DUKE INQUIRIES IN SOCIAL RELATIONS

Spring 2014

Duke Inquiries in Social Relations (DISR) is a student-run organization that aims to investigate and bring awareness to the current state of social and gender relations in the undergraduate community. Through this research, we aim to counter cultural myths and give a voice to the silent majority. Expanding on the Greek Cultural Initatives (GCI) 2013 study1, we created a survey instrument that examines campus culture as it relates to confidence, belongingness, respect, intimate relationships, gender violence, and alcohol use. We looked at our results by gender, year, affiliation, varsity athletic participation, GPA, and nationality. Methodology In collaboration with Dukes Office for Institutional Research, we created a survey instrument that expands on GCIs past research. We posed more pointed questions in the confidence, respect, and identity sections, added the AUDIT, a standardized alcohol risk-measuring tool, and asked respondents to reflect further into their experiences with sexual assault. The survey was administered to a random sample of 2,601 undergraduate students in Spring 2014 and there were a total of 622 respondents (24% response rate). The data was analyzed with STATA. In our analysis, we claim that findings are statistically significant when p<0.05. The following findings are limited to Duke undergraduates, however many of our findings are consistent with national studies. Despite inviting a representative sample of men and women to participate in our survey, we observed a gender bias: 66% of respondents are women and 33% are men. The response rate was consistent by gender for all demographic markers except Athlete and Greek participation. Male Greeks and Male Athletes had the highest non-response rate. Aside from gender, our samples demographic characteristics are proportional to the Duke undergraduation populations demographic characteristics. Top Findings Respondents rank Athletes to be the most respected, Independents and SLG members to be the next most respected and Greeks to be the least respected. 67% of students never engage in sexual acts outside of a committed, romantic relationship. 76% of students want to be in a committed, romantic relationship. Senior Athletes and First-Year Greeks have the highest proportions, 32% and 21% respectively, of at-risk drinkers. 25% of women have experienced non-consensual touching and 10% of women have experienced sexual assault. The most common reason for not reporting unwanted sexual contact was the belief that the experience did not warrant reporting. DISR hopes these findings inspire the Duke community to act and positively impact campus culture. At the end of the report, DISR provides specific recommendations to the student body and university resource organizations.

FINDINGS
Confidence and Respect
The confidence section of our survey was divided into three sections. We sought to understand how students view themselves in the context of Duke, how confident students feel exhibiting certain behaviors, and how confident students are seeking help in various ways. Culture and Confidence To analyze how students feel about themselves in the context of Duke, we asked respondents to rate how confident Dukes overall culture and Dukes Greek culture made them feel. Overall, undergraduate students do not believe that Dukes culture makes them feel confident as only 39% of respondents agree that Dukes culture makes them feel confident. More men than women and more first-years than upperclassmen agree that Dukes culture makes them feel confident. 34% of women agree in comparison to 48% of men. 47% of the class of 2017 agrees that Dukes culture makes them feel confident and this is significantly more than upperclassmen (35%). Only 15% of respondents agree that Dukes Greek culture makes them feel confident and a significantly greater proportin of men (22%) than women (11%) agree. Self Confidence We asked respondents whether they feel they are as intelligent and attractive as the ideal Duke student. 39% of Duke Undergraduates agree that they are as attractive as the ideal Duke student but fewer women (35%) than men (44%) agree that they are as attractive as the ideal Duke student. The responses were also significant by affiliation. While 46% of Greeks and 47% of athletes agree that they were as attractive as the ideal Duke student, 30% of SLG members and 34% of independents agree. For our survey, respect is defined as admiration of someone for their abilities, qualities or achievements. We asked students to rank the extent to which they feel their looks are respected by men and women and found that 64% of men, compared to 55% of women, agree that their looks are respected by women at Duke. This trend repeats itself when respondents are asked whether their looks are respected by men: 63% of men agree as compared to 45% of women. These findings

2 their clothes than are upperclassmen (57%). Confidence in Seeking Help Women feel more confident in seeking help from Career Services, The Womens Center, The Writing Studio/Tutors and CAPS. Additionally, we found that both women and men are confident reaching out to female and male professors. However, women are more likely to feel confident reaching out to female professors than are men. Relative Respect for Campus Populations We investigate how individuals respect prominent social organizations as a whole. Respondents were asked to indicate their relative level of respect for Greeks, SLG members, Independents and Varsity Athletes. Female organizations were presented and ranked separately from male organizations, but the resulting relative rankings were the same for both male and female organizations. When asked to rank female organizations, respondents ranked Athletes as the most respected, Independents and SLG members as moderately respected and Greeks the least respected. Male organizations were ranked in the same order. By looking at the affiliation of respondents, we were able to determine which respondents deviated from the aforementioned trends in relative ranking. Greek men deviated in that they did not rank Greek males to be the lowest. Furthermore, first-year Greek men are

show that more men agree that their looks are respected by men and women in comparison to women. Students responses about confidence in their intelligence are significant by gender, race, and athletic participation. Men (62%) agree more than women (48%) that they are as intelligent as the ideal Duke student. East and South Asians feel more confident in their intelligence than whites, African Americans, and Hispanics. Non-athletes (54%) also have greater confidence in their intelligence than athletes (39%).

"I feel confident..."

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Male 22% Male 53%

3 most likely to respect Greek men. Non-Greek women respect Greek men the least. Of non-Greek women, female upperclassmen respect Greek men the least. Similar trends held for Greek women. The only segments found to hold higher than average respect for Greek women were white, non-Greek female first-years and white Greek, male, first-years. In contrast, Non-Greek female upperclassmen respect Greek women the least of all groups. these findings suggest that older age groups have less respect for Greek women and women than first-years. Last years findings show that more Greek men feel respected than SLG members and Independents. This year, however, we asked students to indicate relative respect for campus populations and we found that Greek men were ranked the lowest among male populations. There is a disconnect between who feels respected and who students respect.

Intimate Relationships

Female 45%

Male 42% Female 25%

Running for a position in DSG

Female 9%

Securing the job of Asking someone out my choice on a date

In this section, we sought to understand not only the romantic behaviors students exhibit, but also the type of relationships students want. For the purposes of our survey, we asked respondents to describe their relationship behavior and wants within the 2013-14 academic school year. Dating In this section we aim to understand respondents behaviors and desires surrounding dating and romantic relationships. We observe a large gap between the number of students that want to be in a committed relationship and the number that have been in a committed relationship in the 2013-14 academic year. 39% of students reported being in a committed relationship, while 76% of students report wanting to be in one. These findings are consistent across gender, however, they differ by affiliation. We found that 82% of Greeks want to be in a committed romantic relationship as compared to 72% of Independents and 73% of SLG members. To further investigate the

Women are less confident about running for DSG, securing the job of their choice and asking someone out on a date. Other characteristics affect these behaviors, but gender is the only one that is significant for them all.

Confidence in Behavior Women are significantly less confident in running for a position on Duke Student Government (DSG) than men. While 22% of men agree that they feel confident in running for DSG, only 9% of women agree. Greeks (19%) also feel more confident in running for DSG in comparison to 14% of Independents, 8% of SLG members and 6% of athletes. When students were asked whether they feel confident in securing the job of their choice, the results were significant by gender and athletic participation. More men (53%) than women (45%) feel confident securing the job of their choice. 33% of Athletes, compared to 49% of non-Athletes, feel confident about securing a job of their choice. 60% of respondents feel confident expressing themselves through what they wear. We find that first-years (68%) are more likely to express themselves through

"I am confident seeking help from..."

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% M 20% Career Center Women's Center F 68% M 59% F 66%

F 50% M 30%

F 48%

M 52%

CAPS

Writing Studio or Tutors

Women are more confident seeking help from campus resources such as the Womens Center, CAPS, Career Services, the Writing Studio and tutors. Overall, seeking help was not significant by any other characteristic.

"I have wanted to be in a committed romantic relationship" by Affiliation

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% SLG Member 73% Independent 72% Greek 82%

4 intoxicated that they would not have performed while sober.

Identity

Alcohol Risk Level: Greeks

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Agree

Overall, 76% of people want to be in a committed romantic relationship, however only 31% of people are confident asking someone out on a date. Greeks are most likely to want to be in a relationship.

dating culture, we asked respondents if they feel confident asking someone on a date. Overall, 31% of respondents reported feeling confident asking someone on a date. Fewer women (25%) are confident asking someone out on a date than are men (42%). Independents (26%) are less likely to ask someone out on a date in comparison to non-Independents (36%). Sexual Activity This section of our report asks about consensual physical intimacy outside of a committed relationship. Consensual physical intimacy is divided into hooking up and sexual activity. Hooking up is defined as consensual kissing and/or touching; a sexual act is defined to include oral sex, anal sex, intercourse, penetration with a finger or object. We found that 75% of respondents hook up one or fewer times per month. This rate is similar for men and women, and across graduation years. Greeks hook up significantly more than SLG Members or Independents; 39% of Greeks hook up more than two times per month. We also found that 67% of respondents never engage in sexual acts and this finding is consistent for men and women. In comparison to upperclassmen, significantly more first-years (72%) never engage in sexual acts. Further, only 9.4% of first-years engage in sexual acts more than two times per month. When asked how frequently they perform sexual acts while intoxicated that they would not perform while sober, 80% of respondents say they never do. 5% of people report performing sexual acts while intoxicated that they would not perform while sober more than two times per month. This finding is different by affiliation; 70% of Greeks, 82% of Independents and 83% of SLG members never perform sexual acts while

Within our study, we gauge how Athletes, Greeks, Independents and SLG members identify with the culture of their specific organization and their affiliations culture as a whole. Overall, we found that fewer Greeks identify with their organizations on-campus reputation as well as their affiliations culture as whole when compared to other affiliations. 53% of Greeks identify with the on-campus reputation of their organization as compared to 70% of SLG members and 71% of Varsity Athletes. 23% of Greeks agree with their affiliations culture as a whole as compared to 43% of SLG members, 49% of Athletes and 40% of Independents. Within Greeks, we found that women are less likely to identify with their organization than men. Gender was not significant for identifying with ones organization for SLG members or Athletes.
"I identify with the on-campus reputation of my of my organization" by Affiliation
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Agree SLG Member 70% Greek 53% Athlete 71%

Risk Level 4 Risk Level 3 Risk Level 2 Risk Level 1

2014

2015

2016

2017

Alcohol Risk Level: Athletes

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Risk Level 4 Risk Level 3 Risk Level 2 Risk Level 1

2014

2015

2016

2017

Greeks are least likely to identify with the on-campus reputation of their organization. Additionally, Greek women are less likely to identify with the on-campus reputation of their organization than Greek men.

Senior Athletes were identified to have high-risk behavior in alcohol consumption. 8% of Senior Athletes are recommended to seek counseling and monitoring and an additional 25% of Senior Athletes are recommended to access a specialist for diagnostic evaluation and treatment. In contrast, the largest at risk group in the Greek community is first-years. 13% of firstyear Greeks exhibit behavior indicating that they may require counseling. Another 8% are suggested to seek diagnostic evaluation and treatment.

Alcohol Use
Survey respondents completed the standardized Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). This instrument is commonly used to identify persons with hazardous and harmful patterns of alcohol consumption. Receiving a score in Zone 1 warrants alcohol education, Zone 2 recommends simple advice, Zone 3 justifies brief counseling and continued monitoring, and Zone 4 necessitates a referral to specialists for a diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Alcohol consumption varies significantly across demographic groups and it appears to be a significant social delineator. On average, 29% of students drink
3

two or more times a week. Conversely, 20% of students never consume alcohol. Men tend to drink more frequently and in larger amounts. 34% of men drink two or more times a week as compared to 26% of women. Of men who drink, 57% will have five or more drinks in a typical day of drinking as compared to 34% of women. We identified 8% of men to be in Zone 3 or 4 in comparison to 5% of women. Fewer first-years drink in comparison to other classes. However, first-years who do drink do it less frequently and drink in larger amounts in comparison to upperclassmen. Only 20% of first-years drink two or more times per week, compared to 37% of seniors. Though seniors drink more frequently, first-years who

frequently but more heavily. In comparison to firstyear Athletes, senior Athletes drink more frequently and more heavily. All of the senior Athletes who completed our survey drink. 8% of senior Athletes drink four or more times a week and 50% drink two to three times a week. 7% of junior and 8% of senior Athletes fall into Zone 4 and 25% of senior Athletes are classified in Zone 3.

drink report drinking more heavily: 52% of first-years who drink report drinking five or more drinks on a typical day of drinking, whereas only 30% of seniors who drink report drinking five or more drinks on a typical day of drinking. The Duke Social Relationships Project found similar results in their study of student drinking habits in 2012. SLG members drink more often and in larger amounts than Independents. 26% of SLG members and 14% of Independents report drinking two or more times a week. 35% of SLG members and 25% of Independents report drinking five or more drinks on a typical drinking day. In the SLG and Independent communities, seniors are the largest group of at-risk drinkers; 5% of seniors fall in Zone 4. Greeks drink more than SLG Members and Independents. 53% of Greeks report drinking two or more times a week, and 57% of Greeks report drinking five or more drinks on a typical day of drinking. First-year Greeks consist of the largest group of at-risk drinkers among Greeks, with 13% falling in Zone 3, indicating that they may require counseling, and another 8% in Zone 4, suggesting that they may require treatment. Athletes, like first-years, drink less
2

Gender Violence
In this section, we gathered information about students perception of sexual assault, students views on consent, the extent to which the threat of gender violence affects students daily actions and students experiences with sexual assault.

Perception of Prevalence of Sexual Assault We asked students if they believe that sexual assault is a problem at Duke and 70% of respondents agree. More women (76%) than men (61%) think that sexual assault is a problem. Last year, 51% of men believed that sexual assault was a problem. This demonstrates that the proportion of men who believe that sexual assault is a problem has increased. This finding is also significantly different by affiliation: 85% of SLG members, 76% of Greeks and 61% of Independents agree that sexual assault is a problem at Duke. By year, we found that 85% of seniors agree that sexual assault is a problem as compared to 55% of first-years. These findings demonstrate demonstrate that since last year, more students believe that sexual assault is a problem at Duke. Consent Respondents were presented with Duke Student Conducts definition of consent, which states that consent is an affirmative decision to engage in mu-

tually acceptable sexual activity given by clear actions or words. It is an informed decision made freely and actively by all parties. Then, we asked respondents to specify the four most common forms of sexual coercion from the following list: emotional intimidation, emotional threats, role intimidation, quid pro quo bargaining, bargaining with fraudulent claims, bribe with negative consequences, physical intimidation, and the use of physical force to dominate or compel. The top four forms listed, in order of frequency, were emotional intimidation, emotional threats, role intimidation, and physical intimidation. Men and women list the same top forms of coercion. 63% of first-year students believe that role intimidation is one of the four most prevalent forms of sexual coercion in comparison to 47% of upperclassmen. Given that age is a potential form of role intimidation, it is likely that first-years feel more pressure than upperclassmen realize.

three types of sexual misconduct. Greeks report the highest rate of sexual assault, with 14.3% of Greek women experiencing a nonconsensual sexual act, as compared to independents and firstyears. When comparing years, only 4% of first-year women report experiencing a sexual assault, compared to the consistent 11-12% across the remaining years. When considering risky alcohol behavior, we observe that a one unit increase in the victims AUDIT score (i.e. Zone 2 to Zone 3) is associated with a 1.2 times higher odds of being assaulted. While this finding shows an association between alcohol risk score and chance of being assaulted, we do not believe that a victim is ever responsible for their assault. Reporting Sexual Assault In this section, we look at the experience of men and women who have been sexually assaulted. With this insight, we hope to better understand how our community can support victims and decrease instances of sexual assaults. When asked about their relationship with their assailants, 25% of victims report not knowing their assailant. The remaining 75% of victims know their

Gender Violence Prevalence For the purposes of our survey, sexual assault is defined as a nonconsensual sexual act including oral sex, anal sex, Female Respondents: "I have experienced without my intercourse, or penetration with a consent" by Affiliation 50% finger or object. Nonconsensual 45% touching is defined as touching 40% 35% or attempted touching of a body SLG Member 30% 34% part including but not limited to, Greek 25% 29% breasts, buttocks, inner thighs, 20% 15% Independent groin, or genitalia, resulting in Greek 19% 10% 14% emotional distress. SLG Member Independent 5% 6% 7% 0% 27% of women and 7% of men Touching Oral Sex/Penetration report unwanted sexual contact. Among those women who report Female Respondents: "I have experienced without my consent" by Year experiencing unwanted sexual 50% contact, 10% of women report 45% experiencing sexualt assault and 40% 25% of women report experienc35% 30% ing nonconsensual touching. Ad2014 31% 25% ditionally, 4% of women reported 2016 2015 26% 26% 20% gender-based stalking. 15% 2017 17% Among those men who report 10% 2015 2016 2014 12% 11% 5% experiencing unwanted sexual 10% 2017 4% 0% contact, 3% of men report experiTouching Oral Sex/Penetration encing sexual assault, 6% of men A significantly higher proportion of SLG women report unwanted touching or attempted touching. report experiencing a nonconGreek women report experiencing sexual assault at a higher proportion than Independent and sensual touching or attempted SLG women. touching, and 1% of men report Further, female upperclassmen report higher proportions of unwanted touching or attempted touching in comparison to underclassmen. First-years report experiencing sexual assault at a lower gender-based stalking. Respondents were allowed to select all proportion in comparison to female upperclassmen.

RECOMMENDATIONS

assailant; 27% of victims reported that their assailants were acquaintances, 23% were friends and 18% were romantic partners. When asked about the affiliation of their assailants, 46% of victims reported that their assailants were Greek, 23% were Independents, and 16% were Athletes. Respondents were allowed to mark more than one relationship for the assailant. Of the six men who reported sexual assault, two were assaulted by men. Of the 40 women that reported, two reported being assaulted by both a man and a woman and one respondent reported being assaulted by a woman. Of the 44 female respondents who reported being sexually assaulted, seven went to the Womens Center for support and one went to the Womens Center, Undergraduate Conduct Board, and Duke Police. We asked the women who did not seek support from either of the three entities why they did not report. The most frequently cited responses was a belief that the experience did not warrant reporting. The next most prevalent reasons were shame, guilt or embarrassment,,a fear of not being believed and a disbelief in a successful prosecution.

One important mission of DISR is to inspire action to fix pressing social problems on our campus. We offer the following recommendations to address the problems outlined in this report. Based off of our findings, the Duke community has an opportunity to play a positive role in addressing the most pervasive social issues on campus. DISR presents the following recommendations for various on-campus organizations. 1. Continue to administer the DISR survey at least every other year to monitor the state of social relations in order to monitor changes in culture. 2. Brainstorm and implement methods to encourage men to use CAPS and career counseling services. By encouraging men to use support services, we can make this campus a healthier environment for men. 3. Debunk the social myth that everyone is involved in a hookup culture. Bring awareness to the fact that a dating culture does exist. 4. Varsity Athletic organizations should implement specific athlete-targeted alcohol education, especially for senior athletes, who were found to be the most at-risk group. In addition, they should encourage and offer special counseling and support for athletes with alcohol-related problems. 5. Encourage students to report sexual misconduct by educating victims of sexual misconduct to learn about and take advantage of their Title IX rights to report and seek services. Foster an environment free of victim-blaming. 6. Train First-Year Advisory Council members and pre-orientation staff members on bystander training, focusing specifically on their role in protecting first-year students. 7. Build more community within Greek womens organizations. Greek womens organizations are lacking the community that Greek mens organizations possess, but they have a lot of opportunities for mentorship and community-building within their groups. 8. Engage more men in conversations on social relations. Our survey bias suggests that women are more interested in issues related to social relations than men, even though men should be in these conversations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DISR wishes to thank Dr. David Jamieson-Drake and Pat Hull of Dukes Office of Institutional Research for their help throughout the entire research process. We would also like to thank Allison Schulholf and Laura Starzenski, who led the Greek Culture Initiative survey from last year, for setting the groundwork for our research. Endnotes 1. Schulhof, A. & Starzenski, L. (2013). Greek Culture Initiative: Report on Gender and Greek Experience. Retrieved from http://archive.dukechronicle.com/gci-report.pdf. 2. Asher, S.R. & Weeks, M.S. (2012). Social Relationships, Academic Engagement, and Well-Being in College: the Findings of the Duke Social Relationships Project. Retrieved from http://sites.duke.edu/dsrp/. 3. Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B. & Monteiro, M.G. (2001). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. Retrieved from http://www.talkingalcohol.com/files/ pdfs/WHO_audit.pdf.