Al l A2 Level Ter ms and Def i ni t i ons

73 Terms
Terms Definitions
acid dissociation
constant
is the equilibrium constant for a weak acid HA
addition polymer a polymer formed by a repeated addition reaction.
addition reaction the joining of two molecules to form a single product molecule.
allotrope different crystalline or molecular forms of the same element
bond enthalpy the amount of energy need to break one mole of a bond in a gaseous
molecule.
Brnsted-Lowry theory
of acids and bases
a BrnstedLowry acid is a proton (H) donor; a Bronsted-Lowry
base is a proton (H) acceptor.
buffer solution a solution that resists change in pH when small amount of acid or
alkali is added
chemical shift is the /ppm value of a signal in an n.m.r. spectrum.
metal complex the central atom or ion is a transition metal
condensation
polymerisation
is a polymerisation reaction in which the monomers are joined
together by condensation reactions.
electrochemical cell an exothermic chemical reaction set up in two half-cells in two
separate containers so that the energy released can produce an electric
current between them.
electrode potential the voltage measured for a half-cell. Another half-cell is essential for
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this measurement to be made.
heterolytic fission when a bond breaks to form a positive ion and a negative ion.
hydrocarbons compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
ideal gas an imaginary gas in which the molecules have negligible size, no
intermolecular forces and where collisions between molecules are
elastic.
ionisation energy the first ionisation energy is the energy needed to remove one electron
from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms of an element
lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of an ionic compound is formed
from its gaseous ions under standard conditions (298K, 100 kPa).
monomer the small molecule used to build a polymer molecule.
nuclear magnetic
resonance (n.m.r.)
spectroscopy
is a technique that provides information about the relative numbers
and different environments of hydrogen atoms in an organic molecule.
optical isomers are molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each
other. They contain one or more chiral centres.
order of reaction the power to which a concentration term of a reagent is raised in the
rate equation
polyamide polymers in which the monomers are connected by peptide linkages.
polymer the long molecular chain built up from monomer units.
polypeptide is a length of amino acids joined by condensation polymerisation. A
polypeptide is shorter in length than a protein molecule.
rate constant is the proportionality constant k in a rate equation (rate =k[A][B]).
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rate-determining step is the slowest step in the reaction.
rate equation has the form rate =k[A][B] which shows how the rate of a chemical
reaction depends on the concentration of reactants (A & B) and the
rate constant k.
solubility product for a
salt
this is the product of the concentrations of the ions in a saturated
solution of the salt raised to the appropriate powers. Only applies to
sparing soluble salts.
standard electrode
potential
the potential difference between the standard hydrogen electrode and
the half cell
standard enthalpy
change of atomisation
is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms are formed
from an element in its standard state.
standard enthalpy
change of combustion
the enthalpy change when one mole of an element or compound reacts
completely with oxygen under standard conditions.
standard enthalpy
change of formation
the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its
elements under standard conditions; both compound and elements are
in their standard states.
standard enthalpy
change of hydration
the enthalpy change when one mole of a gaseous ion dissolves in
water to give an infinitely dilute solution.
standard enthalpy
change of neutralisation
the enthalpy change when one mole of Ii' ions from an acid is
completely neutralised by an alkali to give one mole of water.
standard enthalpy
change of reaction
the enthalpy change when amounts of reactants, as shown in the
reaction equation. react together under standard conditions to give
products in their standard states.
standard enthalpy
change of solution
the enthalpy change when one mole of a solute dissolves in a solvent
to give an infinitely dilute solution.
standard hydrogen a half-cell in which hydrogen gas at a pressure of one atmosphere is
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electrode bubbled into a solution of 1 mol dm H ions. Electrical contact is made
with a platinum black electrode. This half-cell is given a standard
electrode potential of o.ooV; all other standard electrode potentials are
measured relative to it.
strong acid is an acid fully dissociated into ions in aqueous solution.
transition element (or
transition metal)
an element forming one or more stable ions with a partially filled d-
orbitals
weak acid an acid partly dissociated into ions in aqueous solution.
zwitterion a dipolar ion formed between -COOH and -NH2 during internal acid-
base reaction
disproportionation The formation of a higher and a lower oxidation state from an
intermediate one/simultaneous oxidation and reduction
lattice energy the energy change when 1 mol of a solid ionic compound is formed
from its gaseous ions
enthalpy change of
vaporisation
energy required to change 1 mol of the liquid into gaseous phase
ligand an atom, ion or molecule species that contains a lone pair of electrons
that can form dative bond to a transition metal ion
partition coefficient ratio of the concentrations of a solute in each of two immiscible
solvents
reversible reaction One that can go in either direction
dynamic equilibrium both forward & reverse reactions are going on at the same time, but
the concentrations of all species do not change
allotrope forms of the same element with different arrangements of atoms
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complex ion an ion formed when a ligand datively bonds to a central metal cation
polydentate ligand can form more than one dative bond per molecule of ligand
double helix two interlinked spirals chains strands woven round each other
bond energy energy required to break 1 mol of bonds in gas phase
structural isomerism compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different
structures
standard electrode
potential
The EMF of a cell made up of the test electrode and standard
hydrogen electrode under standard conditions of temperature, pressure
and concentration
disproportionation The formation of a higher and a lower oxidation state from an
intermediate one/simultaneous oxidation and reduction
lattice energy the energy change when 1 mol of a solid ionic compound is formed
from its gaseous ions
enthalpy change of
vaporisation
energy required to change 1 mol of the liquid into gaseous phase
ligand an atom, ion or molecule species that contains a lone pair of electrons
that can form dative bond to a transition metal ion
order of reaction the power to which a concentration term of a reagent is raised in the
rate equation
transition element an element forming one or more stable ions with a partially filled d-
orbitals
partition coefficient ratio of the concentrations of a solute in each of two immiscible
solvents
reversible reaction One that can go in either direction
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dynamic equilibrium both forward & reverse reactions are going on at the same time, but
the concentrations of all species do not change
allotrope forms of the same element with different arrangements of atoms
enthalpy change of
hydration
energy change when 1 mol of ions in the gas phase are dissolved in
water
buffer solution a solution that resists change in pH when small amount of acid or
alkali is added
complex ion an ion formed when a ligand datively bonds to a central metal cation
polydentate ligand can form more than one dative bond per molecule of ligand
double helix two interlinked spirals chains strands woven round each other
zwitterion A species having positive and negative ionic centres / charges, with
no overall charge
bond energy energy required to break 1 mol of bonds in gas phase
structural isomerism compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different
structures

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