Reynolds Transport Theorem and

macroscopic mass balance

CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 7

Reading: Fox 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

Learning objectives for lecture
1. State the extensive quantity and the corresponding intensive
quantity for each of the fve fundamental physical laws.
2. State the Reynolds Transport Theorem.
3. Apply conservation of mass to solve simple fow problems.
2
Introduction to control volumes
Classical mechanics: Lagrangian description
- Equations of motion describe the spatial position of a body
as a function of time
- Analysis of the motion of a system
Fluid mechanics: Eulerian description
- Difficult to analyze the motion of a complete system -- too
many particles!
- Instead, want to analyze the properties of flow through a
control volume or at specific points in the flow as fluid
particles move through it
t
t +t
3
Conservation of mass
Conservation of linear momentum
Conservation of angular momentum
Control volume laws I
dM
dt

sys
= 0
F =
dP
dt

sys
T =
dL
dt

sys
T = r F
s
+

M
sys
r g dm+T
shaft
linear momentum:
mass:
angular momentum:
torque:
M
sys
=

M
sys
dm =

V
sys
dV
P
sys
=

M
sys
vdm =

V
sys
vdV
L
sys
=

M
sys
r v dm =

V
sys
r v dV
4
Control volume laws II
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics

Q

W =
dE
dt

sys
E
sys
=

M
sys
e dm+

V
sys
e dV
e = u +
v
2
2
+gz
energy:
u: specific internal energy
dS
Q
T
dS
dt

sys

Q
T
S
sys
=

M
sys
s dm =

V
sys
s dV
entropy:
5
N
sys
=

M
sys
dm =

V
sys
dV
Generalized control volume formulation
N
(extensive)

(intensive)
M
P
L
E
S
Select arbitrary piece of fluid (part of system)
Initial shape of fluid system chosen as control volume
- Fixed in space relative to coordinates xyz
After time t the system will have moved and changed shape
Conservation laws apply to this piece of fluid
Examine geometry of system/control volume pair at times t
0

and t
0
+ t to obtain CV formulations of basic laws
6
Reynolds transport theorem I
Three regions
- I and II make up control volume
- III, which with II is the location of the system at t
0
+ t
Rate of change of N
sys
:
x
y
z
t
0
t
0
+ t
x
y
z
system
control volume
I
II
III
subregion
(1) of I
subregion
(3) of III
7
dN
dt

s
= lim
t0
N
CV
|
t
0
+t
N
CV
|
t
0
t
+ lim
t0
N
III
|
t
0
+t
t
lim
t0
N
I
|
t
0
+t
t
Reynolds transport theorem II
From the geometry of the diagram:
a b c
Term a:
8
N
s
|
t
0
+t
= (N
II
+N
III
)
t
0
+t
= (N
CV
N
I
+N
III
)
t
0
+t
N
s
|
t
0
= N
CV
|
t
0
dN
dt

s
= lim
t0
(N
CV
N
I
+ N
III
)
t
0
+t
N
CV
|
t
0
t
lim
t0
N
CV
|
t
0
+t
N
CV
|
t
0
t
=
N
CV
t
=

t

CV
dV
dV = ldAcos = l dA = v dAt
l = vt

dA
v
Reynolds transport theorem III
Term b:
control surface III
system boundary
at t
0
+ t
dA is an outward-oriented normal
9
dN
III
|
t+0+t
= vdAt
lim
t0
N
III
|
t
0
+t
t
= lim
t0

CS
III
dN
III
|
t
0
+t
t
= lim
t0

CS
III
vdAt
t
=

CS
III
vdA
(from volume of prismatic cylinder)
Reynolds transport theorem IV
10
Term c:
lim
t0
N
I
|
t
0
+t
t
=

CS
I
vdA
Substitute everything back in to obtain:
REYNOLDS TRANSPORT
THEOREM:
dN
dt

sys
=

t

CV
dV +

CS
1
vdA+

CS
1II
vdA
entire surface
Reynolds transport theorem V
Term 1:

Term 2:

Term 3:
11
dN
dt

sys
=

t

CV
dV +

CS
vdA
1 2 3
REYNOLDS TRANSPORT
THEOREM:
Physical meaning of each term:
Macroscopic mass balance
Start with conservation of mass:
Apply Reynolds Transport Theorem:
Incompressible fluids:
12
M
sys
=

M(sys)
dm =

V (sys)
dV
0 =
dM
dt

sys
=

t

CV
dV +

CS
vdA
Example: flow around bend



Problem: Square channel width h, uniform
velocity U, 90 degree bend, to obtain output
profile as shown with v
max
= 2v
min
.
Control volume: surround pipe as shown.
Calculate: v
min
given U.
Write down conservation of mass:
Assumptions:



13
At (1):
Example: flow around bend 2



Problem: Square channel width h, uniform
velocity U, 90 degree bend, to obtain output
profile as shown with v
max
= 2v
min
.
Control volume: surround pipe as shown.
Calculate: v
min
given U.



14
At (2):
Example: drain from cylindrical tank 1
Problem: Cylindrical tank, radius R, height h;
inlet radius r
i
, outlet radius r
o
, inlet velocity v
i
.
When tank height is filled to height h
t1
, outlet
pump turned on, exit velocity v
o
. When tank
height is h
t2
, drain opened such that height
remains constant.
Control volume: surround tank as shown.
Calculate:
Write down conservation of mass:
h
(a) Time at which outlet pump is switched on
(b) Time at which drain is opened
(c) Flow rate into drain
v
i
v
o
r
i
r
o
R
CV
Assume:
15
drain
Example: drain from cylindrical tank 2
h
v
i
v
o
r
i
r
o
R
CV
(a)
Time at which outlet pump is switched on:
16
drain
Example: drain from cylindrical tank 3
h
v
i
v
o
r
i
r
o
R
CV
(b) After outlet pump turned on:
(c) Flow rate into drain = net inflow
17
drain

CS
v dA =

CS
v dA
Summary: macroscopic mass balance
18
0 =
dM
dt

sys
=

t

CV
dV +

CS
vdA
total change in
mass in control
volume with time
flux of mass
through control
surface
For uniform velocities that are constant across the control surface: