v. 'hear, listen', HlM, Brt (yyna- id.,
Ord d_ul- 'hear', ? MM [MA] {Pp.} duula- 'emit sounds'; - M 'duyul-ga- > MM [S] d duul-gqa-, [PP]
duulqa 'let know, inform', WrM dugulga-, HlM (yynia- id., 'advise' H 4O, MED 271, Chr. 2O5, Ms. O
16O, Pp. MA 147, Pp. PP 122 ?? NaT 'tuy- ( ADb.} 'duy-) v. 'perceive, hear, fell' > OT {Cl.} tuy- v.
'feel, perceive, notice', Tk duy- v. 'feel, hear, learn', Az duy-, ET tuy- 'feel, learn', Ggz, Tkm duy-, VTt,
Bsh t+y-, CrTt, Qq, Nog, Qrg, Uz, ET tuy- v. 'feel'; Qp 1 Chv L tuy- 'feel, notice, hear' Cl. 567, ET
VGD 29O, Jeg. 255, Fed. II 241, Rs. W 497, ADb. Ttd 59-6O Tg {DQA} 'duya- > WrMc duylc-
'interrogate, investigate a complaint'; but WrMc duylc-, duybulc- 'collate' may be influenced by or
borrowed from Chn d_uy 'pair; to collate' STM I 22O ??, pJ {S} 'tu_a-- 'ask (fragen)' > OJ tu_o-,
J: T to- - to, K to-, Kg to- S QJ #1171, Mr. 771 Pp VG 139, ADb. SRAE 18, ADb. Tdt 59-6O, DQA
#2268 [A 'tuyu 'listen, perceive' > T, M, J] The loss of N '-g- (or its transformation into '-y-) in T,
Tg and J is still to be elucidated ^ C 't- (or 'd-) is likely to go back to a cluster 't- + '?.
2249. 'tiyV 'to flow', (?) 'run quickly' > HS: S '-ti- > Ar ty, -ti- G {BK} 'tre liquide et couler',
{Fr.} 'fluidum fuit, fluxit'; ?? cp. also Ak t__ G (inf. ta_a_u) 'bergieen' BK I 212-3, Fr. I 2O6, Sd.
13O1 ll ? IE 'dci_H- > NaIE 'dcyo-/'dya-, 'dyo-, 'di- 'hurry, run quickly' > OI diyati 'flies, soars' || Gk Hm
oiov 'I fled', oicoi 'I hurry, flee, speed', oicooi 'to flee' || OIr {Thr.} dian 'swift', dcnc 'swiftness' || ? Ltv
dict 'to dance' P 187 (IE 'eilen, nacheilen, streben'), M K II 46, Hofm. 61, F I 389-9O, Thr. 257,
Kar. I 217-8, EI 2O8 ['dih- (prs. 'dihyc/o-) 'fly; move quickly'] ll K 'tc_-/'t_- 'pour' > OG, G t_- 'pour,
spill', Sv dot_cl 'liquid', Mg (n)t_-, Lx nt_- v. 'fall'; ?? (acc. to K
2
) Sv sd_-, st_- v. 'exhaust', sdc_- 'be
exhausted' K 98, K 7O, Chx. 5O8, Schm. 115-6 ^ Illich-Svitych (IS MS 347 s.v. 'rcu' 'tn'hn)
equates K with the extremely doubtful IE ''da- 'flieen' (P 175) (which is based on an implausible
comparison of IIr 'dana- 'stream' with Arm tamuk tamuI 'moist, humid' and Al dh|amc n. 'fat').
Alternative: N 'tiqV > Ak ta_a_u 'bergieen', IE and K (as above).
225O. 't'cyv'a 'fire' > HS: C: ? Bj {R} 'dihc 'embers, charcoal' || EC: ? Sa {R} tata dah-, tata -a
'Funken machen; das Feuer sprhen, spritzen'; C 1 Tgy t) bl tvta bvlv id. (the direction of the
borrowing is not clear; but since the word is isolated in S, the C source is more probable) || C 1 Mb
-totoxo--totoIo vi. 'boil' || ??, SC: E adduces Brn caxasa 'salt [from ashes of burnt reeds]' E SC 193
(equates Mb, Dhl and Brn; reconstructs 'tax- vi. 'burn'), R WBd 64, R S II 358 Ch: CCh: Bt {Mch.}
diyc, BtG {Srp.} dic 'fire' || ECh 'Tv 'fire' > Kwn {J} tova`, Ke {Eb.} csva, Kbl {Cp.}, Ll (Grgs.} tuva,
Smr {J} du`va`, Nd D {J} dov, Tmk {Cp.} dsu , Kjk tavc JI II 139, ChC, Eb. 6, Lk. ZSS 77, 89-93 ,
Blz. LECh #27 ll K: OG, G day- (aor. -day-) 'brandmarken', G day-i 'Brandzeichen, Brandmal,
Brandeisen', G Kzq day- 'braten (Zwiebeln in Fett)' Chx. 277-8 as 't-y > 'd-y? ll IE 'dcuv- (=
'dcov) > 'dau_- / 'dov- / 'du(:)- (/ ? 'dcv-) vt. 'burn, kindle' > OI du-'no-ti vt. 'burns, tortures',
du-'nah 'burnt', da'vah~ davah 'fire, Brand' || Gk ooie (< *oo)-je) 'I light up, make burn, kindle', pfc.
ococ 'burns' (itr.), pfc. prtc. ocooucvo) || OIr {P} doim 'ich senge, brenne', {P., Vn.} atud (< 'ad-dovth)
n. 'kindling', MW dcifyav 'burn, sinfge', W dcvy / dcifio (v < 'v before y) v. 'scorch, singe' || OHG
zusIcn vt. 'burn (up), adurere, exurere, oburere' || Lt dziau-ti 'to hang up for drying', Ltv zaut id., vt.
'to dry' (Lt and Ltv suggest an 'c-grade 'dcu_-) || pTc {Ad.} 'tu- > Tc: B tu-, A, B tvas- 'kindle, ignite,
light' P 18O-1, EI 87 ('dch_u_- 'kindle, burn, blaze'), M K II 49-5O, Hofm. 5O, Ch. 248-9, F I 343-4,
Vn. A 1O2, LP 39.1, YGM-1 166, Kb. 127O, OsS 13O6-7, Frn. 117. Ad. 298-9 ll U: FU 'tcvV-tV 'fire'
( N 'tcV 'to warm, be warm'?) > Ugr {MF} 'tavtV, {UEW} 'tuvV-tV > ObU { Hl.} 'tovot 'fire' > pVg
'tavot > Vg: T tavot, LK tovt, tovt, tavt, MK/NV tovt, P/SV tovt, LL tot; pOs 'toyot > V/Vy
toot, Ty tc"ot, Y tcvot, D/L tut, Nz/Kz tut, O tut id. | Hg tuz (acc. tuz-ct) 'fire' MF 648, UEW
895-6, Ht. #631 (ObU 'toot) UEW (l.c.) reconstructs here pUgr 'tuV-tV or 'tuvV-tV, Ht. #631
reconstructs pObU 'toot, but Helimski (Hl. rHt 73-74) has shown that in stems with front vowels
there is a pObU distinction between pObU '-v- (> pVg '-v-, pOs '-y-) and pObU '-y- (> pVg '--, pOs
'-y-), hence in the stem in question the pObU (as well as pUgr and pFU) medial cns. is '-v-. In Os
dialects 'o changes into c due to the infl. of the following 'v. Acc. to Hl. rHt 68-9, pVg 'a and pOs
'c ({ Hl.} 'a) correspond regularly to Hg. c, i.e. go back to pFU 'a [in contradistinction to pVg
'a and pOs 'c ('a) which correspond to Hg c and go back to higher pFU vowels]. In the stem in
question we have to reconstruct pFU 'a and suppose that Hg u/u is here from pFU 'av ll A: Tg
'da- > WrMc da- v. {Z} 'catch fire', {Hr.} 'brennen (Feuer)', WrMc da-bu-, Mc Sb da- v. 'catch fire',
da-vo- v. 'make fire', ? Ewk darii 'burning', ? Ork darrtqgatt, darrttaqgt 'kindling (wood) (pacronia)'
STM I 2OO, Hr. 168, 176, Y ##479, 481 ll D {tr.} 'tijy,- 'fire' ({GS} 'tyi-) vi. 'burn' > Tm ti, tiy, Ml, Kn ti
'fire', Tu tu 'fire', Tm ti, tiy v. 'be burnt', Kt tiy- v. 'be singed, roasted', Td tiy- v. 'be singed', Kn ti v.
'burn, scorch, singe', Brh tin 'scorching, scorching heat' D #3266, GS 2O2 [#511] The quality of
the D vw. may be due to the infl. of 'y ^ The initial d- for the expected t- in Bj and G may be due to
infl. of other roots (e.g. G dag- 'brandmarken').
2251. 'toHo - 'taHo (= 'to'Io - 'ta'Io?) 'to bring, fetch' ( 'to give') > IE 'dcH"- > NaIE 'do-/'do-, (?)
'dou_-/'dou_-/'du- v. 'give' > OI 'dada-ti, Av daalti 'gives', OPrs dadatuv 'let him give!' || Gk oioeoi
'gives', pp. ooto) 'given' || L da- v. 'give', pp. datus 'given' (m. sg.) || Arm tam ta-m 'I give', aor. etu ctu (<
NaIE 'c-do-m) || OLt duo-mi 'I give', inf.: Lt duo-ti, Ltv dot 'to give', Pru dast 'gives' | Sl 'da-ti (1s prs-ft.
'da'mi) 'to give' > OCS o:u dati / 1s omi dami, R (ar / 1s fut. (ax, SCr da`ti / dam, Slv dati, Cz dati,
Slk dat`, P dac 'to give' || ? Clt: ('ro-do/o-) > Brtt {RE} 'rodimi 'give' > OW rodcsit 'he gave', MW roi, roi,
W rhoddi, rhoi, Crn ry, MBr rciff, Br rcin 'give' Acc. to P, NaIE 'dou-/'dou-/'du- is represented by OI
da'vanc, Av davoi 'zu geben', Gk Cp ouovoi 'er mge geben', inf. oocvoi and L duim, duis 'dem, des'
? Lc M {ABIv.} da-/du- v. 'give [?]', Ld dav 'I give [?]' P 223-6, EI 224 ('dch-), M K II 13-4, F I 388-9,
WH I 36O-3, Ped. CG II 473 (Brtt < 'ro-d-), LP 5O6 (Brtt < 'ro- + Clt 'to-bcr-), RE 99, Slt. 1O5, Frn.
111-2, ESSJ IV 194-8, SPS II 353-7, Glh. 189-9O, Vs. I 485, Ts. E III 5-11, Gsm. LW 94, 96-7, ABIv I 85
ll U 'toc- v. 'bring, fetch, give' > F tuo-, Es too, tuu- v. 'bring, fetch' | Lp Vfs {Lgc.} tuoIIs-, Lp S {N}
duoIo v. 'sell' | pMr {Ker.} 'tu+- > Er ryc- tuyc-, Mk ry- tu-, tuyo- v. 'bring, fetch' || pObU {Ht.}
'tu-, 'tuy- > pVg 'tu-l- 'holen' > Vg: T tol-, MK/UL/ML/Ss tul-, P tul--tul- id.); pOs 'tu-, 'tuy- 'bring' >
Os: V/Vy/Ty tu-, tuy-, Y tu-, tuv-, D tu-, tcv-, ta'v-, K tu-, tov-, ta'v-, Nz/O tu-, tuv- | ? Hg to|- 'lay eggs'
pSm {Hl.} 't+- 'bring, give', {Jn.} 't+- (= { Jn.} 'to`-) 'give' > Ng tasa, imv. r` ' , En ra' 'give!', Ne T
rac tas v. 'give', ra ta 'Ersatz, Tausch', Ne F tas v. 'give', aor. taqat 'I gave', Slq Tz {KKIH}
tu- 'carry' ('raciar'), Kms dct-, tct- 'bringen, holen', Mt {Hl.} 'ta- 'geben, hergeben' pY {IN} 'tV-
'give' > Y: K/T {IN} tadi- 'give', ? K {Jc.} ria- id. UEW 529-53O, Coll. 64, Sm. 55O (FU, FP 'toxi-, Ugr
'togi- 'bring'), MF 635-6, Ker. II 171, Ht. #613, Lgc. SL 179, Jn. 145, KKIH 188, Hl. M #93O, IN 247,
Rd. UJ 44 [#56] (Y A U) ll A: [1] pKo 'ta- > MKo ta-Io, NKo tago, Ko Ph ta(g)o 'give me' Rm. SKE
247-8, S QK #947, MLC 378 l [2] AdS of A {DQA} 't`uya {AD} 'offer food to guests' (< N 'tuhyc 'to
eat, feed; food', q.v. ffd.- which is the main source, as evidenced by Tg 't- < N 't-) DQA #2452 ll D
{Pf.} 'tay--'tcy-, {Km.} 'tay-\'tcy- - 'ta(:)- ({GS} 't-) v. 'bring', v. 'give (to the1st\2nd pers.)' > Tm
taru/tar- (imv. ta) v. 'give (to the 1st\2nd pers.)', Ml taruI, tar- (imv. ta) id., Kt tar-, ta-, ta, Td
tor-, ta-, to, Kdg tar-, ta id., Kn tar, tar, ta v. 'lead or conduct near, bring, give (to the 1st\2nd pers.)',
Tl tcccu, tc- v. 'bring', Gnd ta-/tar- v. 'bring', Knd ta-, t-, Png, Mnd ta- id., Kui taa, tat-, Ku ta?- id., Brh
tiniq, tir-, neg. ti- v. 'give'; Pf. adduces here Krx tay-, tcy- v. 'send a newly marriage girl out of the
village' and Mlt tcyc id. D ##3O98, 3418, Pf. 18 [#77], Km. 389 [#598] ll? HS: ??
amb
Eg N
thm '(Leute, Vieh) herbeibringen, holen' (unless sd of Eg fMd thm 'stossen, drngen') EG V 321; Eg
h may go back to ' < ' and 'y (the initial combinations tV and dV do not exist in Eg) ^ BmK 275
(unc. : D S 'hdy v. 'convey, take' [interpreted as day-]) and 3O5 (unc. : IE and U roots Eg dv / d
v. 'put, place' and d| 'present' [interpreted as d, dv v. 'give, put, place']; in fact Eg dv / d is a cognate
of IE d"c- v. 'put' < N 'dE'i 'to put, to place'), S NSShS #19 (IE, A 't`oyc-) ^ '-y- in A 't`oyc- and in D
'tay--'tcy- is a hiatus-filling cns. (after the loss of the lr.). A 't`- is due to the lr. ('tH- > A 't`-) Gr.
II #174 ('to 'give') [IE, U, CK + unc. A, Ko, EA].
2252. 'taviIE 'insect, vermine' > HS: ?? B 'ta-vI- 'worm' (metanalysis reinterpreteing the form as
n. ag. of 'vII) > Ah tavIIc, Ty, ETwl tavoIIc, Gh tavIi, Sll tavII"a, Gd tuIoIIa, Izd tavIIa id. Fc.
1476, Lf. II #O7O9, GhA 197, Mrc. 261 ll IE 'dci_g- 'tick (Ixodes)' > Arm tiz tiz 'tick' || MIr {P} dcga
(acc. dcgaid) [< 'digat-) 'stag-beetle' || Gmc 'tiIan- (with intensifying gem. 'tiIIan-) 'tick (insect)' > AS
{Ho., Sw.} ticca id. (P: read tiica or ticca), NE tiIc and ticI, NHG ZccIc 'tick'; Gmc 'tiIan- > MLG tcIc, OHG
zchho, MHG zcchc, zccIc 'tick' P 187-8, EI 257 ['digj",], Slt. 335, Ho. 346, Sw. 172, Skeat 646, WrW
565, Kb. 1243, OsS 1242, Lx. 33O, KM 876 IE '-g"- implied by Arm -z is not clear ll A 'tdaIV
'snake, lizard' > pKo {S} 'toiri_oq 'lizard' > MKo toiryoq, NKo toroq-nyoq S QK #9O9, Nam 162, MLC
464 pJ {S} 'tsIa- 'snake, lizard' > OJ tju_,oIagji_,c, J: T toIagc, K toIagc, Kg toIagc, Y tugara S
QJ #123, Mr. 548 ?? Tg 'daIV 'sheat-fish' > Sln daxi, Neg daxt " daIt, Nn Nh doaqa id. DQA
#22O3 [A 'tdaIc] ll ??? K '(s`)tagv- 'mouse' (unless akin to ECh: Ke dugla 'mouse') > OG tagu, G tagv-,
Lz mtug-, mtuy-, Sv sdugv, stugv- id. K 175, K
2
66 ('tagv-), FS K 142 & FS E 154 ('tagv-), Abul. 172,
Eb. 42 ^ The K cognate is doubtful (because of the irreg. '-g-).
2253. 'taIV 'to touch' > HS: WS 'tI > BHb tI v. G 'strike with the hand', JA tI G id.,
'clap', Tgr tI G 'clap hands' KB 1642-3, Lv. T II 554, Js. 1693, Sl. 1229, LH 614-5, L G 595 EC:
Or {Grg.}, Or B/O/Wt {Sr.} tuI- v. 'touch', ?

Af -otoI- v. 'strike' ( N 't'uKa 'to thrust, stab') Grg.
38O, Sr. 394, Ss. PEC 48 (adduces Rn ta_- and Dsn ta? v. 'push', cp. N 'tE?aI?a 'to put, set'), PH 177
ll IE: NaIE 'dcg- v. 'touch' > Gt tcIan (3s p. taitoI), MLG tacIcn 'to touch', ON taIa (p. toI), Dn tagc, Nr
ta, MDt taIcn 'to take', Sw taga 'to take, touch, catch'; Scn 1 ME taIcn > NE taIc || Tc B taI- v. 'touch'
P 183, EI 595, Fs. 475, Vr. 58O, Hlq. 1158-9, Wn. 5O4-5, Ad. 289, To. DL 529 ll A 'tcgc- > T 'tcg-,
{ADb.} 'tcg- v. 'touch' > OT {Cl.} tag- v. 'touch, reach', MT [IM] dag-, Tk dcg-, Az day-, Ggz di-, XT
{ADb.} dcy-, Qrg, StAlt tiy- v. 'touch', Tkm dc- id., 'hit [the target]', VTt, Bsh rnn- tiy-, Uz tcg- v. 'touch
[undeliberately] (:a(cr, iocnyrc) )', ET tag-, Tv tc-, Tf tc-, Chv tiv- v. 'touch' Cl. 476, IS AD #A
1O, ET VGD 173-5, ADb. Ttd 52 [#4], Ra. 171, Jeg. 249-5O, Fed. II 226 But OT tag- v. 'attack' (Cl.
476) belongs to N 'taIa 'to attack' (q.v.) ^ IS MS 369 ('taIn 'rpoiar' > IE, A, D 'taI-). T '-g- < N
'-I- (reg. , cp. N 'haIV 'stand, stop, stay, be' > T 'ag- v. 'rise' and N 'cEIV 'to step, tramp' > T
'igru- v. 'trample down').
2254. 'taIu'nn`V (or 'taIu'HV?) 'bug' > HS: C: pAg 'tsI"an 'bugs' > Bln {R} tog"an - tox"an, Xm
{R} to'x"an, Q {R} tuIan 'bugs', Km {CR} tuxan-a 'bug' ; Ag 1 Gz {L} toI"an 'bedbug'; EthS 1 Sa, Af
{R} toI"an 'bug' || EC: Sa, Af {R} toI"an, Sml {ZMO} tu_an 'bug, weevil, bedbug', Sml N {Abr.} tuIan,
Or {Th.} tu'Ian-a (nom. tu'Ian-ni) 'bug', Or B {Sr.} tuIani , Qbn {L} tuhana 'bedbug' AD SF 53, 273,
Sr. GBO 222, ZMO 397, Abr. S 155 , L G 573 Dhl {E} t_aII"a?c 'dung beetle' EEN 8, E 169
() Brn {E} taqambariya 'butterfly' (E 169) Eg P tII.t 'Schlupfwespe (?)' EG V 336 S: JEA {Sl.} Kkt
tII (without vocalization) ' worm' Sl. 12O7, Js. 1663 (K6k2T6 to'IaI 'worm of silk'), Lv. IV 642
(K6k1T6 to'IaI 'Motte'), Dlm. 42O [ak1k`6T2 taIIo'Ia 'Zernager (Motte)'] ll D (in SD)
'taI'un`V- 'taI'ulV ({GS} 't-, '-g-) 'bedbug' > Kn tagunc, tagani, taganc, tigunc, tiganc, Td tixin`y, Tu
tagul, cagul, Krg M cavn`a, Krb toIIi 'bedbug' D #2996 ^ If the Eg, S and Dhl cognates are valid
(which is not certain), Ag, EC and D '-n(V) may go back to a sx. (whence a N rec. 'taIu'HV);
alternatively, S, Eg and Dhl cognates may have lost the 'n-element (metanalysis?) ^ Blz. DA 159
[#7O] (suggested to add S, Eg and SC to the Ag-EC-D comparison).
2255. 'tAKE 'to suit, be appropriate, fit' > IE 'dcI- v. 'suit, be fit' > L dccct 'it is proper \
seemly \ fitting', ? Um ticit 'decet, is allowed' - n. abstr. 'dcI-os > L dcc-us / dcc-or-is 'that which
adorns or beautifies, distinction, grace' || Vd dasas'yati 'favours, serves, obliges' ( 'dasas ntr. L
dccus) || OIr dcch 'der beste' other ds : ? Gk ookio) 'trustworthy; approved, esteemed' (unless
ookcue 'keep an eye upon' [so F I 4O5]) || OHG zchon,gizchon 'to restore', gizch 'richtig', Gt tcva
'order (Ordnung)', gatcv|an 'to arrange, anordnen', AS tiohhian - tioan 'to determine, judge', ?? tavian
'to prepare, tan' Ht {Ts.} daII- 'entsprechen, hneln' ? - IE 'dcIs- ( N 'togV 'straight', q.v.) >
OI 'daIsati 'acts to the satisfaction of', 'daIsina-, daIsi'na- 'right, southern, able, dexterous', Av daxsat_
'(?) macht es (einem) recht', dasina- 'right, south' || Gk ocitco) 'right (dexter)', ocio) 'right,
fortunate, boding good' || pAl {O} 'dcca 'right (dexter)' > MAl [Bzk.] d|athc id. - MAl {FB}
diatc [di_aOtn], StAl T d|athtc, Al {Kf.} d|athctc, Al {Huld}: SG di_aOt, D di_aOt, A |at, M di_astn id. || L
dcxtcr id., Osc dcstrst 'dextra est', Um DESTRAM-E 'in dextram', tcstrc c 'in dextro' || OIr dcss, NIr
dcas/dcis- 'right (dexter), Gl 'dcxsiva, dcxuac, CltI Dcssuacona, Brtt {RE} 'dcxsovos 'right (dexter)' > MW
dchcu, W dcau, Crn dyghov, OBr, Br dchou 'right' || Gt taihsva, OHG zcso 'right (dexter)' || Lt dcsinas id.,
dcsinc' 'right hand' | Sl 'dcsn+(|i) 'right (dexter)' > OCS ctu+ dcsn+, Blg '(cccn, SCr dcsni, dc`san, Slv
dcscn Ht {Ts.} taIs- 'fgen' (im Sinne von 'unternehmen [Kriegszug]'), 'bereiten' P 189-91 & Mn.
137 (both do not distinguish this from homonymous 'dcI- 'nehmen, aufnehmen', {Mn.} v. 'find,
get'), WH I 346-7, M K II 1O-1, 27, M E I 689-91, 71O, MW 465, F I 366-7, 4O4-6, WH I 33O-1, 346-7,
Bc. G 315, 332, 349, Pln. II 73O, Thr. 262, LP 25.4, 323.3, Fs. 471, 476, Ho. 342-3, Kb. 392,
1243, 1248, OsS 1239, 1242, 1252-3, Schz. 333, Frn. 9O, ESSJ IV 218-9, Glh. 192-3, Kf. 83, O 67-8,
Huld 53 (pAl 'di_aO-tn), RE 122, Flr. 133, Hm. 147, Ts. W 81, Ts. E III 31-2, 4O-3, EI 564 ['dcI- (prs.
'doIci_) 'take\accept graciously or properly'; no distinction from 'dcI- 'find, get', cf. N t'cKE 'to
take'], 271 ['dcIcs- 'honor'] ll D 'taII-/taIV ({GS} 't-) v. 'be fit, appropriate, ready' > Tm taIu (ft. stem
taIuv-, past stem taII-/taIunt-) 'be fit\excellent', Ml taIu v. 'be fit, suit', taIIa 'fit', Kt taIl 'preparation of
half the village lands for sowing', Td toIoO 'suitable', Kn tagu (past stem taII-) v. 'be fit, proper, suit',
taIIa 'fit proper', Kdg taIIa 'sufficient', Tu taIIa 'fit, suitable, worthy', Tl tagu - tavu v. 'be proper, fit,
suitable' D #3OO5, Km. 373 [#522] (+ unc. Kui san:a v. 'be fitting, beautiful', whence unt. rec.
of pSD & pCD 'cay- / 'cay-V > 'tay- / 'taI-V) ll HS: S 'tIn v. 'be straight, in good condition'
( 'tiKa 'be straight', q.v. ffd.) ^ IS MS 355 ('no(xo() nn' 'ta'In: IE, D), IS SS #2.6 (IE, D) BmK 313-
4.
2256. 't'cKE 'to take, carry' ( 'to get, possess') > HS: Ch {JS} 'tI v. 'take' > WCh {Stl.} 'tVI-
id. > Ron {J}: DfB tycI v. 'take, take out', Sha tsI v. 'take' || CCh: Msg {Trn.} tVIV, Msg G tI-, Msg P
tiI- v. 'take' | ?? Ktk: Lgn {Lk.} zgi, zsgi, zgo, Bdm {Lk.} ugu v. 'take' Stl. ZCh 163 [#167], ChC, ChL,
JS 261, MB SMSM 112, Lk L 14O, Lk. B 14O ? S '-tiI- or '-tuI- > Ar ?itaIat- (n. act. from a d verbal
stem) 'pilation, action d'arracher le poil et les plumes' BK I 213 OS #2388 ('tcI- > WCh, CCh
'tyaI-, Eg tII 'grasp, seize', in fact 'to attack') ll IE 'dcI- {Mn.} v. 'find, get' ( 'deem, judge'), {P}
'nehmen, aufnehmen' > YAv dasa- 'goods, possessions' ({Brtl.} 'Gegenstand der fahrender Gabe,
Vermgensstck'), dasa0avant 'rich', KhS das- v. 'receive, get (possessions)', dasta- 'rich, happy',
NPrs t4"d dostan 'have, possess, keep' || Gk I/Ae/Cr ockooi 'I take, accept, expect' (Gk A oc_ooi
under the infl. of *oc_e, inf. oc_oi) || ??? Sl 'dcsi- v. 'find, meet' ( N 'dtEs`V 'to follow the tracks',
q.v. ffd.) ? Ht {Ts.} taIs- 'fgen, bereiten' (< 'dcI-s-) ( N 'tAKE 'to suit, be appropriate, fit')
Mn. 137, Brtl. 7O2, 74O, Bai. 157, BM 2O7-8, WP I 783, P 189-19O (all of them do not distinguish this
from the homonymous 'dcI- v. 'suit, be fit', N 'tAKE ''), F I 373-4, Ts. W 81, Ts. E III 4O-3, EI
564 ['dcI- 'take\accept graciously or properly'; no distinction from 'dcI- 'be in order', cf. N
'tAKE '] ll A: Tg 'tuI- (= { Bz.} 'toI-) v. 'carry, hold' > Ewk tuI- v. 'carry on one's back, hold', Lm
to'I- " tuI- v. 'carry on one's back, take', Ud tugsls- - tusls- v. 'take in one's arms', Ul tuvu, Nn Nh tuxi,
Nn KU tuxi - tuxis - tuxs 'armful' STM II 2O6-7, Krm. 296 as : N 't...K > ''t...K > Tg 't...I ll D (in
SD) 'tcII-/'tcI- v. 'take, pull' ({GS} 't-) > Tm tcIIu v. 'receive, take', ? tcvvu v. 'get, take, obtain, seize',
? Kt tcv- v. 'pull along or out of', Kn tcgc, tcgu, tcgi v. 'pull' D #34O7 ^ BmK 313-4 (IE, D + tying in IE
dcIm 'ten').
2257. 'tiI'u 'to show' ( 'say') > HS: S 'tyI (= prm. '-tiI-?) > Gz tyI (D pf. tayyaIa) v.
'observe, look at' Ch: WCh: Ngz {Sch.} tatIu (3s p.) v. 'show, demonstrate' (n. act. tatIa, sbjn.
tata`I), Bd {Sch.} tatIsdan v. 'show' || CCh: BnnM {ChL} taIamo, Zm {J} ta`I v. 'show' JS 227, ChL,
ChC ll K 'tIv- v. 'speak, say' > OG tIv-, G tIv- id., Mg, Lz tI(v)- v. 'say', Sv -:Iv-: n. act. {K} liIvisg, {GP}
(UB) liIvisg 'to say sth.', 3s aor. {Test.} _-aIv(in) 'he told him', 3s ft. pfc. {Test.} _-aIvni(nc) K 96-
7, K
2
75, FS K 153, FS E 166-7, Chx. 736-8, GP 174, Test. S 22 'tIv- < ''tIv- (as ) ll IE 'dci_I- v.
'show' ( 'say') > OI dcs- (prs. 'didcsti, di'sati, dcsayati) 'show, indicate', Av dacs- id. (dacdoist
'shows', imv. doisi 'show!', 2s aor. inj. dais 'du sollst zeigen') || Gk ocikvui 'I show' || L dic-o / -crc v.
'say', Osc dciIum DEICVM id., dicust 'dixerit', Um tcitu, DEITU 'dicito'; d .: L dic-o / dicarc 'consecrate,
dedicate, devote to gods; inaugurate' || Gt gatcihan 'announce', AS tcon {P} id., {Sw.} 'accuse', ON
tca (> tia) 'show, communicate', tcga 'show, reveal', OHG zihan 'to say sth. about so., blame, accuse' >
NHG zcihcn 'to accuse' int.: OHG zcigon > NHG zcigcn 'to show' Ht tcIIussai- '(sich) zeigen,
prsentieren' P 188-9, EI 516, Ts. W 89, Ts. E III 3O2-6, M K II 43, F I 355-6, WH I 348-9, Bc. G 315,
332, Fs. 2O4, Ho. 345-6, Vr. 585, 59O-1, 877, Kb. 1251, OsS 1238-9, 1259-6O, KM 877, Me. WB 56-7
('show' 'say' in juristic usage) ll A: Tg 'iI- + suff. 'to come in sight, appear', 'to be shown' > Ewk
iIiltu- v. 'appear, come in sight' (of leaves, horns of reindeer'), WrMc {Z} ciqala vi. 'sprout' (of shoots,
sprouts of plants), rise from the ground' as : N 't...K > ''t...K (> pre-Tg ''tiI- > Tg 'iI-) STM II
391.
2258. 'toaKE 'to tear' > IE: NaIE 'dcI- (or 'dcI-) v. 'tear (up), reduce to threads' ({P} 'reien,
zerreien, zerfasern') > Gt tah|an 'to tear', dis-tah|an 'to destroy', Ic t|a (1s prs. t, pp. tai) 'to card
(wool)', Nr t|a, taa 'fasern, zerreien' || ? OI dasa 'fringe of a garment' ( NaIE 'dcI-, 'doI-lo- 'a
single hair, tail' > Gt tagl 'a hair', AS tcl 'tail', OIr dual 'plait, tassel') P 191, M K II 27, Fs. 47O-1,
Bv. 785, Ho. 341, Thr. 41 ll A: Tg 'tagdV- v. 'tear out' > Ewk tagdi- 'tear out, take away (sth. from so.)',
Ewk Urm/Ucr tagdi- 'tear away', Lm tad- (STM: < 'tagdi-) 'tear to pieces', Neg tagdt- id. 'tear away, pull
out\aside', Ul tagdt-, Nn Nh/B tadora- 'tear\pull out', Ud tagdi- id., 'tear out\off', WrMc tadu- 'tear off \
to pieces \ into two parts' STM II 15O-1 as : N 't...K > ''t...K (> pre-Tg ''t...I - ''taI-dV- > Tg
'tagdV-) ll D (in NED) 'toI-/'tonI- v. 'tear off' > Mlt toqc v. 'nip off (as herbs), cut off (as bamboos)',
Krx toqI"- v. 'break a part of a plant with fingers, cull or pluck a leaf' D #3479, Pf. 192 ll ?? HS: WS
'ntI v. 'tear away, pull, draw' > BHb ntI G (pf. qt2n! na'taI) id., D (pf. qT4n% nit'tcI) v. 'tear
apart, tear out', Ar ntq G v. 'pull off, draw off', ? Gz ntI G v. 'pull' Here there may be
contamination with other verbal roots beginning with 'nt-, such as 'nts 'ausreien', 'ntr v. 'tear').
The initial 'n- may be a former px. BDB #5423, KB 695, L G 4O7.
2259. 'tayKV tayKV(-jvV,) 'finger', 'one' > HS: C: EC 'tVIV 'one' > Or T {Mrn.} toIIo m.
'one', toIIa f. 'one', Or {Grg.} toIIo, Or B/Wt {Sr.} toIIo, Or O {Sr.} to(I)Io, ta(I)Ia, Or H {Ow.}
toIIo, taIIo, Arr {Hw.} toIIo m., taIIa f. 'one', Elm toIo, f. taIa, Dsn taIa, tiIid(di) , Kns {BlSO}
taIIa - toIIa, Ged {Hd.} taIIa 'one', ? Sa {R} ti 'one', ? Af {PH} tiya (f. ti) 'one thing, something,
anything', ? Af {R} tav 'solus, each', Rn taIIay - taIIac 'one by one, one at a time' || Ag: Bln {R} tu,
Xm {R} ti 'alone, solus' Grg. 377, Sr. 391, 393, Ow. 9O, Hw. A 396-7, BlSO 189, 197, Hd. 1O7, PH
2OO, R WB 344, PG 274 , To. DL 529, Blz. DL s.v. 'one' Ch: CCh 'tVI"- 'one' > Dgh {Frk.}
tcI"c, titI"c, Ngs {IL} t"sI""u, Msy {Mch.} taIan, Db {Lnh.} taIa`v, Gdr {Mch.} taIa, Lgn {Lk.} tIu
'one' JI II 262-3, ChC, ChL [ll K: pGZ 'm-tIav-cl- 'span (the distance from the end of the thumb and
the end of the little finger of the spread hand)' > OG mtIavcl-, G mtIavcl-, Mg tIu-, tIu-, tIou-, Lz
mtIo-, mtIu-, (m)tu- id. K 138 & K
2
126-7 ('mtIavcl-), FS K 223-4 & FS E 426 ('mtIav-) ]ll IE:
NaIE 'dci_II(v)- 'finger' > L digitus, EpL dicitus id. || Gmc (< 'doi_IIva): ON ta, OHG zcha, NHG Zchc,
MLG tcvc, NGr M/S ccvc, MDt tcc, Dt tccn, AS tahc, ta 'toe', NE toc || ?
amb
Gk ooktuo), Gk B
ookkuo) 'finger', unless it is from *ootkuo) < IE 'dnt-Iulo-s ( OHG zinIo 'spike, sharp point' > NHG
ZinIcn, as supposed by J. Hofmann) Bc. 239-4O, WH I 351, F I 344-5, Ch. 249-5O, Hofm. 51, Bois.
164, Vr. 578-9, Vr. N 726, Ho. 341-2, Kb. 1242, 1254, OsS 1236, 1281, KM 877 The IE diphthong
'ci_ may be explained by postulating a phoneme 'y in N ('tayIV) or by supposing an infl. of the
verb 'dci_I- v. 'show' (< N 'tiI'u 'to show', q.v.); another possibility: 'dci_II- 'finger' 'dcyI- v.
'show' ll A: NaT 't`aI- 'only, alone' > OT {Cl.} taI 'only', Chg taI 'only, alone', Tk tcI 'only; odd',
tcIin 'alone', Tkm taI 'odd (number)', Az taI id., 'alone', Qzq tcI 'only' Cl. 475, Rs. W 47O, Hs.
287, MM 341 ll Gil: Gil ES {Blz. ?} toxon 'finger' ^ N 'y is suggested by IE ('ci_) and by T (length
of the vw.: N 'ay > T 'a). The fortis 't`- in T (suggesting an earlier 't-) may have been influenced
by the internal cns. ('-I- > T '-I-). Another possible solution is to separate the for 'finger'
('tVyIV > IE, K) from that for 'one' ('taKV > HS, T) ^ Blz. KM 137 [#18] (equates Gil toxon
with K, HS and A words for 'span, hand', see N Gr. II #150 ('tiI 'finger') [IE, A, Ko, Ai, Gil + unc.
CK, J]..
226O. 'talV 'to shake, wave' > HS: CS 'tltl id. > Ar tltl (pf. taltala) 'agiter, secouer', BHb Mil`5T2l6T2
taltal'l-im 'waving palm-branches' (?) (Cant. 5.11) (the meaning established on the ev. of some early
translations: [LXX] c`otoi, [Vulg.] clatac almarum) GB 88O, BDB 1O68, KB 16O3-4, BK I 2O3 ll ? IE:
NaIE 'dcl(d), ?? 'doul- vi. 'shake, swing' > AS tcalt 'unsteady, heaving (ship); precarious',
tcalt(r)ian 'schwanken, wackeln, unsicher sein', MDt toutcrcn 'to stagger, reel, swing', Dt toutcrcn id., 'be
irresolute', Nr tyltcn 'shaky, unsteady, tottering', Sw tulta 'to hobble, toddle' || ?? Lt dclsti (prs. dclsiu)
'to linger, loiter, delay', dulinc'ti 'to wander, drag oneself along' || ? OI do'la 'swing, litter', dolayatc
'rocks about like a swing, moves to and fro', dolita- 'swung, shaken, tossed' (unless borrowed from an
Austronesian lge., as supposed by M) WP I 8O9, P193-4, Ho. 343, Sw. 171, Vr. N 743, Hlq. 1241,
MW 498, M K II 67, Frn. 88 (connects dclsti with IE 'dcl- 'long') ll A 'tal-, {IS} 'tala- > NaT 'talb- > OT
{Cl.} tali- v. 'flutter, palpitate, pulsate' (in ds : talin- id., 'to struggle', [MhK] talir- v. 'flutter':
Ius talirdi 'the bird flutttered its wings'; [MgK] talis- v. 'flutter' [cooperative]:
Iuslar Iamuy talisdi 'the bird all fluttered together'), XwT XIV talbi- v. 'struggle, flutter', OOsm XIV-XVI
talbin--dalbin- v. 'flutter, palpitate', Tk Kn dalbin-maI 'to flounder in water' (of so. who cannot swim),
Tv ta'lbay- vi. 'to spread' (of wings), ta'lbaqna- 'to flap wings', Yk talba n. act. 'swinging', talbar- 'take
wing' Cl. 493, IS AD 47, SDD I 396 M 'dalal- > WrM dalal-, HlM (anna- v. 'beckon, wave the hand',
Kl dall- 'winken, schwingen'; M 'dalayi- 'wave\swing ones hand\arm' > MM [MA] dala- v. 'make a
sign', WrM dalai-, HlM, Brt (anan- v. 'raise the hand in order to strike, brandish, swing, wield', M
1 Tlt/Alt {Rl.} talay- '(die Hand, die Peitsche) zum Schlage aufheben, schwingen, in der Luftbewegen'
KW 74, Pp. MA 138, MED 224, Chr. 183, Rl. III 879 IS AD 47, Pp. AU 1OO, Rm. VMT 57 ^ IS SS
32O [#2.2], IS MS 369 ('rp) crn(c)' 'taln: HS, IE, A). S 'tltl, IE dcld- and M dalal- seem to go back to a
reduplicated N stem 'talV-talV.
2261. 'talV 'to cut (split, trim, cleave)' > K: pGZ 'tal-/'tl- v. 'plane, trim, shave, hew' ( N 'tilV 'to
rough-hew, to chisel, to cut into slices') > G tal-/tl-, Mg tol- K 9O-1, K
2
66-7, FS K 143, FS E 155 ll IE:
NaIE 'dcljo,- v. 'cleave, carve' ({P} 'spalten, schnitzen, kunstvoll bebauen') ( N 'tilV '') > OI 'dalati vi.
'bursts, cracks' (semantic infl. of 'halati 'bursts, splits, springt entzwei'), da'layati 'causes to burst',
dala-m 'part, piece, half' || Gk (int.) ooi-ooe 'work cunningly, embellish', ooiooo), ooiooco)
'cunningly\curiously wrought' || pAl {O} 'dalnanya (adj. with '-no- IE 'dcl-) > Al dallo| 'distinguish,
discern', {BFU} 'scheiden, teilen', {Kf.} '_eie' || L dola- v. 'hew with an axe' ( IE 'dcl- v. 'split') || ? OIr
dclb 'form, image', OW dclu, W dclv 'imago, figura, effigies' ( IE 'dcl- '' || ON tclg|a 'carve, cut', NLG
taltcr 'Lumpen, Fetzen' || ? Arm {WP, P} toem tolcm 'prge ein, brenne ein' (if from 'd,l- [as WP & P
Scheft.], unless it is a sd of tolcm v. 'thread, string, arrange' ( 'write'), N 'tULV v. 'line up') || Lt
dalis 'part', dali|u, dalyti v. 'divide', dalia 'share, destiny', Ltv dala, dalis 'part, share', Lt
us-dylis mc'nuo 'moon in its last quarter' (us is 'half', mc'nuo is 'moon'), Pru dcllicis 'divide' | Sl 'dola
'part, share' > RChS, OR eam dol|a, R, Uk '(on , P dola id., 'destiny', OCz s doli 'happily, with success' P
194-6, EI 143 ('dcl- 'carve, split, cut'), M K II 24-5, F I 339-4O, WH I 364-6, Vr. 586, LP 19, Frn. 81-
2, Kf. 75, O 55, Frn. 81-2, ESSJ V 62-3, SPS IV 81-2, WP I 8O9-12 ll A 'tacL- v. 'split' > M 'dclbcrc- v.
'burst or crack asunder, go to pieces, split, break' > WrM dclbcrc-, HlM (yn6ypy- id., WrM dclbcrIcy,
HlM (yn6ypxnn 'split, cracked; crack, cleft, crevice', Kl (cnnpio 'deep scratch', {Rm.} dclvrIc 'tiefer
Riss', MED 248, KRS 196, KW 87 Tg 'dclI'i- v. 'split' [ N 'dL'Ia 'to prick'?] > Ewk dslIi- v.
'split\chop into pieces', Lm dslI+- v. 'separate, chop into pieces', Lm Sk dslIo-'split, chop (a tree) into
pieces', Nn dslIi- v. 'split (reed in order to plait mats)', WrMc dclxc- vi. 'separate', Mc Sb dslys- 'be
disconnected \ ripped off; come off, go off, peel off', Jrc {Md.} dclxc-, {Kiy.} tclxc- v. 'separate' STM I
232-3, Y ##12OO, 1713, Kiy. 119 [#39O], Md. ChF 136 ADb. 58 [#11], SDM97 (A 't'il(I)a 'to
split, divide, differentiate', incl. M, Tg), DQA #2227 (A 'tclV 'split, strike' > incl. M, Tg) ll D 'tall- >
Mlt talc- v. 'cut off' D #3124 ll HS: d : WS ''talam - ''taluim 'furrow' > BHb Ml3T3 'tclcm, JA {Dlm.,
KB, Js.} am1l6T2 tal'm-a (and [Trg.] {Lv., Js.} am1l1T6 tola'm-a), Ar laTa talam-, Gz tolm id. KB 16O2,
Dlm. 421, Lv. T II 54O, Js. 1672, BK I 2O5, L G 574-5 It is originally a deverbal derived noun with
the nominal sx. '-Vm- ^ M, Tg 'c and D 'a suggest pN 'a ^ AD GD #125 & DQA l.c. (IE, A), IS MS
36O ('paccnn) r' 'tc'ln: IE, A, ? K, ? HS [C]), IS SS #2.12 Gr. II #218 ('tcl 'hurt') [IE, A + unc. CK].
2262. 'tcal'o 'to be\make foolish, deceive' > HS: S 'tll > BHb tll Sh

pf. 3m lt3e4 'hctcl, 2m
T1l6t2e4 hc'talta, ip. 3pm ul`t4e1i^ yoha'tcl'lu) v. 'deceive, cheat' GB 879, KB 16O2 ll IE: NaIE 'dcl- {P}
'listig schdeln', 'dcl-os 'lure' > Gk ooo) 'cunning contrivence for deceiving\catching', oooe vt.
'beguile, ensnare, take by craft' || L dolus (G doli) 'fraud, deceit, guile', Osc acc. DOLOM 'dolum' (L and
Osc A Gk?) || OIr dul 'snare', NIr dol 'snare, fishing net', OIr dolb, dailbc 'deceit', NIr dolbh 'sorcery', W
dol (pl. dolau) {YGM} 'loop', {Mn.} 'noose' || ON tal n. 'deceit, cunning (Betrug, List)', tla 'to entice,
deceive' P 193, Mn. 154, WH I 366-7, Bc. G 315, F I 4O7-8, Dnn. 255, YGM-1 193, Vr. 58O-1 ll A:
NaT 'tali- - 'tj,Elba- [{ADb.} 'tal(v)i-] 'mad, fool' > OT Og [MhK] tclu 'stupid', Tk dcli, Tkm dali,
Ggz, CrTt, Qmq dcli, VTt tili, Qrg tcli 'mad', Az dali, Nog tcli - dcli, Blq tcli, Bsh tili id., 'stupid'; NaT
'tj`,Elba > OT tclva 'lunatic, mad', Tkm tclbc id., Uz tclba id., 'stupid', ET {Jr.} tclbc, Qrg dclbc 'fool,
foolish', Qq dclbc 'extravagant, crazy' Cl. 493, MKD 184, DTS 551, ET VGD 214-7, Jr. 3O2, TkR 3OO,
Hs. 1O2, UzR 422, ADb. Ttd 61 [#16] The variant 'tj,Elba- may be due to the infl. of the reflex of
A 'dulvE 'crazy, stupid' < N 'dulUhE 'to be mad, stupid' The long vw. in T 'tali- needs
explanation (Ersatzdehnung 'tali- < 'talvi-?).
2263. 'tilV 'to rough-hew, to chisel (behauen), to cut into slices' > K: pGZ 'tal-/'tl- v. 'plane,
trim, shave, hew' ( 'tclj ,V 'to bore, pierce', q.v. ffd.) ll IE: NaIE 'dcljo,- v. 'cleave, carve' ({P} 'spalten,
schnitzen, kunstvoll bebauen') ( N 'tclj ,V '', q.v. ffd.) ll A: NaT 'til- 'zurechtschneiden', cut into
slices\strips' > OT {Cl.} til- v. 'cut into slices', Tk dil-, Ggz dil- 'divide in pieces \ parts \ stripes', Tkm
dil- 'cut into segments \ slices \ stripes', MOg [L] dilla- 'cut to pieces', Ggz, Az dil-im 'slice', Bsh til-,
Qmq, Qzq, Qrg, Alt, Ln, ET, Uz til-, Qzl, Xk ttl-, Yk tal-, Chv cil- 'cut into hunks \ stripes', VTt til- id.,
'chop sticks, cut up leather to thongs', Tv til- v. 'saw up (a log to boards), cut up (leather to thongs)',
Tf til- 'cut up to long narrow stripes \ slices' Chv c- < pT 't- due to the palatalizing infl. of the vw.
'i Rs. W 49O-1, IS AD 39, ET VGD 23O-1, TkR 27O, TrR 232, GRMS 145 pA {SDM95} 't'il(I)V v.
'split, divide, differentiate' (> M 'cilu-cn 'space between', Tg 'dcl- v. 'split, divide', pKo 'tarn 'be
different', pJ 'tanIa- / 'tinIa- v. 'differ') SDM95 s.v. 't'il(I)a.
2264. 'tulV 'to tell (a story), pronounce magic\ritual texts' > HS: S 'tvl > Ar tuval- 'magic art,
witchcraft', ? 'tlv ( N 'tcLV 'to shout, call') > Ar tlv: tala tilav-at-an 'he read (a book), recited
(sth.)', tilav-at- 'reading, recital' (unless tlv G 'follow') [ Blz. KM 122 tried to equate it with Ak
tclu v. 'pronounce distinctly' (untenable because Ak c goes back to 'a, 'a in the presence of ' or
'h)] ? B 'tlH > Shw {Hy.} utla v. 'speak, talk' ? C: Ag: Bln/Q {R} tcla, Xm {R} tcla, Km {CR} tila
'medicine, drug (Arznei)' || EC: Sml {DSI, ZMO} talo 'decision, advice, opinion, proposal', {DSI} tali- v.
'decide, advise', {ZMO} rule, govern', Sml N {Abr.} talo 'decision' || SC: Kz {E} tulatu 'court case' R WB
338, Abr. S 234, DSI 574-5, ZMO 385-6, E SC 325 ll IE 'dcl- 'tell, narrate, pronounce ritual texts' > Ht
talliya- v. 'invoke (gods)', Lc M {KrlSh} tali '(heathen) priest' ( N 'tcLV '' [q.v.]) Gmc 'talo
'narration', 'tal|an 'to tell, narrate' > ON tala 'speech, conversation', AS talu 'narration' (> NE talc),
MLG talc 'speech', MDt tacl, talc 'speech, language', Dt taal 'language, speech', OHG zala 'tale'; ON
tala 'to speak, talk', AS talian 'enumerate; consider (a thing to be so-and-so)', tc'llan 'to narrate' P
193, Ts. IAH 265, Ts. E III 58-6O, KrlSh. XLJ 86, Vr. 58O-1, Vr. N 718, Ho. 342, 344, Kb. 1239, OsS
1226, Pol. ONRT 661, GI 8O8 (fn. 1) ll U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'tultV 'witchcraft' > Hg taltos 'sorcerer,
shaman; Zauberpferd' | ObU 'tVlt > pOs 'tolt/'tolt ({ Hl.} 'tolt/'talt)> Os: N tolt 'giant' ( 'sorcerer'),
toltn, toltcn 'mit Zauberkraft', Vy tolt 'fever', Kz tut 'Hilfe; Linderung (bei einer Krankheit, in der
Armut)', tota 'without effort, without noise; suddenly'; pVg 'tult > Vg N tulton, tultno 'leicht,
einfach' ( *'by witchcraft') UEW 895, Ht. 188 [#637] ^ May be (but not necessarily is) connected
with N 'tULV 'to line up' (q.v.) ^ IE 'dcl- has lost its original glide 'v due to a law elimiting clusters
of two sonants ^ AD NM #124, S CNM 9 ( ST) , Blz. KM 122 [#27] [S, C, B, IE + reflexes of 'tULV
'to line up' + unconvincingly: Tg 'tcluqu 'narrating, folk tale' (which should be better referred to N
'tcLV ''), Ak tclu 'pronounce distinctly' (c points to a S ' or 'h) .
2265. 'tULV 'to line up' ( 'to count'?) > K: pGZ 'tvl-/'tval- v. 'count' > G tvl(-a)/tval-, Mg tval-
(A G?) id. Fn. KW-2 42 [#6], Chx. 487-8 ll IE: NaIE 'dcl- 'row, thread' > Arm to tol 'row',
toem tolcm v. 'thread, string' || Gmc 'talo 'counting, narration', 'tal|an 'to count, tell' [ N 'tulV 'to tell
(a story), produce magic\ritual texts', q.v. ffd.] > AS talu 'series', tl 'number', ctl 'number, series',
OHG zala 'row, number, counting, account', NHG Zahl 'number'; OHG zalon, NHG zahlcn 'to count' P
193, Vr. 58O-1, Kb. 1239, OsS 1226, KM 872, Bedr. 7O7, EI 397 ('dcl- 'aim, compute') ^ The meaning
'narration, to talk' (as in Gmc) has a double origin: it goes back both to 'tULV 'to line up' (cp.
comtcr - racontcr) and to 'tulV 'to pronounce magical texts'. An alt. solution is to assume that these
two N etymons are identical: 'tulV 'to line up' 'to narrate, tell (a story)' 'pronounce magic\ritual
formulas' ^ Blz. 122 [#27] (incl. K, IE; see above s.v. 'tulV 'to tell (a story), pronounce
magic\ritual texts'
2266. ?? 'ttVlV 'hang' > HS: 'tlyv 'hang' (KB: '(an)hngen') > Hb tly G (pf. el1T1 ta'la, pp. iulT1
ta'luy), IA tly id., JA [Trg.] tlyv G 'lift up, hang', JEA tly G 'hang, suspend', Ak tullu D 'behngen'
KB 16O1, Js. 1671, Lv. T II 539, Sl. 12O8-9, Sd. 1369 ECh: Ndam D {J} tula, Ll {Grgs.} tul 'hang'
ChC OS #508 ll A: pKo 'tnr- 'hang, fasten' > MKo tnr-, NKo tal- S QK #952, Nam 140, MLC
403 pJ 'ta`ra- vi 'hang' > OJ tara-, J: T tarc-, K/Kg tarc- S QJ #1159, Mr. 764 DQA #2386 (A
't`i_alo 'hang, strap'; Ko, J + unc. M 'tclcyi 'belt for trousers' and Tg 'toli 'belt') Gr. II #196 ('tol
'hang') [A, Ko, J, Ai + err. IE + unc. M, Tg].
2267. 'to lV (or 'tol V) 'to fill, pile up; full' > HS: EC 'tul- v. 'pile up' [ N 'ticj?a,lo (or 'tuj?a,lV)
'stone, heap of stones'??] > Sml, Or, Kns tul-, Bs tul-a- id., HEC 'tul- v. 'pile up, stack' (of grain) > Brj
{Hd.} tul- id., Ged {Hd.} tul- id., {L} tulc v. 'heap', Sd {Gs., Hd.} tul- v. 'pile up' || ??? SC: Kz {E} tal- v.
'grow' Ss. B 18O, Bl. 185, AD GDS #7.19, Abr. S 24O, Grg. 381, L M 54, Hd. 113, 223, 263, 396, Gs.
318, E SC 168 NrOm: Ym {C} tul- 'fare i covoni, ammucchiare', {Wdk.} tu`lo- v. 'heap up', Mch {L}
tullo 'heap, pile' L M 54, C SE III 83, Wdk. BY 137 Ch: WCh: Hs tuli 'heap, crowd', Ang {Flk.} tul
'a swelling', {J} tul 'swelling after a bit by a fly' || ECh: Ke {Eb.} tslaq 'vllig' Abr. H 897, Eb. 97, Flk.
s.v. tul, ChC ? B: Ah tovoltvol 'swell, inflate' Tk. SCC 79 [#6.2] (C, Om, Ch + unc. Eg tv:
'hochheben, hold up, support', Ar tall- 'hill' and JA toli'l-a 'high' [actually pp. 'lifted up, exalted'
'high', cf. N 'ticj?a,lo '']) ll K 'tval- > G tval- 'zur Reife kommen, reif werden (z. B. Frchte)' ( *
'become full') Chx. 474 ll A 'tolV > T 'tol- v. 'be filled, be full' > OT {Cl.} tol- id., Tkm dol-, Tk dol-,
Az, Ggz dol-, VTt, Bsh tul-, CrTt, Qry, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg, ET, Ln, Alt, Xk tol-, Uz tul-, Chv L ryn- tul-, Tv
tol-, Tf tol-, Yk tuol- id., Tf tol- vi. 'come to an end, be done, be filled'; T d 'tolu 'full' > OT {Cl.} tolu,
Tk dolu, Az, Ggz dolu, Tkm, XT {ADb.} doli, Nog, Qzq, Qq toli, Blq, Yk tolu, VTt, Bsh ryni tul+, Qrg, Alt
tolo, Uz tula, Tv tolu 'full. filled', Yk tolor- v. 'fill, fulfill'; T 1 Ewk tolt 'full' IS AD 4O, ADb. Ttd 61
[#9], Rs. W 486, ET VGD 257-9, Jeg. 256, Fed. II 242-3, Ra. 173, JkR 389, 4O2, Pek. 2819-2O, Rl. III
1191-3, DTS 172-3 Tg 'dol-Vm- v. 'fill' > Neg doltmta 'full, whole', WrMc dolmo- 'pour in, fill the
cup, add (wine)' STM II 195 ?? pJ 'tar- 'be sufficient, full' > OJ tar-, J: T tari-, K tari-, Kg tari- S
QJ 158, Mr. 764 But S AJ and DQA #229 equate the T and J stems with Tg '|alu(-m) 'full' and pKo
'cnra v. 'be sufficient, enough' and reconstruct pA ''calo 'full, to fill'.
2268. 'tal'o '(back of the) neck, shoulders' > HS: S 'tl 'neck' > Ar tala- 'longueur du cou, de
l'encolure', tl G (pf. talia, ip. -tla-) 'avoir un long cou, une encolure longue'; in Ar the semantic
component of 'length' is probably due to the infl. of the paronymous tl v. 'be tall' (as in the
word tali- 'tall') BK I 2O4, L G 574, Di. 552, Sd. 1369-7O ??? C: SLEC {Bl.} 'dul 'back (dorsum)' >
Kns tul-ta id., Sml N {Abr.} dul id., 'on', Sml {ZMI} dul 'top, surface; on, above' Bl. 177, Abr. S 68, ZMI
1OO ll IE (att. in Blt) 'dj",clH-b-/dj",olH-b-/dj",lH-b- 'upper arm' > Ltv dalba " dalbs 'Stamm des
Baums, Stange', Lt dilbis 'forearm' ({P} 'Rhrenknochen, Schienbein'), Ltv dclbs 'Oberarm',
dilba - dilbs 'forearm (Oberarm)', 'Schienbein'; ( N 'dLbV 'to gouge, dig, cut through'??): Lt
dalba - dclba 'lever, crow-bar', Pru daltan "Durchschlag" 'crow-bar (for punching holes)' P 246, Frn.
81, En. 156, Tp. P A-D 291-4, ME I 434, 454, 466-7, PiesS 128, 144 ll A 'taj:,lu 'shoulders, shoulder-
blade' > NaT 'taj:,l 'upper part of the back; back (dorsum)' > Tk dal 'back (dorsum)', dal " dalh, Az
dal id., 'back part', Az Tbr/Erz {Foy} dal 'part of the back between the shoulders', Tkm daj:,l 'back
part', Tkm {Mux.} dal 'back' IS AD 47, Rs. W 13O, ET VGD 131-2, ADb. SR 141-2, Az. 95, Foy AS II
213, Mux. 234 M {Lg.} 'dalu 'shoulder-blade, the hinder part of the shoulder' > MM [MA, IM] vL"d
dalu, [IsV] vuL0"daa dalvu (sic!), WrM dalu, HlM (an 'shoulderblade', Brt (ana, MMgl dalu ({Lg.} [dalu]),
Mgl {Rm.} dolu, Dg dal id., Dx dalcu, Ba dali, Mnr H {SM} d_ali 'shoulder (paule), shoulderblade', Kl
(an, {Rm.} dal
a
'sholuderblade'; M 1 Chg dalu id.; M 'dalaq ({ADb.} 'dalu-n) 'horses withers (:aipnnoi);
fat under a horse's mane' (ADb.: adj.) > WrM {Kow.} dalaq 'nuque, le dessus de cou (des chevaux,
des mulets)', Kl dal+q, HlM (anan(i) dalan-dalaq 'fat under a horse's mane', Brt (anan 'horses withers'
IS AD 47, MED 226-7, ADb. MSR 9 [#1O], Pp. MA 138, 435, KW 73, Rm. M 27, Iw. 97, Lg. VMI 25, SM
42, T 327, T BJ 138, T DnJ 117, T DgJ 134, KRS 178, 18O, Chr. 183-4, Kow. 1632, 1635 Tg: Ewk
dalu 'shoulder-balde of reindeer\elk' (A M?) STM I 195 ? pKo {S} 'tnr`ai_ 'wing of a saddle'
(unless d from tnr- 'hang', as supposed by MLC) > MKo tn`r`ai_ id., NKo tara 'mudguards hanging on
either sides of a horse; two sideboards of a coffin' S QK #857, Nam 141, MLC 382 pJ {S} 'tai
'hand, arm' > OJ tc, J: T/Kg tc, K tcc, Ns tI, Sh ti, Ht si, Y ti S AJ 266, S QJ #35, Mr. 545 IS AD
47, STM l.c., ADb. SRAE 445 [M T '|al 'fat under the mane of a horse'; A 'dalu ({ ADb.} 'oalu)],
DQA #362 [A 'talo 'wing, shoulderblade'] ll D (in SD) 'tol ({GS} 't-) 'shoulder, arm' > Tm tol
'shoulder, arm', Ml tol 'shoulder', Kt tol 'upper arm (elbow to shoulder)', Td tvIlfody 'bangle worn
on upper arm', Kn tol(u), Tu tolu 'arm' D #3564 ^ SD rounded 'o is probably due to regr. as ^
IS MS 355 ('nncuo': A-D).
2269. 'tlE(-ga) 'to be long' > HS: S 'tl v. 'be tall, long' ( N 'tulV 'tip, sprout, sth.
protruding, summit') > Ar tali- 'tall', ? tal-at- 'high\elevated land\ground'; a merger of 'tl v. 'be
tall, long' with the homonymous S root 'tl 'neck' is represented in the Ar verb tl (pf. talia, ip.
-tla-) 'avoir un long cou, une encolure longue' BK I 2O4 ll IE: [1] 'dcljh,- > NaIE 'dcljo,- 'long' > Sl
{ESSJ} 'dili, {Bern., SPS} 'dila 'length' > OCz, Cz dcl, LLs dcl, OP dla id.; Sl 'diliti (1s prs. 'dilo) 'to
prolong, make longer' > OCS upeiau:u rodiliti (rodiliti slovo 'kuvoi tov oov' = 'to speak long', lit.
'to prolong the speech'), R npo-'(nn-r 'to prolong, make longer', SCr dl|iti id.. Cz dliti, R (nnr 'to
prolong, postpone', R rf. ) (nnrc 'to last'; Sl 'dilina 'length' > R (nn'na, SCr dl|ina, - R ) (nnn-n-in
'long' || Gmc: Nr tola 'zgern, warten' [2] 'dclchg"-/'dlh'g"-o- 'long' > NaIE 'dclcg"-/'dl'g"-o- > OI
dir'gha-, Av daroga-, daroya-, OPrs darga-, Oss I/D (api dary 'long' || Gk ooi_o) id. || ? Gmc: Gt tulgus
'firm, steady', OSx tulgo 'very' || Blt (with unexplained loss of 'd-): Lt ilgas, Ltv ilgs, Ytv ilg 'long', Pru
ilga 'for a long time, diu' | Sl 'dilg+ (dadj. 'dilg+|i) 'long' > OCS air+ dlig+ - a+r+ dl+g+, R '(oninn,
Blg ) (ni, SCr du_g, Slv dolg, Cz dlouhy, Slk dlhy, P dlugi, R ) (oninn 'long', R '(onoi 'is long' Ht
daluIi- 'long' (of time and space) [3] 'dlong"o- 'long' > L longus || Gt laggs, ON langr, OHG, NHG, AS lang
'long', NE long || MPrs drang id. || pAl {O} 'dlata 'long' (< 'dlng"-to-) > Al g|atc, glats P 196-7, EI 357
('dlh'g"o-s & 'dlong"o-s 'ling'), F I 4O6-7, Frn. 183-4, Zink. LJZ I 73, En. 183, Tp. P I-K 4O-1, Bern. I
251-3, StSS 189, 52O, SPS V 215-6, 219-2O, Glh. 2O9-1O, ESSJ V 2O7-12, M K II 47, Ab. I 344-5, Fs.
482-3, Hs. S 76, Kb. 588, Ts. W 82-3, Ts. E III 61-5, ABIv. II 111-2, Vr. 345, Fs. 318, O 13O-1 ll A
'tdcL(c)gV '(to be) wide, broad' > M: WrM dclcguu, HlM (yn 'large, vast, spacious, wide', MM [MA]
dclgc- v. 'open wide', dclgcrc- v. 'spread', WrM dclgc- {Pp.} 'ausbreiten', {MED} v. 'spread', HlM (yniy-
id., WrM dclgcr, HlM (yniyp 'extensive, vast', Mnr {T} dclgc- vt. 'spread, unfold', Mnr H {SM} d_icrg_c-
'tendre, dployer, taler, drouler'; M 1 Yk dalay, dalagay 'abundant, vast', Ewk dslsysy, dslsy
'vast' MED 248-9, Pp. MA 14O-1, T 328, SM 52 STM I 233-4, Pp. VG 22 (considers Ewk dslsy to
be an inherited Tg word and a cognate of M dclgc-, dclcgcy rather than a loan) ^ IS MS 339 ('tcl(h)n
'long') and IS SS #2.13 (in both: A, IE, S [non-existent Ar tlh]) Gr. II #249 ('dcl 'long') [IE, CK +
err. A 'dcl`a 'wide'].
227O. 't'alhV 'to hit, to damage, be damaged' > HS: S 'tlh > Ar tlh G (ip. -tlah-, pf. taliha) 'prir;
tre triste et chagrin' ll IE (mt ) 'dcul-/'dul- > NaIE 'dcl-/'dol- v. 'damage, destroy' > Gk ocooi 'I
destroy, damage', tov-oo)to) 'destroyed', cvo-oo)) 'sinnesgestrt' || L dolc- v. 'ache' (mihi dolct 'it
hurts me', caut dolct '(one's) head aches', dolor 'pain', but not dclc- 'blot out, efface' (where dc- is a
px.) || Ltv dclit 'wear out', {ME} 'qulen, {ME} dcl 'es ist eine Schande' P 194-5, F I 378,
WH I 335-6, 364, ME I 463, Kar. I 2O8-9 L and Ltv < IE 'dcl-/'dol- IE 'dcl- v. 'split' [< N 'talV 'to
cut (split, trim, cleave)'] ll U: FU (att. in Vg) 'tss'allV > Vg N {Mu.} tal - tal 'illness, contagious
disease' MK 621 ll ?? A 'tala- > T: [1] T 'tj,ala- 'damage, ruin' > OT tala- v. 'damage, pillage', Chg
XV tala 'pillage', Tk dala-, Az, Ggz dala- 'bite' (of animals), Chv tula-, t+vla- id., 'kill (an animal)' (of
predators) [2] Here (?) also NaT 'tala- 'bite' (of animals), 'bite to death', Tkm tala-, Az, Uz, Qrg
tala-, Yk tala- 'plunder', Xk tala- v. 'ruin, destroy', Alt tala- id., 'plunder; scold, abuse' in several lgs.
these two verbs coalesced: MQp XIV-XV, OOsm XIV tala- 'bite, tear; plunder', VTt, Bsh, Qzq, Qq, Nog,
Qmq tala- 'plunder', 'bite' (of animals)' T 1 M ( N 'tal'ha 'to lift up, carry', q.v.): MM [S, MA]
tala-, Kl {Rm.} tal
a
- v. 'plunder', WrM tala-, HlM rana- v. 'take away, confiscate, plunder; ruin', Ord
t`ala- 'piller et casser les objets'; M 1 WrMc tala- 'confiscate' Cl. 492, ET VGD 134-7,Rs. W 458, Jeg.
256, BT 14O, Pek. 2533, MED 771, H 144, Pp. MA 339, KW 376 ? pKo {S} 'tarai_- 'lure, seduce,
coax' > MKo tarai_-, NKo talla- S QK #624, Nam 139, MLC 4O4 ? pJ {S} 'tara-s- 'deceive, lure'
> OJ taras-, J: T taras- S QJ #57O DQA #2321 [A 't`ala 'to plunder, seduce'] If the original
menaing of the A root is 'to plunder, seduce' and its from is 't`ala, its N connection become highly
qu. (for semantic reasons and because A 't`- does not go back to N 't-) ll D 'tall- v. 'beat, hit' > Tm
tallu v. 'beat, crush', Ml tallu 'a blow, stroke, beating', Tu dalliyuni v. 'slap, beat', Tl talgu v. 'strike',
Knd talg- v. 'strike, hit' D #31O5 ^ Cf. Blz. SNE I #7 (IE, ?U + HS 'dall- 'weak').
2271. 'talvA 'talva 'cold season, rain' > IE: NaIE 'dcl- 'rain, dew' > Arm te tcl 'heavy rain',
team, -em, -um tclam, -cm, -um v. 'cause to rain heavily, open the windows of heaven' || OIr {P} dclt 'dew',
MBr, Br dclt 'moist' ('humide') P 196, EI 2O7 ('dcl- 'flow'), Ern. 151, Hm. 149, Bedr. 697-8, Ach.
IV 392 ll U: FU 'talva 'winter' > F talvi (gen. talvcn), Es talv, Lv tola, Lv W tala | pLp {Lr.} 'talvc id. >
Lp: N {N} dal'vc, L {LLO} tal'vc, S {Hs.} daalvic, Vfs {Lgc.} d_al_cvi_c, Kld rannn talt :v | pMr {Ker.}
'talo > Er rcnc tclc, Mk r na talo id. | Chr: KB tcl, Uf tclo, B tclc id. | Prm {LG} 'to'l > Z tsv, Yz to'l id. ||
ObU {Ht.} 'tEl(oy) 'winter' > Vg 'tal - 'tili > Vg: T tal, LK/MK/UK/NV tol, P/SV/LL tol, UL/Ss
tal 'winter', LK/MK/Ss tcli 'in winter', P tcl-sl, UL tcli-avl 'Winterdorf'; pOs 'tcloy ({ Hl.} 'taloy)
'winter' > Os: V/Vy tclo, Ty/Y to'o, D/K tcto, Nz tat, Kz ta, O ta'l | Hg tcl (acc. tclct) id. UEW
516, Coll. 118, Coll. CG 414, Db. OS x, Sm. 55O (FU 'talva, FP 'talva, Ugr 'talga), MF 625-6, It.
#271, Kt. 429, LG 283, Lr. #1223, Lgc. #7728, Hs. 4O3-4, SaR 344, Ker. II 166, Ht. #635 ll ? A: NaT
'tolu 'hail' > Tk dolu, Az dolu, Ggz tolu (the vl. t- is still to be explained), Tkm { TkR TkmRS , TDS}
doli (not doli, as in AB and Rs. W), XT {ADb.} doli, Xlj t
u
oli, K {Rl.} toli, Tv tolu, Yk tolon IS AD 42
[#24], Rl. III 1196, Rs. W 486, TkR 278, TDS 264, DT 2O8, ET VGD 26O-1, ADb. Ttd 61 [#5], TvR 17O
IS reconstructs 't`- ({ IS} 't-) on the basis of alleged variations t- - d- (observed in Ggz tolu, Tk Rh
tolu and MT [L] {presumably Trkmni} tolu). But the Og lgs. of the Balkans (Ggz and the Balkan Tk
dialects) are known to have been preceded in the Balcans by those of the pre-Oghuz Pchng-
t`- :
t- was lost) [ Mng. TLP 11, 32-4], so that tolu in Ggz and Tk Rh may be a Qp loanword, while the
supposed Trkmni identity of the gloss tolu from the Leiden Glossary is highly qu. Hence IS's
conclusion referring this word to the 't`-group is hardly reliable S CNM 6 on my T 'tolu: "Turk.
'dolu [no 'tolu]". A misunderstanding: my lax T 't- = {S} d-. The pT vw. was short, as proved by Tkm
doli (TkR 278, TDS 264) ? OJ turara 'icicle' S CNM 6 ll ?? Attention should be paid to Gil A tilf (/
tilv) 'autumn' and t`ulf (/ t`ulv) 'winter' ST 354, 386, SR RN 162, 264 ll K: pGZ 'tovl 'snow' > OG
tovl-, G tovl-, Mg tsr-, tir-, Lz (m)tvi(r)-, mtur- id. This K stem belongs here only unless it is d from {K}
'(s`)to- v. 'snow' (< N 'sitavV 'cold weather') K 176, K
2
73, FS K 151, FS E 163-4 ^ The labial vw. 'o
in T is probably due to as : '-alvA > '-olu ^ AD NM #12 ^ Gr. II #427 ('tcl 'winter') [U, Gil].
2272. 'talV 'to tread, to pound' ( 'to thresh') > K 'tcl-/'tl- 'trample, press' > G tcl- 'trample,
crush', {Chx.} 'zertreten, zerstampfen', Mg tal- id., Sv tcl-/tl- v. 'press, touch' K 92, K
2
68, FS E
159ll U: FP 'tala- 'trample, tread upon' > F tallaa-, Es talla- id. | Prm {LG} 'tal- > Z
tal-nI, talav-nI 'trample down, puddle (clay) with feet' | ?? Mk r n - talo- v. 'thresh' UEW 791, FF
1O17-8, LG 278ll D 'tal- v. 'pound, thresh' [ N 'da'zV (gIV) 'to strike'] > Kn talisu v. 'pound, beat,
deprive rice of its bran by pounding', Tu talu 'threshed, beaten', taluni v. 'thresh', Gnd dalsana v.
'pound, thresh' D #313O ^ Cf. BmK 293-4 (an attempt to equate the K and the D with IE tclI- v.
'push', FU 'tolV v. 'shove, thrust in' and SC: Irq cil- v. 'sting', Kz cal- v. 'stab', etc.). It is more plausible
to equate IE 'tclI- v. 'push, strike' with T 't`alI`- v. 'strike, beat', etc. ( N 'taLIa 'to strike, push').
2273. 'tulE 'to be bright, light (hell)' > ? A: T 'tul 'noon' > NaT 'tus > OT [MhK] tus, Chg
[San.], Blq, Qmq, Qrg, StAlt tus, Qzq, Nog, Qq tus, VTt, Bsh r' mtis, Kr tus - tis, Uz tus, Tv
(mt's, Tf tu's 'noon' Cl. 559, DTS 6OO, Rs. W 5O7 ('noon'), TL 78-9, Ra. 178, Rl. III 1586-7, Jud.
786, BT 163 Hardly from 'tus 'halt in a journey', as suposed by MhK and Cl. M: [1] M 'dul ( N
'duli 'fire; to heat') > WrM dul, HlM (yn 'clear, serene, calm, bright' (of weather), Ord d_ul adj. 'sans
vent et sans froid', Kl {Rm.} dul odr 'summer day; warm windless day' MED 272, Ms. O 16, KW
1O1 [2] AdS of M 'cdur duli 'noon', lit. 'middle of day' ('cdur means 'day', pre-M ''duli 'noon'
coalesced with M 'duli 'middle') > MM odur duli [IsV] 'noon', [IM] 'afternoon', [S, HI] udur duli
'noon', WrM duli, HlM (n 'noon, middle', as well as Mnr N {SM} d_ur, {T} dur 'noon, day' ( M 'cdur
'day') MED 28O, SM 66, T 331-2, Pp. MA 443, Lg. VMI 28, Ms. H 1O7, H 38 NrTg 'dola 'clear' >
Ewk dolo 'clear' (of the sky), 'evident', Lm n. dclod 'clear sky', adj. 'open' STM I 215 DQA
#228O [A 'tuli 'clear sky, noon' > T, M 'duli, Tg] ll D 'tul-(aqI-/-aII-) ({GS} 't-) v. 'shine, be bright'
( N 'duli '') > Tm tulanqIu v. 'shine, be bright, luminous', Ml tulaqquIa v. 'glitter', tilaqquIa, tclaqquIa
v. 'shine, glitter', Tm, Ml tulaIIam 'brightness, splendour', Kn tolagu v. 'shine', n. 'shine, splendour',
tolau 'shine, lustre', OTl {Km.} tolaIu v. 'shine, be splendid', Tl tulaIincu v. 'shine, rejoice', tulaIimu
'shining, rejoicing' D #336O, Km. 381 [#56O], 395 [#633]; for the history of 'u see Zv. 65-6 ll ? HS:
Possibly AdS of SC: Irq {MQK} dclo, {E} dclo 'day', Kz dclcs 'yellow' (pl.?), Asa -dili?i 'red' (all from N
'dila 'sunshine, daylight, bright') E SC 346 [#11], MQK 29.
2273a. ??? 'tVlV (= 'tA'yHilV or 'ti'yHAlV?) 'female' > A: T 'tili (- 'tili) > NaT 'tisi (- 'tisi)
'female' > OT tisi 'female' (but [MhK] dat. tisi-qa), XwT, MQ, Chg XV tisi id., Cmn tisi id., 'woman',
OOsm XV disi 'woman', Tk disi, CrTt, Qmq tisi, VTt t+s+, SbTt tisi, Alt tizi, Xk ttzt, SY tcsc, Tv
(nn tizi 'female animal', Kr tisi " tisi 'female, woman' Cl. 56O-1, ET VGD 244-5 ll D 'tallV ({GS}
't-) 'female, mother' > Tm tallai_, Ml talla, Tl tal(l)i, Prj tal, Knd tali, Png tar`i, Kui tadi id., Kui tali
'female bird\mammal, hen', Gnd Ma tallo 'mother, female of animals', {Mtch.} talur 'female of
animals', Gnd Mu tallur 'mother of animals\birds, hen which has laid eggs more than once', Gnd B
tali 'cow', Ku tali 'female of animals', talli id., 'mother'; another possibility is D 'tott 'nipple' > Ml
tottu, Tu, Kn tottu id. (if IS's hyp. about N '-l- > D '-t- is right) D ##3136, 3488.
2274. 'ticj?a,lo (or 'tuj?a,lV) 'stone, heap of stones' > A {DQA} 'ti_oyli 'stone' ({S AJ} 'ti_o:la-, {
SDM97} 'to:li, {Vv.} 'ti_olo) > Hun {Prc.} 'tial 'stone' Prc. HsS T 'ti_al 'stone' ({tAD}: <
''tEal) > Chv L cul, Chv H col id. || NaT 'tas > OT tas, Tk tas 'stone', Tk I dasagir 'stony land'
('ok ta yer'), Az, Slr das, Tkm das, Ggz, ET, CrTt, Qmq, Blq, VTt, Bsh, Qrg, Alt tas, Nog, Qzq, Qq
tas, Uz tos, Tv, Tf tas, Yk tas 'stone' Rs. W 466, Cl. 557, ET VGD 167-9, Ash. XV 22O-1, Fed. II 421-
2, IS AD # B 15, SDD I 4O5 M 'cilayun 'stone' > MM (ChSc) cilaun, WrM cilagun, HlM nynyy,
Brt mynyy( n) , Kl uonyn colun, Ord c`ilu, Dg colo Ms. H 47, H 27, KRS 654-5, KW 444, Chr. 733, Ms.
O 7O4, Klz. D I 131, T DgJ 182, S AJ 237 [#88]; the voicelessness of the initial cns. 'c- (for the
expected voiced ':- < A 'ti_-) has not yet found explanation Tg '|ola, {Vv.} '|olo 'stone' > Ewk, Sln,
Neg, Ork |olo, Lm |ol, Orc, Nn, Ul olo, Ud olo 'stone' STM I 263, Krm. 234 pKo {S} 'torh 'stone',
{Vv.} 'tvolo-I > MKo {Vv.} tolh, {S} tor/torh-, NKo tol S AJ 37-8, 254 [#83]), S QK #83, Nam 159,
MLC 478 pJ {S} 'jd,isi 'stone', {Vv.} 'jd,iso > OJ {Vv.} isi 'stone', ltOJ {Vv.} isi, J: T isi, K isi,
Kg isi_, Ht isi 'stone' S AJ 267 [#72], S QJ #72, Vv. AEN 369-7O, Mr. 426 S AJ 37-8, 277 [#68],
DQA #2246 ll K 'taj:,l- > G tal-i 'flint, fragment of a tooth' Chx. 1317, DCh. 1214 ll HS: S
'till- (-''til--?''tall-) 'mound, heap of stones' > BHb tcl, till- 'mound, hill, mound of ruins, heap of
stones', JA [Trg.] tcl, till-a 'heap of stones, mound', JEA al`1iT til'la 'ruin-mound', Sr tcll-a 'mound, hill,
heap', Ar tall- 'hill, heap', Ak till-, til- 'mound' GB 879, Sd. 1359, Ln. I 311, BK I 2O3, Lv. IV 644, Js.
167O, Sl. 12O5, Br. 824, PS 4438, JPS 613 ?? AdS of EC 'tul- v. 'heap' [ EC 'tul- v. 'pile up' < N
'to lV 'tol V) v. 'fill, pile up; full'] > Sml, Kns, Brj tul- 'heap' Bl. 185, Ss. B 18O, Hd. 396 ll ? D
'call- ({GS} 'all-) 'broken stone, (stone) chip' > Tm calli 'stone chips, pieces of glass', Ml, Tu
calli 'chip, postherd', Kn |alli 'broken stone\metal', Tu |alli 'broken stone', Tl |alli 'road metal, broken
stone', Prj :alub 'stone chips' D #2381, AM 291 ^ The formula 'ticj?a,lo reflects two alt.
hypotheses: 1) the rec. 'tic?alo presupposes contraction of a N disyllable in A: N 'tic?alo > A {S,
SDM94} 'ti_alV - 'ti_olV, 2) the rec. 'ticlo presupposes a "vowel breaking": 'ticlo > 'ti_ol'a ( >
'ti_ola -'ti_alV). The first alt. has an advantage: it accounts for the K and D reflexes (K
glottalized 't-'t?- 'ti?-, D 'ca-'ti_a-'ti?a-, the vw. '-a- both in D and K) and for the length of the
Altaic vw. (due to contaction of a disyllable), while the second alt. hyp. presupposes rejection of
both the K and D cognate roots and fails to account for the A vowel length. Cf. IS SS #11.25, MS 343:
A, K ^ AD AD #2 ^ AD NM #82, S CNM 8 ( NrCs), Vv. AEN 4-5 ^ Gr. II #368 ('tul 'stone') [A, Ko,
J, Etr].
2275. 'tulV 'tip, sprout, sth. protruding, summit' > HS: S 'tl > Ar tal-at- 'high\elevated
land\ground' ( S 'tl 'be tall, long' < N 'tlE(-ga) 'to be long'?) Ln. 312, BK I 2O4 EC: Sml
{DSI} tuluh 'hump; large benign tumour on the hind part of the neck', Or {Grg.} tullu 'mountain, hill',
Sd {C} tullo 'mountain', {Gs.} tullittc, coll. tullo 'hill, heap', {Hd.} tull-o 'hill' (semantic infl. of tul- v.
'pile up'? - N 'to lV 'tol V 'to fill, pile up; full' and N 'ticj?a,lo 'stone, heap of stones') DSI 589,
Grg. 379, Gs. 318, C SE II 221 ll U: FU 'tuzIa 'point, upper end' (- FP 'tuzIa-mV) > F tutIa 'Spitze',
tutIan (gen. tutIamcn), 'Spitze, Ende', Es tutI, tutIcm 'Ende, Winkel' | Lp N {N} dutIum - dutIun, , L {LLO}
tur`Ium 'leaf-bud (on trees), Lp Vfs {Lgc.} d_ur+Ioms 'Knospe, Ktzchen an Bumen' | Prm 'tool
'sprout, shoot, excrescence' > Vt tulIm 'young shoot on the top of a tree' ('die oberen zarten
Sprlinge der Bume'), tola 'fir-cone', Z LL/MS on-tol 'sty on the eye' (on- 'dogs' 'rotten')
|| ObU {Ht.} 'toz/'tcz, 'toz/'ta:z 'Gipfel, Spitze, oberes Ende' > pVg 'taloI - 'taloI > Vg: T/LL/ML
taloI, LK talox, MK/UK taloI, P/SV talI, NV talI " taloI, UL talox, Ss tolox - talox; pOs 'toy, 'toy
({ Hl.} 'tuy, 'tuy) > Os: V/Vy toy, Ty/Y toy, D/K tcy, Nz/Kz tiy, O ta'y id. | OHg tolgy, tolgy, Hg
togy 'udder', {UEW} 'Euter, Gesuge' Coll. 12O, UEW 533-4, Sm. 55O (FU 'tudIa 'tip' > FP 'tudIa,
Ugr tudIa), MF 643-5, LG 281-2, Ht. #616-7 Cf. N 'toala(-Ia) 'top, upper end, tip' ll D
''tuli 'sprout, bud; to sprout, bud' > Tm tulir- v. 'bud, sprout, shoot, put forth leaves', tulir 'bud,
sprout', Ml tulir 'a bud', Kn suri 'tender sprout', Kn Hl suli, Kn B culi 'sprout', Kn R tololu 'mango
shoot', Kdg culi 'leaf shoot', Tu suli 'tender shoot, germ, bud', Mlt {Drs.} culc v. 'sprout', culo 'blade
of grass or corn' D #3362 ^ AD LZL 359-6O ('tulyn HS, U, D + T), IS I 222 ('duIn; U, D + K)
^ D '-l- usually go back to N '-l- or '-l-. But since the only known N sources of U '-z- are N
'-z-, '-l- and '-l- (most probably '-l- and '-l-) and not '-l- [e.g., N 'ulc 'recent' > U 'uzc
'vuzc, N 'PolV 'to split' > U 'ozV 'split, divide', but N 'IulyV 'silt, dirt' > FU 'I'ulV > ObU
'IulyV 'swamp', i.e. the reg. U reflex of N '-l- seems to be '-l-], I am inclined to reconstruct here
N '-l- rather than '-l-.
2276. 'tclj ,V 'to bore, pierce' > ? HS: C: Bj {R} tl? (1s: p. 'a-tla?, prs. a-tanli?) v. 'bore, pierce' || ??
SC: Irq {MQK} cil- v. 'sting', Kz {E} cal- v. 'stab', cclct- v. 'drill', ?? Asa {E} alas- v. 'bite, sting' R
WBd 226, E SC 193 (SC 'tcl- v. 'prod, poke'), MQK 1O9 ll A: T: [1] 'tcl- v. 'pierce, bore' > OT {Cl.}
tas-, MOg [L] dis-, Tk dcs- v. 'split, pierce', Az, Ggz, Tkm, XT {ADb.} dcs- v. 'pierce', Qmq, Uz, Qrg,
Alt tcs-, ET {BN} tas- - tos-, Nog, Qzq, Qq tcs-, VTt, Bsh tis-, Tv tc'z-, Tf tc's-, Xk tis-, Yk tas- id., Tki
{Zn.} yT tis, ET das 'hole' - NaT 'tasiI 'hole' (> Cmn tcsiI, Tk dcsiI, Tv tcsiI, etc.); [2]
'tcl- 'pierce' (a secondary variant; it resulted probably from precons. depalatalization 'l > l): OT,
XwT, MQp, Chg, Osm dcl-, Tk dcl-, Ggz, CrTt, Kr Cr dcl-, Az dal- VTt and Bsh i provide ev. for pT 'c
and hence for A 'c IS AD 39, Cl. 49O, 559, ET VGD 185-6, 21O-2, BN 152, Ra. 172, Rs. W 471, ADb.
Ttd 58 [#11] ^ SC 'c- still needs explanation.
2277. 'tcmV 'full, complete' > HS: WS 'tamm- id. > BHb MT2 tam 'is complete, has been
completed\finished' (pf. of the verb tmm), tmm (ip. yit'tom) v. 'be complete', Ph tm, Pun tm 'perfect,
undamaged; honest', tm, THEM 'totality, completion, integrity', Sr tmm D (pf. Mea tam'mcm) 'make
entire\perfect', Md tmm v. 'be, become, remain', Ar tmm G (pf. tamma) 'tre fini, achev, complt;
avoir lieu compltement; finir', tamm-, timm-, tumm- 'fin; complment, ce qui complte; perfection',
Mh, Jb, Sq tmm v. 'be finished, finish' (pf. 3m Mh tsm, Jb E tim, Jb C timm, Sq tcm 'is finished, has
been finished') KB 1613-5, JH 329, HJ 1216-8, JPS 714, BK I 2O6, Jo. M 4O2 Eg fP tm 'everything,
totality', tm 'be complete', Eg NK tm 'vollstndig machen' EG V 3O3-5, Fk. 298-9 NrOm: Ym
{Wdk.} tuma 'much filled', tumi 'filled sufficiently', {Lm.} tum- 'be full' Wdk. BY 137, Lm. Y 379
? C: Bj {R} tc'mim 'ganz', tcmim- 'ganz sein' (A Ar tamim- ?) CCh: Msy {Mch.} tcm, Db {Lnh.} tcm
'all' ChC ll K: G -tamam- 'khn sein', G Kx -tamam- 'gut gedeihen' (z. B., von Pflanzen) possibly AdS
of G tcm-i '(Dorf-, Land-) Gemeinde' (< N 'tam?'u 'earthern wall, house', q.v.) Chx. 45O, 472 ll U:
FU 'tcmV 'full', vt. 'fill, cram' > Chr: KB tcmo, B tcmc 'full', KB tcma-, L rcxa- (inf. rcxa m), KB tcma-, U
tcma- 'become full\sated', L rcxa- (inf. rcxa m) 'fill, make sated', KB/U/B tcmc- id., H ryxD-mtcma- 'get
sated, fill' || Hg tcm-, Hg tom- vt. 'stuff, fill' UEW 52O, Coll. 119, MRS 569, Ep. 117 ll D (in SD)
'tum()- ({GS} 't-?) 'full', (-?) v. 'be filled, fill' > Kt tumn 'full', Kn tumbu v. 'become full, filled up,
complete', tombc 'multitude', Irl t"umba 'much', Tm tumai_ 'assembly, crowd', Kdg dumb- v. 'become
full', Tu tombara 'abundant, much', Kt tub- v. 'be filled full', tubc- vt. 'fill', Kn timbu vt., vi. 'fill', Tu
tumbuni v. 'be filled', Krg tumdi v. 'fill' D #3331 ^ The vw. 'u in D may be due to the ass. infl. of 'm
^ Blz. LB #1c, IS MS 356 & IS SS 320 [#2.4] (CCh U 'taqc 'full', D tan`- 'abound'), BmK 292-3
(HS, D, Sum tum 'abundance, plenty' + unc. FU 'tuqIc- v. 'stuff in' [UEW 537-8]). Gr. II #5
('tuma 'all').
2278. 'tVmV 'hair' > HS: EC: Rn {PG} tim 'hair', pSml {Lm.} 'tim- id. > Sml {ZMO} tin/tim- 'a hair',
Sml N tin/tim-, Sml B/Ash/My/Db {Lm.} tiq 'hair' ZMO 393, Lm. SD 337, Abr. S 238, Oo. 68, PG 277
CCh: Bnn {Lk.}, Azm {Pc.} tumusa 'hair' Lk. ZSS 132, Pc. 398 ? Eg fMK tm: 'mat; sack (for
corn, etc.)' > Cpt: Sd :mc tmc, B mu t"mc 'natte (jonc, alfa)'; DEg tm 'Matte' > Cpt: Sd :em tom, B em
t"om id. and/or Sd :wwmc toomc, A :wmct tomcs 'bourse, sac' EG V 3O7, Fk. 299, Er. 631, Vc. 214-5
ll K: pGZ 'tma- - 'tama- 'hair' > G tma, Mg toma-, tuma- 'hair', Lz (n)toma- 'hair, wool, fleece' K 95, K
2

73, Fn. KW-2 42 [#9], FS K 151-2 & FS E 164-5 ('tom-) ll ?? U: FP 'taqIa 'lock of hair, lump of
hair\wool' (< ''tam-Ia with the sx. '-Ia?) > pLp {Lr.} 'toqIc > Lp: N {N} duog'gc 'lump of hair, lump of
wool; tangled beard', L {LLO} tuoggc 'Knoten, Knuel von etw. Verfilztem, Verwickeltem (z. B. von
Haaren, Wolle)', Kld {Lr.} tuq:g, {TI} tuq,I 'karstaamaton vanuvillatukko (a cloth of uncarded felt
wool)', {TI} tu'cgg_ad_ 'sich verfilzen (Haar, Wolle)' | Prm 'tug or 'tug > Z tug / tugy- 'tassel', Z Ud
tug/tugy- 'Haarflechte, Zopf', Vt tug, Vt MU tu'g, Vt B tog ({ LG} tog) 'tassel, fringe hair\fibres (6axpoxa)'
UEW 791, Lr. #13O1, Lgc. #8O7O, Lt. 221, LG 285, TI 614 ^ Tromb. CCS II 156 (K, S, Cpt), Blz. KM
121 [#25] (K, HS: C, Ch, B: in Ntf, BMn, Izn timmi, Shl timint etc. the element ti- is a px. of f.).
2279. ? 'tVmV 'worm, snake' > HS: EthS 'taman- > Gz taman 'snake, dragon', Tgy, Amh tvmvn id. L
G 578 EC: Sa {R} timbaIi'ya 'worm' R S II 355 ll IE: NaIE 'dcm(-cl)- 'worm' > Al: T
'dhcm|c 'caterpillar, maggot' (-m|- < '-ml-?), T dhcmizc - {Hamp} dhc'mizc, dhi'mizc, G dhcmizc,
dhcmcz id., 'blowfly' || Gk occco) pl., [Hs.] oc|ci) pl. 'leeches' P 2O1, EI 65O ('dcmc'li-s 'worm'),
F I 363-4, Hamp AIEW 143, BFU 116, FJGJSh 4O2, O 81 (pAl 'omya 'worm' pAl 'o 'earth' < IE
'd"g"om 'earth'), F I 363-4 ^ BmK 3O8-9 (trying to equate the IE with EthS tmm v. 'twist', M
tomu and Th 'tom- v. 'twist').
228O. 'tVhjV,mV (= 'tahjV,mV?) 'fire; to kindle; very hot' > HS: S 'thm > Ar taham- 'chaleur
brlante' BK I 2O9 Eg G thm 'kochen' (unless Eg XVIII/G hm 'hei sein [ein krankhafter
Zustand], brennen') EG II 489 & V 322 NrOm {Blz.} 'tam- 'fire' > Gf {Mrn.}, Wl/Zl {C} tama, Wl
{LmS} tama, Cha/Bsk/Bdt {C} tama, {Fl.} tama, Dk tama, Male {Fl.} tami, {Si.} 'tami, {Hab.}
tamia, tamo, She {C} tam, Bnc {Wdk.} ta`m, Shn {Fl.} tava, Krt {Fl.} 'tamo, {Si.} tama, Anf {MYTY} tcmma,
{Fl.} tamo 'fire', Gnj {Si.} 'tama, Kcm {Si.} ta'ma, Sz {Fl.} tami, {SWW} tommi, HzMa {Fl.} tamc, {SWW}
tammi, Na {C, Fl.}, Shk {Fl.}, Mj {Bnd.} tamu; Bnd PO 146 mentions Kf tamo 'fire' (not confirmed by
other sources [four rather voluminous dictionaries of Kf!]) Blz. OL #96, C SE III 116, 176, C SO 35,
45, 63, Mrn. O 157, Wdk. BY 154, LmS 519, Fl. OWL s.v. 'fire', MYTY 12O, Hab. M, Si. ACh 4, Si. M 8,
SiW BA 12, Bnd. PO 146 SC: [1] Irq {Blz.} tumuq 'hot ash' (the word is not found in the "Iraqw
vocabulary" by Mgw., though Blz. mentions Mgw. as the source) ; [2] (???) Ehret reconstructs SC
'tom- 'hot' on the alleged ev. of Kz camali 'hot' and Mb sumasu hot season' (1 Kikuyu thcmithu 'hot
season') E SC 175, Blz. SC s.v. 'ashes' Tk. p.c. (Eg, Om or Eg thm hm) ll A {SDM95} 'tj`,amV,
{DQA} 'tj`,cmo v. 'burn, kindle' > NaT 'tj,am- id. > Qrg tam-, Xk tamil- 'catch fire', OT tamour-, SY
tam-dir- vt. 'burn', VTt tam+z-, Qrg, Nog, Qq tamiz- id., Yk timit- v. 'kindle'; OT [MhK] {Cl.} tamdu,
tamduq 'fierce fire, blaze' Cl. 5O4, Rs. W 459, Jud. 698, Rl. III 1OO1, BIG 216, TL 363 pJ 'tsms-s-
vt. 'burn, light' > OJ tomos-, J: T tomos-, tomos-, K tomos-, Kg tomos- S QJ #183 SDM95 [A
't`amV (- t-) 'burn, incend'], S AJ 286 [#254], DQA #2342 [A 't`cmo t- 'to burn, kindle'].
2281. 'tam 'u 'earthern wall, house' > HS: B 'tVmmu > Kb atommu (pl. itomma) 'hutte
fourrage, paille', BSn {La.}, SrSn {Rn.} atommun, Rf {La.} atmun, Kb Z {Rn.} atommu 'meule de paille'
Dl. 825, La. MChB 363, Rn. 3O3 ll K 'tcj:,m- > G tcmi '(Dorf-, Land-) Gemeinde; Stammverband;
Gebiet, Bezirk' ( N 'tcmV 'full, complete' [q.v.]??) Chx. 472, DCh. 557 ll IE 'domjh,u-, 'domjh,o-,
'dcmh- > NaIE 'domu-, 'domo- 'house', 'dcmo- v. 'build': [1] 'domu- > L domus (gen. domu-s) 'house' || Sl
'dom+ (gen. 'domu) > OCS em+ dom+ (gen. em domu) 'house', Blg, R (ox 'house, home', Uk ( x, SCr
dom, Cz dum, P dom 'house', Slv do'm 'home', OR emeai domovi 'nach Hause' || OI damu-nah /
damu-nas- 'householder, master' || Lt namu-darys 'Baumeister' (as 'd...m > n...m?) || ? Arm {Bdr.}
tanutr tanu-tcr 'master of a house' [1a] the apophonic grade 'dmou- is represented in Gk I oe)
(gen. oeo)) 'prisoner of war, slave (Knecht)' ( *'house servant'?) [2] NaIE 'dom-, 'dom / gen.
'dcm-s 'house' > OI 'dam- id. (att.: gen. pl. da'mam), Av dam, dami, dan loc. sg. 'in the house', n.mo
gen. 'of the house' || Gk Hm oe 'house' || Arm tun tun 'house' [2a] 'dcms oti- 'master of a house' > Gk
ocotot) 'lord, owner', OI 'dam-ati-, Av dong ati- id., 'ruler' [3] NaIE 'domo-s 'house' (analogical
change due to the inluence of the more numerous 'o-stems?) > OI 'damah 'house' || Gk ooo-) id. || L
domi loc. 'at home' ( OI 'damc 'in [a, the] house, at home') || Lt namas 'house' (as 'd...m > n...m?)
[4] NaIE 'dcm(o)- v. 'build' > Gk oce 'I build', pfc. prtc. ococvo) (rdp from 'dmc- [an apophonic
grade of 'dcmo-]), Gk D [Pindar] vco-oo-to) 'new-built' || KhS a-dim- 'make' HrLw {EI ?} tama-
'build' [5] +ext. '-r- 'building, to build, carpenter' > ON timbr, OSx timbar, AS timbcr 'timber, wooden
building', OHG zimbar id., NHG Zimmcr 'room (in a house)', NE timbcr; Gt timr|an 'erbauen', ON timbra,
OHG zimbarcn 'to build, timber', MHG zimbcrn, NHG zimmcrn 'to build, carpenter' P 198-9, EI 87
['dcm(h_)- 'build (up)'], 192 & 281 [''dom / ''dcm-s 'house, household, nuclear family', ''dom(h_)os-
'house, household'], M K II 18-9, F I 364-5, 4O2-3, 4O8-9, 428-9, WH I 369, Vr. 588, Fs. 478, Ho. 348,
Kb. 1252, OsS 1261-2, Lx. 336, Frn. 41O, ESSJ V 72-3, Bern. I 21O-1, SPS IV 98-1O1, Glh. 2O3, Slt.
2O9-1O, Bedr. 69O ll A 'tamV 'wall, house' > NaT 'tam 'wall' > OT {Cl.} tam, XwT XIII-XIV tam 'wall',
MQp XIII, Cmn XIV tam 'roof', Chg XV tam 'roof, wall', OOsm XIV dam 'building', Osm dam, Tk dam 'roof,
hut, roofed shed', Az dam 'building, house, roof, roofed shed', Ggz dam 'stable, roofed shed', Tkm tam
'house', Uz rox tom 'roof', Uz rox 'lodging, room (Zimmer)', Qzq tam 'wall, house, mud hut', {Rl.}
'Aufbau ber einem Grabe', Qq tam 'house', Qrg tam 'wall (of mud or brick), house (of mud or brick)',
ET {Nj.} 'T tam 'wall, fence, mud building' [1 Oyr T {Rm.} tam
a
'wall (Wand, Mauer)'], SY tam 'wall,
fence', Sg {Rl.}, StXk tam 'Erdschichte', Xlj dam istu 'roof' {DHST, but not in DT} Cl. 5O2, Rs. W 459,
TrR 2O7, Hs. 96, Sht. 191, Jud. 698, Nj. 283, KrkR 616, Ml. ZhU 11O, Rl. III 991, 1648-9, UzR 442,
BIG 215, DHST 3O4, ADb. Ttd 62 ( 't`am without ev. for 't`-), KW 377 (mentions WrM tama '?', not
confirmed by other sources) pJ 'tamuru_a 'plot, camp' > OJ tamura, ltOJ [RJ] tamuro, J: T tamuro,
tamuro, K tamuro, Kg tamuro S QJ 393, Mr. 541 (,) Tg 'tamV- 'shed, cover' > Ewk tamana
'folding birch-bark cover for a tent', Nn B tamtxt 'Schirmdach, nancc' (STM II 159) Rs. W 458,
DQA #2323 [A 't`ama 'wall, roof'; incl. T, J] ^ The length of the vw. in T 'tam is likely to reflect the
N lr. ^ The N final vw. is hard to determine: IE 'domjh,u- and B'tVmmu suggest '-u, but Gk vco-oo-to)
points to an 'a-coloured lr., hence pN '-a ^ Rs. W 459 (A, IE), S NSShS #21 and S NSR (A, IE); cp. also
BmK 314 (IE, Sum dim v. 'make, fashion').
2282. ? 'tVmjV,sV 'to gather, concentrate, condense' > HS: S 'tms > Ar tms v. G 'gather,
collect' BK I 2O8 ll IE 'dcns-/'dns- 'dense' > Gk ooou) 'thick with hair\leaves\bushes, hairy' || L
dcnsus 'dense, thick (with vegetation, etc.)' Ht dassu-s 'massive, heavy, mighty' P 2O2-3, EI 574
[''dcnsu-s / 'dn'sou_-s 'thick'], F I 351, WH I 341-2, Ts. E III 259-66 ^ BmK 3O8 [equating the IE
with Eg dns v. 'be heavy', which goes back to N 'doncE 'large, heavy' (q.v.)].
2283. 't'oNV 'to appear' ( 'to seem') > HS: S 'tnn v. 'be similar' > Ar tinn- 'semblable, pareil'
BK I 2O8 ll K 'tan-/'tn- ({Fn. KW-1} 'tan-) 'appear, be visible', 'tcn- 'become visible; be getting light'
( N 'ti?u 'to shine, be seen', q.v. ffd.) > G tncv-/tni-/tn- 'an jem.\et. Gefallen finden, et. gutheien,
billigen', Mg ton-ua 'scheinen, erscheinen', Sv -tcn-/-tn- 'appear, become visible, be born; make visible,
show; give birth' (aor. a_tcn, msd. L {Dn.} li-tcn 'show', UB/L li-tn-c, Ln li-tcn-c 'give birth, be born',
make visible') K 92, K
2
68, Fn. KW-1 35 [#28] (G, Mg), Chx. 495, Ni. s.v. no) nnrc) ; Fn. KD (K
'ton-/'tn-), FS 143, FS E 155-6, TK 434, GP 154 (UB litnc 'give birth, be born'), Dn. s.v. tcn (litcn 'show',
litnc 'be born') ll D 'ton_r_- (= 'ton_d_-) ({GS} 't-) v. 'be visible, appear, come to mind' ( N 'toqV
'learn, inform') > Tm tonru, Kn tor-, toru- id., 'come into existence', Ml tonnuIa v. 'spring up, occur,
appear to the sight', Kt tor- v. 'be visible', Td tvil- - tvit_- 'be foreseen', tvir_- id., 'be visible', Kdg
tond-ici 'it (a sudden idea) came in a flash', Tu to|uni 'appear, seem, be seen', Tl tocu 'occur in the
mind, seem, appear', Krg to:u 'that which strikes the mind, an idea; manifestation, appearance', Prj
tond-, Gdb tond- v. 'appear', Knd tor_- v. 'appear, be seen', Kui ton:a v. 'appear, seem', Ku
ton:a-ai_yali v. 'appear' D #3566; the element '-r_- is a sx.? ^ Cf. Fn. KD #73 (K, D 'tor_- 'appear,
be seen').
2284. 'tEqgVllV 'heavenly light in the night [star(s), moon]' > IE: NaIE 'dngj",lo- > Gmc
'tunglal- > Gt tuggl, OSx tungal, OHG himil-zungal 'Gestirn', AS tunol id., 'star, constellation', ON tungl
'Gestirn, Mond' WP I 792, Ho. 355, Ho. S 76, Vr. 6O1 ll HS: C: Ag 'csqgslv- ({Ap.}
'comgolv-/'comgorv-) 'star' > Bln/Km {Ap.} ssngsrva, Bln {R} sinru'va, Km {CR} singirva (pl.
singiru-t), Xm {R} sogluva, Q {R} scngcru'va, Awn {R} scgul'va id. Ag 'c- for the expected 't- still
needs expalnation Ap. AC 2O, R WB 326, CR K 252, AD SF 125-6 ? NOm: Anf {C} cigiro,
{MYTY} sigro, {Fl.} cigcro, Bsk {C} tcqna, Kf {C] tocno, Mch {L} too 'star' MYTY 119, AD SF
125-6, C SE III 116 & IV 5O9, L M 55, Fl. OWL Ch: CCh: Bt {Mk.} tcIclic, Bc {Sk.} tuIulc, {ChL}
ttItlcy 'star' || ? WCh: Kfr {Nt.} dagar id. | Sy Zk {Sh.} cazur, Tule {Sh.} cacur id. ChC, ChL,
Sh. SB 31, Nt. s.v. dagar ll D 'tiqgIal 'moon' > Tm, Ml tiqIal, Td tigil, Kn tiqgal, Tu tiqgolu 'moon', Kt
tigl id., tiqgl 'month', Kdg tiqga 'month', Kui tingal dan:u 'crescent moon' D #3213 ^ Blz. LNA #53
[suggested to equate IE with D; pN 'tiqIa(lV) 'moon'].
2284. ?? 'to'E 'head, top' (> 'hill') > HS: Eg fP t 'head', Eg N tbn id. (+ AdS : N 'tacu 'high
place, top, hill'?) EG V 261, 263-72, Fk. 296 ll A {SDM97} 'to`E 'hill, top' > NaT 'tj,oou (>
'tj,oa) id. > OT {Cl.} tou 'the top (head, summit, mountain, hill)', MQp tcc - dcc, Cmn tcbc,
Chg toc Tk tcc, Ggz tcc, Az taa, Tkm dcc, Qry tobc " tcbc " toba, VTt, Bsh tuba (1 Chv tubc),
Nog, Qzq, Qq tobc, Qrg tobo - dobo, Alt tobo, Uz tca, ET toa, Tv t`cy ({ADb.}: < ''dhcy <
''dccy) 'crown of head, hill, summit', MU tcc - toc, Xlj taa 'hill, summit, top of sth.', Yk
too id., 'head' In the T lgs. we may suppose mutual infl. of the paronymous roots 'toou and
'tj`,ac (on the latter see s.v. N 'tacu ''). The attempts to unite these two T roots in spite of the
phonetic differences (by postulating pT 't`a`o [Dr. TM III #872 and DT 2O1], or by reconstructing
ppT 't`c`c [Md.]) are superfluous Cl. 436, TL 2O1, BT 154, IS AD 42 [#23] M 'dobun 'hill' > WrM
dobu, -n, HlM (on 'hill, mound, knoll', Ord {Ms.} d_ovoq 'monticule, colline', Kl {Rm.} dovn 'hill' -
WrM {Gl.} dobogun 'summit of a mountain, peak'; M 1 Yk dobun 'Erhhung'; the variant with t- (in Kl
tovxn < {Rm.} 'tobu-qan} is probably a loan from T Kow. 1818, MED 255, Gl. III 177-8, SM 64, Ms. O
155, KW 97, 4O4 Tg {DQA} 'du- - 'dub- 'upper (on the mountain\hill); top' ( N 'djoy,a 'place
(within, below), inside'?) > Ewk div - diyu 'upper (on the slope), di-ls 'at the top', 'forest on the
mountain slope', din 'upper part of the mountain', Lm da 'mountain peak', dsyi " dsv " ds 'upper,
found at the top', Neg di- (+ppa.) 'top, peak', Orc di-ls, Ud dixi 'farther from the river bank', Ork di-si
'up from the bank', diti 'upper part of the tent', Ork duvvs, Nn duys 'the side from the river bank to
the woods', Nn Nh duvuy 'farther', WrMc dclc 'top' STM I 2O2-3 pJ {S} 'jd,ia 'rock, cliff' > OJ
ia, J: T iva, K iva, Kg iva S QJ #1242, Mr. 429 SDM97 (A 'to`E 'hill, top' > T, M), DQA
#4OO [A 'tduyc 'hill, top' > M, Tg, J] ll IE: NaIE 'doP- - 'dub- 'tip, summit' (?) > Gmc 'tao- (- ?
'tu-) > AS to 'summit' (> NE to), OFrk 'to- 'summit' (1 OFr to 'pointe, sommet', toct
'sommet', Fr touic 'top, spinning-top, peg-top'), NLG to, Dt to 'summit', ON to-r 'Spitze', MHG
zof 'tip', as well as possibly MHG zof 'plait (of hair)', NHG Zof id., ON tor 'aufgebundenes Haar'
and tyi 'end' (cf. N 'tuV 'tail, back' (q.v.) || Sl 'dIba-ti > Slk dibat`, R (i6ar 'to tiptoe', Uk
'(n6arn 'to walk on stilts' | ? Ltv {ME} duba 'a sheaf in a upright position' ('aufgestellte Garbe') Ptrs. H
7O-1, P 227, AHD 1347, 1545, AHDI 69, Sw. 174, GH 562-3, Ho. 351, Vr. 595, ME I 5O8, Bern. I 249,
Vs. I 557, ESSJ V 197-8 (does not distinguish Sl 'dIba-ti 'to tiptoe' from the homonymous verb
'dIba-ti 'to reel, stagger').
2285. 'tuV 'tail, back' > U: FU 'tuV 'back (dos), spine' > Chr: L/H ryn, KB/U/B tu 'Rcken' |
Vt ri6ip 'back (dos), backbone', Vt Sr tIbIr, Vt Kz tobor 'back (Dorsum), spine' || Hg to 'der dicke
Teil der Schweinskeule oder des Schinkens', tom 'Oberschale des Rindes', Hg tomor 'buttock,
haunch', 'thigh (Schenkel)' UEW 538, MRS 599, Ep. 121, U3S 432 ll HS: CS 'tb 'be behind,
follow' > Ar {Ln., BK} tb G 'follow', {BK} taba- 'foot (of qudrupeds)', ? Ug tb G 'go, depart' Ln.
293-6, BK I 19O-1, A #243, OLS 461, Hnr. 184 (+ext. ) B 'dfr - 'dfr 'hind' > Ah doffor 'derrire',
Gh dfr v. 'be behind, follow', Kb, Gd, ETwl, Ty, Rf, Izn, Mz, Wrg dfr, CM dfr, Shl {Z} dfr " tfr, Gd
ctfor 'follow' id., Zng {TC} ctfor 'avoir une dette' (pf. yotfcr) Fc. 261, NZ 451-3, DCTC 285, TC Z 316
The variant 'dfr is connected with N 'dubj?,V 'back, hinder part, tail' (q.v.) Om: SOm: Dm {Fl.}
ttfo 'behind' || NrOm Kf {C} tcfo 'kidneys'; ? NrOm 'd' > Bnc {Wdk.} da`b v. 'follow', Ym {C} du"-,
{Wdk.} duo` - duo v. 'hunt', Kf {C} dabbo 'caccia con la trappola\lacciuolo' Fl. OO 317, C SE III 72
& IV 424, 504, Wdk. BY 1OO, 121 ll A {DQA} 'tuobV 'end, edge' ( N 'dubV 'edge, end', q.v.) > Tg
'dubc 'end (of an object), top' > Ewk duvs - dus, Neg duvs, WrMc dubc, dubcn id., 'point (of a sword)',
Mc Sb {Y} duvo, duvu 'tip, point, end', {Mrm.} dubc 'oberes Ende, Spitze, Schlu', Lm duvst 'top (of
tree), point', Orc, Ul du(v)s, Ud, Nn dus 'end, edge; point' STM I 218, Krm. 229, Y #26O4, Klz. MS
14O pKo {S} 'tui_h 'behind, back, North' > MKo tui_ / tui_h-, NKo tu_i S QK #367, Nam 168, MLC
517 pJ {S} 'tui 'finish' > OJ tui_i 'finish', J: T/K cui-ni, Kg cui-ni 'atlast, finally' S QJ #37, Kenk.
2O48 S AJ 71, DQA ##2264 ['tuobV 'end, edge' > Tg. Ko, J] The meanings of Tg 'dubc and pJ
'tui belong to the heritage of N 'dubV ll ?? IE: NaIE 'dubb- (if the original meaning was 'tail') [ NaIE
'doP- - 'dub- 'tip, summit' < N 'to'E 'head, top, hill' (q.v. ffd.)] > Ltv {ME} duba 'a sheaf (standing
upright), aufgestellte Garbe' || Gmc 'tua 'plait (of hair)' > MHG zof, NHG Zof id., ON tor
'aufgebundenes Haar' ^ The has phonetically irreg. variants suggesting some unclear ideophonic
associations or contamination with other (paronymous) roots. Cf. N 'dVmPV 'back, hinder part, tail'.
2286. ?? 'tuuV 'to blow, breathe' > HS: Eg fMK ty '(Luft, Lebensatem) einatmen, atmen' EG
V 296 ll A: T {ADb.} 'tub- > OT t'uvaI 'a blow-pipe' Cl. 439 ll D (in GnD) 'tu'- ({GS} 't-?) v.
'blow' > Png tub- (p. tut-) v. 'blow with the mouth', Knd tub- id., v. 'puff, blow out (lamp)' D
#3388.
2287. 'taIa 'to attack, obstruct, prevent' > HS: CS 'tI v. 'overpower' (mt < ''tI < [as ]
'tI) > BHb Fqt tI v. G 'overpower, prevail, attack' (Eccl. 4.12), BA tI v. G 'grow strong' ESh
MH III 1476, KB 1644 ll U: FP 'tavIV v. 'stop\cease (doing sth.), abstain from doing sth.' > F
tauota / tauIoa- v. 'discontinue, cease' | Lp N {N} duov'got v. 'be weaned; be ashamed to do sth.' | pPrm
'dug-d- > Z dugdI- v. 'cease doing sth.', Vt dugdI- v. 'stop' ('-d- is a Prm reflexive sx.) It. #48, Sm. 554
(FP 'tcvIa- 'stop'), LG 97, N I 6OO, UEW 422 (rejects the Prm cognate because of the alleged lack
of corr. between Prm 'g and F -I-, but in fact the voiced Prm 'g is explained by as to the reflexive sx.
