Fluid statics I

CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 5

Reading: Fox 3.1, 3.3, 3.6

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Apply the hydrostatic equation to manometers.
2. Use the hydrostatic equation to calculate the air pressure.
3. Calculate the buoyant force on a submerged object.
2
Assumptions for hydrostatics problems
3
Assumptions for derivation:
pressure , ( , , ) p x y z
dy
dx
dz
2
p dy
p dxdz
y
| | c

|
c
\ .
Plus similar pressure
forces on the x and z faces
2
p dy
p dxdz
y
| | c
+
|
c
\ .
z
g dxdydz




ernate Approach:
Goal: calculate the force on surfaces due to static fluids
Recall: Taylor series expansion:
Derivation of hydrostatic equation
pressure , ( , , ) p x y z
dy
dx
dz
2
p dy
p dxdz
y
| | c

|
c
\ .
Plus similar pressure
forces on the x and z faces
2
p dy
p dxdz
y
| | c
+
|
c
\ .
z
g dxdydz




ernate Approach:

F = 0 :
Divide by dx dy dz and simplify:
4
Specific weight and specific gravity
At sea level: g = 32.2 ft / s
2
= 9.81 m / s
2

Specific weight g
For water (4 C, 760 mm Hg)
- Density:
H2O
= 62.4 lbm/ft
3
= 1000 kg/m
3
= 1.94 slug/ft
3

- Specific weight = 62.4 lbf / ft
3
= 9810 N / m
3

Specific gravity SG /
H2O

Atmospheric pressure at sea level
atm

- 14.7 lbf / in
2
= 101 kPa = 1.01 10
5
Pa = 760 mm Hg
Gage pressure -
atm
5
Hydrostatics for manometers (liquids) 1
For liquids, often take the origin at the free surface and
measure distances as positive downward from that surface
For liquids, also assume that the density is constant
6
Hydrostatics for manometers (liquids) 2
Assume h measured
+ downward
This shows that the pressure difference between two points in a static
fluid can be determined by measuring the elevation distance (devices
are called manometers)
7

Example: force applied to piston 1

Equation:
initial final
Initial:
Initial free-body diagram:
8
Given: setup as shown, before and
after an applied force F.
Calculate: F in terms of D, d, h, H, .

Example: force applied to piston 2

Given: setup as shown, before and
after an applied force F.
Calculate: F in terms of D, d, h, H, .
initial final
Final free-body diagram:
Final:
9
Example: multifluid manometer 1

A B
d
2
d
3
d
4
d
5

2
3
4


1
d
1
Hydrostatic equation:
Calculate: pressure drop p
B
- p
A
in above diagram.
10
Do sequentially, starting at left:
Example: multifluid manometer 2

A B
d
2
d
3
d
4
d
5

2
3
4


1
d
1
Hydrostatic equation:
Calculate: pressure drop p
B
- p
A
in above diagram.
11
Sum equations:
Examine: inclined manometer 1
12
Given: Inclined tube manometer of
diameter D and tube diameter d filled
with oil of specific gravity SG.
Find: Angle that gives a deflection
of length L for an applied gauge
pressure p.











Basic equation:
Calculate h:
Examine: inclined manometer 2
13
Given: Inclined tube manometer of
diameter D and tube diameter d filled
with oil of specific gravity SG.
Find: Angle that gives a deflection
of length L for an applied gauge
pressure p.











Find x:
Applying hydrostatics to gases
14
Additional points when applying the hydrostatic equation to gases:
Example: gases in hydrostatics
Example: Find pressure variation with altitude; assume that the
temperature decreases linearly with altitude,
T = T
0
cz
Integrate (pressure p
0
at z = 0, p at z):
Exercise: solve for p
15
Buoyancy
Definition of buoyancy:
Net vertical pressure on a cylindrical volume element:
16
Example: bubble rising in fluid 1
17
Given: A hydrogen bubble of diameter d rises in water because of
buoyancy but eventually reaches a terminal velocity. The drag
force of the water on bubble is F = 3Vd, where is the water
viscosity and V the bubble speed relative to water.
Find: (a) Buoyancy force that acts on the bubble; (b) estimate
terminal speed.
Basic equations:
Terminal speed condition:
Assume: