Macroscopic momentum balance

1: momentum fuxes
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 8

Reading: Fox 4.4

Learning objectives for lecture
1. State the macroscopic conservation of linear momentum
equation.
2. Apply conservation of linear momentum to determine volume
fow rate and momentum fux.
2
Macroscopic linear momentum balance 1
Start with conservation of linear momentum and
assume inertial reference frame:
Apply Reynolds Transport Theorem:
3
F =
dP
dt

sys
P
sys
=

M(sys)
vdm =

V(sys)
vdV
dP
dt

sys
=

CV
vdV +

CS
vvdA
F = F
S
+F
B
Macroscopic linear momentum balance 2
4
F = F
S
+F
B
=

CV
vdV +

CS
vvdA
(1) (2) (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4)
Forces on a CV and its CS
Forces on control volume (body forces):
Forces on control surface:
Total body and surface forces:

control volume
control
surface
5
F = F
S
+F
B
=

CS
pndA+

CS
n dA+

CV
gdV +F
B,other

T = n
dF
dA
F
s
=

CS
n

TdA

T = pnn + n

T = pn +n
F
s
=

CS
n

TdA =

Cs
pndA+

CS
n dA
F
B
=

CV
gdV +F
B,other
Recall:

CS
vv dA =

CS
vv A
Momentum flux with uniform velocity
6
For uniform velocities that are constant across the control surface:
The velocity v is measured with respect to control volume coordinates:
Scalar product > 0 : outflow
Scalar product < 0 : inflow
v
1
Example: calculating momentum flux 1








Given: Tank with inlet velocity v
1
(at surface A
1
)
and outlet velocities v
2
(at A
2
) and v
3
(at A
3
).
Find: net rate of momentum flux
v
2
v
3
CS
7
Assumptions:
Momentum fux equation:

CS
vvdA
v
1
Example: calculating momentum flux 2








Given: Tank with inlet velocity v
1
(at surface A
1
)
and outlet velocities v
2
(at A
2
) and v
3
(at A
3
).
Find: net rate of momentum flux
v
2
v
3
CS

CS
vvdA
8
v = ui = u
max

r
R

i
Physical example 1
Velocity distribution for laminar flow in a long circular tube:
Find: volume flow rate and momentum flux through section normal to
the pipe axis
R
v
Volume fow rate:
v = ui = u
max

r
R

i
Physical example 2
Velocity distribution for laminar flow in a long circular tube:
Find: volume flow rate and momentum flux through section normal to
the pipe axis
R
v
Momentum fux:
Example: momentum fux through bend 1



Given: Square channel width h, uniform velocity
U, 90 degree bend, to obtain output profle as
shown with v
max
= 2v
min
.
Find: net momentum fux

CS
vvdA



11
Control volume:
Assumptions:
Momentum fux equation:
Example: momentum fux through bend 2

CS
vvdA



12
Given: Square channel width h, uniform velocity
U, 90 degree bend, to obtain output profle as
shown with v
max
= 2v
min
.
Find: net momentum fux
Velocity profle:

CS
x

y
2h

Example: momentum flux ratio 1
13
Given: Water enters a wide fat
channel of height 2h with uniform
velocity U. At channel outlet velocity
distribution is u/u
max
= 1 - (y/h)
2
.
Find: ratio of net momentum fux
at channel outlet to that at inlet
Control volume:
Mass fux equation:

CS
x

y
2h

Example: momentum flux ratio 2
14
Given: Water enters a wide fat
channel of height 2h with uniform
velocity U. At channel outlet velocity
distribution is u/u
max
= 1 - (y/h)
2
.
Find: ratio of net momentum fux
at channel outlet to that at inlet
Momentum fux equation:

CS
x

y
2h

Example: momentum flux ratio 3
15
Given: Water enters a wide fat
channel of height 2h with uniform
velocity U. At channel outlet velocity
distribution is u/u
max
= 1 - (y/h)
2
.
Find: ratio of net momentum fux
at channel outlet to that at inlet
Flux ratio:
Summary: relevant equations
16
F = F
S
+F
B
=

CV
vdV +

CS
vvdA
Macroscopic momentum balance equation:

CS
vv dA =

CS
vv A
For uniform velocities that are constant across the control surface,
in the absence of force: