THEME FOUR

THREATS AND RESPONSES

PART ONE

THE REIGN OF SULTAN OMAR ALI SAIFUDDIEN II

1828 – 1852

Years Important events in SOAS II’s life

1804 Father died (Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I, the 20th Sultan)
Grandfather ascended the throne because SOAS II was still a minor
(Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin, the 19th Sultan)

1807 Grandfather died.

Grandfather’s brother ascended the throne. (Sultan Muhammad Kanzul
Alam, the 21st Sultan)

1826 Grandfather’s brother’s son ascended the throne. (Sultan Muhammad

Alam, the 22nd Sultan)

1828 SOAS II finally ascended the throne, becoming the 23rd Sultan of
Brunei.

1834 Disturbances in Sarawak.

1846 Brunei Town attacked and captured.

1852 Death.
Succeeded by his son-in-law, Sultan Abdul Momin.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Britain had little involvement in

Borneo.
This is because they were more interested in using Penang as their
main trading base.

The reign of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II saw increased European

interest in Brunei.
This resulted in the loss of Sultan’s power and Brunei’s territories to
the Dutch and British.

1
 THE PROVINCE OF SARAWAK

What was Sarawak was a province of Brunei.

Sarawak to It was a part of Brunei with its own local
Since Brunei? government.
14th
centur
y
How was It was administered by local Malay Chiefs.
Sarawak  The local Malay Chiefs were controlled by a
administered Brunei Cheteria (Royal Minister).
?

Who was  The Governor of Sarawak was Pengiran Indera

the Mahkota Pengiran Muhammad Salleh.
Governor of 1. He was appointed by Sultan Muhammad
Sarawak? Kanzul Alam.
1824 2. He settled in Lidah Tanah (now known as
Kuching).

How did he 1. He developed trade and increased the revenue

contribute of Sarawak.
as the 2. He exported antimony to Singapore.
Governor of
Sarawak? It was said that he forced people to work in his
mines so he became unpopular as people hated and
rebelled against him.

Who came to 1. Pengiran Muda Hashim, the son of Sultan

visit Sarawak Muhammad Kanzul Alam and the brother of
in 1834? Sultan Muhammad Alam came to visit
Sarawak.
2. His younger brother, Pengiran Anak
Badaruddin also came to visit.

1834
What Pengiran Muda Hashim and Pengiran Anak
happened Badaruddin were not regally welcomed by the
during that Governor of Sarawak.
visit? 1. Pengiran Muda Hashim felt that the
Governor of Sarawak was supposed to
personally greet him on his ship.
2. On the other hand, the Governor of
Sarawak felt that it was enough to wait
in the Balai Penghadapan.

What  The incident caused friction between the two

happened nobles.
after that  They were not able to work together.
visit?  The situation was taken advantage by James
Brooke to get political power in Brunei.
2
 JAMES BROOKE AS GOVERNOR OF SARAWAK
AUGUST 1842

YEARS IMPORTANT EVENTS

Why did he Arrived in Kuching.

come to Interested in Sarawak because of antimony.
Sarawak?

AUG Who Pengiran Muda Hashim

1839 welcomed The Governor of Sarawak, Pengiran Indera
him when he Mahkota.
came to
Sarawak?

What did he Took advantage of friction of the two nobles and

do when he also the local disturbances.
arrived in
Sarawak?

Pengiran Muda Hashim promised to make James

How did he Brooke the Governor of Sarawak IF James Brooke
become the could defeat the local disturbances.
Governor of When James Brooke defeated the local
Sarawak? disturbances, he forced Pengiran Muda Hashim
to fulfill his promise.

Who made
1841 James Brooke  Pengiran Muda Hashim.
the Governor
of Sarawak?

Who  Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.

1842 OFFICIALLY  Also forced Pengiran Indera Mahkota to
made James step down.
Brooke the
Governor of
Sarawak?

Who gave
1846 support for James Brooke (Governor of Sarawak)
Pengiran Offered support to Pengiran Muda Hashim
3
YEARS IMPORTANT EVENTS
Muda Hashim to claim the throne of Brunei.
to claim the
throne of
Brunei?

2.Pengiran Anak Badaruddin (brother

of Pengiran Muda Hashim)

 Forced Pengiran Muda Hashim to claim

the throne.

 Forced Pengiran Muda Hashim to borrow

some Royal Regalia.

 Declared Pengiran Muda Hashim as the

Sultan.

 Angered SOAS II and sons.

 Was attacked at home:

 Whole family was killed.

 Pengiran Muda Hashim escaped and

fled to Sungai Brunei. He tried to
apologized but was rejected. He
was eventually killed.

The deaths greatly angered James Brooke.

4
 JAMES BROOKE AS RAJAH OF SARAWAK
1846

Why did
James  He was angered by the death of Pengiran
Brooke Muda Hashim.
attack
Brunei
1 8th JULY Town?
. 1846

ATTACK
 He obtained:
ON
How did he 1. Two British warships from Singapore.
BRUNEI
attack
TOWN 2. Permission from the British Governor-
Brunei
Town? General of India.

 He attacked and occupied Brunei Town.

Why was  To end the British occupation of Brunei

this treaty Town.
signed?

James Brooke:
2 AUG 1846 What were 1. Became Rajah of Sarawak.
. the terms
TREATY 2. Could appoint his own successor.
of this
treaty? 3. Pay $4, 000 per year to the Sultan.

What was  James Brooke now longer the Sultan’s

the result representative as the Governor of Sarawak
of this
treaty? BUT a Raja (King) with absolute power.

5
 What did  Forced SOAS II to cede Labuan.
James
Brooke  Labuan was strategically located to protect
demand? British trading interests, especially the
Chinese trade route.
THE
CESSION
3
What was  He refused.
. OF
the
LABUAN  He employed delaying tactics.
reaction of
DECEMBE SOAS II?
R

1846 What did Threatened with the help of Captain Rodney

James Mundy.
Brooke do
when They lined up British warships near Sultan’s
SOAS II palace with cannons if the Sultan refused to sign
refused? the treaty.

What was  SOAS II had to agree with the December

the 1846 Labuan Treaty.
response
of SOAS II?

What were Labuan was ceded to the British.

the terms
of the 2. James Brooke was appointed the first
treaty? Governor of Labuan in 1848.

6
 TREATIES OF FRIENDSHIP AND COMMERCE

1847 1850

ANGLO-BRUNEI TREATY OF USA-BRUNEI TREATY OF

FRIENDSHIP AND COMMERCE FRIENDSHIP AND
COMMERCE

AIMS:

1. TO ESTABLISH INFLUENCE IN AIMS:

BRUNEI
1. TO TRADE ONLY
THE BRITISH WERE AFRAID THAT
BRUNEI MIGHT SEEK HELP FROM NOT TO CONTROL
OTHER COUNTRIES BRUNEI.

TERMS:

1. THE BRITISH COULD:

a) LIVE AND TRADE IN BRUNEI

b) HAVE EXTRA-TERRITORIAL
RIGHTS

2. NO TAXES

FOR IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY

THE BRITISH IN BRUNEI AND ITS
TERRITORIES.

3. FREE PASSAGE FOR BRITISH

WARSHIPS.

4. SULTAN SHOULD NOT CEDE

TERRITORIES WITHOUT THE
CONSENT OF BRITISH