Compressible fow 1: basic

equations
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 24

Reading: Fox, Chapter 11
1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Derive the local isentropic stagnation equations to calculate
properties of compressible fows.
2. State the critical condition for local isentropic stagnation.
2
Review: thermodynamics (revisited, 1/2)
Ideal gas equation of state: R: gas-dependent constant
Defne: specifc heat at constant volume:
Recall: we can express the internal energy for any pair of independent
properties:
where
(for ideal gas)
3
p = RT
c
v

u
T

v
Defne: enthalpy:
h u +p/
Review: thermodynamics (revisited, 2/2)
Relation between c
v
and c
p
:
Ratio of specifc heats:
Over moderate temperature ranges, c
v
and c
p
are constant
4
Review: entropy (1/3)
Recall: entropy is defned by:
Clausius inequality:
reversible processes:
irreversible processes:
Defne: an adiabatic process is one in which the heat change is zero:
reversible adiabatic processes:
irreversible adiabatic processes:
5
S

rev
Q
T

Q
T
0
T ds = du +p dv
Review: entropy (1/4)
Gibbs equation (combine frst and second laws):
6
= d(h pv) + p dv = dh p dv + v dp + p dv = dh v dp
ds =
du
T
+
p
T
dv = c
v
dT
T
+R
dv
v
ds =
dh
T

v
T
dp = c
p
dT
T
R
dp
p
Calculating entropy change:
Review: entropy (3/4)
Integrate the entropy change equations (with constant c
v
, c
p
) to obtain:
Start with top equation and substitute:
7
s
2
s
1
= c
v
ln
T
2
T
1
+ Rln
v
2
v
1
s
2
s
1
= c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
Rln
p
2
p
1
s
2
s
1
= c
v
ln
p
2
p
1
+ c
p
ln
v
2
v
1
= c
v
ln
p
2
v
2
p
1
v
1
+ (c
p
c
v
) ln
v
2
v
1
= c
v
ln
p
2
p
1
+ c
v
ln
v
2
v
1
+ (c
p
c
v
) ln
v
2
v
1
s
2
s
1
= c
v
ln
T
2
T
1
+ Rln
v
2
v
1
Review: entropy (4/4)
Isentropic relations for ideal gases (ds = 0):
8
Tv
k1
=
T

k1
= constant
Tp
1k
k
= constant
pv
k
=
p

k
= constant
M =
V
c
Propagation of sound waves 1/3
Supersonic / subsonic: greater than / less than the speed of sound
Recall: Mach number =
local fow speed
local speed of sound
Consider a propagating sound wave in a fuid medium:
stationary frame inertial frame moving with sound wave
c
density
V
x
= 0
pressure p
density + d
dV
x

pressure p + dp
Apply integral equations to the differential control volume shown:
Steady fow
Uniform fow at each section
Keep only 1st order terms:
Continuity:
9

CV
dV +

CS
v dA = 0
(cA) + [( + d)(c dV
x
)A] = 0
Propagation of sound waves 2/3
Momentum equation (x):
Surface force (pressure):
Momentum fux:
using continuity:
Implications:
For incompressible media, d = 0 implies that the speed of sound
is infnite (or at least very high)
Sound waves have infnitesimal pressure changes (so reversible)
and occur quickly, so no heat transfer (adiabatic) hence isentropic
10
F
S
x
+F
B
x
=

CV
V
x
dV +

CS
V
x
v dA
F
S
x
= pA(p + dp)A = Adp

CS
V
x
v dA = c(cA) + (c dV
x
) [( + d)(c dV
x
)A]
Propagation of sound waves 3/3
Apply to solids and liquids, which are described by a bulk modulus E
v
:
Speed of sound in solids and liquids:
Apply for gases: recall
Note: speed of sound is a function only of temperature!
11
dp =

s
d +

p
s

ds =

s
d
(isentropic)
E
v
=
dp
d/
=
dp
d
pv
k
=
p

k
= constant
Local isentropic stagnation properties
In compressible fow, all properties (T, , u, h, s, V) may change locally
must defne reference condition (stagnation condition) V = 0 and
stagnation properties p
0
, T
0
,
0
, u
0
, h
0
, s
0
take locally entropically - no friction, no heat transfer, no violent
events
each point in fuid has its own local isentropic properties, even if
the fow itself is not isentropic
12
each point has local isentropic stagnation properties (s
01
= s
1
, s
02

= s
2
)
if fow is isentropic, s
01
= s
1
= s
02
= s
2
(identical stagnation states)
Note for incompressible fuids
13
In incompressible fow, can use Bernoulli equation:
valid for isentropic process b/c reversible (frictionless, steady),
adiabatic (no heat transfer)
8
p

+
V
2
2
+ gz = constant
p
0
= p +
1
2
V
2
Local isentropic stagnation properties 1/5
Continuity:
1. Steady fow
2. Uniform fow at each section
Momentum (x):
3. No body forces
4. Frictionless fow
14
For compressible fuids, we will derive the isentropic stagnation relations by
examining a differential control volume:
(V
x
A) + [( +d)(V
x
+dV
x
)(A+dA)] = 0

CV
dV +

CS
v dA = 0
F
S
x
+F
B
x
=

CV
V
x
dV +

CS
V
x
v dA
Local isentropic stagnation properties 2/5
Surface forces:
average force on curved tube surface =
Momentum equation:
15
F
S
x
= dR
x
+pA(p +dp)(A+dA)

p +
dp
2

dA
F
S
x
=

p +
dp
2

dA + pA(p + dp)(A + dA) = Adp

Adp = V
x
(V
x
A) + (V
x
+ dV
x
) [( + d)(V
x
+ dV
x
)(A + dA)]
Adp = (V
x
+ V
x
+ dV
x
)(V
x
A)
Local isentropic stagnation properties 3/5
Need to specify the pressure and density along the path:
Integrate from the initial state to the stagnation state:
16
p = C
k
= p
1/k
C
1/k
pv
k
=
p

k
= constant and

0
V
d

V
2
2

= C
1/k

p
0
p
p
1/k
dp
C
1/k
= p
1/k
/
Local isentropic stagnation properties 4/5
Rewrite to solve for stagnation pressure:
17
p
0
p
=

1 +
k 1
k
V
2
2p

k/(k1)
p = RT
To get other properties, apply:
c =

kRT
pv
k
=
p

k
= constant
p
0
p
=

p
0
p

1/k
T
0
T
=
p
0
p

0
=
p
0
p

p
0
p

1/k
=

p
0
p

(k1)/k
Local isentropic stagnation properties 5/5
Summary:
To evaluate, need to look up ratios versus M in tables (see book)
18
Critical conditions
19
Critical conditions:
substitute M = 1 in equations (conditions p*, T*, *)
p
0
p

k + 1
2

k/(k1)
T
0
T

=
k + 1
2

k + 1
2

1/(k1)
V

= c

kRT

2k
k + 1
RT
0