'-d-) ll A: NaT tj`,og (< ''tj`,avg < ''tj`,abg ''tj`,ag), {ADb.} 'tog {Cl.} 'obstruction, barrier; obstructed'
> OT {Cl.} toy 'stopper, obstruction to anyth.; dam; spurs (of a mountain)', ? Shor, Sg toy 'gelt (die
noch nicht geboren hat)' (of a female animal), Sg, Qb tuy 'eine gelte Stute', Qrg tu, Qzq ry tuv, Qq
tuv 'barren' (of a female animal), Qrg tubas 'barren' (of a woman or a female animal) Cl. 463-4, Rl.
III 1157, 143O, Jud. 772, MM 352, KrkR 657ll D (in SD) 'taI-a- ({GS} 't-, '-g-?) v. 'stop, resist,
obstruct' > Tm taIai_ id., Kn taga 'delay, obstacle, hindrance' [unless < N 'taIa 'to attack, obstruct,
prevent' (q.v.)] D #3OO6.
2288. 'tc?q'u (or 'tcq?'u?) 'to say, talk to' > HS: C {AD} 't_" v. 'say, speak' > EC {Ss.} '-dh-,
{AD} '-tVh- v. 'say' > Sa {Wlm.} -dh- / -dch- v. 'say' (imv. cdch, p. -cdhc), Af {PH} (e)-dhc-/-a-dh-, Sml
{AD IPCV} -idih-, Sml N {Abr.} dch- / dah- / -di- / -dah(d)-, Sml C ri / rih- / rah-, Rn {Sim}
-dch- / -dah- (ayiqah 'he said', ayaqch 'he says'), {PG} -dch- / -dah / -dah- (yadch 'he says, does', 3s p.
yidah), pBn {Hn.} p.: '-crch- / n.-p. '-crah- v. 'say' > Bn J -cr- / -crah-, Bn K -crch- / -crah- id. || ? Ag
'dsI"-, {Ap.} 'doy"-/'doq"- v. 'speak' > Bln/Q {Ap.} dsv-, Xm {Ap.} dsq"-, Aw {Hz., Ap.} dsy"- (1s dsq"-) ||
Bj A {AD} -di-/-di- (prs. -n-di-), Bj {Rop., R} -di- (p. 1s 'a-di, 2m tc-'diy-a, 3m 'c-di; prs. 1s 'andi) pcv. 'say,
name' AD SF 57, 321, AD IPCV 1.2.3.2, 1.2.3.3, Ss. PEC 41, Hn. S 67, Hn. BD 35, 57, 144, PG 6O,
148, Ap. AV 9, Rop. 78-9, R WBd 55, R WB 115, PH 94, 27O-4, 282 ll IE 'dj",ch- 'say' > Ht tc- {Frd.}
'sagen', {Ts.} '(autoritativ) sprechen' NaIE 'dj",c- > Sl 'dc- v. 'say' > OP dzic 'inquit', OCz dicti, dicm,
Cz diti, HLs dzcc, LLs zas, Slv dc|ati v. 'say', OR 1u dci, 1 dc, R (c - pc. of quoting (indirect
speech), OUk ( 'namely', Uk (i 'namely, that is' Frd. HW 319, Ts. W 85-9, Ts. E III 143-7, 291,
Vs. I 489-49O, SPS III 1O6 ('dc as pc. of quoting), ESSJ IV 229-23O, Ivn. OPA 8O-1, SPS III 126-8
(does not distinguish between Sl 'dc- v. 'place', 'dc|a- v. 'do' and 'dc- v. 'say') ll K: pGZ 'tqv- v.
'report, let know' > OG tqv-, G tqv- 'v. 'say, tell, report, let know', Mg tqu- - tqv- " tqv- 'say' K
184, K
2
193, FS K 3O3-4, FS E 338, Chx. 131-2, Q 331 ll A: T 'tcjy,- v. 'say' > OT tc-, XwT XIV
dc- - tc-, MQp XIII dc-, Chg XV dc- 'say', MOg Tkm XIV {Cl.} dc-di 'he said', Tkm diy-, ET dc- - da-, Tk dc-,
Az, Ggz, Uz, Ln, CrTt, Qry, Qmq, Nog, Qzq, Qq, Qrg, Alt dc-, VTt di-, Bsh, Qmn ti-, Tb tiy-, Xk tt-, Tv tc-,
Tf tc-, SY ti- tc-, Yk dia-, Chv tc- Cl. 433-4, IS AD 39, Rs. W 467-8, ET VGD 221-4, Ra. 17O-1, Jeg.
241-2, Fed. II 2O5, S AJ 182 [#7O] ? M 'dayu-n 'sound' > WrM dagu(n), HlM (yy( n) MED 219 Tg
'dcjb,- 'song; shamanizing' > Ewk dsvsy 'song', dsvsy- v. 'sing and dance an Ewenki dance', dsv|sIi- v.
'shamanize', Orc dasaqgo interj. (a refrain of shamans songs), WrMc dcycqgu 'melody' STM I 228,
23O DQA #2235 [A 'tc 'to say, sound'] ^ The glottalization of 't- in C and K is due to the lr. '?;
K 'q < N '?q or 'q? ^ IS MS 365 ['tc'hn 'say' > IE, T + unc. : K 't_o- v. 'ask' [actually from N
'tcyvV 'to ask (for), beg'], BmK 318 (K, Sum dug
4
v. 'say\speak\tell').
2289. ? 'tcrV 'to tear, burst' > HS: S 'trr > Ar trr (pf. tarra) 'clater, partir (le noyau de la
datte quand on la casse avec une pierre); tre spar' BK I 194 ll ?? IE 'dcr-, 'dcrH- v. 'split' [ (?) N
'tuRi 'to pierce' (?) N 'torV 'to bark, to peel' N 'tArqV 'to make an incision, dig') > OI dar- (prs.
dr'nati, pfc. da'dara) v. 'burst, cause to burst, tear', Av auua ... dorona 'auseinanderspaltend', NPrs
dayrwda darr-idan - dayrda dar-idan 'to tear, rend, lacerate', {Vl.} 'lacerare, discerpere', Av darodar-
'split' (pp. doroto [= OI dr'ta-]) || W, Crn, Br darn 'piece, part' || Lt dirti (prs. dcru - diriu), dirti 'tear
asunder, flay' | pSl 'dcr-ti - 'dira-ti (prs. dcr-o) 'tear, flay [ N 'torV '']: [1] 'dcr-ti > SCr {Tls.}
(pcrn - {ESSJ} dri|cti, {Glh.} dri|cti 'tear, rend, flay', Slv drcti 'skin, flay', P drzcc 'tear, rend', Slk drict`,
Cz driti 'flay'; [2] 'dira-ti > OCS ipo:u / prs. cpa dcro 'skin, flay, lacerate', SCr dcrati, Slv dcrati
'tear asunder, rend, flay', Cz drati, Slk drat` 'rend, strip', R (par 'tear, bark (a tree), Uk
) (parn ) (cprn 'to tear asunder', Blg (c) pa 'tear asunder, rend, flay' || Gt dis-tairan 'vuvoi, to tear
up', OHG zcrrcn, fir-zcrrcn 'tear, tear up', NHG zcrrcn 'to tear, pull, tug', AS tcran 'to tear, lacerate', NE
tcar v. P 2O6-9, EI 567 ('dcr- 'tear off, flay'), M K II 59, M E I 7O1-3, Vl. I 844, Sg. 517, Horn 125, LP
12.1, YGM-1 163, ECCE 23O, Hm. 143, Frn. 96-7, ESSJ IV 2O9, V 218-9, Bern. I 185, Vs. I 5O4-5,
Glh. 191, Tls. 1O3, SJSS X 544, SPS V 231-5, Fs. 12O, Ho. 346, Kb. 1248, OsS 1247-8, KM 88O ll D
'tcr_- ({GS} 't-) v. 'burst asunder, break, cut' > Tm tcri vt. 'burst asunder; break, cut', Ml tcriIIa v.
'cut off', Kn tiri v. 'cut, cut off', OTl trcyyu v. 'be chopped\cut off', trcvvu v. 'be cut', Gnd tivv-, Knd tcv-
v. 'be broken', Png trcz-, Mnd trcy- v. 'cut (e.g. crops)' D #3437, Km. 399 [##65O, 652] ^ IS SS
#2.11, IS MS 36O ['pnar' 'tcr(H)n: IS, D + K 't_ar- v. 'dig'].
229O. ? 't'oRu ('-r-?) 't'oru '() tree, log' ( 'board') > HS: EthS (A C??): Tgr {LH} R
tor 'gable-beam in the roof', (d or cd ?) RR tormor, {Abb.} RN torman 'cross-beam in the roof' 1 Bj
{R} tir'man (pl. 'tirman) 'der Dachstuhl, Querbalken welcher das Dach sttzt' LH 3O7, R WBd
232 ll K: G taro 'Querblatt (an der Wand oder in einem Wandschrank)', {NCh.} 'shelf in the wall'
({DCh.} ':acrancn') Chx. 463, NCh. 231, DCh. 554 ll IE 'dcru- / 'doru- / 'drcu_- /'drou_- / 'dru-, {EI} ''doru
/ gen. ''drou_-s 'tree, wood' > Ht {Ts.} taru (taru), Lw {Mlc.} taru 'wood (Holz), tree', LycIs [StB]
oc| ('dcrva-) 'juniper' ([StB]: Ac| o coti t) tev Aukoovev ev) okcuto)) NaIE: OI
'daru 'piece of wood, wood (Holz)' (nom. 'druna, gen. 'droh, 'drunah), 'dru- 'wood, wooden
inplement, tree', Av dauru (gen. sg. draos) 'tree trunk, piece of wood', NPrs r"d dor 'wood (Holz),
beam' || Gk oou (gen. oooto), Gk Hm ooo)) 'tree, tree trunk, plank\beam', ou) 'tree, oak' || pAl
{O} 'druva 'tree, wood (Holz)' > MAl {FB} druu 'lignum', Al: T dru, G dru 'tree, bark, wood (Holz)',
SG/Be/Mn dru, P dru, druni, U dru, druni, D/Kr dru || OIr daur (gen. daro) 'oak', MW dcrv-cn snglt. (pl.
dcrv), W dar (pl. darvcn), OBr {Flr.} coll. dacru, MBr {Ern.} dcrucnn (pl. dcru), Br {Hm.} dcrucnn (coll.
dcrv) 'oak' || Gt triu 'tree, wood (Holz)', ON trc, AS trco (> NE trcc) 'tree', OSx trio 'tree, beam' || Sl
'dcrvo 'tree' > OCS p1ae drcvo, P drzcvo, Slv drcvo id., SCr drcvo, R '(cpcno 'tree, wood (Holz)', Cz
drcvo, Slk drcvo 'wood (Holz), timber'; Sl 'dr+vo 'tree', pl. 'dr+va 'wood (Holz), fire-wood' > Blg (p'no,
SCr drvo, Slk drvo 'tree', Slv drvo 'log, cudgel'; Sl 'dr+vo 'tree' > Blg (p) no, SCr drvo, Cz , Slk drvo id.,
Slv drvo 'log (of fire-wood), club', pl. 'dr+va 'fire-wood' ({EI} < 'druh_o/ch_) > OCS p+ao dr+va, SCr
drva, P drva, R (po'na, Blg (p'na id. Possibly words for 'resin, tar' ( 'dcru- 'tree'?): Ltv darva 'tar,
pitch', Lt dcrva id., 'resin; resinous stump' || ON t|ara 'tar' (< Gmc 'tcrvon), ON tyrv, Nr tyri, Sw torc
- tyrc 'resinous wood', MDt tar, Dt tccr, MLG tcr(c) (1 NHG Tccr) 'tar', NHG lc (in Kurhessen, Schwalm)
(Wagcn-)Zchr id., AS tcoru 'tar, resin', NE tar P 214-7, EI 598, Frd. HW 267, Ts. W 88, Ts. E III 23O-5,
, Mlc. CL 218. M K II 36, M E I 721, Horn 116, F I 411-2, Fs. 48O-1, Vr. 591, 597, 6O3, Ho. 346,
353, Ho. S 76, KM 775, SEv. 31, LP 67, YGM-1 168, Flr. 128, Ern. 152, Hm. 152, Frn. 9O-1, ESSJ IV
211-3 & V 141-2, SPS III 54-7, Gh. 2O7, O 76, Huld 56 (pAl 'druna-) ll A: pKo {S} 'tori > MKo tori,
NKo tori 'cross-beam' S QK #373, MLC 465 pJ {S} turi-(n)Isi_ 'ceiling beam' > OJ turigi, J T
curigi S QJ #385 SDM97 s.v. 't`or(g)c, DQA #2392 (A 't`i_orgc 'support, beam', incl. Ko, J); the
err. rec. of A 't`- is based of unj. comparison with Dg tcrIin 'dais' (in fact a loan from Mc) and Tg
'turga 'prop, support' (in fact derived from Tg 'torga- 'to prop up' < N 'tURga 'extend, stretch, hold')
ll ? D 'tar`- > Kn tar 'stem or stalk of corn, flowers, etc.' D #3185 ^ S AJ 289 [#312] (A
'tj`,crV tree', IE), S NSR 4-6 [IE + A 't`i_orc (with err. rec. of 't`-) + K: G dvirc 'Balken'; on this basis
he reconstructs N 'd"-].
229O. 'tuRV 'back, back side' > HS: S '-tur- 'turn back, return' ( '-tur- 'turn' < N 'tuvrV
'tuvrE 'to roll, turn round, wind') > Ak -tur- G : inf. OAk, Ak A tuaru(m), Ak OB taru(m) 'sich
umwenden, umkehren, zurckkehren', Ak NA/NB tura 'komm zurck, wiederun' Sd. 1332-6, 1372
ll IE: NaIE 'dors-/'dcrs- > L dorsum 'back' || Ltv {ME} dirsa 'der Hintere' (unless d from dirst 'to
defecate') || OHG zcrs 'penis' ( *'tail'?) WH I 373, WP I 798, 8O2, ME I 47O, Kb. 1248 NaIE '-s-
must be a sx. or an ext. ll U: FU {UEW} 'turya 'nape, back of the head' > F tur|a 'Hinterteil des
Nackens', Es turi (gen. tur|a) 'nape, upper part of the back' || OHg tar, Hg tar|a 'Genick, Hinterkopf
des Rindes; Schulterstck', tarIo 'nape, back of the head' UEW 538-9 Acc. to UEW, FU '-ya is a
poss. ending ^ The comparison between Latin and FU was suggested by Blz. in 1989 (Blz. LB #6c).
2291. ? 'tuRi 'to pierce' > A 'turu- v. 'pierce' > M 'duru- v. 'pierce, stick\push\shove into' >
MM [S] duru- 'eindringen, hineinsetzen', WrM duru- to put\push\stick into; slip in, insert, thrust
in', HlM (py- id., Kl (p- dur- 'put\push\shove in, hineinstecken', Brt (py- id., 'dip' H 39, MED
283, KW 1O5, KRS 22O, Chr. 21O IS AD 47 T 'tur- vi. 'string, thread (a needle)' (< N ?
'turyV \ 'turyE 'turV \ 'turE 'row, line; to string', q.v. ffd.) ll D 'tor_a- - 'tora- 'hole' ( N
'durV 'hole, hollow', q.v. ffd. N 'tor'Vha 'to pass over; through'?) ll HS: C: Dhl {EEN} t_ar- v. 'pierce,
spear' ( N 'tor'Vha ''?) || EC: Sml torrcy - torri, Sml {Abr.} torray - torri 'dagger', Rn {PG} tor (pl.
torar), Ya {Hn.} tor (pl. torori) 'spear' || SC: Kz talangayo 'bleeding arrow', ?? {E}: SC 1 Mb ito, itoro
'spear' ZMO 396, Abr. S 239, PG 28O, E SC 169 [#7] ('tar- v. 'spear, pierce with a weapon'), EEN 8
(Dhl Ya -tura '?'), Hn. Y II 134 ll ?? IE: NaIE 'dcr- v. 'prick, pierce' ( N 'torV 'to bark, peel' (?) N
'tcrV 'to tear, burst' (?) N 'tArqV 'make an incision, dig') > Lt durti (prs. duriu), Ltv durt 'to stab,
thrust, prick', Lt dura 'crow-bar' | pSl 'dcr- / 'dir- > SCr u-driti (prs. u-drim) 'strike'; pSl 'dira 'hole' >
OCS upo dira 'hole, crack', SCr dira ~ di_ra " dira, R (n) pa, Blr ) (:npia, Cz dira 'hole'; pSl 'dIra 'hole'
> OR po dIra 'hole, passage', R (i'pa, Plb dara 'hole' || OI darah 'hole in the ground, cave' P 2O6-
9, Frn. 113, M K II 21, Drd. 861, Vs. I 515, 559, ESSJ V 3O-1, 2O5, Srz. I 765 ^ IS MS 357 ('turn
'pierce'), IS SS 321 (in both papers A is equated with D).
2292. ?? 'tuvrV 'tuvrE 'to roll, turn round, wind' > HS: S '-tur- ( S '-tur- 'turn back, return' <
N 'tuRV 'back, back side') > Ar tvr G (pf. tara, ip. -tur-) 'faire le tour, circuler autour dun point', Ak
-tur- G : inf. OAk, Ak A tuaru(m), Ak OB taru(m) 'sich umwenden, umkehren, zurckkehren' BK I
21O, Sd. 1332-6 C: Bj {R} trr (p. 'a-trir, prs. a-tan'rir) 'drehen, wickeln' R WBd 232 ll IE (+ext. ):
NaIE 'dcrb"- 'to twist\bind together' > OI dr'bhati 'strings\ties together, ties in a bunch', Av dorovoa-
'bundle of muscles', WIrn '(ham-)darb- v. 'sew' > Xuri dur-, dur-uft, Prc an-darf, Orm un-dorov- id. || Sl
'dorb+ > Blr '(opa6 'basket, box (Korb, Schachtel)', R (opo'6oi 'box\basket of bast (iopo6)' || Arm
ton torn (< 'dorb"-n-) 'o_oiviov, rope, cord, string, twine' || OHG zcrbcn, p. zarta (rf.) 'sich (um)drehen,
wlzen', AS tcarflian (< 'tarbalon) vi. 'roll, wallow' WP I 8O8, P 211-2, EI 6O7 ('dcrb"- 'turn, twist'), M
K II 6O, M E I 7O3-4, MW 491, ESSJ V 74, SPS IV 112-3, Kb. 1248, OsS 123O, Ho. 344, Sw. 171 '-b"-
is to be considered a root ext. ll A 'tuurV > NaT 'tur- v. 'roll up' > OT tur- v. 'roll up (a scroll,
one's sleeves, etc.)', OOsm XV dur- v. 'roll up', Tkm duyr-, ET tur-, Yk tur- id., Tv tur-, Tf tu'r- 'roll
up as a tube', Az dur-maI 'some food rolled up in flat bread', Qzq, Qq, Qrg tur- 'roll up (sleeves,
trouser-legs), raise (hem of a skirt)', Nog, VTt, Bsh, Alt, Xk tur-, VTt tir- id., 'wrap' Cl. 53O-1, Rs. W
5O6, ET VGD 319-2O, Ra. 178, Hs. 118, Jud. 783, ADb. Ttd 61 [#12] pJ {S} 'tutum- 'wrap' > OJ
tutum-, J: T cucum-, K cucum-, Kg cucum- S QJ #112O, Mr. 776 DQA #2283 [A 'turi 'to wrap,
fold', incl. T, J].
2293. 'tturV 'tturE 'full, filled' > HS: S 'tr > Ar tr (pf. taria, ip. -tra) v. 'be filled, full'
BK I 196 ll U 'turc 'full' > Prm {Lt.} 'tu'r 'full, filled' > Vt, Z tIr id., Z tIr- v. 'be full, become filled', Vt
tIr- v. 'fill; become full, satt werden' | F tyrty- 'bis zum Ekel satt werden', tyrchty- 'stocken, sich stauen,
gedmpft werden, gehemmt werden', pLp {Lr.} 'tsrs vi. 'stiffen, tighten' > Lp N {UEW} darrat 'steif
werden, erstarren, hart weden', Lp Kld {TI} tsrra- 'aufquellen, dicht werden (ein Spack gewordener
Gegenstand in Wasser)' Sm: Slq NP tiir 'voll, Fllung', Slq B/Kt/UO tiir-, Slq Tur {Lh.} tirtI- v. 'fill'
UEW 524, Coll. 64, Lr. #1214, Lt. 198, LG 293, Dcsy UP 1O9 ('tira) ll A 'tir- 'thick, plenty' > Tg
'dira-, diramijn, 'thick' > Ewk diram, Sln dirami, Lm dtr+m, Neg diyam, Orc diyami, Ud dcami " diyami, Ul
dtramt, Ork |tramt, Nn tramt, WrMc iramin, Jrc {Kiy.} diramci_ 'thick', Nn trala- (+ppa.) 'thickness'
STM I 2O7-, Kiy. 135 [#692] DQA #225 [A 'tiri 'thick, plenty' > Tg] ll D ''tur- v. 'be filled up' >
Tm tur, Ml turuIa id., ?? Krx cur-na v. 'get obstructed, blocked up (as a rat-hole, pipe)' D #339O,
Pf. 43 [#245], 77 [#488] ^ IS MS 356 s.v. 'nonnin' ''turn (U, D), BmK 278 (HS, U; unc. : S Kz tal- v.
'grow' and Dhl {E} t_ar- v. 'collect together, mix').
2294. ? 'tar 'a 'to drink' > K {K
2
} 'tcr-/'tr- v. 'drink' > OG tcr-/tr-, G tvcr-/tr- v. 'get drunk', Sv tr- v.
'drink' (msd. UB/LB/L/Ln litrc 'to drink'); K 69 plausibly suggested that -v- in NG results from mt
tcr-v- > tvcr- K 95-6 ('tr-), K
2
69, Schm. 114; FS K 149 & FS E 162 ('tvcr-), TK 434, GP 154 ll A 'tara 'a
kind of beverage' > NaT 'tj,ar > OT tar [MhK] ({Cl.} tar) 'milk residue, that is the clotted milk which
remains at the bottom when the pure butter has been melted and drawn off', Yk tar 'sour boiled milk
that is fermented in summer and stored for the winter', 'frozen sour milk'; T 1 WrM tarag, HlM rapai
'clabbered milk, sour milk' Cl. 528, JkR 375, Pek. 2654, MED 779 Cl.'s assumption of a long a is
based on the shaky argument of the Arabic spelling, but must be rejected on the clear ev. of Yk ?
M 'darasun 'wine' > MM [IM, IsV] darasun id., WrM darasun, HlM (apc( an) 'sweet wine made from fruit or
grain', WrO {Krg.} darasun 'wine, drink', Kl (apacn daras+n 'wine made of berries', Mnr H {SM} d_srass
'genivre, vin', {T} dcrasc, Dx darasun 'wine'; the strange preservation of the final -un in Dx and the
unexpected long a and s (c) in Mnr suggest borrowing (at least in Mnr and Dx) Pp. MA 435, Lg.
VMI 25, MED 232, Krg. 545, KRS 183, SM 49, T 329, T DnJ 117 ll D 'tar- ({GS} 't-) v. 'drink, swallow'
> Tl tragu, travu v. 'drink', Prj tar-, Gdb targ- v. 'swallow' D #3174, Km. 398 [#644] ( Tm ar-
v. 'eat, drink' and Gdb K sarI- v. 'drink water from the tank'; reconstructs 'tar--'car-) ^ BmK 3OO (K,
D). The presence of a N lr. is suggested by D '-r- (< N cns. clusters '-r- reg. ).
2295. 'turHV 'turHE 'to be quiet, lie (liegen)' > HS: Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'ttird- v. 'lie down, go to
bed' > Ang {Flk.} tcr v. 'cause to lie down, lie down' | Krkr {IL} tadu, {Lk.} tadu v. 'lie down', tsdu v.
'sleep', Gera {ChL} tsdi v. 'sleep', Glm tsr vi. 'sink, descend', Tng {J} tidc v. 'sleep' Stl. ZCh 166-7
[#195], J T 153 ? Eg G t:h 'sich senken, sich ablagern (vom Schlamm einer Gewssers)' -(?) Eg MK
{Fk.} t:h.t 'lees, dregs'; Eg N t:h 'eintauchen' EG V 233, Fk. 294 ll K 'tir- > G tir- '(sich) beruhigen'
Chx. 491 ll IE 'drcu-/'dru- > NaIE 'drc-/dro- v. 'sleep' > OI 'drati, 'draya-ti, -tc 'is asleep' || Arm
tartam tartam 'irresolute, sluggish, idle, unsteady, cowardly, moving slowly' || Gk Hm (aor.) cooov (<
'c-dr-d"-om) 'he slept', prs. ooove 'fall asleep' P 226, M K II 76, Slt. 36O-1, Ch. 253, F I 349-5O, EI
526 ('drch- 'sleep' = 'dcr- + ext. ) ll ? A 'tirga > M ':irga- > WrM irga- v. 'set' (of the sun), 'sleep',
Ord _irga- 'set' (sun, moon, stars), 'go to bed' MED 1O59, Ms. O 2O2 ll D (in GnD) 'tcr- ({GS} 't-)
v. 'lie (down), sleep' > Mnd tcr- v. 'lie, lie down', trc- v. 'lay down', Knd tcr-- v. 'put to sleep, cause
to lie down, lay', Png trc- v. 'lay down, put (child) to sleep', Kui trca- v. 'cause to lie down', Ku tri-
v. 'lay down, make so. sleep' D #3425 ^ IS MS 356 s.v. 'nonnin' ''turn (U, D).
2296. 'torgE 'weak, loose' > HS: B 'trg > Ah otrog 'lcher librement (un animal)', ETwl, Ty otrog
'dnouer; dtacher, lcher librement; librer, dboutonner' Fc. 1591, GhA 192 ll IE: NaIE 'drcg"-
'be slack, loose, weak' > Lt druz-ti (prs. druzu) {Frn.} 'become weak', mano aIis druzta 'I am
gradually losing the sight' (but {PiesS} druzti 'get clouded, darken'), as well as possibly Lt {Frn.}
drizti (prs. driztu) 'be timid, become miserable\weak' ( 'be afraid'?) || Gt trigo 'ut ('distress' or
'reluctance'), ON trcgi 'sorrow', AS trca 'grief, affliction', OHG tragi 'slow, lazy, sad', NHG tragc 'slow,
dull', OSx trag id., tragi 'Trgheit', OHG tragi 'weariness, sluggishness (tdium, pigritia, segnities,
torpor)' WP I 821ff., P 226-7 ('unwillig, verdrossen' 'schlaff, zhe sein'?), Frn. 1O6-7, Fs. 48O,
Vr. 597, Kb. 1O28, OsS 95O, Ho. 352, Ho. S 75 ll A 'torgV > M 'dorgum:i > WrM dorgumi, HlM (opiox
'weak, feeble'; 'dorgun > WrM dorgun, HlM (opion 'lack, deficit; insufficient'; M 'dorjay,u > WrM doru,
{Rm.} doragu, HlM (op 'weak, impotent, incapable', Kl doru 'unterlegen, schwach, schlecht', M 'doruyi >
WrM dorui, HlM, Brt (opon 'weak, feeble, emaciated', MM [MA] doray Iibc tuni 'weakened him',
doraytulqu uylc 'weakening work' MED 262, Kow. 1885-6, KW 96, Pp. MA 143, Chr. 196 Tg:
WrMc dorgolo- v. 'stop growing (cereals), bloom insufficienty, betoken bad harvest' STM I 216, Z
828, Hr. 12O (rejects the Mc word as a misinterpretation) ? NaT 'tj,ur- - 'tj,or- v. 'be(come)
weak, emaciated, lean' > OT tur- v. 'be\become weak, emaciated', Xk tura ar-, tura Ia- v. 'be
exhausted\tired', Yk {Pek.} tuor 'emaciation', tuor- 'get emaciated', tuor_ay 'weak'; T 1 MM [S]
tura- 'abnehmen, schwcher sein', turu- 'abmagern' Cl. 53O, Pek. 2824, 2829, H 155, Rl. III 1446,
BIG 24O.
2297. 'tRV 'tRPV 'tremble, shake' > HS: S 'tr > Sr tr G {JPS} 'clap, flap, move', {Br.}
'percussit' Br. 29O, JPS 182 ll IE: NaIE 'trc- > Psh BrD dra'bsl 'to shake, press down' || Sl 'trc- > Cz
trcati 'to shake, flutter, clap, flap (ones wings)', LLs tscas, HLs trcac 'swing';- 'trc-ct+ n. act.
'trembling, quivering' > OCS :pcuc:+ trcct+, Blg, R ) rpcncr, SCr trc`ct, Slv trcc`t, P tziot id. P
1O94, Vs. IV 98-9, Asl. 4O2, Mrg. 22 ll A: M 'dcrbc- > WrM dcrbc-, HlM (ypny- v. 'flutter; struggle (as
birds\fish)', Ord d_crvc- 'battre les ailes (oiseau), flotter au gr du vent (toffe)'', Kl {Rm.} dcrv-
'flattern (von Vgeln), zappeln (von Fischen)'; ds : MM [S] dcrbcl- 'beben, erschtteln', WrM dcrbclc-,
HlM, Brt (ypnyn:y- v. 'flutter, flap in the wind', WrO dcrbcIuul- 'make fly in the wind' MED 252-3,
Ms. O 141, H 36, Krg. 556, KW 9O, Chr. 218 ^ If the N etymon was 'tRV, IE 't- and S 't- (for IE 'd-
and S 't-) may be due to as ('t... > 't... > IE 't... and S 't...) and possibly to ideophony, but if
the N rec. is 'tRPV, M d- defies explanation.
2298. 'torV 'bark; to bark (remove the bark), to peel' > ? HS: Ch: pAG {Stl.} '(n)daram 'bark' > Su
{J} dsram 'thick tree-bark', Tal {J} dsram, Ywm {Sh.} ndaram, Tmbs {Sh.} daram 'bark', Ang {Flk.} darm
| Wrj {Gw.} tirhci 'skin' || ECh: Smr {J} tarin 'bark', Ke {Eb.} tirs 'Schale, Haut', Tmk {Cp.} dar` 'human
skin' JI II 8, 296, ChC, J S 62, Stl. ZCh 241 [#16], Cp. 52, Eb. 98 ll IE: NaIE 'dcr- 'to skin, flay, bark'
( N 'tuRi 'pierce' (?) N 'tcrV 'to tear, burst' (?) N 'tArqV 'make an incision, dig') > Arm
teem tcrcm 'I flay, skin' || Gk oce id., ocie id. ('-yo-present), - oco 'skin, hide, leather' || Lt dirti
(1s prs. Lt diriu ['-yo-present], Lt Zh dcru) v. 'flay, bark' | pSl 'dcr-ti - 'dira-ti (prs. dcr-o) 'tear, flay
( 'tcrV 'to tear, burst', q.v. ffd.) P 2O6-9, EI 567 ('dcr- 'tear off, flay'), F I 368-7O, Frn. 96-7, ESSJ V
218-9, SJSS X 544, Bern. I 185, SPS V 231-5, Slt. 266-7 ll A 'torV > T 'tj,or 'birch bark' > NaT 'tj,oz
> OT toz 'birch bark', Chg, OOsm toz, VTt tuz, Bsh tuo, Qzq, Qrg toz, Alt, Xk, Shor tos, Tv t`o's, Tf tos,
Yk tuos 'birch bark', Uz tus 'birch-bark used to trim saddles with' (a loan from a lge. with reg. -s?), ??
Az toz-ayaci 'birch tree' (if *'birch-bark tree' rather than 'dust tree') Cl. 571, Rs. W 491-2, Ra.
174, TL 1O3, UzR 467, ADb. Ttd 58-9 and SRAE 79 (on distinction between pT 't- and 't`-) For lack
of reliable Og data and due to the discrepances within Tv and Tf one cannot distinguish between T
't- and 't`- M 'duru-sun > WrM durusun, HlM (ypc 'shell, bark', WrO {Krg.} dursun 'bast, bass', Kl
(ypcn dursn 'bark (Baumrinde)', Brt (yplan 'lime bast (ny6)' MED 276, Krg. 576, KRS 216, Chr. 2O4,
KW 1O3 Tg 'duri 'cradle made of birch bark' > Lm do'r " dur, Neg duy, Orc duyi, Ud dui, Ul, Nn
duri id., WrMc duri 'cradle' STM I 217, Pt. 49, Z 836 pKo {S} 'turoi_ 'bucket, scoop' > NKo turc S
QK #994, MLC 5O3 pJ {S} 'turujm,ai_ 'bucket, pail' > OJ turubc, J: T curubc, K curubc, Kg
curubc S QJ #4O9, Mr. 557 DQA #2263 [A 'toru 'birch bark, vessel made of birch bark'], KW
1O3 ^ An alt. et. is N 'durE > Ch (as above), M 'duru-sun and T '|ur 'to flay' (> OT |uz, etc., Cl.
984), but it fails to explain IE 'dcr- ^ AD NM #92, Vv. AEN 6, S CNM 14 (IE 'dcr- 'to skin' < N 'tcri
'to tear, burst'; rejects the IE cognate of the N etymon in question).
2299. 'tVrV 'to suffer, endure' > HS: C: Bj {R} trm prs. md. (1s: p. a-'tram, prs. atta'rim; prtc.
tc'rama) id., 'tolerate' R WBd 231-2 ll U: FV 'tarIV v. 'endure' > F tar|c-ta (prs. tarIcnc-) v. 'stand the
cold', Es tarc-ta, targc-ma (prs. targc-n) {W} id., 'vertragen, sich getrauen' | Chr H: StChr H 'torxa-s, Chr
K 'torxc-m, Chr Y 'torxc-m; StChr L tur'Ia-s, Chr Y/U 'turIc-m 'endure', 'ausstehen, aushalten, dulden,
ertragen' It. #46, SK 1235, W EDW 112O ll A: T 'tor- v. 'suffer, endure' > OT toz- ({Cl.} toz-), Chg
toz- id., XwT toz- id., Tkm doo-, Az doz-, VTt tuz- (1 Chv tus-), Bsh tuo-, Qry toz- " tcz-, Qzq, Nog,
Ln toz- 'endure', Tk Ist doz- id. ('katlanmak, tahamml etmek') Cl. 572, Jeg. 267, Rs. W 495, ET
VGD 272-3, SDD I 471, ADb. Ttd 59 (in 'CVz-stems the opposition 't`- 't- is neutralized).
23OO. ? 'tArqV 'to make an incision, dig' > HS: S 'tr_ > Ar tr_ G 'scarifier le peau, y faire une
lgre incision' BK I 196 ll K: GZ 'tq_ar-/'tq_r- v. 'dig' > OG, G t_ar-/t_r- 'dig', Mg (n)t_o(r)- 'dig, bury',
Lz t_or- v. 'plough, dig' [ K 's`t_ar / 's`t_r- v. 'dig' < N 'Sidjy,VrV - 'SidVrjy,V 'to shovel, sweep']
Chik. 286, FS K 158 & FS E 171-2 ('t_ar-/'t_r-), K
2
77-8, K 176-7 ('(s)txar-/'(s)txr-) Within the
"harmonious complex" 't + lr.\uvular the opposition between 'q and '_ is neutralized. On the
possible origin of the apparent "'s`- mobile" see s.v. 'Sidjy,VrV ll ?? IE 'dcrH- 'sth. dug' (
'dcr-, 'dcrH- v. 'split' < N 'tcrV 'to tear, burst' [q.v.] N 'tuRi v. 'pierce' (?) N 'torV 'to bark, peel')
> OI dara-h, dari 'hole in the earth, cave' || pSl 'dirn+ = {SPS} 'drn+ (< NaIE 'drno-) > Slv drn, Cz drn,
R (cpn, LLs dcrn, P darn 'turf, sod' P 2O6-9, ESSJ V 224-5, SPS V 5O-1, M K II 21 ll D (in GnD)
'tar`-/tar`- ({GS} 't-) v. 'dig, scratch' > Gnd tar`ana v. 'dig or scratch up, as pigs', tar`I- " tar`I- " tarI-
v. 'scratch', Knd tar`- v. 'scratch up earth, as rats', Mnd tar`-v. 'scrape off (bark), Kui tar`a v. 'dig out,
excavate, scratch out', Ku tar`:- - tr`a:- v. 'scratch up (as dog, fowl, etc.)' D #3122 ^ BmK 3O1-2 (IE,
D, Sum dar v. 'split').
23O1. ?? 'tusV 'against, in the opposite direction' > IE [1] NaIE 'dus- 'mis-, un-', 'bad' (as the
initial component of cds ) > OI dus- - dur-, Av dus- - duz- id. || Gk ouo- id. || Arm t- t- 'un-' || L dis- 'un-'
as in difficilis 'heavy' (lit. 'un-easy') || OIr do-, du- px. 'un-, mis-, ou)-, bad', W dy- 'bad' || Gt tuz- in
tuz-vcr|an 'to doubt', ON, AS tor-, OHG zur- 'un-' > NHG zcr- 'un-, asunder' || Sl 'd+zdi 'rain' = {SPS,
ESSJ} 'd+zdzi 'rain' (< {EI} 'dus-dyus 'un-day', i.e. 'un-weather') > OCS +i d+zdi, Blg ((, SCr
dazd - da`zd, Slv dcz, R (o(, Uk (o, P dcszcz, OCz dcsc, Cz dcst`, P dcszcz 'rain' [2] NaIE 'dcu_s-
v. 'lack' > OI dosah 'fault, crime, vice, want' || Gmc 'tiu_zon > AS {Ho.} ticrian - tiorian 'nachlassen,
aufhren, ermden, mde sein', {Sw.} tcorian 'fail, not be up to the mark; be tired', NE v. tirc WP I
816, P 219, 227, EI 43, M K II 54-5, 67-8, F I 425, WH I 354-5, Thr. 365, Fs. 484, Vr. 595, Ho. 346-7,
351, OsS 13O5, KM 88O, Slt. 275-6, SPS V 194-6, ESSJ V 195-7 ll HS: S 'tssy > Ar tsy L (pf. sa'Ta
tasa) 'faire du mal qn.'; cp. also Ar tus- 'maleur' (unless tus- 'nature'?) BK I 199, 21O ll ?? U
'tusV > Sm: Slq titI-qo v. 'swim\go against the stream' KKIH 184 ll ? A: ??

M 'tus 'opposite
(gegenber)' ( M 'tus- 'straight'?) > WrM {Gl., Rm.} tus 'gegenber', {Kow.} tos 'contre, vis--vis,
devant', Kl tus {Rm.} 'gegenber', {KRS} 'opposite, face to face', Ord {Ms.} t`us, Mnr H {SM, T} t`us
'vis--vis, en face, vis--vis de, en face de', 'opposite' Valid unless it is a loan from NaT 'tus
'opposite to, facing' (Cl. 558, Rl. III 15O1, 15O8-9) [< N 'tu?'o 'two', q.v. ffd.]. The vl. 't- for the
expected 'd- defies explanation (other than the heritage of NaT 'tus), KW 412, Kow. 1823, SM 437,
T 367, Gl. III 18O, Ms. O 683 T: It is worth paying attention to Osm tusIuru 'zurck,
zurckweichend' Rl. III 1579-8O ^ The comparison with Slq was suggested by Hl. (p.c., 1976).
23O2. ?? ''tuSV 'bush (shrub)' > HS: Ch: Ngz dus 'densely wooded area of bush' Sch. DN 51
ll IE: NaIE 'dus-(mo-) {Dv.} 'shrub (arbusto)' > OIr (WH, WP} doss 'Busch' || OL dusmus, L dumus a thorn
bush, bramble' || MHG zusach 'bushes, underwood (Gestrpp)', zusc id., 'lock of hair' ([?] in Gmc
contamination with another meaning 'zerreien, zerfasern': OHG zir-zuson 'zerzausen', {Kb.} 'to
free, dissolve', MLG toscn 'reien, zerren', etc.) Dv. #828, WP I 766-7, WH I 381, Lx. 341 ll ? A: T: Tv
d_os 'bush, shrub' (unless Tv d_os 'root' < NaT 'toz id.) TvR 179.
23O3. ?? 'tV tV 'point, finger' (= 'tu tV?) (or 'ta untV) > HS 'tVHt- > eB 'daHd- > B 'dad-
(pl. 'dud-) 'finger' > Kb {Dl.} a-oao (pl. i-ouo-an), Snd {Prov.} tad (pl. itudon), {Bs.} t`adi, Wrs {Bs.} 3'5
dao (pl. "3v5Y iduoan), Hrw {Bs.} d'5 dad (pl. "dv5Y idudan), Mz {CM} dad, Mz/Wrg {Dlh.} dad (pl.
idudan), Izd {Mrc.} a-dad (pl. i-dud-an), Ah {Fc.} a-dad (pl. idodvan), Ty/ETwl {GhA}, Tw U {Sdl.}
adad, Gh {Nh.} a-dad (pl. i-dodvan), Ttq {Msq.} adad (pl. idaducn), BSn/Skn {La.}
dad, Izn/SrSn/Rf {Rn.} dad (pl. idou_dan), Tz {Stm.} 'adad (pl.i-dudan) id., Gd dudan 'fingers', Si
{La.} tad (pl. itudan) Dl. 172, Fc. 255, Sdl. 278, Lf. II #O335, GhA 3O, Mrc. 88, La. MChB 118, Rn.
311, Msq. 94, Nh. 152, La. S 227, Stm. 157, Prov. ZQS 111, Bs. ZOu 86 ?? SC: Irq/Grw {Wh.} dica,
Irq {MQK dica, {E} dica " cica, Alg/Brn {Wh.} dinca (pl. dico), Alg {E} dinca, Brn {E} dinca 'finger'
Wh. IC 23, E SC 193 ?? WCh: Hs dinci 'handful' Abr. H 216 Tk. PAA 5 (SC, Hs) ll D 'tuti, 'tut-a
({GS} 't-) 'point, sharp edge' > Tm tuti id., Kn tudi, Tu tudi 'point, end, extremity, top', Tl tudi 'end,
termination', tuda 'end, extremity, tip', Mlt tota 'point, pointed' D #3314 ll K: GZ 'tit- 'finger, toe' >
OG, G tit-i id., Lz cd titi-mcIon- 'the little finger', ?? (dis ?) Mg Ii(n)t-, Lz Iit- 'finger' K
2
71-2, Chx.
489, Abul. 181, Ser. 72 ll ?? Gil: A t`adm / vadm 'crown (of the head), top', ES t`adm 'crown of the head'
ST 378, ST RN 2O4, Krn. N 353, 488 ^ IS MS 352 ('oioncunocr' 'duIn, equates the D with U
'tuzIa- and K 'dud- 'point, upper end'), IS SS 323 [#3.2] (the same comparison) ^ In HS (or eB) there
is as 't...t > 't...t, while in K there is as in the opposite direction: 't...t > 't...t ^ Qu. because of
seemingly irreg. sound corrs. ^ The data of SC and Hs (if belonging here) and Mg Ii(n)t- suggest a
word-medial 'n (N 'ta untV).
23O4. 't'avV 'head' ( 'oneself') > HS: ? NrOm: Sz {Fl.} tuvi, {SWW} tui " tui 'head', Cha {Fl.}
toya, {C} toya " toya - toy 'head' (unless < 'toIa, cp. Gm {Hw.} tcIo 'head of') Fl. OWL, SiW BA 49,
C SE III 176, Blz. OLBP s.v. 'head', Hw. EG SC: Irq {Mous} ti 'oneself; each other' (a rf. and reciprocal
prn.): inos ti carcrc? 'he will hang himself' ('he' + ti + 'hang' 3m), nai ti al-ti?ina? 'the children run
after each other' ('children' + ti + 'together-run' 3p) Mous 139-4O HS ''tv-, prefix of
reflexivization in derived verbs ( 'oneself' 'head') > B 'tv- - 't-, prefix of passivization > Tw
t- - tv-, Nf cv- - tv-, Rf, SrSn, Izn tva-, Kb cv-, Zng t-: Tw {Pr.} tvogr+v - t+gr+v v. 'be found' (
ogrv v. 'find'), t+nI+d 'tre coup' ( onIod 'couper'), Nf i-cv-aIor 'he was robbed' ( aIcr v. 'rob'),
Izn, Rf, SrSn tvatof 'tre pris\saisi\emprisionn' ( ottof v. 'take, seize'), Kb {Dl.} imv. cvilqoo / pf
yocvalqoo 'tre ramass' ( olqoo 'ramasser'), Zng {Nic.} taratum 'tre relach, pay, rembours'
artum '[re]lcher, ouvrir, dfaire') Pr. M VI-VII 63-4, Beg. 68, Rn. 61, Nic. 55 S prefix 't- and infix
'-t- (following the first radical) with the reflexive ( reciprocal, passive) meaning: the primary stem
(> Ak p., Gz js., CS ip.): [1] the basic stem with the infix '-t- (so-called GT ) 'yiCtaCVC(-) > Ak iCtaCVC,
Ar yaCtaCiCu (VIII form), JA yiCto'Cc/iC, Sr noCto'CaC (in Aram/Sr with verbs primae dentalis et
sibilantis only), [2] basic stem with the prefix 'tV- (T ) 'yitCaCVC(-) > BA, JA yitCoCi/cC, Sr nctCo'CaC,
Gz yotCaCaC, [3] geminated (4-consonantic) stem with an infix (DT ) 'yVCtaCCiC(-) > Ak uCtaCCiC, BHb
yiCtaC'CcC, JA 'yiCtaC'CaC, Sr ncCtaC'CaC (Hb, Aram and Sr DT-forms used with verbal stems primae
t, d, t, s, z, c, s et s only), [4] geminated stem with a prefix (TD ) 'yVtCaCCaC(-) > BHb yitCaC'CcC, JA
yitCaC'CaC, Sr nctCaC'CaC, Ar yataCaCCaCu (= V form), Gz yotCaCCaC; these forms underly those of the
new WS perfective aspect: Ar GT (VIII form) ?iCtaCaCa, TD (V form) taCaCCaCa, BHb TD hitCaC'CcC,
A T h?itCo'CaC, TD h?itCaC'CaC, Sr T ?ctCo'CcC, TD ?ctCaC'CaC, Gz T taCaC(a)Ca, TD taCaCCaCa, e.g.
