INTRODUCTION Ideal stirrer tank reactor.

Continuous Stirrer-Tank Reactor (CSTR) usually runs at steady state with continuous flow of reactants and products; the feed assumes a uniform composition throughout the reactor e!it stream has the same composition as in the tank. There is an inlet stream(s) that "ring all of the reactants in at a particular rate. This stream(s) dumps into a large container; there is a shaft with a "lade attached (stirrer) in the reactor that rotates around to mi! the reactants. #inally there is an outlet stream which the solution will e!it from the reactor. The rates of the inlet and outlet streams must "e inside of the reactor is more accessi"le than many other reactors. $lso "ecause of the simplicity of the components in%ol%ed in the reactor they are %ery easy to maintain and do not re&uire much work to keep running. It takes more space to mi! the components in comparison to other reactors. There are many other types of reactors out there. #or e!ample in a "atch reactor there is reactants put in a container and the container is closed for a period until the reaction is done. It is used for small-scale operation for testing new process that ha%e not "een fully de%eloped for manufacture of e!pensi%e products and for processes that are difficult to con%ert to continuous operations. 'esides that it has the ad%antage of high con%ersions that can "e o"tained "y lea%ing the reactant for long periods of time. It also has the disad%antage which is it has a high costs per "atch and the difficulty of large-scale production.
Industrially it is used when relati%ely small amount of material are to "e treated. In reactor design we ha%e to know what si(e and type of reactor and method of operation that "est for a gi%en )o". This may re&uire the conditions in the reactor %ary with position as well as time; this &uestion can only "e answered "y a proper integration of the rate e&uation for the operation. This may pose difficulties "ecause the temperature and composition of the reacting fluid may %ary from point to point within the reactor depending on the endothermic or e!othermic character of the reaction the rate of heat addition or remo%al from the system and the flow pattern of fluid through the %essel. 'riefly indicate the particular features and the main areas of application of these reactor types.

OBJECTIVES

The o")ecti%es of this are to determine the order of saponification reaction to determine the reaction rate constant k and to determine the relationship "etween con%ersion *$ reaction rate r$ reactor %olume + and feed rate #$,. 'esides the other o")ecti%es are to determine the effect of temperature on Reaction Rate Constant k for "atch reaction and to determine the acti%ation energy of saponification. THEORY I-.$/ STIRR.--T$01 R.$CT,R $ stirred-tank reactor (STR) may "e operated either as a "atch reactor or as a steady-state flow reactor ("etter known as Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR)). The key or main feature of this reactor is that mi!ing is complete so that properties such as temperature and concentration of the reaction mi!ture are uniform in all parts of the %essel. 2aterial "alance of a general chemical reaction is descri"ed "elow. The conser%ation principle re&uired that the mass of species $ in an element of reactor %olume 3+ o"eys the following statement4 Rate of $ into %olume element Rate of $ out of %olume element Rate of $ produced within %olume element Rate of $ accumulated within %olume element

(5)

'$TC6 STIRR.--T$01 R.$CT,R ('STR)

In "atch reactions there are no feed or e!it streams and therefore e&uation (5) can "e simplified into4 Rate of $ produced within %olume element Rate of $ accumulated within %olume element

(8)

The rate of reaction of component $ is defined as4 -r$ 7 59+ (d0$9dt) "y reaction 7 :moles of $ which appear "y reaction; :unit %olume; :unit time; 'y this definition if $ is a reaction product the rate is positi%e; whereas if it is a reactant which is consumed the rate is negati%e. Rearranging e&uation (<) (-r$) + 7 0$, d*$ dt (=) (<)

Integrating e&uation (=) gi%es t 7 0$, > d*$?? (-r$)+

3

(@)

where t is the time re&uired to achie%e a con%ersion *$ for either isothermal or non-isothermal operation.

Figure 1: Graphical representation of the performance equations for batch reactor, isothermal or non-isothermal at constant density.

STEADY STATE MIXED FLOW REACTOR

The general material "alance for this reactor is as e&uation (5) e!cept no accumulation of the material $ in rector. $s shown in figure 8 "elow if # $, 7 %,C$, is the molar feed rate of the component $ to the reactor then considering the reactor as a whole we ha%e Input of $ (moles9time) ,utput of $ (moles9time) -isappearance of $ "y reaction (moles9time) 7 7 7 (-r$) + #$, (5 A *$,) 7 #$, #$ 7 #$, (5 A *$,)

moles A reacting ( volume of reactor ) (time)(volume)

Replacing e&uation (5) with mathematical formula a"o%e

#$,*$ 7

(-r$) +
4

(B)

Chich on arranging will form the performance e&uation for mi!ed flow reactors

V X A = = FAO C AO rA

or

5 V VC AO C AO X A = = = s vO FAO rA

(D)

Figure 2: Components of Mi ed Flo! "eactor

In mi!ed flow reactors *$ 7 *$# and C$7 C$#. In a constant density system *$ 7 5 A (C$9C$,)

The performance e&uation can "e rewritten in terms of concentration or

V X C CA V C X = A = AO or = = AO A FAO rA C AO (rA ) v (rA )

(E)

These e!pressions relate the four terms *$ -r$ + #$,; thus knowing any three allows the fourth to "e found directly. In design the si(e of reactor needed for a gi%en duty or the e!tent of con%ersion in a reactor of gi%en si(e is found directly. .ach steady-state point in a mi!ed flow reactor gi%es the reaction rate for the conditions within the reactor. The mi!ed flow reactor pro%ides easier interpretation of reaction rate data and makes it %ery attracti%e in kinetic studies.

Graphical Representation of the Design Equations for Stead State !i"ed Flo# Reactor$

Figure *: $lot of 1 % &-r'( )ersus +'

,r in constant systems

Figure #: $lot of 1 % &-r'( )ersus C'

R.$CTI,0 R$T. I0 2I*.- R.$CT,R -etermination of ,rder of Reaction with 'atch Reaction -ata. #irst ,rder Reaction (Fnimolecular Type) $ Groduct

Suppose the reaction rate is the following type4

-ln

7 kt

Glot of Aln(C$9C$,) %ersus t will produce a straight line with a slope e&uals to rate constants k.

-ln(C$9C$,) Slope7k

#igure @4 Glot of Aln(C$9C$,) %ersus t

7

Irre%ersi"le Second-order Reaction ('imolecular Type) Consider the reaction4 $H' Groducts

The rate e&uation can "e written as4

rA =

dC A dC = A = &C AC % dt dt

(55)

Glot of ln (C'9C$) %ersus t (time) will produce a straight line with slope e&uals (C', A C$,)k.

#igure B4 Glot of ln(C'9C$) %ersus t #or second order reaction with e&ual initial concentrations of $ and ' the rate e&uation can "e written "ased on only one component.
=

(58) $ plot of 59C$ %ersus t will produce a straight line with slope e&uals to k.

.##.CT ,# T.2G.R$TFR. ,0 R$T. ,# R.$CTI,0 $s we increase the temperature the rate of reaction increases. This is "ecause if we heat a su"stance the particles mo%e faster and so collide more fre&uently. That will speed up the rate of reaction. Collisions "etween molecules will "e more %iolent at higher temperatures. The higher temperatures mean higher %elocities. This means there will "e less time "etween collisions. The fre&uency of collisions will increase. The increased num"er of collisions and the greater %iolence of collisions result in more effecti%e collisions. The rate for the reaction increases. Reaction rates are roughly dou"led when the temperature increases "y 5I degrees 1el%in.

In any single homogenous reaction temperature composition and reaction rate are uni&uely related. They can "e represented graphically in one of three ways as shown in figure E "elow4

r2 r1

C2

C1

#igure E4 Glot of C %ersus T r %ersus T and r %ersus C.

PROCEDURES .!periment $4 'atch and Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor .!periments. 'y studying the saponification reaction of ethyl acetate and sodium hydro!ide to form sodium acetate in a "atch and in continuous stirred tank reactor the students can e%aluate the rate data needed to design a production scale reactor.
9

$ process flow diagram of the reactor is shown in #igure J. This reactor has a total %olume of appro!imately = liters. $ scale is pro%ided to determine the reactor %olume.

Reactants !e a!at"#n !#ce$%!e 5. I.5 2 0a,6 and I.5 2 .thyl acetate solutions are prepared in two separate 8I liter feed tanks. 8. The concentration of I.5 2 0a,6 solution is confirmed "y titrating a small amount of it with standard I.5 2 6Cl using phenolphthalein as indicator. The concentration of ethyl acetate solution on the other hand is e%aluated in the following manner. #irst I.5 2 0a,6 solution is added to a sample of feed solution such that the I.5 2 0a,6 solution is in e!cess to ensure all the ethyl acetate reacted. The mi!ture is reacted o%ernight. ,n the following day the amount of unreacted 0a,6 is determined "y direct titration with standard I.5 2 6Cl. The ethyl acetate real concentration is recorded. <. 5 liter of &uenching solution of I.8@ 2 6Cl and 5 liter of I.5 2 0a,6 is prepared for "ack titration. Batc& !eact"#n !#ce$%!e 5. $d)ust the o%erflow tu"e in the reactor to "egin a "atch reactor to gi%e a desired working %olume say 8.@ liter. Gump G5 is switch on and starts pumping 5.8@ liter of the I.5 2 .thyl acetate from the feed tank into the reactor. Then pump G5 is switch off. 8. The stirrer is switch on and the speed in the mid range (say 5EIrpm) is set. Gump G8 is switch on and start pumping 5.8@ liter of the I.5 2 0a,6 into the reactor. The pump is stopped immediately the timing reaction is start. Record start time to. <. 2easured &uickly 5I m/ of the I.8@ 2 6Cl in a flask.

10

=. Collect a @I m/ of a sample after 5 minute of reaction "y opening the sampling %al%e and added immediately 5I m/ of I.8@ 2 6Cl prepared in step < and mi!. The 6Cl will &uench the reaction "etween ethyl acetate and sodium hydro!ide. @. The mi!ture is titrated with the I.5 2 0a,6 to e%aluate the amount of unreacted 6Cl. B. Steps < to @ are repeated for reaction times of @ 5I 5@ 8I and 8@ minutes.

.!periment '4 effect of temperature on reaction rate constant k The effect of temperature on reaction rate constant can "e demonstrated "y performing a "atch reaction run at different temperature. 5. $d)ust the o%erflow tu"e in the reactor to "egin a "atch reactor to gi%e a desired working %olume say 8.@ liter. Gump G5 is switch on and starts pumping 5.8@ liter of the I.5 2 .thyl acetate from the feed tank into the reactor. The stirrer is switch on and the speed in the mid range is set. The heater is switch on. Run the cooling water. 8. Gump G8 is switch on and the %al%e is set for ma!imum flow rate and start pumping in 5.8@ liters of the I.5 2 0a,6 from the feed tank. The pump is stopped and immediately starts timing the reaction and record start time tI. <. 2easured &uickly 5I m/ of the I.8@ 2 6Cl in a flask. =. $ @I m/ of the sample is collected after 5 minute of reaction time "y opening the sampling %al%e and immediately add to the 5I m/ of I.8@ 2 6Cl prepared in step < and mi!. The 6Cl will &uench the reaction "etween ethyl acetate and sodium hydro!ide. @. The mi!ture is titrated with the I.5 2 0a,6 to e%aluate the amount of unreacted 6Cl. B. Steps = to B are repeated fro reaction times of @ 5I 5@ 8I and 8@ min. D. Steps 5 to D are repeated for reaction temperatures of =@ and B@KC. E. Glot C %s. T; r %s. T; r %s. C as in #igure E.
11

J. Switch off all switches when you are finished with the e!periment.

APPARATUS Continuous stirred tank reactor ( 2odel 'G45II) 'eaker 'urette Solution4 I.5 0a,6 I.5 .thyl acetate I.8@ 6Cl and sodium hydro!ide. Spatula +olumetric cylinder

12

RESULTS .!periment $4 Reactants C0a,6 7 I.5 mole9liter (2) C.$ 7 I.5 mole9liter (2) Luenching 6Cl C6Cl 7 I.8@ mole9liter (2) +6Cl 7 5I m/ +s 7 @I m/ Sample

Time (min)

+olume of Titrating 0a,6 (ml)

($) (')

+olume of &uenching 6Cl unreacted with 0a,6 in sample (ml) (C )

+olume of 6Cl reacted with 0a,6 in sample (ml) (-)

2ole of 6Cl reacted with 0a,6 in sample (m/) (.)

2ole of 0a,6 unreacted in sample

Concentration of 0a,6 Fnreacted with .thyl $cetate (moles9liter) C$ (M)

Steady state fraction con%ersion of 0a,6 *$ (6)

(#)

5 5I 5@ 8I 8@

5E.5 8I.8 85.I 85.8 88.=

D.8= E.IE E.=I E.=E E.JB

8.DB 5.J8 5.BI 5.@8 5.I=

I.IIIBJ I.III=E I.III=I I.III<E I.III8B

I.IIIBJ I.III=E I.III=I I.III<E I.III8B

I.I5<E I.IIJB I.IIEI I.IIDB I.II@8

I.EB8 I.JI= I.J8I I.J8= I.J=E

13

Concentration of 0a,6 Reacted with .thyl $cetate (moles9liter) (I)

2ole of 0a,6 Reacted with .thyl $cetate in sample (N)

Concentration of .thyl $cetate Reacted with 0a,6 (moles9liter) (1)

Concentration of .thyl $cetate Fnreacted (moles9liter) C' (/)

1 CA

I.IEB8 I.IJI= I.IJ8I I.IJ8= I.IJ=E

I.II=<5 I.II=@8 I.II=BI I.II=B8 I.II=D=

I.IEB8 I.IJI= I.IJ8I I.IJ8= I.IJ=E

I.I5<E I.IIJB I.IIEI I.IIDB I.II@8

D8.=B= 5I=.5D 58@.II 5<5.@E 5J8.<5

14

.!periment '4 5. Temperature =@KC Time +olume (min) of Titrating 0a,6 (ml) +olume of &uenching 6Cl unreacted with 0a,6 in sample (ml) (C ) E.== J.II J.5B E.J8 J.I= J.=E +olume of 6Cl reacted with 0a,6 in sample (ml) (-) 5.@B 5.II I.E= 5.IE I.JB I.@8 2ole of 6Cl reacted with 0a,6 in sample (.) I.III<J I.III8@ I.III85 I.III8D I.III8= I.III5< 2ole of 0a,6 unreacted in sample Concentration of 0a,6 Fnreacted with .thyl $cetate (moles9liter) C$ (M) I.IIDE I.II@I I.II=8 I.II@= I.II=E I.II8B Steady state fraction con%ersion of 0a,6 *$ (6) I.J88 I.J@I I.J@E I.J=B I.J@8 I.JD=

($)
1

(') 85.5 88.@ 88.J 88.< 88.B 8<.D

(#) I.III<J I.III8@ I.III85 I.III8D I.III8= I.III5<

@ 5I 5@ 8I 8@

15

Concentration of 0a,6 Reacted with .thyl $cetate (moles9liter) (I) I.IJ88 I.IJ@I I.IJ@E I.IJ=B I.IJ@8 I.IJD=

2ole of 0a,6 Reacted with .thyl $cetate in sample (N) I.II=B5 I.II=D@ I.II=DJ I.II=D< I.II=DB I.II=ED

Concentration of .thyl $cetate Reacted with 0a,6 (moles9liter) (1) I.IJ88 I.IJ@I I.IJ@E I.IJ=B I.IJ@8 I.IJD=

Concentration of .thyl $cetate Fnreacted (moles9liter) C' (/) I.IIDE I.II@I I.II=8 I.II@= I.II=E I.II8B

1 CA

58E.85 8II.II 8<E.5I 5E@.5J 8IE.<< <E=.B8

16

8. Temperature B@KC Time +olume (min) of Titrating 0a,6 (ml) +olume of &uenching 6Cl unreacted with 0a,6 in sample (ml) (C ) J.DB J.<8 J.== J.B= J.=E J.<8 +olume of 6Cl reacted with 0a,6 in sample (ml) (-) I.8= I.BE I.@B I.<B I.@8 I.BE 2ole of 6Cl reacted with 0a,6 in sample (.) I.IIIIB I.III5D I.III5= I.IIIIJ I.III5< I.III5D 2ole of 0a,6 unreacted in sample Concentration of 0a,6 Fnreacted with .thyl $cetate (moles9liter) C$ (M) I.II58 I.II<= I.II8E I.II5E I.II8B I.II<= Steady state fraction con%ersion of 0a,6 *$ (6) I.JEE I.JBB I.JD8 I.JE8 I.JD= I.JBB

($)
1

(') 8=.= 8<.< 8<.B 8=.5 8<.D 8<.<

(#) I.IIIIB I.III5D I.III5= I.IIIIJ I.III5< I.III5D

@ 5I 5@ 8I 8@

17

Concentration of 0a,6 Reacted with .thyl $cetate (moles9liter) (I) I.IJEE I.IJBB I.IJD8 I.IJE8 I.IJD= I.IJBB

2ole of 0a,6 Reacted with .thyl $cetate in sample (N) I.II=J= I.II=E< I.II=EB I.II=J5 I.II8B I.II<=

Concentration of .thyl $cetate Reacted with 0a,6 (moles9liter) (1) I.IJEE I.IJBB I.IJD8 I.IJE8 I.IJD= I.IJBB

Concentration of .thyl $cetate Fnreacted (moles9liter) C' (/) I.II58 I.II<= I.II8E I.II5E I.II8B I.II<=

1 CA

E<<.<< 8J=.58 <@D.5= @@@.@B <E=.B8 8J=.58

SAMPLE OF CALCULATION
18

Reactants I. II. Concentration of 0a,6 C0a,6 Concentration of .thyl $cetate C.$ 7 I.5 moles9liter 7 I.5 moles9liter

Luenching 6Cl I. II. Sample I. +olume of sample +s 7 @I ml 7I.I@ / Sample at room temperature 8@KC Sample of calculation for reaction after @ minutes4 Concentration of 6Cl C 6C/ +olume of 6Cl +6Cl 7 I.8@ moles9liter 7 5I ml

- 7 +6Cl A (C) 7 5I ml A D.8= ml 7 8.DBml

. 7 C 6Cl

ST-

! (-)

7 (I.8@)! (8.DB! 5I-<) 7I.IIIBJ mole # 7 . 7 I.IIIBJ mole.

19

M C$ 7

.9+s

7 I.IIIBJ 9I.I@ 7 I.I5<E moles9liters.

6 *$ 7 5-(C$9C$I) 7 5-(I.I5<E 9I.5) 7 I.EB8 I 7 C0a,6 $I A (M) 7I.5 -I.I5<E 7I.IEB8 moles9litres

N 7 I ! +s 7 I.IEB8 ! I.I@ 7I.II=<5 mole

1 7 N9+s 7I.II=<5 9I.I@ 7I.IEB8 moles9litres.

/ C' 7 C.$ , A (1) 7 I.5 A I.IEB8 7I.I5<E moles9litre

20

Calculation of time re&uired for J@O con%ersion The slope of graph is k. 'y integration4
dC A = &C 8 A = &C 8 AI (5 X A ) 8 dt 5 5 rA = = &t C A C Ao rA = rA = dC A 5 = dt C Ao " 5 " = &t

To find the time re&uired for J@O con%ersion slope from graph is o"tained $t temperature 8@KC #rom the graph; m 7 =.@5I Therefore the slope is k4 k 7 =.@5I

Chen su"stitute the %alue of k 7 =.D<J8 C$I 7 I.5 and * 7 I.J@ in e&uation a"o%e. So we get

-r$ 7 (59 I.5)P( I.J@9(5-I.J@)) 7 =.@5IPt t 7 =8.58EB minutes

$t temperature =@KC #rom the graph; m 7 D.<@< Therefore the slope is k4

21

k 7 D.<@<

Chen su"stitute the %alue of k 7 D.<@< C$I 7 I.5 and *7 I.J@ in e&uation a"o%e. So we get

-r$ 7 (59 I.5)P( I.J@9(5-I.J@)) 7 D.<@<Pt t 7 8@.E<JE minutes

$t temperature B@KC #rom the graph; m 7 58.@= Therefore the slope is k k 7 58.@=

Chen su"stitute the %alue of k 7 C$I 7 I.5 and * 7 I.J@ in e&uation a"o%e. So we get

-r$ 7 (59 I.5)P( I.J@9(5-I.J@)) 7 58.@=P t t 7 5@.5@ minutes

Temperature ( C) 8@ =@ B@

Temperature (1el%in) 8JE.5@ <5E.5@ <<E.5@

59T I.II<<@ I.II<5= I.II8JB

k =.@5I D.<@< 58.@=

ln k 5.@IB< 5.JJ@5 8.@8EJ

22

1nowing that slope 7 Q. 9R Chere Therefore . is the acti%ation energy R is the gas law constant . 7 Q (slope P R) . 7 Q (Q 8B5< * E.<5=) 7 85.D8 kN 9 mole

At te' e!at%!e ()*C Time 5 5I 5@ 8I 8@ k =.@5I =.@5I =.@5I =.@5I =.@5I C$ I.I5<E I.IIJB I.IIEI I.IIDB I.II@8
23

C$, I.5 I.5 I.5 I.5 I.5

*$ I.EB8 I.JI= I.J8I I.J8= I.J=E

r E.@J.-I= =.5B.-I= 8.EJ.-I= 8.BI.-I= 5.88.-I=

.!ample4

- r = kC AO 2 ( 1 - X A ) 2
7 =.@5I(I.5)8(5-I.EB8)8 7 E.@J.-I= At te' e!at%!e +)*C Time 5 @ 5I 5@ 8I 8@ k D.<@< D.<@< D.<@< D.<@< D.<@< D.<@< C$ I.IIDE I.II@I I.II=8 I.II@= I.II=E I.II8B C$, I.5 I.5 I.5 I.5 I.5 I.5 *$ I.J88 I.J@I I.J@E I.J=B I.J@8 I.JD= r =.=D.-I= 5.E=.-I= 5.<I.-I= 8.5=.-I= 5.BJ.-I= =.JD.-I@

At te' e!at%!e ,)*C Time 5 @ 5I 5@ 8I 8@ k 58.@= 58.@= 58.@= 58.@= 58.@= 58.@= C$ I.II58 I.II<= I.II8E I.II5E I.II8B I.II<=
24

C$, I.5 I.5 I.5 I.5 I.5 I.5

*$ I.JEE I.JBB I.JD8 I.JE8 I.JD= I.JBB

r 5.E5.-I@ 5.=@.-I= J.E<.-I@ =.IB.-I@ E.=E.-I@ 5.=@.-I=

-!a & #. C /e!s%s t"'e

-!a & #. ! /e!s%s t"'e

25

-!a & #. ! /e!s%s C

DISCUSSION #or this e!periment we are a"le to determine the order of saponification reaction to determine the reaction rate constant k and to determine the relationship "etween con%ersion *$ reaction rate r$ reactor %olume + and feed rate #$,. 'esides that we need to find the effect of temperature on Reaction Rate Constant k for "atch reaction and to determine the acti%ation energy of saponification. #irstly we conduct the e!periment $ which is for "atch reaction process. Start the e!periment with a room temperature. Then set up the apparatus and wait until 5 minute. $fter 5 minute collect the sample (@I m/) and mi! with the 5I m/ of the I.8@ 2 6Cl in the flask. Gut in a small amount of phenolphthalein in the flask in order to indicate the neutral le%el in the mi!ture. Titrate the mi!ture with the I.5 2 0a,6 until the mi!ture indicates the light pink. 0ote the reading at the "urette. The reading shows the amount of 0a,6 used in to neutrali(e the
26

