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Al-Anjal National Schools (American Division) 2nd Semester Study Guide Science - Grade 4

Chapter 1. Classifying Plants and Animals Lesson 1. What are the building blocks of life? S.B pages 7 - 9

What Cells Are


A cell is the smallest part of a living thing. All living things are made of cells. Some living things are made of just one cell (like bacteria). Most living things have many cells (like humans). Most cells are very small. They are hard to see . Scientists use microscopes to study cells. A microscope is a tool. It makes things look larger than they are.

Cells Working Together


A plant or animal can have many cells. Different kinds of cells do different kinds of work. Groups of the same cells make up tissues.

Since plants make their own food but animals do not, their cells are not exactly the same. Plant cells have extra parts that animal cells do not.

1. Animal cells

Types of cells:
2. Plant cells

Parts of the animal and plant cells:


Like animal cells, plant cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus.

We plants dont have bones like you! But we have cell walls to keep us protected and standing strong.

1. Cell wall: It is a part of a plant cell that animal cells do not have.
The cell wall is outside the cell membrane. It helps support and protect the cell.

2. Chloroplast: special parts in plant cells that trap the Suns energy. The plant needs
this energy to make food. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.

3. Cell membrane: is the cells outer border. It separates the cell from its
environment. It also controls what substances move into or out of the cell.

4. Cytoplasm: a gel-like substance that contains the things that the cell needs and it holds
the parts of the cell in place.

5. Nucleus: is the control center for the cell. It controls all the activities happening
inside the cell.

Lesson 2. How are living things grouped? S.B pages 10 - 13

Classification

putting things into groups

Classification System groups made by scientists by putting similar organisms together to study them easily
The world has over a million kinds of organisms. Scientists use a classification system to identify, compare, and study them. This system sorts organisms into different groups. All organisms in a group are the same in some way.

Kingdoms

A kingdom is the largest classification group. Many scientists classify organisms into six kingdoms.
Scientists look at: 1. How many cells and cell parts an organism has. 2. Where an organism lives 3. How it gets food All animals belong to one kingdom. All plants belong to another kingdom. 1. Animal's Kingdom: Animals are made of many cells. They live on land or in water. Animals eat plants or other animals 2. Plant's Kingdom: Plants are made of many cells. Most plants live on land. They use the Suns energy to make their own food. 3. Fungi Kingdom: Fungi are mostly made of many cells.Fungi live on land. They get food from other living or nonliving things. Mushrooms are fungi. 4. Protists Kingdom: They live in water and damp places. Some make their own food. 5. Ancient bacteria Kingdom: They have only one cell. They also make their own food. 6. True bacteria Kingdom: They have one cell. Some make their own food.
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6 Kingdoms of living things

Scientists divide kingdoms into smaller and smaller groups.

Kingdom
Genus
Species
Smallest group of classification

Largest group of classification

- Reproduce The process that produces babies, young animals, or new plants.

Offspring

The young of a person, animal, or plant.

Lesson 3. How are plants classified? S.B pages 14 - 17 - One way biologists classify plants is by how they move food and water.

Plants are classified in two main groups:

1. Vascular plants:
- These are plants which have tubes to carry the water and food to all the parts of the plant. - They can grow very tall.

- These are plants which don't have tubes.

2. Non-vascular plants:

- They can only pass food and water from one cell to another. - They are short because they don't have tubes to carry the water and food to all its parts. - They live next to water, and they grow closely next to one another. - Names of some non-vascular plants: liverworts, hornworts, mosses and ferns.

Lesson 3. How are animals classified? S.B pages 18 - 25

1. Vertebrates: animals that have a backbone.

The Animal Kingdom is divided into 2 groups:


2. Invertebrates: animals that do not have a backbone.

- Vertebrates: there are 5 classes of vertebrates


1. Mammals: - Give birth - Use lungs to breathe - Warm-blooded - Have hair or fur 2. Birds: - Lay eggs - Have feathers -Use lungs to breathe - Warm blooded 3. Fish: - Lay eggs - Live in water - Cold-blooded - Use gills to breathe 4. Amphibians: - Lay eggs - Live in both land and water - Have both lungs and gills to breathe - Cold-blooded 5. Reptiles: - Lay eggs - Use lungs to breathe - Cold-blooded - Some live on water and some on live on land
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- Invertebrates: 2 main classes of invertebrates are


1. Arthropods: - Largest group of invertebrates - Have jointed legs - Body divided into parts

2. Mollusks: - Have soft bodies - Some have shells to protect them and some do not.
Teacher: Nadine Head of Department: M.AlZaidat

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