Inviscid fows

CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 18

Reading: Fox 6.2--6.3

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Relate the Euler equation to the Bernoulli equation, and
describe when the Bernoulli equation can be used.
2. Differentiate between static, dynamic, and stagnant pressure.
3. Defne mechanical head.
2
Recall: Euler`s equation 1
Key assumptions:
Generally used to describe frictionless fow
Special case: no fuid deformation, i.e. rigid-body motion

v
t
+u
v
x
+v
v
y
+w
v
z

= g
y

p
y

w
t
+u
w
x
+v
w
y
+w
w
z

= g
z

p
z

u
t
+u
u
x
+v
u
y
+w
u
z

= g
x

p
x
Rectangular coordinates:
3

t
+v
r
v

r
+
v

r
v

+v
z
v

z
+
v
r
v

= g

1
r
p

v
r
t
+v
r
v
r
r
+
v

r
v
r

+v
z
v
r
z
+
v
2

= g
r

p
r

v
z
dt
+v
r
v
z
r
+
v

r
v
z

+v
z
v
z
z

= g
z

p
z
Recall: Euler`s equation 2
Cylindrical coordinates:
4
n
s

p
p
s
ds
2

dndx

p +
p
s
ds
2

dndx

p +
p
n
dn
2

ds dx

p
p
n
dn
2

ds dx
Euler equations in streamline coordinates 1
Describe inviscid fow along a streamline:
x
y
z
g
streamline

n: coordinate normal to streamline

s: coordinate along streamline

Apply Newton`s 2
nd
law along streamline to box of dimension ds dn dx:
dn
ds
5
a
s
=
Dv
Dt
=
v
t
+v
v
s
Euler equations in streamline coordinates 2
Recall: along a streamline can write acceleration as
Steady fow, no body forces:
Decrease in velocity Physical meaning: Increase in pressure
6
Euler equations in streamline coordinates 3
7
Apply Newton`s 2
nd
law normal to streamline to box of dimension ds dn dx:
Recall: from elementary physics, centripetal acceleration (i.e. acceleration
towards the center of curvature) is:
Euler equations in streamline coordinates 4
Steady fow in a horizontal plane:
Pressure increases in
direction outward from center
of curvature of streamlines
No pressure variation normal
to straight streamlines
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Physical meaning:
Combine equations:
Bernoulli equation, revisited 1
Starting with Euler equation for fow along streamline:
For a translation of ds along a streamline:
change in pressure along s:
change in elevation along s:
change in speed along s:
still need:

steady fow

incompressible fow

frictionless fow

fow along streamline

9
Bernoulli equation, revisited 2
or
Integrate:
NB: constant has different values
along different streamlines
10
Combine terms:
Applying the Bernoulli equation
11
Conditions where Bernoulli is applicable:
- Entrance rounded (no corners)
- Gentle bends (no fow separation)
- Overall length short (no friction)
Example: converging nozzles (when fow does not separate
from channel)
- Diverging nozzles may have fow separation, and thus
Bernoulli must be used with care
Bernoulli is not appropriate in:
- Flow through a hydraulic jump
- Flow in a machine
- Air fow through heating element
Example: tank fow 1
12


H =
h
1
=
(h
2
)










Given: water fows through tank through tube of
diameter D = 5 cm; dark liquid in manometer is
mercury. Assume fow is frictionless.
Find: velocity in pipe; rate of discharge from tank.
Basic equations:
Assumptions:
Apply Bernoulli between
surface, manometer location:
Example: tank fow 2
13


H =
h
1
=
(h
2
)










Given: water fows through tank through tube of
diameter D = 5 cm; dark liquid in manometer is
mercury. Assume fow is frictionless.
Find: velocity in pipe; rate of discharge from tank.
Manometer:
Combine:
Static, stagnation, dynamic pressure 1
Static or thermodynamic pressure: p in Bernoulli equation
- Defnition:
- Measure using wall pressure "tap" (straight streamlines) or
static pressure probe (curved):
Stagnation pressure: pressure obtained when a fowing fuid
decelerated to zero speed by frictionless process
- Defnition:
- Dynamic pressure:
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Static, stagnation, dynamic pressure 2
Measure stagnation pressure using pitot tube:
Simultaneous measure of stagnation and static pressure:
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Physical intuition for pressures
Consider: hold up your hand during one of Houston`s windy
days
- Static pressure:
- Stagnation pressure:
- Dynamic pressure:
The last is due to the fow of fuid, and hence is the
appropriate term to normalize pressure in the non-dimensional
Navier-Stokes equations
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Example: wheeled cart 1
17
Given: water jet with V = 40 m/s and jet area A = 25
mm
2
hits a cart with a vane. There is no friction on
the vane and it accelerates to the right.
Find: at instant when the cart speed is U = 15 m/s:
(a) stagnation pressure leaving nozzle, relative to fxed observer
(b) stagnation pressure leaving nozzle, relative to observer on vane


Example: wheeled cart 2
18
Given: water jet with V = 40 m/s and jet area A = 25
mm
2
hits a cart with a vane. There is no friction on
the vane and it accelerates to the right.
Find: at instant when the cart speed is U = 15 m/s:
(c) absolute velocity of jet leaving vane
(d) stagnation pressure of jet leaving vane, relative to fxed observer
Defnition of head
Represent mechanical energy level via Bernoulli equation:
1 2 3
Each term has dimensions of length or "head":
1.
2.
3.
4.
4
Going forward: we will incorporate effects of frictional losses into
energy conservation via major and minor heads.
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