Incompressible viscous fow 2:

fow in ducts
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 20

Reading: Fox, 8.6--8.8

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Describe phenomenology of turbulent fows.
2. Calculate major and minor head losses.
3. Apply conservation of energy to calculate head loss, pressure
drop, and fow rates in pipe systems.
2

turb
0
Turbulence 1
Reynolds stress: reduction in velocity gradient due to randomly fuctuating
velocity components u and v
As wall is approached: and = 0 at wall

wall layer: viscous shear is dominant

elsewhere: both viscous and turbulent shear are important

where u, v are fuctuating velocity components in the x and y
directions that transfer momentum between adjacent layers of fuid.
No universaI reIationship between stress and mean veIocity eIds.
1. Estimating stresses in turbulent fows:
3
Turbulence 2
4
Defect law:
At greater distances:
velocity defect (hence shape near
centerline) only function of distance
ratio, not fuid viscosity
Near the wall (viscous sublayer):
2. Velocity profles in turbulent fows:
Divide stress equation by density:
Friction velocity:
(Recall: = /
kinematic viscosity)
Turbulence 3
Power-law equation for fully-developed turbulent fows in smooth pipes:
with
Ratio of average velocity to centerline velocity U:
3. Approximating turbulent fow in smooth pipes:
5
Energy considerations 1

Q

W
s

W
shear

W
other
=

CV
e dV +

CS
(u + pv +
v
2
2
+ gz)v dA
Assumptions:
1.Rate of work terms = 0
2.Steady fow
3.Incompressible fow
4.Internal energy and pressure are uniform across relevant pipe sections
For fow in a pipe from section 1 to section 2:
6
Energy considerations 2
7

A
v
2
2
v dA =

A
v
2
2
v dA = m
v
2
2
Defne: kinetic energy coeffcient s.t.:
Laminar fow:
Turbulent fow (using power-law):
Energy considerations 3
Rearrange:
Divide by g (historical, to get units of energy / unit weight):
head (units: length)
8
Divide by mass fow rate:

1
v
2
1
2
=

2
v
2
2
2
Calculation of head loss 1
Major losses:
Fully developed fow through constant-area pipe, h
lm
= 0, and
Laminar fow:
9
Calculation of head loss 2
10
Turbulent fow:
f: friction factor (determined experimentally)
NB:
(general, from dimensional
analysis, any Re)
Turbulent approximations:
Calculation of head losses 3
Minor losses:
Compute in two ways:
where K = loss coeffcient must be determined via
experiment for each situation
1.
2. where L
e
= equivalent length of straight pipe
K varies with pipe size similarly to f
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Solution of pipe fow problems
For any two points 1 and 2 in a single-path pipe system:

Major losses: where f is the friction factor:

- Laminar fow:
- Turbulent fow:
Minor losses:
- Given the device loss coeffcient K:
- Given the equivalent length of pipe L
e
:
h
l
= f
L
D
V
2
2
f =
64
Re
1

f
= 2.0 log

e/D
3.7
+
2.51
Re

h
l
m
= K
V
2
2
h
l
m
= f
L
e
D
V
2
2

p
1

+
1
V
2
1
2
+gz
1

p
2

+
2
V
2
2
2
+gz
2

= h
l
T
=

h
l
+

h
l
m
12
Example 1: calculating head, loss 1









Given: Water pumped at rate Q = 0.075 m
3
/s
from reservoir 20 m above pump to free
discharge 35 m above pump. Pressure on
intake p
2
, pressure on discharge p
3
; pipes are
commercial steel, D = 15 cm.
Determine:
(a) head supplied by pump
(b) total head loss between pump and point of free
discharge
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Head from pump from (2) to (3):
13
Example 1: calculating head, loss 2
Head loss from (3) to (4):
Head loss from (3) to (4) evaluated:
Then for pump:
(exercise: plug in numbers to get value)
(exercise: plug in numbers to get value)
14
Example 2: calculating p 1
Given: Water fows through sudden enlargement from 25 mm to 50 mm, at
a fow rate Q = 1.25 L/min.
Determine:
(a) pressure rise across enlargement
(b) comparison with value for frictionless fow
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Energy equation:
Head loss:
15
K = 0.56
Example 2: calculating p 2
Continuity:
For an area loss of 1/4, Figure 8.14 in Fox gives:
Obtain velocity from fow rate:
Combining all information:
(exercise: plug in numbers to get value)
16
Energy equation becomes:
Example 2: calculating p 3
Frictionless fow:
(exercise: plug in numbers to get value, calculate ratio)
17
Example 3: iteration procedure 1
Given: Water fows through 4-in. diameter pipe. Over 300 ft length,
pressure drop of 40 psi. Pipe roughness is 0.01 ft, water temperature 68F.
Determine: fow rate
Energy equation:
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
(eq. 1)
18
Example 3: iteration procedure 2
19
In addition:
(recall: = kinematic viscosity = / )
Kinematic viscosity at 68F can be determined from a table (e.g. A.7 in Fox)
= 1.08 10
5
ft
2
s
Equation for frictional factor:
Assume fow is turbulent (will confrm with values):
(eq. 3)
From table:
(eq. 2)
Example 3: iteration procedure (2/2)
Equations 1, 2, 3 form a series of 3 equations for the unknowns f, V, Re
To solve:

1.
2.
3.
4.

(Exercise!)
Finally:
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