Ak GT imta_su 'they faught each other' ( m_s v. 'fight'), DT u_tabbit 'he was robbed' ( D
u_abbit 'he robbed'), BHb TD pf. cons. qZ4h2t6I%v@ vayyithaz'zcI 'and he strenghtned himself' (ip.
3pm uqZ^h2t6i% yithazzo'Iu, pf. 3s qZ4h2t6e5 hithaz'zcI) ( hzI G 'be\become strong'), DT pf. cons.
1s rm`4T2S6a3v! va?cstam'mcr 'and I kept myself from' ( smr 'guard, keep'), BA T pf. 3f tr3z#G^t6e5
hitgo'zcrct 'was cut out', DT ip. 3m an`$T2S6i% yistan'nc 'will be changed', TD juss. rq2`B2t6i%
yitbaI'Iar 'let search be made' ( D bIr), JA [Trg.] {Lv.} T pf. 1s tir%m1G6t6a5 ?itgoma'rit 'I was
destroyed' ( 1O9.23, Job 2.17), Ar GT ip. uritao0Ya yatariou 'opposes(\will oppose) himself', TD
rubWkataYa yataIabbaru 'makes (will make) himself great', Gz T taIadna - taIadana 'covered himself, was
covered', TD ta?ammara 'showed himself' Br. G I 528-31, Br. AG 38-9, Sd. G 12O-2 [ 22], 1O*-46*,
Rms. 1O1-6, 299-3O7, Lv. I 146, Di. G 137-9, Schlz. FSV 43 (an unc. hyp. driving back the S stems
with 't-, '-t- to an analytical construction with '?tvy v. 'come') C '-t-, reflexivizing affix of verbs,
i.e. prefix of pcvs. and an element of the word-final complex in scvs. (< px. of aux. verbs): [1] prefix:
Bj passivizing px. -tV-: {RHd.} p. -to-dar / prs. -to-dir v. 'be killed' (from -dir v. 'kill'), p. -tdabal / prs.
-tdabil v. 'be gathered' (from -dbil v. 'gather'), p. -tdagay / prs. -tdagi v. 'be returned', vi. 'return' /
-dgi - -digi vt. 'return'; Bj reflexivizing px. -t- in the forms of present, habitative and permissive
"tenses": prs. -ctliv (/ habitative and permissive -itliv-) v. 'burn oneself' (from -liv vt. 'burn', prs.
-tdabil vi. 'gather' (from -dbil vt. 'gather'), prs. -tdagi (/ habitative -tdig, permussive -tdiga) vi. 'return'
(from -dgi vt. 'return'), EC: Sa -t-, prefix of the medium voice (autobenefactive - intransitivizing
voice): it was still preserved as -t- in Sa I of the 19th cent. (as described by CR), but has been
assimilated to the following cns. in modern Sa (as described by Wlm.): -iggidil (< '-i-t-gidil) vi. 'break',
'break sth. undeliberately' ( -igdil vt. 'break'), -iggirc- (< '-itgirc) v. 'be cut off' ( -igrc- v. 'cut off'),
Af -t- (interpreted by Clz. as reflexivizing and by Hw. as autobenefactivizing prefix): {Clz.} -utubolo
'vedersi' (p. 1s ?u'tubolo, 2s/3f tu'tubolo, 3m yu'tubolo, 3p yu'tubolon, etc.) -ubilo v. 'see' (p. 1s '?ubilo,
2s 'tubilo, etc.), {Hw.} iddihidc (< 'itdihidc) 'sew sth. for ones own benefit' ( idhidc 'sew'), cttcdcgc
'know for ones own benefit' ( cdcgc 'know') ||| [2] a reflexivizing (rf.) or autobenefactivizing (abf.)
sx., '-t- of the word-final morphemic complex in scvs. (going back to a px. of the aux. verbs): EC: Af
{Hw.} -it-, e.g. digir-it-c 'play for ones own benefit' ( digir-c 'play'), fahs-it-c 'boil sth. for ones own
benefit' ( caus. verb fah-is-c 'boil sth.'), Sa {Wlm.} aIal-it- v. 'wash oneself', Sml -(a)t-, abf. sx.:
sub-(a)t- v. 'pour for ones own benefit' [prt: 1s, 3m subtay, 2s, 3f subatay, etc.] ( sub- v. 'pour'),
Rn abf. and rf. sx. -t- (varaba-t-ta 'she fetches water for herself' varab-ta 'she fetches water', dix-t-a
'he washes himself' di_a 'he washes'), Or T {Mrn.} abf. -t- (> -d- [< '-t-?-] and -n- [< '-t-n-] due to
the infl. of the following person-number markers '?- of 1s and 'n- of 1p): 1s aubf. bc'Iaddc (<
'bcI-at-?c) 'I knew for my own benefit, I understood', 2s and 3f bc'Iattc (< 'bcI-at-tc), 3s bc'Iatc (<
'bcI-at-yc), 1p bc'Iannc (< 'bcI-at-nc), etc. ( basic voice 1s 'bcIc 'I knew', 2s and 3f 'bcItc, 3m
'bcIc, 1p 'bcInc, etc.), Sd {Mrn.} rf.-abf. -id- (as-id- v. 'make for oneself, make oneself' as- v.
'make', hays-id- v. 'wash oneself', etc.); SC: Irq {Mous} -t (marker of the middle voice, having
reflexive and sim. meanings): hamcit v. 'take a bath' ( hamac v. 'wash'), tuut v. 'pull oneself out'
( tu v. 'uproot'), duxut v. 'get married' (for a woman)' ( dux v. 'take out, marry [a woman]'),
ifit v. 'sneeze'; the suffix -t may describe a situation, in which the body is central: ifit v. 'sneeze',
ivit v. 'sit', saIat v. 'be tired' AD KJ 93-6, P 243-4, 249-5O, Mous 175-8, PG 31 NrOm: Gf {Mrn.}
-ct-, passivizing\reflexivizing sx.: bc?-ct- - bct- v. 'be seen' ( bc?- v. 'see'), ycl-ct- v. 'be born' ( ycl- v.
'give birth'), ol-ct- v. 'fight each other' [reciprocal rf.] ( ol- v. 'fight'), Ym -t-, passivizing sx.: suI-t-
'essere sgozzato \ sacrificato' ( suI- 'sgozzare, sacrificare'), {C} qon-t- ({Wdk.} Ionto) v. 'be born' (
{C} qon- v. 'give birth') AD KJ 93-6, Mrn. O 59-6O, C SE III 33-4, Wdk. BY 144 ll K: GZ 'tav- 'head' >
OG tav- 'head', G tav- id., 'ear of cereals', Lz ti- 'head', Mg ti-sa ''to himself, home' (lit. 'into head'); Sv
sda- " sta- 'ear of cereals' [is due to a merger with N 'sd'avV 'sdiuvV ' 'tip, end
(extrmit)', q.v.] K 175 ('(s)tav-), K DE 358, K
2
66 ('tav-), Q 242, Chik. 43-4 ll IE: AnIE: HrLw -ti
'sich', Lw -ti, Lc -ti, reflexive pc., Ht -z, -za id. Mer. HHG 129, Mlc. CL 226, Lar. 97, Mlc. L 72, Ts. W
1O7 ^ IS I XIII (caus.-rf. 'tn) tried to find a common origin between the HS marker of
reflexivization, the passive sx. in BF and the causative sxs. in A, U and D (which is doubtful both for
semantic reasons and because of a structural difference: in U, A and D this is a postverbal sx. that
may go back to a N aux. verb, while in HS this is a prefix that is hardly explainable as an aux. verb in
view of the syntactic structure of N).
23O5. ? 'tUvV 'rain; to sprinkle' > HS: S 'tvn (or WS 'tv?n?) > Gz tavan 'season of the small
rains (Aprile - July), spring rain', ? Ug {Grd.} tnt ('[tV?an-ja,t-]) 'rain' (not in A & OLS) L G 582,
Grd. UT 49 C: Ag: Bln {R} tuqan ('tsq"an) 'beginning of the rainy season, following the summer
heat' R WB 342 Gz tavan may be of Ag origin ll K {K} '(s`)to- v. 'snow', {FS, K
2
} 'tov- ( N 'sitavV
'cold weather', q.v. ffd.); cp. {K} 'tovl- 'snow' (< N 'talvA 'talva 'cold season, rain') ll ?

D (in SD)
'tu'v- v. 'sprinkle' > Tm tuvu v. 'sprinkle, strew', Ml tuvuIa v. 'be spilled', tuIuIa v. 'strew, spill,
shower', Td tuf- v. 'spread (grain in sun to dry, etc.)', Tu dusuni v. 'sprinkle' D #3394; the D
cognate is valid unless it goes back to ''tuI- ^ Fn. KD #97 (K, D).
23O6. 'tayhV (or 'tagyV) 'to incline, bend, bend\move aside' > HS: [1] S '-tih- > Ar tyh , -tih- (pf.
taha [< 'tayaha], ip. ya-tih-u) v. 'go astray', 'errer laventure (sans savoir o lon va), sgarrer' BK I
213, Hv. 65 or [2] ?
amb
S 't'yyv > BHb eot tyv (pf. ta'a, ip. yi-t'c) 'reel, stagger'
('?is locb'ro ta'u 'they have stumbled off, each his own way' [Is. 47.15], vubassc'Iar ta'u 'sie
taumeln vom berauschendem Getrnk' [Is. 28.7], ta'a loba'bi 'mein Herz taumelt' [Is. 21.4]),
'wander about, go astray' (this last meaning is caused by the impact of the paronymous verb BHb eoy
tyv 'wander, stray, err' < 'tyv), Ug {DrvG} tyy G (?) 'journey afar' (h. l.) KB 361, 1625-6, GB
884, DrvG 159 ll U 'tayc- (or 'toya-) vi. 'bend, decline, break' > F taiu- vi. 'bend, be bent, bow', taimi
'Biegung', F taitta- vt. 'break, fold', Es {W} taibu- 'nicht steif oder unbeweglich sein', taivuta- 'biegen,
krmmen' | pLp 'toyc 'break' > Lp: N {N} doagg|c-, S {Hs.} doa|udh v. 'break off', L {LLO} tad|c-
'brechen, durchbrechen' Sm: Ne O {Lh.} tuyo- 'das Kreuz schlagend und betend sich verneigen (vor
dem Heiligenbid)', ?? Kms taylo- 'zerbrechen, niederreien' UEW 5O5-6, Coll. 51, Lr. #1272, Lgc.
#7951, Hs. 442, Db. OS x ll A 'tay'a > NaT 'taya- > OT {Cl.} taya- v. 'lean against (sth.), prop (sth.)
up', Tk daya-, Ggz, Az, Tkm daya-, CrTt, Qry, Qmq, SbTt, Bsh, Qq, Qzq, Ln, Alt taya- id., Uz taya-, Yk
taya- 'prop up'; rf. 'taya-n- 'lean on, support oneself by' > OT tayan-, XwT, MQp, Chg XV tayan- id.,
OOsm dayan- XVI-XVIII 'rely on', Tk dayan- 'lean against, rest on', Tkm, Az, Ggz dayan-, CrTt, Qmq, VTt,
Uz, ET, Alt, Xk, Yk tayan-, Tv tayan- id. Cl. 567, 569, IS AD 45, Rm. W 455, ET VGD 125-7, ADb. Ttd
6O Tg: WrMc {Z} daya- v. 'lean', ? dayanca- - dayaca- - dayaci- v. 'wave' Z 773-4, STM I 19O M
'dayi- > (1) MM [S] dayi:i- 'abziehen, abfallen von jd.', (2) ?: M 'dayiba-, 'dayibVla- > WrM {MED} daiba-,
HlM (anna- vi. 'wobble, totter, sway', WrM {Gl.} daibila- id., vi. 'shake', {Kow.} taibala- se balancer,
chanceler, se remuer' (err. interpretation of the initial WrM letter dt as voiceless t-), WrM daibala-,
HlM (annan:a- v. 'totter, wobble, sway, rock', Brt (an6an:a-, (an6aiana- 'walk staggering', Kl
(` ` nn- davl- 'stagger', {Rm.} 'sich zur Seite biegen, sich seitwrts bewegen; wellen, wogen' MED
221, H 31, Gl. III 2, Kow. 1549, KRS 187, KW 83, Chr. 181 ^ Coll. 146 (U, A), IS SS 32O [#2.1] (U, A),
IS MS 35O s.v. nainon) r 'to|n (U, A), AD GD 14. The Ar root tyh belongs here if the prm. (the stem
of ip.) -tih- is a secondary analogical back-formation from the verbal noun tayh- 'going astray' and
from the pf. form taha (< 'tayaha). S 'tyyv is a cognate unless BHb tyv is a deglottalizaed variant
of S 'tyy. Lack of lengthening of 'a in T (evidenced by Tkm) speaks in favour of the N rec. 'tayhV,
because 'tagyV would have yielded an A (and T) stem with a long vw.
23O7. 'ta'qgayu 'relative-in-law (person of the opposite moiety)' > IE 'dcuyvcr- > NaIE ''dai_vcr /
'dai_vcr- (gen. 'dai_v'r-cs) 'husbands brother' > OI dc'var- (dc'va) 'husband's brother; wife's brother
(younger than ego)', Psh rv{L6 lc'var, Ygn 'scvir, Oss I rny tiv, Oss D tcv 'husbands brother' (Ygn, Oss
and some other East Iranian forms suggest an EIrn devoicing 'd"- > 't"-) || Arm
tajgr taygr - tagr tagr - tegr tcgr id. || Gk oo (< *ooi, {EI} 'oojo) id. || L lcvir - lacvir (gen. -i) id. (a
dialectal form ["Sabinism"] with l- for the expected 'd-; c [for ac] is a rusticism; the stem was
presumably transformed due to the infl. of vir, -i 'man') || OHG zcihhur, zcichur, zcihhor, AS tacor
'husbands brother', Frs taIcr (presumably a merger with the Gmc cognate of Lt laigonas 'wifes
brother') || BSl ('i-stem transformed from the original consonantic stem, the consonantic stem being
preserved in the Lt gen. dicvcrs): Lt dicvcris, Ltv dicvcris | Sl 'dc

vcri > RChS 1acpi dcvcri, R '(cncp,

SCr (c`ncp " d|c`vcr, OP, P dzicvicrz WP I 767, P 179, EI 84 ('dai_'h_vcr), F I 338-9, WH I 787-8,
M E I 743-4, M K II 64, Asl. 775, Mrg. 4O, Ab. III 296-7, Kb. 1245, OsS 1239-4O, Ho. 341, Frn. 95,
Bern. I 198, ESSJ V 19, SPS III 179-8O (Sl 'dcvcr+ > 'dcvcri), Glh. 2OO, Slt. 58 '-cr- in the stem
'dcuyvcr- is an individualizing sx. of kinship names (as in 'b"ratcr- 'brother' etc.) ll A: NaT 'tayay
'mother's brother' > OT {Cl.} tayay 'maternal uncle', Cmn tayay, MQp tiya, Chg XV tayay - tayayi id.,
SY tacy - tayay 'mothers relative', MQp XIII tay, Tk dayi, Tkm dayi, Az dayi, Ggz dayIa (ADb.: <
'dayi-Ia) 'maternal uncle', Qq dayi id., 'relative from mothers side', Qrg {Jud.} tay 'matroclinous
relationship', Tv tay, Yk tay 'mothers brother (elder than ego)', NaT 'taj:,y-iza 'mother's sister' (a
cd with 'aza [a represented in OOsm aza 'mothers sister']) > OOsm dayiza, diyaza, diyczc, Tk
{Rl.} dayza, Tk dayza, diycza id., Tkm dayoa 'mother's female relative'; StAlt ran(a-nap (< 'tay-ada-lar)
'matroclinous ancestors' Dr. TM III #1176 believes that 'tayay and Og 'tay are different roots [while
in many lgs. 'tay(i) > 'tay(i) go back to 'tayay] The final -i in the Og lgs. and in Qzq may go back to
the ppa. of 3s ('his, her') Cl. 474, ET VGD 127-9, Rs. W 455-6, TvR 139, TkR 243, BT 139, KrkR 157,
Jud. 688-9, JkR 371, ADb. Ttd 6O [#7] Tg 'da- 'relative-in-law' > Ewk da, Neg daqta id., WrMc
dancan 'relative-in-law, mothers\wifes relative' STM I 183-4 pJ {S} 'di_a or 'dai_ 'elder sibling,
elder relative' > OJ |c It may alternatively belong together with K 'ju,da 'sister' < N ' UdV 'sister,
woman' S QJ #813, Mr. 392 DQA # 2215 [A 'tayV 'elder-in-law, elder relative'] ll ?? HS:
amb
B:
Ah ti - toy 'father, uncle, father-in-law', Ty ti- (pl. t+y-) +ppa., Twl si-/t+y- +ppa. 'father' (TY ti-s 'his
father'), Tw D/U {Sdl.} ti- (pl. tay-) Fc. 1877, PrGG 336, Sdl. 259 The word is partialy or entirely
a Lallwort. It belongs here unless the Ll -factor is not the only origin of this kinship name ^ IS MS
361 ('ta'H|n 'a relative': IE, T).
23O8. 'toqUzV 'to plait, wattle' > K (in GZ) 'tq_az-/'t_qz- v. 'plait (together), weave' > OG t_z- v.
'plait', G t_z- v. 'compose (poetry, music), fabricate', Lz (n)t_oz- v. 'plait' K 97, K
2
76-7, Chik. 285 ll ?
HS: Ch {JS} 'tI"s v. 'tie' > WCh: Ngz {Sch.} taI"sI - tau_sI, Bd {ChL} taIsan id. || CCh: Glv {Rp.} taI"as
Sch. DN 156, JS 269 ll IE 'dcH(y)- > NaIE 'dc-/'do-,'dci_-/ di(:)- v. 'bind' > OI 'dyati 'binds', Av ni-dya-
'bind\tie fast' || Gk Hm oce (<*ocje) 'I bind, tie' pp. 'do-'to- > OI di'ta- || Gk octo-) 'bound, tied'
'dc-mn 'string, cord' > OI 'daman- (nom. 'dama) 'string, cord, fetter' || Gk uto-oo 'a sole bound
under the foot, a sandal', oio-oo 'band, fillet; the band round the tioo of the Persian king', Gk Mc
dc-dc-mc-no 'bound' WP I 771, P 183, EI 64 ('dch-), M K II 34, 69, M E I 716-7, Brtl. 761, F I 374-5, O
59 (shows that Al dua| 'sheaves of grain' and dcll 'tendon' do not belong here) ll U: FU 'tosV 'a vessel,
basket' ( *'wicker basket' *'sth. wattled') > pPrm 'doz- or 'doz- '(kind of) vessel' > Z
doz, dozy- 'vessel(s), box, bast basket', Z US duz, Yz 'duz id., Vt duz 'wooden tub (ia(ymia)', Vt SW
du'z id., 'bast vessels' || pOs 'to > Os: Sr to, Ty to 'Kiste, Kasten', Os N {Ahl.} tul 'Kcher', Os O
tot 'Zwischenwand' UEW 532, LG 94, Stn. D 1428 ll A: 1: ? M 'tagsi 'cup' > WrM tagsi, HMl raim
'cup', Brt raima 'tea cup, small cup'; M 1 Ewk taIsi, taIss, taIsi 'small cup' MED 766, STM II 154
The unexpected M 't- (for 'd-) is puzzling l ???: 2: It is less plausible to adduce here A {SDM95}
'tosV 'mat' > ?? M 'dosi 'anvil' > MM [IM] dosi, [MA] dosi, WrM dosi, HlM (' m, Mnr H {SM}
d_oso Pp. MA 144, 436, MED 269, T 331, SM 62 A possible semantic prehistory: 'anvil' 'sth.
undelying, mat' NaT 'tosa v. 'spread out (as mat)' > OT tosaI, Tk doscI 'mat, mattress'
(1 Chv tuz_cI 'mattress, feather-bed'), dosc- v. 'spread out (as mat)', Qzq toso- id.; acc. to SDM,
NaT '-s- goes back here to '-sc- In 'CEs-roots the opposition 't- 't`- is neutralized (ADb. Ttd 57-
8) Tg 'd'osi- v. 'lie (liegen)' > Lm: Ol/B/O/P dssi-, Sk do'ssi- - do'si- v. 'lie', Ol dssi|sI 'place to lie,
bed' STM I 238 The adduction of pA 'tosV is plausible only if its original meaning is 'mat,
matress' (as assumed in SDM95) rather than 'to spread, lie', which is qu. ll D (in GnD) 'toc- v. 'tie,
bind, build' > Gnd toh-, doh-, to?-, do?- v. 'tie', Knd tov_- v. 'tie, bind, build', Kui toha, toht- v. 'tie,
bind', Ku doh- id. D #3536 ^ K
2
77 connects the K with IE 'tcIs- 'plait, compose' (P 1O58-9),
which deviates from reg. sound corrs.
23O9. ?? 'tujy,V (or 'tujv?,V) '() part of the arm/leg' > HS: 'ticciy- > Ak
sisitu(m) ~ tisitu ~ tisitu, Ak A sisitu 'Hand-, Fugelenk' Sd. 125O ll K: OG tco - tczo 'thigh' [Abul.:
'barkali (Schenkel)', Jud. 3.16: = o) 'thigh'; Lev. 3.9: = )ooi], G tco 'Hfte, Oberschenkel' Abul.
18O, Chx. 474 ll IE: NaIE 'dou_s- '(upper) arm, shoulder' > OI 'dos- 'arm, fore-arm', Av daos-
'Oberarm, Schulter', eNPrs vd dos, NPrs vd dus 'shoulder (humerus)' || OIr doc (< 'dou_s-nt-s) (gen.
doat) 'arm' || Ltv a-dusc 'armpit, bosom (Busen des Kleides)' | ? Sl 'azjd,ux+ - 'azjd,uxa (<
''az-dux-?) > Slv azduha - azdiha, azuha - aziha 'armpit', OCS uoo azuxa 'koto), oo_o'
('bosom, armpit'), R, Uk, Blg 'na:yxa 'bosom', SCr a_zuha 'bosom, shoulder', OCz azuch, Cz azouch,
azoch, Slk azuch, P azucha id. WP I 782, P 226, EI 26, M K II 68-9, M E I 749-75O, Vl. I 931, Sg.
544, Horn 13O, Kar. II 7, Vs. III 186-7, SJSS XV 5, Glh. 472-3 ll ? U 'tuzLyV (or 'ssuzLyV) > Sm
'tuy ({Jn.} 'tu+_y) 'sleeve' > Ne T r, {Lh.} tu', Ne F {Lh.} cu', Ng {Cs.} ti|a, {Mik.} tido, En. {Cs.}:
X tio|o, B ti|ci|o; Slq d : Nr tonaI, MO tonaq, Ke tunaq, NP tunnaq, Ch/UO tunaq, B tunaq, Yel/Kar
tunaq; Kms {KD} t`u' id. Jn. 167, Cs. 28, 89, 149, 199.