Term paper of CSE 543

Topic: Report on network architecture for integrated e-science research.

Submitted to: !r Chandra "rakash Cse%&T deptt. no.:''('')*+

Submitted b : Sahi# $umar Reg. Seria# no: '4.

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,cknow#edgement: This is for e-pressing m gratitude towards m uni.ersit and teacher !r Chandra "rakash for gi.ing an opportunit to ha.e a g#ance on .arious architectures of e- science research. This is to thank m parents for e.er thing & ha.e toda . ,nd #ast but not the #east & wou#d #ike to thank each and e.er one for supporting me.

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Sahi#.

Contents: &ntroduction /etwork architecture E-science ,ccess grid 0rid computing &ntegrated Ser.ice /etwork ,rchitecture &ntegrated Ser.ice 1igita# /etwork 2&S1/3 &S1/ E#ements

Report on /,S,4s &ntegrated Communication ,rchitecture &ntroduction ,rchitectura# goa# and cha##enges SCa/ current networks
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SCa/ integrated network ser.ices &ntegrated network management References

/etwork architecture:
Network architecture, is the logical and structural layout of the network consisting of transmission equipment, software and communication protocols and infrastructure (wired or wireless) transmission of data and connectivity between components. Network architecture is the design of a communications network. It is a framework for the specification of a network s physical components and their functional organi!ation and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used in its operation. In telecommunication, the specification of a network architecture may also include a detailed description of products and services delivered via a communications network, as well as detailed rate and billing structures under which services are compensated. "he network architecture of the Internet is predominantly e#pressed by its use of the Internet $rotocol %uite, rather than a specific model for interconnecting networks or nodes in the network, or the usage of specific types of hardware links.

&'science:

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&'%cience (or e'%cience) is computationally intensive science that is carried out in highly distributed network environments, or science that uses immense data sets that require grid computing( the term sometimes includes technologies that enable distributed collaboration, such as the )ccess *rid. "he term was created by +ohn "aylor, the ,irector *eneral of the -nited .ingdom s /ffice of %cience and "echnology in 0111 and was used to describe a large funding initiative starting in November 2333. &'science has been more broadly interpreted since then, as 4the application of computer technology to the undertaking of modern scientific investigation, including the preparation, e#perimentation, data collection, results dissemination, and long'term storage and accessibility of all materials generated through the scientific process. "hese may include data modeling and analysis, electronic5digiti!ed laboratory notebooks, raw and fitted data sets, manuscript production and draft versions, pre'prints, and print and5or electronic publications.4 "hese outputs were outlined by the many considerations for the preservation and access to the results of federally funded scientific research by "he 6hite 7ouse s /ffice and %cience "echnology $olicy in 8ebruary 2309, in which some but not all of the aforementioned e'%cience output products were slated for preservation and access requirements under the memorandum s directive. &'%ciences include particle physics, earth sciences and social simulations. $article physics has a well'developed e'%cience infrastructure in particular because of its need for adequate computing facilities for the analysis of results and storage of data originating from the :&;N <arge 7adron :ollider, which started taking data in 2331. &'science encompasses 4what is often referred to as =big data> ?which@ has revolutioni!ed science...)s of 2309, the <arge 7adron :ollider (<7:) at :&;N...generates around AB3 terabytes per year, ?and@ the %loan ,igital %ky %urvey...recently released C3 terabytes, and other highly data intensive modern fields of science...that generate large amounts of &'science data include: computational biology, bioinformatics, and genomics.

,ccess 0rid:
)ccess *rid is a collection of resources and technologies that enables large format audio and video based collaboration between groups of people in different locations. "he )ccess *rid is an ensemble of resources,
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including multimedia large'format displays, presentation and interactive environments, and interfaces with grid computing middleware and visuali!ation environments. In simple terms, it is advanced videoconferencing using big displays and with multiple simultaneous camera feeds at each node (site). "he technology was invented at )rgonne National <aboratory, :hicago. "he 4)lliance :hautauqua 114, a series of two'day conferences on computational science organised by the N:%), was the first large'scale )ccess *rid event. "he )ccess *rid was later demonstrated at %upercomputing 11 in $ortland to an international audience. )s of 233D there are well over D33 nodes around the world that allow for various forms of creative and academic collaborations. )ccess *rid users tend to use EF$$ as their te#t'based back'end. Indeed, the new version of the )ccess *rid "oolkit integrates an EF$$ client with the )ccess *rid software. "he latest stable version of the software is release 9.2. "here s also an installable bundle with some additional video codecs (such as 7,) and additional tools.

