External incompressible viscous

fow
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 21

Reading: Fox 9.1--9.3

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Use dimensional analysis to obtain the scaling form of the
solution for the velocity profle in the boundary layer around a
submerged object.
2. Apply the momentum integral equation to calculate the
velocity profle in the boundary layer.
2
How is lift generated?
Apply Bernoulli`s equation on streamtubes above, below wing:
Upper streamtube constricts as it fows around wing, so speed increases
by Bernoulli, pressure above wing must be lower than pressure below
Why does the speed change? must result from interactions in boundary
layer (where viscosity is important!)
3
Examples of external fow
External fow over bodies:
- Airfoils
- Automobiles
- Airplanes
Phenomenology for airfoil:
- Flow divides at stagnation point at front and air fows around body
- Flow at surface takes velocity of body (no-slip boundary)
- Boundary layers form on both upper and lower surfaces
- Transition to turbulence occurs downstream
Turbulent boundary layer grows more rapidly than laminar layer
- Streamlines displaced by thickening of boundary layer
Flow separation (from surface) may occur in a region of
increasing pressure
Fluid in viscous layer forms wake behind separation points
4
Boundary layer introduction
Classical theoretical hydrodynamics based on Eulers
equation
- Explicitly, for non-viscous fuid
- However, this contradicted experimental results (in
particular, bodies in inviscid fuids do not experience drag!)
Prandtl showed that viscous fows can be divided into two
regions:
- One close to solid boundaries, in which viscosity is
important
- One far from boundary, in which effect of viscosity can be
neglected (and fows solved via Euler)
Focus of this lecture: determining fow in boundary layer
5
Boundary layer thickness defnition
Edge of boundary layer diffcult to defne
- Gradient of fow approaches free stream value asymptotically
Different ways of defning boundary layer:
- Displacement thickness, *:
- Disturbance thickness, :
- Momentum thickness, :
6
Calculating displacement thickness
Mass fux without boundary layer:
Mass fux with boundary layer:
Loss due to boundary layer:
Loss due to moving bottom plate:
Incompressible fow (constant density):
(Note: integrand is nearly 0 for y )
7
Calculating momentum thickness
Momentum fux without boundary layer
(= momentum/unit mass * actual mass fux):
(Actual) momentum fux with
boundary layer:
Loss due to boundary layer:
Loss due to moving bottom plate (constant velocity U):
Incompressible fow (constant density):
Note: , *, are all functions of x and increase along the plate!
8
/

/
9
Example: calculating layer thicknesses 1
Given: linear velocity profle,
Determine: ratios and
Note:
Similarly:
u/U = y/
10
Example: calculating layer thicknesses 2
For a linear profle:
Assumptions for analyzing boundary layers
Four assumptions for further analysis of boundary layer fows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
We will frst analyze the general problem to determine the form of the
solution for boundary-layer fows.
11
Scaling solution to boundary layer
Given: Two-dimensional steady fow on a horizontal fat plate with zero
pressure gradient.
Determine: form of scaling solution to Navier-Stokes equations
Boundary conditions:
1.
2.
Guess form of solution:
(assumes dimensionless velocity
profle similar for all x; natural choice
of length scale)
Form of solution:
12
u
x
+
v
y
= 0 u
u
x
+v
u
y
=

2
u
y
2
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 1
Given: Incompressible, steady, 2-d
fow over a solid surface.
Determine: dependence of
boundary-layer thickness as a
function of x.
Look at the fow across a differential control volume (above).
Note: top surface is not a streamline, so
Mass fux through ab:
13

CV
dV +

CS
v dA = 0

CS
v dA = 0 m
ab
+ m
bc
+ m
cd
= 0
m
bc
= 0
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 2
Mass fux through cd: note that surface is at x + dx
Mass fux through bc is then calculated from mass conservation as:
Momentum equation: assume no body forces
Momentum fux through ab:
Momentum fux through cd:
(mf
s
: x momentum fux
through surface s)
14
m
bc
= m
ab
m
cd
= w

0
udy

dx
F
S
x
+F
B
x
=

CV
u dV +

CS
uv dA
F
S
x
= mf
ab
+mf
bc
+mf
cd
mf
ab
=

0
uuwdy
mf
x+dx
= mf
x
+
mf
x

x
dx
mf
cd
=

0
uuwdy +

0
uuwdy

dx
m
x+dx
= m
s
+
m
x

x
dx
Force acting on surface ab: pressure at x is p (neglecting changes in y
because the boundary layer is very thin)
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 3
Momentum fux through bc: velocity component across surface along x is U
Total momentum fux through surface:
Finally, consider the surface forces acting on the control volume:
Force acting on surface cd: expand pressure in Taylor series
Force acting on surface bc: average pressure acting on surface is
15
mf
bc
= U m
bc
= U

x

0
uwdy

dx

CS
uv dA =

b
0
uuwdy+

0
uuwdy+

0
uuwdy

dxU

x

0
uwdy

dx
F
ab
= pw
p
x+dx
= p +
dp
dx

x
dx F
cd
=

p +
dp
dx

x
dx

w( +d)
p +
1
2
dp
dx

x
dx F
bc
=

p +
1
2
dp
dx

x
dx

wd
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 4
Average shear force acting on surface ad:
Total surface force:
(keep only terms to frst order in small quantities)
Substituting everything back into the x momentum equation:
To determine the pressure gradient, apply Bernoulli to the inviscid fow
outside the boundary layer:
16
F
ad
=

w
+
1
2
d
w

wdx
F
S
x
=

dp
dx
dx
1
2
dp
dx
dxd
w
dx
1
2
d
w
dx

dp
dx
dx
w
dx

w =

0
uudy

dx U

x

0
udy

dx

w
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 5
Writing the boundary layer thickness as an integral:
17
=

0
dy
Approximate solution for boundary-layer 6
18
momentum integral
equation
Remember assumptions: steady, incompressible, 2-d, no body forces
parallel to surface
Substitute and divide by U
2
:
Example: using momentum integral eqn. 1
Solution procedure for momentum integral equation:
1. Obtain approximation to freestream velocity distribution U(x) from
inviscid fow theory (depends on body shape); relate pressure in
boundary layer to U(x) via Bernoulli.
2. Assume a reasonable velocity-profle shape inside boundary layer.
3. Derive an expression for
w
using (2).
Given: Two-dimensional steady fow on a horizontal fat plate with zero
pressure gradient.
Pressure p is constant, U(x) = U = constant
Assume velocity distribution u/U is similar for all values of x, and is a
function of y/
Momentum integral equation reduces to:
19
Assume velocity distribution of form
satisfying:
1.
2.
Example: using momentum integral eqn. 2
Change variables to = y / :
Note: for any assumed distribution
20
Example: using momentum integral eqn. 3
First, examine laminar fow: assume
Boundary conditions: u vanishing at y = 0 implies a = 0
Shear stress:
21
Example: using momentum integral eqn. 4
22
Substitute back into integral equation: