CHEMICAL REACTIONS

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
LECTURE 5
The eye sees only what the mind is prepared to comprehend.
-Henri Bergson
5.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Reactions
5.3 Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product
5.4 Determining the Limiting Reactant
Lesson for Today
5.5 Determining the Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield of Reactions
5.2 Identifying Different Types of Chemical Reactions
A three-level view of the chemical reaction in a flashbulb.
Chemical Reactions
A process by which a chemical change occurs.
A process in which one set of substances called reactants is
converted to a new set of substances called products.

Chemical equations
Shorthand or symbolic way of representing a chemical
reaction
Translate the statement
Balance the atoms
Specify states of
matter
Adjust the coefficients
Check the atom balance
Writing Chemical Equations
Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen nitrogen dioxide
NO + O
2
NO
2
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
2NO (g) + O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g)

SOLUTION:
1. Within the cylinders of a cars engine, the hydrocarbon octane (C
8
H
18
), one
of many components of gasoline, mixes with oxygen from the air and burns to
form carbon dioxide and water vapor. Write a balanced equation for this
reaction.
C
8
H
18
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
C
8
H
18
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O 8
9
2C
8
H
18
+ 25O
2
16 CO
2
+ 18H
2
O
2C
8
H
18
(l) + 25O
2
(g) 16CO
2
(g) + 18H
2
O (g)
25

2

Exercise 1
Balancing Chemical Equations
Exercise 2
a. __ Al
2
O
3 (g)
__Al
(S)
+ __O
2(g)

b. __ P
4(s)
+ __O
2( g)
__P
2
O
5(s)

c. __ C
2
H
6(s)
+ __ O
2( g)
__ CO
2(g)
+ __H
2
O
(l)

d. __ Na
(s)
+ __H
2
O
(l)
__ NaOH + __H
2(g)

e. __C
6
H
6(s)
+ __ O
2(g)
__ CO
2(g)
+ __H
2
O
(l)


Balancing Chemical Equations
2. Balance the following chemical reactions.
4 2 3
5 1 2
7 2 4 6
2 2 2 1
15 2 12
6
1. Combination Reaction
Types of Chemical Reactions
2. Decomposition Reaction
3. Single Displacement
4. Double Displacement/ Metathesis
Types of Chemical Reactions
1. Combination reaction



2. Decomposition reaction

A + B AB
( ) ( ) 2(s) g 2 s
CaF F Ca +
( ) ( ) 5(s) g 2 s 4
4PCl 10Cl P +
AB A + B
( ) 2(g) (s)
MnO ,
s 3
O 3 2KCl 2KClO
2
+
A
( ) 2(g) (l) s
O 2Hg 2HgO +
A
Types of Chemical Reactions
3. Single Displacement



4. Double Displacement/Metathesis

A + BC AC + B
AB + CD AD + CB
( ) (s) 2(aq) aq 3 (s)
Fe ZnCl FeCl Zn + +
( ) ( ) aq (s) aq 2(g)
HCl 2 2Ag 2AgCl H + +
(aq) (l) 2 (aq) (aq)
NaCl O H NaOH HCl + +
3(aq) 2(s) (aq) 2(aq) 3
2KNO + PbI 2KI + ) Pb(NO
3. Identify the type of the following chemical reaction
Exercise 3
Identifying Type of Chemical Reaction
( ) ( ) 3(g) g 2 g 2
2SO O 2SO +
( ) ( ) 3(s) s 2 s
CaSiO SiO CaO +
A
( ) 4(l) 2 3(g) s 4 2 4
SO H 2NH SO ) (NH +
A
( ) 2(g) 2(aq) aq (s)
H ZnCl HCl Zn + +
( ) (l) 2 (aq) 3 (aq) 3
O H + COO KCH KOH + COOH CH
aq
A. 2N
2(g)
+ 3H
2(g)
2NH
3(g)

B. NH
4
Cl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
NH
3(g)

+ Cl
-
(aq)
+ H
3
O
+
(aq)


C. Cu(OH)
2(s)
CuO
(s)
+ H
2
O
(l)
D. C
12
H
22
O
12(s)
C
12
H
22
O
12(l)

4.From the following reactions, which one is a decomposition
reaction?
Exercise 4
Identifying Type of Chemical Reaction
A. Hydroiodic acid and zinc (II) nitrate
B. Aluminum bromide and potassium nitrate
C. Sodium acetate and calcium chloride
D. Copper (II) sulfate and sodium carbonate

**CuSO
4(aq)
+ Na
2
CO
3(aq)
CuCO
3(s)
+ Na
2
SO
4(aq)

5. Which of the following aqueous solutions, when mixed, will
form a precipitate?
Exercise 5
Identifying Type of Chemical Reaction
The basis of all stoichiometry calculations is the RATIO between
the reactants and products, based on their STOICHIOMTERIC
COEFFICIENTS in the BALANCED chemical equation
Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
Consider the reaction between ferric oxide and carbon
monoxide forming iron metal and carbon dioxide


Relating reactants to each other:

Relating reactants to products:
2(g) (s) (g) 3(s) 2
CO 3 + Fe 2 3CO + O Fe
CO moles 3
O Fe mole 1
3 2
Fe moles 2
O Fe mole 1
3 2
Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
Fe moles 2
CO moles 3
2
CO mole 1
CO mole 1
1. How many moles of CO are required to react with 25
mol of Fe
2
O
3
?
Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
2(g) (s) (g) 3(s) 2
CO 3 + Fe 2 3CO + O Fe
2. What mass of CO is required to react with 146 g of iron (III)
oxide?
Divide by MW
to get moles
Use Stoichiometric
Factor
Multiply by MW
Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
2(g) (s) (g) 3(s) 2
CO 3 + Fe 2 3CO + O Fe
Summary of the mass-mole-number relationships in a
chemical reaction.
6. Consider the reaction:
2 H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2 H
2
O (l)
a. How many moles of H
2
O are produced by burning 2.72
mol H
2
in an excess of O
2
?
b. What mass of H
2
O is formed in the reaction of 4.16 g H
2

with an excess of O
2
?
Exercise 6 Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
7. In a lifetime, the average American uses 1750 lb (794 g) of copper in
coins, plumbing, and wiring. Copper is obtained from sulfide ores,
such as chalcocite, or copper(I) sulfide, by a multistep process. After
an initial grinding, the first step is to roast the ore (heat it strongly
with oxygen gas) to form powdered copper(I) oxide and gaseous sulfur
dioxide.
(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of
copper(I) sulfide?
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol of
copper(I) sulfide is roasted?
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg of
copper(I) oxide?
Exercise 7 Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
SOLUTION:
2Cu
2
S(s) + 3O
2
(g) 2Cu
2
O(s) + 2SO
2
(g)
3 mol O
2

2 mol Cu
2
S
= 15.0 mol O
2
= 641 g SO
2
10.0 mol Cu
2
S x
64.07 g SO
2

mol SO
2

(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of copper(I) sulfide?
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol of copper(I)
sulfide is roasted?
x
10.0 mol Cu
2
S x
2 mol SO
2

2 mol Cu
2
S
Exercise 7 Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
= 0.960 kg O
2
1 kg O
2
10
3
g O
2
= 20.0 mol Cu
2
O
20.0 mol Cu
2
O x
3 mol O
2

2 mol Cu
2
O
32.00 g O
2
mol O
2
2.86 kg Cu
2
O x
10
3
g Cu
2
O
kg Cu
2
O
mol Cu
2
O
143.10 g Cu
2
O
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg of copper(I) oxide?
x
x
x
Exercise 7 Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
SOLUTION:
2Cu
2
S(s) + 3O
2
(g) 2Cu
2
O(s) + 2SO
2
(g)
Exercise 8 Calculating Amount of Reactant and Product
8. An alloy used in aircraft structures consists of 93.7% Al and
6.3% Cu by mass. The alloy has a density of 2.85 g/cm
3
. A
0.691 cm
3
piece of the alloy reacts with an excess of HCl (aq).
If we assume that all the Al but none of the Cu reacts with HCl
(aq), what is the mass of H
2
obtained?
Answer: 0.207 g H
2
The reactant that is completely consumed and
determines the quantities of products that form.

The reactant that gives the SMALLEST AMOUNT OF
PRODUCT upon calculation, and is COMPLETELY
CONSUMED in the process.
The Limiting Reactant
Consider the case of the sandwich
We define the preparation of a HAM sandwich (or any other
sandwich) as follows:

2 slices bread + 1 ham 1sandwich
2B + H B
2
H (BHB)
For example: There are seven pieces of ham and 14 pieces of
bread, how many pieces of sandwich are formed?
# of sandwich = 14 B x (1 B
2
H/ 2B) = 7 pcs sandwich
# of sandwich = 7 H x (1 B
2
H/ 1 H) = 7 pcs sandwich
---------- NO EXCESS HAM or BREAD
The Limiting Reactant
Another ham sandwich problem:
There are 7 pieces of ham and 10 pieces of slice bread. How
many pieces of sandwiches could be prepared?

Consuming all sliced bread:
# of sandwich = 10 pcs of bread x (1 B
2
H/ 2 B) = 5 pcs sandwich

Consuming all ham:
# of sandwich = 7 pcs of ham x (1 B
2
H/ 1 H) = 7 pcs sandwich

---------- Only 5 pcs of sandwich could be prepared.
---------- Limiting Reactant: Bread
---------- Excess Reactant: Ham

The Limiting Reactant
9. A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of two liquids,
hydrazine (N
2
H
4
) and dinitrogen tetraoxide (N
2
O
4
), which ignite on contact to
form nitrogen gas and water vapor. A) How many grams of nitrogen gas form
when 1.00 x 10
2
g of N
2
H
4
and 2.00 x 10
2
g of N
2
O
4
are mixed?
N
2
H
4
(l) + N
2
O
4
(l) N
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) 2

4

3

1.00 x 10
2
g N
2
H
4
x

mol N
2
H
4
32.05 g N
2
H
4
x

3 mol N
2
2 mol N
2
H
4
2.00 x 10
2
g N
2
O
4
x

mol N
2
O
4
92.02 g N
2
O
4
= 183 g N
2
3 mol N
2
mol N
2
O
4
mol N
2
28.02 g N
2
= 131 g N
2
x
x

mol N
2
28.02 g N
2
x
Limiting Reactant: N
2
H
4
Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in a
Limiting-Reactant Problem
Exercise 9
Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in a
Limiting-Reactant Problem
Exercise 10
10. Phosphorus trichloride, PCl
3
, is a commercially important
compound used in the manufacture of pesticides, gasoline
additives, and a number of other products. It is made by
the direct combination of phosphorus (P
4
) powder and
chlorine gas. What mass of PCl
3
(l) forms in the reaction of
125 g phosphorus with 323 g chlorine gas?
Answer: 417 g PCl
3
Limiting reactant is Cl
2
11. What mass of P
4
remains in excess following the reaction
in Exercise 10?
Determining the Quantity of Excess Reactant (s)
Remaining After a Reaction
Exercise 11
Answer: 31 g P
4
remaining

Percent yield indicates how much of the product is obtained
from a reaction.




Theoretical yield is calculated by assuming that the reaction goes
to completion.
Determined from the limiting reactant calculation.
Actual yield is the amount of a specified pure product made in a
given reaction.
In the laboratory, this is the amount of product that is formed
in your beaker, after it is purified and dried.
% yield =
actual yield
theoretical yield
100%
Percent Yield
12. A 10.0 g sample of ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH, was boiled with excess acetic acid,
CH
3
COOH. The reaction produced water and 14.8 g of ethyl acetate, CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
.

What is the percent yield of ethyl acetate?
1. Determine the theoretical yield
2. Calculate the percent yield
CH
3
COOH
(aq)
+ C
2
H
5
OH
(s)
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5(l)
+ H
2
O
(l)
10.0 C
2
H
5
OH x

mol C
2
H
5
OH

46.0 g C
2
H
5
OH

x

1 mol CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
1 mol C
2
H
5
OH

1 mol CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
88.0 g CH
3
COOC
2
H
5

= 19.1 g
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
x
14.8 g CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
19.1 g CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
% yield =

X 100 % = 77.5 %

Determining Percent Yield Exercise 12
Determining Percent Yield Exercise 13
13. When heated with sulfuric or phosphoric acid, cylcohexanol,
C
6
H
11
OH is converted to cyclohexane, C
6
H
10
.
C
6
H
11
OH (l) C
6
H
10
(l) + H
2
O (l)
If the percent yield of the reaction is 83%, what mass of
cyclohexanol must we use to obtain 25 g of cyclohexane?
Answer: 37 g C
6
H
11
OH

14. A strip of zinc metal weighing 2.00 grams is placed in an aqueous
solution containing 2.50 grams silver nitrate.
a. Write the balanced chemical reaction that will take place
b. How many grams of the solid product is formed?
d. Calculate the percent yield of the process if 1.20 grams of the solid
product is obtained after the reaction.
Zn
(s)
+ AgNO
3(aq)
Ag
(s)
+ Zn(NO
3
)
2(aq)
2

2

c. How much of the excess reagent remains?
2.00 g Zn x

mol Zn

65.41 g Zn

x

2 mol Ag

1 mol Zn

2.50

g AgNO
3
x

mol AgNO
3
169.91 g AgNO
3
= 1.59 g Ag

2 mol Ag

2 mol AgNO
3

mol Ag

107.9 g Ag

= 6.60 g Ag

x
x

mol Ag

107.9 g Ag

x
Limiting Reactant: AgNO
3
Determining Percent Yield Exercise 14
2.50

g AgNO
3
x

mol AgNO
3
169.91 g AgNO
3
= 0.48 g Zn

1 mol Zn

2 mol AgNO
3

x

mol Zn

65.41 g Zn

x
14. A strip of zinc metal weighing 2.00 grams is placed in an aqueous
solution containing 2.50 grams silver nitrate.
d. Calculate the percent yield of the process if 1.20 grams of the solid
product is obtained after the reaction.
c. How much of the excess reagent remains?
Zn
(s)
+ AgNO
3(aq)
Ag
(s)
+ Zn(NO
3
)
2(aq)
2

2

2.00 g Zn -0.48

g Zn

=1.52g Zn

1.20 g Ag

1.59 g Ag

% yield =

X 100 % = 75.5 %

Determining Percent Yield Exercise 14
One of the steps in the commercial process for converting
ammonia to nitric acid involves the conversion of NH
3
to NO:
NH
3(g)
+ O
2(g)
NO
(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)


In a certain experiment, 2.50 g NH
3
reacts with 2.85 g O
2.

(a)Which is the limiting reagent? (b) How many molecules of
NO gas is formed? (c) What mass of the reactants are left after
the reaction is completed?
Quiz 5
June 28, 2013
A. What is the maximum mass of sulfur dioxide that can be
produced by the reaction of 95.6 g of carbon disulfide with
110.0 g of oxygen?
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
SO g 147
SO mol 1
SO g 1 . 64
O mol 3
SO mol 2
O g 32.0
O mol 1
O g 110 SO g ? = =
2 2 2 2
SO 2 CO O 3 CS + +
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
SO g 161
SO mol 1
SO g 1 . 64
CS mol 1
SO mol 2
g 76.2
CS mol 1
CS g 6 . 95 SO g ? = =
Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in a
Limiting-Reactant Problem
B. How much of the reactants remain after the reaction?
Additional Exercises