Macroscopic momentum balance

2: forces on surfaces
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 9

Reading: Fox 4.4 (continued)

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Apply conservation of linear momentum to determine forces in
idealized geometries.
2. Apply conservation of linear momentum to determine other
physical quantities related to force.
2
Example: force exerted on pipe 1
Given: 180 degree bend, gage pressure p
g
at
inlet, discharges to p
atm
at outlet. A
1
area of
inlet, A
2
outlet, inlet velocity V
1
.
Control volume:
Find: force to hold elbow F
e
A
1
A
2
Assumptions:
F
e
3
Momentum fux equation:
Example: force exerted on pipe 2
A
1
A
2
F
e
4
Continuity:
Given: 180 degree bend, gage pressure p
g
at
inlet, discharges to p
atm
at outlet. A
1
area of
inlet, A
2
outlet, inlet velocity V
1
.
Find: force to hold elbow F
e
















Example: force on plate 1
5
Given: water jet of speed V impinges on
plate with hole in center.
Find: external force required to hold plate
in place if jet leaving also has speed V.
Momentum fux equation:
Assumptions:
Control volume:
















Example: force on plate 2
6
Given: water jet of speed V impinges on
plate with hole in center.
Find: external force required to hold plate
in place if jet leaving also has speed V.
Example: tilted plane 1
7
Given: plane jet striking inclined plane at angle
. The incoming jet thickness is h, and the
outgoing thicknesses are h
2
and h
3
as shown.
There is no frictional force.
Find: h
2
/h as a function of .
Momentum fux equation:
Assumptions:
Control volume:
Example: tilted plane 2
8
Given: plane jet striking inclined plane at angle
. The incoming jet thickness is h, and the
outgoing thicknesses are h
2
and h
3
as shown.
There is no frictional force.
Find: h
2
/h as a function of .
Example: nozzle for spray system 1
9
Given: Nozzle for spray system produces a
sheet of water over 180 degrees of arc at velocity
V
2
and thickness t. The nozzle discharge radius
is R. The diameter of the supply pipe is D and the
inlet pressure is p
1
(absolute).
Find: axial force exerted by spray nozzle on coupling.
Control volume:
Conservation of momentum:
Assumptions:
Example: nozzle for spray system 2
10
Given: Nozzle for spray system produces a
sheet of water over 180 degrees of arc at velocity
V
2
and thickness t. The nozzle discharge radius
is R. The diameter of the supply pipe is D and the
inlet pressure is p
1
(absolute).
Find: axial force exerted by spray nozzle on coupling.
Example: nozzle for spray system 3
11
Given: Nozzle for spray system produces a
sheet of water over 180 degrees of arc at velocity
V
2
and thickness t. The nozzle discharge radius
is R. The diameter of the supply pipe is D and the
inlet pressure is p
1
(absolute).
Find: axial force exerted by spray nozzle on coupling.










Example: spring + hinge 1
12
Given: Free jet of water (velocity V) with constant
cross-sectional area A deflected by a hinged
plate of length L supported by spring, constant k,
uncompressed length x
0
.
Find: deflection angle as a function of jet speed V.
Control volume:
Momentum fux equation:
Assumptions:










Example: spring + hinge 2
13
Given: Free jet of water (velocity V) with constant
cross-sectional area A deflected by a hinged
plate of length L supported by spring, constant k,
uncompressed length x
0
.
Find: deflection angle as a function of jet speed V.
F = F
S
+F
B
=

t
Z
CV
V
XYZ
dV +
Z
CS
V
XYZ
V
XYZ
dA
Inertial coordinate system
14
In a moving inertial frame of reference (which does not accelerate):
XYZ: stationary coordinate system
xyz: coordinates attached to moving control volume
x
y
z
X
Y
Z
V
CV
Example: non-accelerating cart 1
15
Given: Water from stationary nozzle impinges on
moving vane with turning angle . Vane moves
away from cart with constant speed U and
receives a jet that leaves nozzle of area A with
speed V.
Find: Force to maintain constant vane speed.
Control volume:
Momentum fux equations:
Assumptions:
Example: non-accelerating cart 2
16
Given: Water from stationary nozzle impinges on
moving vane with turning angle . Vane moves
away from cart with constant speed U and
receives a jet that leaves nozzle of area A with
speed V.
Find: Force to maintain constant vane speed.