mi!ture. Repeat the same step for reaction times of @ 5I 5@ 8I and 8@ minutes. #or this e!periment the reaction at @ minute is failed. It is "ecause while pouring the sample in the flask that containing 5I m/ of the I.8@ 2 0a,6 the mi!ture turn to purple color. It means that the flask is not washed properly. $fter that we can determine the %alues of C - . # M 6 I N 1 and /. In the theory it states that when we get the same %alue of C$ and C' we ha%e to plot the graph of 59C$ %ersus time. #rom the graph we can see that the straight line is produced. So it o"eys the theory. Ce also find the slope of the graph which is indicates the %alue of reaction rate constant k 7 =.@5I. This is the second order reaction so we can determine the re&uired time for the con%ersion of J@O "y using the second order e&uation. So the re&uired time is =8.58EB minutes. #rom the k %alues we can determine the acti%ation energy . "y plotting the graph of ln k %ersus 59T. So .7 85.D8 kN 9 mole. Secondly we conduct the e!periment ' which is for "atch reaction at different temperatures. Ce need to find whether the reaction rate constants depend on the temperature or not. So we run the e!periment at temperature =@KC and B@KC. $s we know at higher temperature the reaction rate is increase. Chen the reaction occurs at the high temperature it deli%ers more energy into the system and increase the reaction rate. -uring the reaction more collision "etween the molecules occurred. #rom the theory it states that when the temperature increases the reaction rates also increase. Chen the reaction rate increases the rate constant also increase. So the rate constant should increase "ut from the results we get the negati%e %alue of k for temperature B@KC. The %alue of k for =@KC is D.<@<. So from this case it could "e an error during conduct this e!periment. Ce also can find the re&uired time for con%ersion J@O. So it shows that from temperature 8@KC to =@KC the re&uired time are decreased. So it means that reaction occur more fast at the high temperature. The re&uired time for temperature B@KC cannot "e considered "ecause it shows the negati%e %alue. Then we calculate the reaction rate for all temperature. $fter that plot the graph of C %ersus T r %ersus T and r %ersus C. #rom the graph it can "e seen that the graph of C %ersus T is &uite same as shown in the theory. So it o"eys the theory. #rom the graph we can say that when the time increase the concentration increase and decrease. #or the graph of r %ersus t it is so difficult to descri"e. #rom the theory reaction rate should increase when the times increase. 'ut from the results it
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not o"eys the theory. Sometime it increase and sometimes it decrease. #rom the last graph which is reaction rate %ersus concentration the rate if reaction should increase directly proportional to the concentration. 'ut from our graph it is so difficult to analy(e. There are many error occurred during the e!periment.

CONCLUSION $s a conclusion we can say that we are a"le to determine the order of saponification reaction to determine the reaction rate constant k and to determine the relationship "etween con%ersion *$ reaction rate r$ reactor %olume + and feed rate #$,. 'esides that we are a"le to determine the effect of temperature on Reaction Rate Constant k for "atch reaction and to determine the acti%ation energy of saponification. #rom the results we find that the %alue of C$ and C' are the same. So the order of this reaction is a second order. Then we ha%e to plot the graph of 59C$ %ersus time. The graph should "e a straight line. The slope of the graph indicates the %alue of k. The reaction at the room temperature gi%e the %alue of k 7 =.@5I. Then the time re&uired for con%ersion J@O is calculated which is t7 =8.58EB minutes. #rom the k %alues we can determine the acti%ation energy . "y plotting the graph of ln k %ersus 59T. So .7 85.D8 kN 9 mole. Then we need to determine the effect of temperature on reaction rate constants k. Ce run the e!periment for =@KC
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and B@KC. #or =@KC the %alue of k is D.<@< "ut for B@KC the %alue of k is negati%e %alue. So the e!periment for this temperature is failed. The %alue of k should increase when increasing the temperature. Then we need to plot the graph of C %ersus time r %ersus time and r %ersus C. The graph of C %ersus T is &uite same as shown in the theory. So it o"eys the theory. #rom the theory we can say that when the time increase the concentration increase and decrease. #or the graph of r %ersus t it is so difficult to descri"e. #rom the theory reaction rate should increase when the times increase. 'ut from the results it not o"eys the theory. Sometime it increase and sometimes it decrease. #rom the last graph which is reaction rate %ersus concentration the rate if reaction should increase directly proportional to the concentration.

RECOMMENDATION There are few recommendation for this e!periment. 'efore start the e!periment make sure that students read a la" manual and understand how to do. #irst make sure all the apparatus are washed "efore used. Then during titration control the %al%e of "urette to make sure that we get the light pink in the mi!ture. 'esides that read the reading at the "urette carefully and a%oid paralla! error. $fter that we need to dispose all the li&uids immediately after the e!periment. REFERENCES /a"oratory manual Chemical .ngineering /a"oratory III (C6.@D= ) faculty ,f Chemical .ngineering Fitm. www.cheathouse.com www.wikipidea.org
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Rahoo search engine (keyword4 continuous stirrer tank reactor )

APPENDICES

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