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Analytical calculations of CCDF for some common PAPR reduction techniques in OFDM systems

Srinivas Ramavath and Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. E-mail: srinivas2012iitg@gmail.com, krs@iitg.ernet.in

AbstractHigh PAPR is one of the major drawbacks of OFDM systems. It drives the transmitters power amplier into its nonlinear region, thus causing nonlinear distortions. Square rooting technique (SQRT) and -law companding technique are the simple techniques to reduce PAPR in OFDM systems. In this paper, we derive analytical CCDF for both the techniques. The comparisons of SQRT and -law companding techniques are carried out using theoretical and simulation results. It is veried that the -law companding technique is better than SQRT technique for PAPR reduction. Keywords- CCDF, -law compander, OFDM, PAPR, SQRT.

I. I NTRODUCTION

RTHOGONAL frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an efcient parallel data transmission scheme, in which high data rates can be achieved by transmitting a number of orthogonal subcarriers. The main reason for increasing interest in the OFDM system is the way it handles multipath fading phenomenon that is inherent with the wireless channels. Multipath is the result of reection of wireless signals by objects in the environment between the transmitter and receiver. Multipaths arrive at the receiver with random phase offsets, because each reected wave follows a different path from transmitter to reach the receiver. The OFDM signals can be efciently modulated and demodulated using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) respectively. It also has many advantages like spectral efciency, simple implementation by fast Fourier transform, low receiver complexity, etc. However, OFDM suffer from problems like high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), sensitivity to time and frequency synchronization errors. OFDM has various properties that make it desirable over existing single carrier systems, the main advantage is OFDMs immunity to frequency selective fading. Single carrier systems can increase their data rate by shortening the symbol time, thereby increasing the occupied bandwidth. Wideband channels are sensitive to frequency selective fading which require complex equalizers in the receiver to recover the original signal. OFDM overcomes this problem by dividing the wideband channel into a series of narrowband channels in which each narrowband channel experience at fading. Therefore only 1 tap equalizers are required in the receiver, reducing complexity greatly. The inter symbol interference (ISI) and inter channel interference in OFDM systems are mitigated by the insertion of guard

intervals [1]. Another problem which is experienced by OFDM signals that have high PAPR involves the development of non-linear distortions [2]. Numbers of techniques have been proposed for reducing the PAPR in OFDM systems, which basically can be divided in three categories [3]. First, there are signal distortion techniques, which reduce the peak amplitudes simply by nonlinearly distorting the OFDM signal at or around the peaks [4]. Second, there are coding techniques that use a special FEC code set that excludes OFDM symbols with a large PAPR. The third technique scrambles each OFDM symbol with different scrambling sequences and selecting the sequence that gives the smallest PAPR [5], [6]. OFDM has been adopted in some wireless standards such as Digital Audio broadcasting (DAB), Terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB-T), HIPER LAN12, IEE802.11 standard for WLAN, and IEE802.16 standard for WiMAX. Moreover, OFDM has been considered for fourth generation (4G) transmission technique [7]. The rest of the manuscript is organized as follows. In Section II describes the system model and denes the PAPR. The theoretical CCDF are calculated in Section III. The paper is concluded in Section IV. II. OFDM SYSTEM MODEL AND PAPR In an OFDM system, a high-rate data stream is split into N low-rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously by the subcarriers. Each of them may be modulated using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) [8]. The input data symbol X(k) for 0 k N 1 is modulated by a set of N orthogonal frequencies of IFFT, then the OFDM output sequence x(n) for 0 n N 1 is represented by } { 2nk 1 N 1 X exp j , 0 n N 1 (1) xn = k N k N =0 The OFDM symbol x[n] is a complex number and its real and imaginary parts are denoted by xre [n] and xim [n]. According to the central limit theorem as N gets large, the distributions of xre [n] and xim [n] become normal (Gaussian). This means that x[n] has Rayleigh distribution as shown in Fig. 1 and its probability density function is given as f X n (x ) = x

x 2 22 2e

(2)

978-1-4673-4698-6 c 2012 IEEE

405

QAM modulation (N=16) pdf of x [n] 0.4 0.2 0 0.02 0.4 0.2 0 0.02 0.4 0.2
re

of both the input samples and IFFT operation.The statistical distribution as well as the mean and variance values of the signal is varied by applying square rooting.
SQUARE ROOTING

0.01

0.01

MODULATOR

P/S CONVERTER

S/P CONVERTER

Data In

(NPOINT)

pdf of x [n]

im

D/A &UP

re

CONVERTER

0.02 0.03 x [n]

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07
IFFT

....

....

0.01

0.01

0.02 0.03 xim[n]

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07
DEMODULATOR

AWGN channel

pdf of |x[n]|

A/D &DOWN

P/S CONVERTER

S/P CONVERTER

Data out

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04 0.05 |x[n]|

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

Fig. 1: Probability distribution function of OFDM signal (a) real part of x[n], (b) imaginary part of x[n], (c) amplitude of x[n] . The peak power and average power of OFDM symbol are dened by the following equations
2 Ppeak =0nmax N 1 xn

Fig. 2: Block diagram of an OFDM system using SQRT technique As well as the amplitudes of the OFDM output signals are changed while the phases are kept unchanged [10]. y= x 1 y = 2 x We can denote the Probability density function after SQRT technique as fY n (y) = fX n (x) y e 22 2
1 2 x x
x 2

Pavg =

1 N 1 xn 2 Nn =0 max x[n]2 [ ] E x[n]2

The PAPR of the OFDM signal is expressed as PAPR = (3)

fY n (y) =

Note that the maximum of Xn is equivalent to crest factor. Let max Xmax denote the crest factor i.e., Xmax =n=0,.., N 1 Xn . Now, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of Xmax is given as [9] FX max (x) = P(Xmax < x) = =
x
0

where x = y2 , substitute in above equation then PDF is


4 2y3 y2 2 e (6) 2 The peak power and average power of square rooting technique of OFDM symbol are computed as [11] max 0. 5 (7) Psqrt peak = 0n N 1 Ppeak N 1 1 Psqrt av = [Pn (t )]0.5 (8) N n=0

fY n (y) =

fY n (y) dy e 22 dy 2
x 2 y2

x y
0

CDF = 1 e 22

The probability that the PAPR is below some threshold level can be written as ( )N x 2 2 2 (4) P(PAPR x) = 1 e We consider the following complementary cumulative distribution function )N ( x 2 (5) CCDF = 1 1 e 22 III. CCDF FOR PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES A. Square rooting technique As every sample of the IFFT output xn is coming from the summation of all the input complex valued samples. There are two factors affecting amplitude value at the output (1) amplitude of the input sample (2) combination of phases

where Ppeak = x2 , the PAPR formula for the square rooting technique in OFDM system is given by max 0. 5 0nN 1 Ppeak PAPRsqrt = N N 1 (9) n=0 [Pn (t )]0.5 Note that the maximum of Yn is equivalent to crest factor. Let max Y . Now, the Ymax denote the crest factor i.e., Ymax =n=0,.., N 1 n cumulative distribution function (CDF) of Ymax is given as FY max (y) = P(Ymax < y) = =
y
0

fX n (x) dx 2 e 22 dx
x 4

y 3 2x
0

CDF = 1 e 22

y4

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2012 International Conference on Communications, Devices and Intelligent Systems (CODIS)

CONVERTER

SQUARING

(NPOINT)

....

FFT

....

The probability that the PAPR of Square rooting technique is below some threshold level can be written as )N ( y4 (10) P(PAPR y) = 1 e 22 We consider the following complementary cumulative distribution function )N ( y4 2 2 (11) CCDF = 1 1 e The curves show theory and simulation results. The maximum reduction in PAPR value of about 4.5 dB is achieved by the Square rooting technique.
0

where is the -law parameter of the compander, x is the input signal and v is the maximum value of the signal x. And at the receiver site, -law expander restores original signal by v Z ln(1+) 1)sgn(Y ) x = (e v (13)

Square rooting papr

10

10

Companding is widely used in speech processing where high peaks occur infrequently. OFDM signal also exhibit similar characteristics where high peaks occur infrequently. Companding technique improves the quantization resolution of small signals at the price of the reduction of the resolution of large signals, since small signals occur more frequently than large ones. PAPR is decreasing exponentially with increasing value of the companding parameters . In -law compander, the signals with lower amplitudes are amplied with greater gain. In OFDM systems, the occurrence of subcarriers having very large peak amplitudes is less frequent, since most of the subcarriers have low peak amplitudes. Because of less frequent high amplitude subcarriers, the average power is low resulting in high PAPR. The peak power of compressor is given by ) ( 0. 5 ln 1 + Ppeak max (14) Pcomp peak = 0n N 1 l n(1 + ) The average power of compressor as follows 1 N 1 ln (1 + [Pn (t )]0.5 ) Nn ln (1 + ) =0

ccdf

10

Conve. Simul. SQRT. Simul. SQRT. Theory Conve. Theory 0 2 4 6 papr(dB) 8 10 12

Pcomp

av

(15)

Fig. 3: CCDF curve for PAPR reduction performance of the square rooting techniques. B. -law companding The companding method is a simple and practical to reduce the PAPR for OFDM signal. The compressor is simple logarithm computation. The reverse computation of a compressor is called an expander.In this paper, the compression is done at the transmitter after the IFFT block. The expansion is done at the receiver prior to FFT block.
COMPRESSOR MODULATOR P/S CONVERTER CONVERTER

The PAPR formula [11] for the companded OFDM is given by ( ]0.5 ) [ N ln 1 + Ppeak max ( ) PAPRcomp = 0n (16) N 1 0. 5 1 ln 1 + [ P ( t )] N n n= 0 where Pn (t ) is the normalized instantaneous power i.e nth
X X peak

S/P CONVERTER

Data In

of the subcarrier and the Ppeak is the normalized peak power from the compander. The complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the PAPR is one of the most frequently used parameter for analyzing PAPR reduction. Before calculating CCDF, we have to nd probability density function after companding. Here we can denote the probability density function (PDF) as f Z n ( z) = fX n (x) Z (17)

(NPOINT)

D/A &UP

IFFT

....

....

AWGN channel DEMODULATOR

P/S CONVERTER

S/P CONVERTER

A/D &DOWN

Data out

CONVERTER

EXPANDER

(NPOINT)

Here Z is the derivative of compressor output. Taking the derivative of Equation (4.1), we have, 1 dY = . dx ln (1 + ) 1 + .x (18)

....

Fig. 4:

Block diagram of an OFDM system using compander technique

FFT

In general, -law compression characteristic is given by Z=


x v ln(1 + v ) sgn(x) ln (1 + )

2012 International Conference on Communications, Devices and Intelligent Systems (CODIS)

....

Substituting equations (2) and (18) in equation (17), then we will get the PDF after simplication, fZ n (z) = ) x ln (1 + ) ( 2 x + x e 22 , n = 0, ....., N 1 (19) 2
2

(12)

407

Note that the maximum of Zn is equivalent to crest factor. Let max Zmax denote the crest factor(i.e., Zmax =n=0,.., N 1 Zn ). Now, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of Zmax is given as FZ max (z) = P(Zmax < z) = FZ max (z) = ln (1 + ) 2
z
0

10

PAPR comparison

z
0

fZ n (x) dx
(1+)

(20)
x 2

ccdf

xe 22 dx +

x 2

(21) Here rst integral part is CDF of Rayleigh distribution and second integral part is CDF of Maxwell distribution, P(Zmax < z) = P1 (Zmax < z) + P2 (Zmax < z) respectively. P(Zmax < z) = P(Z0 < z).P(Z1 < z)........P(ZN 1 < z) (22) The Rayleigh distribution CDF is given as ( ) 2 P1 (Zmax < z) = 1 e 22
z

l oge 2

z
0

x2 e 22 dx

10

10

Conven. Simul. SQRT. Simul. Compan. Simul. Conven. Theory SQRT. Theory Compan. Theory 0 2 4 6 papr(dB) 8 10 12

(23)

Fig. 6:

CCDF curve for different PAPR reduction techniques.

Similarly, the Maxwell distribution CDF is given as ( ) 2 2 z 2 z 2 ze P2 (Zmax < z) = er f ( ) 2

IV. CONCLUSIONS (24) In this paper we have considered the CCDF performance analysis of the PAPR reduction techniques in OFDM systems. The analytical calculation of CCDF is carried out for combining and square rooting techniques. Both theoretical analysis and simulation show that the PAPR performance is improved in companding technique. In future work, we will focus on the analytical Bit Error Rate performance analysis using these techniques. R EFERENCES
[1] R. V. Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Boston, Artech House Publishers, March 2000. [2] E. Costa, M. Midrio, and S. Pupolin, Impact of amplier nonlinearities on OFDM transmission system performance, IEEE Comm. Lett., Vol. 3, no. 3, Feb. 1999, pp. 37-39. [3] S. H. Han and J. H. Lee, An overview of peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for multicarrier transmission,IEEE Wireless Comm., Vol. 12, no. 2, April 2005, pp. 56-65. [4] X. Li and L. J. Cimini, Jr., Effects of clipping and ltering on the performance of OFDM, IEEE Comm. Lett., Vol. 2, no. 5, May 1998, pp. 131-133. [5] H. Sakran, M. Shokair, A. Abou Elazm, PAPR Reduction Technique of OFDM signals Using -Law Compander, IEEE Symposium on Wireless Communication System, ISWCS08, 21-24 Oct., pp. 386-390, 2008. [6] X. Wang, T. T. Tjhung, and C. S. Ng, Reduction of peak to average power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique, IEEE Trans. on Broadbasting, 1999. [7] S.Hara, and R. Prasad, Multicarrier Techniques for 4G Mobile Communications, Nor- wood, MA: Artech House, 2003. [8] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 2004. [9] Y. S. Cho, J. Kim, W. Y. Yang and C. G. Kang, MIMO OFDM Wireless Communications With MATLAB, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd., 2010. [10] W. F. Al-Azzo, B. M. Ali, S. Khatun and S. Jamalullail, Time Domain Statistical Control for PAPR Reduction in OFDM System, Asia-Pacic Conference on Communications, 2007. [11] S. P. Vimal and K. R. Shankar Kumar, A New SLM Technique for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems, EuroJournals Publishing, Vol. 65 no. 2, pp. 221-230, 2011. [12] H. Harada and R. Prasad, Simulation and software radio for mobile communications, Boston, Artech House Publishers, 2002. [13] H. Liu and G. Li, OFDM-Based Broadband Wireless Networks: design and optimization, John Wiley and Sons, 2005. [14] L. L. Yang, Multicarrier Communications, Wiley, 2009.

The CDF for single channel from the above two expression is [( ) ( )] z2 z2 2 ln (1 + ) z ze 22 = 1 e 22 + er f ( ) 2 2 (25) The overall CDF for N subcarriers as follows [ (( ) ( ))]N z2 z2 2 z ln (1 + ) = ze 22 1 e 22 + er f ( ) 2 2 (26) As stated above CCDF = 1 CDF .
10
0

COMPANDING PAPR

ccdf

10

10

Conven. Simul. Comp. Simul. Comp. Theory Conven. Theory 0 2 4 6 papr(dB) 8 10 12

Fig. 5:

CCDF curve for PAPR reduction performance of the companding technique.

The curves (theory and simulation) shows that the maximum reduction in PAPR value of about 5 dB is achieved by the companding method described above. PAPR reduction performances of square rooting and -law companding techniques are compared in Fig. 6.

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2012 International Conference on Communications, Devices and Intelligent Systems (CODIS)

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