Examples for boundary-layer fows

CHEE 3363
Spring 2013
Handout 22
Reading: Fox 9.4--9.5
1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Calculate the different boundary layer thicknesses.
2. Apply boundary layer theory to fow in ducts.
2
Recall from last class: boundary-layer
3
u
U
= f

U
x

x
U
We found for fow along a fat plate (distance x):
Form of scaling solution:
Approximate solution in zero pressure gradient:
Momentum integral equation:

w

=
d
dx
(U
2
) +

U
dU
dx
(from dimensional analysis)
(from the momentum integral equation)

1
u
U

dy

1
u
U

dy
=

0
u
U

1
u
U

dy

0
u
U

1
u
U

dy
displacement thickness
momentum thickness

x
=

30
Ux
and
Comments on fat-plate solution 1
4
All the details of the fow are described by the wall shear stress, or "skin
friction" coeffcient, once the boundary layer thickness is known:
Explicitly from the laminar velocity profle:
or
The "skin friction" coeffcient can also be calculated for turbulent
fows with more approximations (this is done ex. in Fox):
Wall shear stress for turbulent fow in
pipe of radius R, velocity V:
Approximate velocity fow profle:
Comments on fat plate solution 2
5
Substituting the turbulent expressions for stress, velocity into the momentum
integral equation leads to the following dependences:
p
x
= 0
Comments on pressure gradients 1
Laminar:
Turbulent:

w
=
u
y

y=0
Favorable pressure gradient:
Adverse pressure gradient:

In adverse pressure gradients, particles come to rest

Stagnant particles forced away from surface, leading to fow separation

e.g diverging fow feld
e.g converging fow feld
Can fows separate in the case of uniform pressure, ?
Expressions for wall shear stress:
Adverse pressure gradient required (but not suffcient) for fow separation
6
H =

Comments on pressure gradients 2

Approximate solution for nonzero pressure gradients, via Taylor:
Expand frst term using Taylor series:
: velocity-profle shape factor
Obtaining pressure distribution from freestream velocity, and vice versa, is a
subject of current research (i.e. beyond the scope of this course)
Specifying U(x) (freestream velocity) is equivalent to specifying a velocity
gradient; can obtain an approximation to U(x) from inviscid fow equations
under same conditions
7
Example: pressure change in duct fow 1
8












Given: Air (density ) fows in the entrance
region of a square duct (side length h) with
uniform velocity U
0
. At a distance D
downstream from the entrance, the
displacement thickness on each wall is
2
*.
Find: pressure change p between sections 1 and 2.
Assumptions:
1. Steady
2. Incompressible
3. No friction outside boundary layer
4. Flow along streamline
5. Horizontal
Equations:
From continuity: the mass fow rate is constant but the area varies
Example: pressure change in duct fow 2
9












Given: Air (density ) fows in the entrance
region of a square duct (side length h) with
uniform velocity U
0
. At a distance D
downstream from the entrance, the
displacement thickness on each wall is
2
*.
Find: pressure change p between sections 1 and 2.
Apply Bernoulli:
Solution check: p = -8.05 10
-3
psi
Example: stress in duct fow 1
10
Given: fow of air develops in a fat horizontal duct following a well-rounded
entrance section. Duct height H, turbulent boundary layers, fow not fully
developed. Inlet fow uniform, velocity V at entrance section (1), boundary
layer thickness at entrance section (2) (a distance L downstream) is
2
.
Determine:
(a) *;
(b) static gage pressure at section (2);
(c) average wall shear stress between entrance and section (2).
Assumptions:
1. steady
2. incompressible
3. friction can be neglected outside boundary layer
(a)
Example: stress in duct fow 2
11
(b) Use continuity to estimate fow velocities:
The fow is frictionless, so apply Bernoulli along a streamline:
(c) Apply momentum conservation on a half-height box:
and solve for .