Incompressible viscous fow 1:

shell balances
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 19

Reading: Fox 8.1--8.4

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. State the criterion for the transition from laminar to turbulent
fow.
2. Use shell balances to obtain the velocity distribution in 1-D
geometries.
3. Describe the phenomenology of entrance length.
2
Recall: transition from laminar to turbulent
We have now shown that the Reynolds number can be seen as the ratio of
inertial to viscous forces:
Reynolds number Re =
High Reynolds numbers are associated with turbulent fow:
laminar
turbulent
This transition is approximate and depends on how carefully the
experimental system is controlled.
The next two lectures focuses on the features of laminar and turbulent fow,
while developing an approach that can be used to solve for fow in ducts.
3

yx
+

yx
y

dy
2

dxdz

yx
+

yx
y

dy
2

dxdz

p +
p
x

dx
2

dy dz

p +
p
x

dx
2

dy dz
p,
yx
Laminar fow: parallel plates 1
NB: on homework you did a slightly harder version of
this using EoM. Here we will use a CV approach
(shell balance) using the macroscopic equations,
which is valid for 1-d fow that depends on one
spatial variable.
h
x
y
Consider the fow across a CV of volume dx dy dz:
dx
dy
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4
Laminar fow: parallel plates 2
Force due to pressure:
5
x momentum equation:
Sum of surface forces: note that
Laminar fow: parallel plates 3
Integrate:
Note: LHS function of y, RHS function
of x, thus both sides must be constant!
6
Force due to friction:
Laminar fow: parallel plates 4
7
Boundary conditions:
Shear stress distribution:
Laminar fow: parallel plates 5
Volume fow rate per unit depth L (in z direction):
Flow rate versus pressure drop:
8
Laminar fow: parallel plates 6
9
Average velocity:
Maximum velocity: solve for y in
Laminar fow: parallel plates 7
Second example: upper plate moving with constant speed U
Boundary conditions:
after algebra:
NB: reduces to
stationary top plate
solution when U = 0
10
Laminar fow: parallel plates 8
Shear stress distribution:
This solution: linear superposition of a linear velocity profle and a parabolic
velocity profle:
11
Volume fow rate per unit depth L (in z direction):
Laminar fow: parallel plates 9
Average velocity:
Maximum velocity: solve for y in
12
p2r dr

p +
p
x
dx

2r dr

rx
2r dx

rx
+
d
rx
dr
dr

2(r + dr) dx
p,
rx
Laminar fow: circular pipe 1
h
x
r
dx
dr
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
Consider forces acting on CV:
2R
In x momentum equation, all terms
except surface force term F
Sx
vanish
13
CV for laminar fow in a pipe: annulus
Laminar fow: circular pipe 2
14
Force due to pressure:
Force due to friction:
Laminar fow: circular pipe 3
function only of x
(uniform pressure at each section)
function only of r
(fully developed)
15
Integrate:
Laminar fow: circular pipe 4
16
Boundary conditions:
Substitute stress and integrate again:
Laminar fow: circular pipe 5
Shear stress distribution:
Volume fow rate:
Flow rate versus pressure drop:
17
r = 0
Laminar fow: circular pipe 6
Average velocity:
Maximum velocity: solve for r in
maximum at
18
Duct analysis
Flow in a horizontal circular pipe:
Goal: evaluate pressure changes resulting from
incompressible fow in pipes, ducts, fow systems
Need to account for losses due to friction
- Major losses: caused by friction in constant-area portions of
system
- Minor losses: resulting from fow through valves, tees,
elbows, and other non-constant-area portions
Stress on the wall (= and opposite to stress in fuid at wall):
Laminar fow:
Turbulent fow: no equivalent equation; need semi-empirical results
19
Entrance length 1
Phenomenology:
At entrance (1):
- Boundary layer develops, in which surface exerts retarding
shear force
- Velocity:
Downstream from entrance (2):
- Effect of solid surface felt further into fuid
- Required to satisfy conservation of mass:
20
(1) (2) (3)
Far from pipe entrance (3):
- Distance downstream at which fully-developed fow begins:
entrance length
- Velocity:
Cartoon is for fully-developed laminar fow
- Can be solved for some geometries by simplifying
equations of motion
- Entrance length:
Turbulent fow: enhanced mixing causes more rapid growth of
boundary layer
Entrance length 2
Phenomenology:
(1) (2) (3)
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