Compressible fow 3: examples of

1-D compressible fow

CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 26

Fox: 13.1--13.2
1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Calculate properties of fows through converging and diverging
nozzles (including choked fow).
2. Calculate fow properties for frictional adiabatic fows
("Fanno").
3. Calculate fow properties for frictional fows with heat
exchange ("Rayleigh").
2
Basic equations for 1-d compressible fow 1
Continuity:
3
F
S
x
+F
B
x
=

t

CV
u dV +

CS
uv dA
R
x
+p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
= V
1
(
1
V
1
A
1
) +V
2
(
2
V
2
A
2
)

CV
dV +

CS
v dA = 0
steady
Momentum equation:
steady no body
force
Surface forces: friction on walls; pressure at inlet/out
using continuity
Remember: cannot treat as a constant!
Basic equations for 1-d compressible fow 2
4
First law of thermodynamics:

Q

W
s

W
shear

W
other
=

t

CV
e dV +

CS
(u + pv +
v
2
2
+ gz)v dA
steady
neglect
height
changes
no work done on system

Q =

u
1
+p
1
v
1
+
v
2
1
2

(
1
V
1
A
1
) +

u
2
+p
2
v
2
+
v
2
2
2

(
2
V
2
A
2
)

Q = m

h
2
+
v
2
2
2

h
1
+
v
2
1
2

Q
dm
=
1
m

Q
Q
dm
+h
1
+
v
2
1
2
= h
2
+
v
2
2
2
h
0
h +
v
2
2
using continuity
"stagnation enthalpy"
Basic equations for 1-d compressible fow 3
5

CV
s dV +

CS
sv dA

CS
1
T

Q
A

dA
s
1
(
1
V
1
A
1
) +s
2
(
2
V
2
A
2
)

CS
1
T

Q
A

dA
Second law of thermodynamics:
using continuity
steady
Basic equations for 1-d compressible fow 4
Equation of state: recall that any thermodynamic property can be expressed
as a function of any two other independent thermodynamic properties
The boxed equations are the basic equations for 1-d compressible fow.
6
In particular, for ideal gases with constant specifc heats:
Three special cases:
7
1. Isentropic ow with variation in channeI area
2. Frictional adiabatic fows ("Fanno-line fow")
3. Frictional fows with heat exchange ("Raleigh-line fow")
1. Isentropic fow with area variation
Isentropic fow: no heat transfer, no friction (R
x
is nonzero but results only
from pressure on sides of channel); fow is adiabatic and reversible

1
V
1
A
1
=
2
V
2
A
2
= m = constant
Q
dm
= h
0,2
h
0,1
R
x
+p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
= m(V
2
V
1
)
m(s
2
s
1
)

CS
1
T

Q
A

dA
p = RT
h = h
2
h
1
= c
p
T = c
p
(T
2
T
1
)
s = s
2
s
1
= c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
Rln
p
2
p
1
Base equations: Isentropic-area equations:
In principle, could solve this; in practice, unwieldy!
8
Av = constant
dp/d = c
2
Alternate way forward: Mach number
Recall for isentropic processes:
Continuity:
isentropic
isentropic:
substitute
momentum:
9
dp

+ d

v
2
2

= 0
dp = vdv
d

+
dA
A
+
dv
v
= 0
dA
A
=
dp
v
2

d

=
dp
v
2

1
v
2
dp/d

dA
A
=
dp
v
2

1
v
2
c
2

=
dp
v
2
[1 M
2
]
dv
v
=
dA
A
1
[1 M
2
]
differentiate
Type of flow Type of nozzle dA dp dv
Subsonic
M < 1
Converging
(subsonic nozzle)
Diverging
(subsonic diffuser)
Supersonic
M > 1
Converging
(supersonic diffuser)
Diverging
(supersonic nozzle)
Sonic
M = 1
Only at throat
(minimum area)
1
[1 M
2
]
0
Isentropic fows by Mach number
10
dv
v
=
dA
A
1
[1 M
2
]
dp
v
2
=
dv
v
and
p
0
p

k + 1
2

k/(k1)
T
0
T

=
k + 1
2

k + 1
2

1/(k1)
v

= c

2k
k + 1
RT
0
Reference conditions for isentropic fow
Stagnation conditions: constant through isentropic fow: p
0
, T
0
,
0
Sonic (critical) conditions: (M = 1) p*, T*, *, A*
Note: can relate the stagnation
conditions to critical conditions via:
Property relationships between
these reference states and the
local Mach numbers:
Look up property ratios in textbook appendix; use relations for computing
fow solutions.
11
Example: isentropic passage fow 1/2
12
Given: at a particular section in a passage, the pressure is p
1
= 150 kPa,
Tank pressure p
0
= 650 kPa (abs), temperature T
1
= 10C, speed V1 = 120
m/s. Assume fow isentropic.
Determine: Mach number at point where pressure is p
2
= 50 kPa.
Computing equations:
Speed of sound at state 1:
Mach number at state 1:
Example: isentropic passage fow 2/2
13
Given: at a particular section in a passage, the pressure is p
1
= 150 kPa,
Tank pressure p
0
= 650 kPa (abs), temperature T
1
= 10C, speed V1 = 120
m/s. Assume fow isentropic.
Determine: Mach number at point where pressure is p
2
= 50 kPa.
Stagnation pressure:
Mach number at state 2:
Note: fow from subsonic to supersonic implies converging-diverging nozzle.
1 p
b
/p
0
p

/p
0
p
b
/p
0
p

/p
0
Choked fow in converging nozzles
The only way to get M = 1 is to have dA = 0,
that is at a local minimum area:
sonic conditions in isentropic fow occur only
at a throat or minimum area
14
dv
v
=
dA
A
1
[1 M
2
]
m
choked
=

= A
e
p
0

k
RT
0

2
k + 1

(k+1)/2(k1)
Conditions for choked fow:
Mach number at exit = 1
p
e
= p
b
= p*
p
e
p
0

choked
=
p

p
0
=

2
k + 1

k/k1
Maximum exit Mach number is 1 from a nozzle or throat
Two regimes for fow:
I:
II:
isentropic fow, p
e
= p
b
isentropic fow, M
e
= 1, p
e
= p* > p
b
for air (k = 1.4) = 0.528
Example: fow in converging nozzle 1/3
15
Given: air fows isentropically through converging nozzle into receiver where
pressure p
b
= 250 kPa (abs). At nozzle location with M
1
= 0.5, pressure p
1
=
350 kPa, speed V
1
= 150 m/s.
Determine: pressure p
t
, speed, M at nozzle throat.
Criterion for choked fow at throat:
Check:
Flow is not choked, so calculate using isentropic equations (p
t
= p
b
):
Example: fow in converging nozzle 2/3
16
Solve isentropic relations to get stagnation temperatureT
0
:
Solve isentropic relation to get throat temperatureT
t
:
Use defnition of velocity to get T
1
:
Example: fow in converging nozzle 3/3
17
Calculate the speed of sound in the throat c
t
using ideal gas equation:
Calculate the fuid speed V
t
in the throat:
Example: choked fow 1/2
18
Given: air fows isentropically from large tank through converging nozzle and
discharges to atmospheric pressure. Tank pressure p
0
= 650 kPa (abs),
temperature T
0
= 500C, throat area A
t
= 600 mm
2
.
Determine: mass fow rate.
Criterion for choked fow at throat:
Computing equations:
Calculate throat temperature:
Example: choked fow 2/2
19
Given: air fows isentropically from large tank through converging nozzle and
discharges to atmospheric pressure. Tank pressure p
0
= 650 kPa (abs),
temperature T
0
= 500C, throat area A
t
= 600 mm
2
.
Determine: mass fow rate.
Calculate throat velocity:
Calculate throat pressure:
Calculate mass fow rate: