Accelerating coordinates and angular momentum balance. Apply conservation of linear momentum to accelerating systems. Calculate y component of momentum equation: m / s.
Accelerating coordinates and angular momentum balance. Apply conservation of linear momentum to accelerating systems. Calculate y component of momentum equation: m / s.
Accelerating coordinates and angular momentum balance. Apply conservation of linear momentum to accelerating systems. Calculate y component of momentum equation: m / s.
1 Learning objectives for lecture 1. Apply conservation of linear momentum to accelerating systems. 2. Apply conservation of angular momentum in fxed control volumes. 2 Accelerating coordinates 1 Previous formulation of conservation of linear momentum only good for inertial reference frames Need additional terms to describe conservation of linear momentum when the CV itself is accelerating Consider: coordinates in accelerating control volume (x,y,z,t) and inertial system (X,Y,Z) Z X Y x y z Inertial reference frame Moving reference frame We will only consider rectilinear acceleration (NO ROTATION) 3 Accelerating coordinates 2 Substitute acceleration in reference frame into Newtons 2nd law: Rewriting: Apply Reynolds Transport Theorem: 4 Example: accelerating cart 1
Problem: Cart of initial mass M 0 pulled by liquid jet (density ) issuing horizontally from tank through opening of area A at constant speed V (neglect friction with track). Control volume: choose accelerating CV as shown Calculate: speed of cart as it accelerates from rest U(t) x y Calculate x component of momentum equation: Continuity: 5
Example: accelerating cart 2 x y NB: can often neglect the acceleration of u in the CV frame 6 Example: accelerating rocket 1 Problem: Vertically-directed rocket with initial mass M 0 starts from rest, ejects gas with speed V e at a constant rate m r through an opening of area A, no air resistance. Control volume: choose accelerating CV as shown Calculate: speed of rocket as it accelerates from rest Calculate y component of momentum equation: Assumptions: 7
y x CS at speed V V e
Y X
. Example: accelerating rocket 2 0 10 20 30 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time (s) V
( m / s )
8
y x CS at speed V V e
Y X
Macroscopic angular momentum balance Start with conservation of angular momentum and assume inertial reference frame: Apply Reynolds Transport Theorem: 9
m 4.190 [3 Example: torque on lawn sprinkler 1 Problem: Lawn sprinkler with arms of length R rotating at rate ; water (density ) emerges at v rel at angle ; friction torque at pivot T f , fow rate Q. Control volume: choose fxed CV as shown Calculate: torque to hold stationary T ext Calculate moment of momentum using fxed CV: Assumptions: r z 10 Example: torque on lawn sprinkler 2 For jet: Leaving sprinkler: 11
m 4.190 [3 r Total velocity including component due to sprinkler rotation: Summary: key equations 12 F
CV a fr dV =
CV v xyz dV +
CS v xyz v xyz dA Linear momentum, accelerating coordinate system: Angular momentum, fxed control volume: r F s +