0rid Computing:
*rid computing is the collection of computer resources from multiple locations to reach a common goal. "he grid can be thought of as a distributed system with non'interactive workloads that involve a large number of files. 6hat distinguishes grid computing from conventional high performance computing systems such as cluster computing is that grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed. )lthough a single grid can be dedicated to a particular application, commonly a grid is used for a variety of purposes. *rids are often constructed with general'purpose grid middleware software libraries.

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*rid si!e varies a considerable amount. *rids are a form of distributed computing whereby a =super virtual computer> is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform large tasks. 8or certain applications, =distributed> or =grid> computing, can be seen as a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with on'board :$-s, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public or the Internet) by a conventional network interface, such as &thernet. "his is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high'speed computer bus. *rid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal, to solve a single task, and may then disappear Gust as quickly. /ne of the main strategies of grid computing is to use middleware to divide and apportion pieces of a program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands. *rid computing involves computation in a distributed fashion, which may also involve the aggregation of large' scale clusters. "he si!e of a grid may vary from smallHconfined to a network of computer workstations within a corporation, for e#ampleHto large, public collaborations across many companies and networks. 4"he notion of a confined grid may also be known as an intra'nodes cooperation whilst the notion of a larger, wider grid may thus refer to an inter'nodes cooperation4. *rids are a form of distributed computing whereby a =super virtual computer> is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks. "his technology has been applied to computationally intensive scientific, mathematical, and academic problems through volunteer computing, and it is used in commercial enterprises for such diverse applications as drug discovery, economic forecasting, seismic analysis, and back office data processing in support for e'commerce and 6eb services.

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:oordinating applications on *rids can be a comple# task, especially when coordinating the flow of information across distributed computing resources. *rid workflow systems have been developed as a speciali!ed form of a workflow management system designed specifically to compose and e#ecute a series of computational or data manipulation steps, or a workflow, in the *rid conte#t.

I%,N (Integrated %ervice Network )rchitecture)

Integrated %ervices for ,igital Network (I%,N) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in 01BB in the ::I"" red book. $rior to I%,N, the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. "he key feature of I%,N is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. "here are several kinds of access interfaces to I%,N defined as Iasic ;ate Interface (I;I), $rimary ;ate Interface ($;I), Narrowband I%,N (N'I%,N), and Iroadband I%,N (I'I%,N). I%,N is a circuit'switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit'switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet' switched connections (for data), in increments of CJ kilobit5s. ) maGor market application for I%,N in some countries is Internet access, where I%,N typically provides a ma#imum of 02B kbit5s in both upstream and downstream directions. :hannel bonding can achieve a greater data rate( typically the I%,N I'channels of three or four I;Is (si# to eight CJ kbit5s channels) are bonded. I%,N should not be mistaken for its use with a specific protocol, such as K.190 whereas I%,N is employed as the network, data'link and physical
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layers in the conte#t of the /%I model. In a broad sense I%,N can be considered a suite of digital services e#isting on layers 0, 2, and 9 of the /%I model. I%,N is designed to provide access to voice and data services simultaneously. 7owever, common use reduced I%,N to be limited to K.190 and related protocols, which are a set of protocols for establishing and breaking circuit switched connections, and for advanced calling features for the user. "hey were introduced in 01BC. In a videoconference, I%,N provides simultaneous voice, video, and te#t transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and group (room) videoconferencing systems.

&S1/ e#ements:
Integrated services refers to I%,N s ability to deliver at minimum two simultaneous connections, in any combination of data, voice, video, and fa#, over a single line. Fultiple devices can be attached to the line, and used as needed. "hat means an I%,N line can take care of most people s complete communications needs (apart from broadband Internet access and entertainment television) at a much higher transmission rate, without forcing the purchase of multiple analog phone lines. It also refers to integrated switching and transmission in that telephone switching and carrier wave transmission are integrated rather than separate as in earlier technology.

5asic Rate &nterface:

"he entry level interface to I%,N is the Iasic(s) ;ate Interface (I;I), a 02B kbit5s service delivered over a pair of standard telephone copper wires. ?J@ "he 0JJ kbit5s payload rate is broken down into two CJ kbit5s bearer channels ( I channels) and one 0C kbit5s signaling channel ( , channel or data channel). "his is sometimes referred to as 2IL,. "he interface specifies the following network interfaces:
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"he - interface is a two'wire interface between the e#change and a network terminating unit, which is usually the demarcation point in non' North )merican networks. "he " interface is a serial interface between a computing device and a terminal adapter, which is the digital equivalent of a modem. "he % interface is a four'wire bus that I%,N consumer devices plug into( the % M " reference points are commonly implemented as a single interface labeled %5" on an Network termination 0 (N"0). "he ; interface defines the point between a non'I%,N device and a terminal adapter (")) which provides translation to and from such a device. I;I'I%,N is very popular in &urope but is much less common in North )merica. It is also common in +apan H where it is known as IN%CJ.

"rimar Rate &nterface

"he other I%,N access available is the $rimary ;ate Interface ($;I), which is carried over an &0 (23JB kbit5s) in most parts of the world. )n &0 is 93 I channels of CJ kbit5s, one , channel of CJ kbit5s and a timing and alarm channel of CJ kbit5s. In North )merica $;I service is delivered on one or more "0 carriers (often referred to as 29IL,) of 0DJJ kbit5s (2J channels). ) $;I has 29 I channels and 0 , channel for signalling (+apan uses a circuit called a +0, which is similar to a "0). Inter'changeably but incorrectly, a $;I is referred to as "0 because it uses the "0 carrier format. ) true "0 (commonly called 4)nalog "04 to avoid confusion) uses 2J channels of CJ kbit5s of in'band signaling. &ach channel uses DC kb for data and voice and B kb for signaling and messaging. $;I uses out of band signaling which provides the 29 I channels with clear CJ kb for voice and data and one CJ kb , channel for signaling and messaging. In North )merica, Non' 8acility )ssociated %ignalling allows two or more $;Is to be controlled by a single , channel, and is sometimes called 429IL, L nN2JI4. ,'channel backup allows for a second , channel in case the primary fails. N8)% is
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commonly used on a "9.$;I'I%,N is popular throughout the world, especially for connecting $IEs to $%"N. 6hile the North )merican $%"N can use $;I or )nalog "0 format from $IE to $IE, the $/"% or I;I can be delivered to a business or residence. North )merican $%"N can connect from $IE to $IE via )nalog "0, "9, $;I, /:9, etc... &ven though many network professionals use the term 4I%,N4 to refer to the lower'bandwidth I;I circuit, in North )merica I;I is relatively uncommon whilst $;I circuits serving $IEs are commonplace.

Report on /,S,6s integrated Communications ,rchitecture:

&ntroduction 5ackground:
In 233C, N)%) )dministrator assigned roles and responsibilities for the )gencyOs space communications and tracking assets to the %:aN /ffice P "his mandate centrali!ed the management of N)%)Os space communications and navigation networks: the Near &arth Network (N&N), the %pace Network (%N), and the ,eep %pace Network (,%N) P In a %eptember 233A memo, the )ssociate )dministrator described the concept of an integrated network architecture P "he new %:aN integrated network architecture is intentionally capability driven and will continue to evolve as N)%) makes key decisions involving technological feasibility, mission communication needs, and funding P It also illustrates the progression and the planned transformation from the current configuration of loosely coupled networks into a single, unified, integrated network P "his presentation summari!es the evolution of the integrated network architecture of N)%)Os communication and navigation infrastructure
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/,S, 7e.e# ( Re8uirements:

%:aN shall develop a unified space communications and navigation network infrastructure capable of meeting both robotic and human e#ploration mission needs P %:aN shall implement a networked communication and navigation infrastructure across space P %:aNOs infrastructure shall provide the highest data rates feasible for both robotic and human e#ploration missions P %:aN shall assure data communication protocols for %pace &#ploration missions are internationally interoperable P %:aN shall provide the end space communication and navigation infrastructure for <unar and Fars surfaces P %:aN shall provide communication and navigation services to enable <unar and Fars human missions P %:aN shall continue to meet its commitments to provide space communications and navigation services to e#isting and planned missions.

,rchitectura# goa# and cha##enges:

0oa#s: "o detail the high level %:aN integrated network architecture, its elements, architectural options, views, and evolution until 232D in response to N)%)Os key driving requirements and missions. "he architecture is a framework for %:aN system evolution and will guide the development of program requirements and designs. Cha##enges: P 8orming an integrated network from three pre'e#isting individual networks P ;esource constraints
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P )ddressing requirement'driven, capability'driven, and technology'driven approaches simultaneously P Interoperability with -.%. and foreign spacecraft and networks P -ncertainty in timing and nature of future communications mission requirements P ;equirements for support of missions already in operation, as well as those to which support commitments have already been made P :hanges in high level requirements and direction

SCa/ current networks:

"he current N)%) space communications architecture embraces three operational networks that collectively provide communications services to supported missions using space'based and ground'based assets. Near &arth Network ' N)%), commercial, and partner ground stations and integration systems providing space communications and tracking services to orbital and suborbital missions. %pace Network ' constellation of geosynchronous relays (",;%%) and associated ground systems ,eep %pace Network Q ground stations spaced around the world providing continuous coverage of satellites from &arth /rbit (*&/) to the edge of our solar system N)%) Integrated %ervices Network (NI%N) ' not part of %:aN( provides terrestrial connectivity.

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SCa/ integrated network ser.ices:

"he N)%) %:aN infrastructure will provide four categories of standard services to its customers: 0. 8orward data delivery services Q 8orward :ommand <ink "ransmission -nit (:<"-) service Q 8orward transfer frame service Q 8orward internetworking and file services 2. ;eturn data delivery services Q ;eturn all frames service Q ;eturn channel frames service Q ;eturn internetworking and file services Q ;eturn unframed telemetry service 9. ;adiometric services Q ;aw and Ralidated radiometric data Q ,elta' ,ifferential /ne'way ;anging J. $osition and "iming services Q "ime distribution Q "raGectory determination and prediction D. %peciali!ed services Q -nique services (e.g., radio science) Q <egacy services

&ntegrated network management:

!ission%"rogram 1ri.ers

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P &%F, missions and many near'&arth %F, missions require the services of multiple %:aN network assets Q %eamless interfaces for service requests to missions is critical P %:aN $rogram calls for the Integrated %ervice )rchitecture requiring common service management across all assets for: Q Fa#imum operations efficiency Q /MF cost reduction.

&nfrastructure Enhancements P %tandard service management functions: Q %ervice planning Q %ervice request scheduling Q %ervice accountability reporting P :ommon network control functions: Q Network scheduling Q Network asset configuration and control Q Network asset monitoring Q %pace Internetworking management P %:aN %ervices catalog with standard services across N)%)Os Integrated Network M other participating providers. "erformance P %ervice management interface in compliance with ::%,% standards.

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Q Fa#imum interoperability between %:aN network elements and with assets operated by international partner agencies P Fa#imum commonality in service management and network control among network assets P "he network management function dispatches mission user requests to and interacts with individual %:aN networks assets: Q ;educed user burden Q &nsured access security to ""M: services via tunneling and R$N P &nables integrated service commitment process

;eferences: http:55spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov5%pace/ps5%pace:omm5%ystemS&n gineering5documents5%pace/ps0T23forT236eb.pdf http:55improve'networking.blogspot.in523025035integrated'service'digital' network'isdn.html http:55www.studymode.com5subGects5riordan'integrative'network'design' proGect'page0.html https:55www.spacecomm.nasa.gov5 http:55microgravity.grc.nasa.gov5%/$/5%:/5%:)NS"&:75

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