Introduction

Education organizations are established to achieve certain goals or objective and

the aims or purpose of schooling or education must be compatible. Education

management take cares about others people’ children. It needs a lot of money from

government or the residents as a very big investment. It is a tool to reengineering of

resocial. Industry and commerce concern about others people’s money. It is not as

complex as education management. In industry management, the CEO or manager didn’t

face the problem like rural place and urban place performance , they just need to make

sure their product is in quality control, their customer is satisfied of their service. There

have differences between education and industry because education is non profit oriented

organization, in commercial or industrial are profit oriented organization. And school

didn’t produce any “product” but functional person in future, thus the new generation

which will make contribution to our society. School have much in common with other

organizations that bring people together for a purpose (Handy, 1984:26). Education

management has its own style and character. Educational manager must be very careful

in adopting general principles of management to their setting and have to carefully study

to see if these principles can work in the uniqueness of the educational setting.

Educational managers have to very careful about attempt to improve their schools as

school improvement work along different basis as compared to organizations dealing

with profits. The applications of modern theories such as TQM, reengineering, learning

organization, must be approach with utmost care so not turn school into factories.
 There are seven major ways in which the management of education differ from

the management of industry and commerce (Bush, 1995:7).1) Problem and difficulty in

the determination and definition of objective/purposes of education. School are expected

to be able to recognize the potentials of students, to develop their personal capacity,

character, inculcate accepted valued ad belief, prepare them for society, employment, ect.

Further more, what is the role of teachers ? Are they custodian, facilitator, counselor,

quasi parents ? And in what priority ? Industry and commerce didn’t face such problem

in definition and determination of objective, role of the worker. 2) Measuring

achievement of objectives in education. Does it convey any meaning if it is said that the

students of School A performed better this year than the year before in SPM? The

achievement of School A is better than that of School B? How to measure character

formation? Language, arithmetic, writing –can be measured objectively? What is the

focus of education? Is it curriculum, co-curriculum, textbooks, grade As, school buildings

or students? What is the role and position of students in school and schooling? Are

students “ raw materials” to be processed and transformed in schooling? What is the role

of teachers/management with regard to the role and position of students? 3) Definitions

of relationship of managers and teacher in school organizations are difficult. Various

models of educational management have different view and explanation regarding the

position and relationship in the management of people, curriculum and instruction. 4)

Definitions of teacher and student relationship. Based on the management models

available, how teacher see their relationship with their students, with parents, with the

community, etc. Or could it be like professional-client, as in the relationship between

doctor-patient, lawyer-client, etc. 5) Decision-making in schools is influenced by many

sectors in the society and the administration as everyone seems to have stake or interest

in education. 6) Professional tasks versus managerial tasks. Most of the school principal

promote from teacher, when they becoming a manager in a school, they still think that

they are a teacher not a manager. Teacher are teachers first and managers when they have

to be, because managing is clearly a disruptive occupation if you have something else to

do (Handy and Aiken, 1986:36). 7) The argument about the validity of general

management principles for education and school.

Ideas of management in education are drawn from industry and commence in the

early phases in the development of educational management as a discipline. The ideas are

generally adapted before being applied to schools. Can general principles of management

be applied to education? According to Handy (1984), general principles can be applied to

all organizational setting as it rests largely upon the functions thought to be common to

different types of organization. Such as HRM, marketing, strategic planning, financial

management, etc. The question is- are industrial and commercial model suitable for

application in education? Yes, the detail application of general principles must be

adaptation. The ideal or principles of management must be modify before using it. It is

suitable for the non human material management such as financial planning , tasks

dividing among teachers, time management, buildings, etc. It is not as suitable as for the

“teacher”, “student” because they are not the “product”. They are not the “raw material”

in a factory.
The Benefit And The Dangers Of Applying Models Of Management In

Industry And Commerce In Their Efforts To Improve Educational

Organizations.

In education management we always heard that quality of school? What quality

school is? The most widely used definition of quality is the extent to which a product or

service meets or exceeds customer or client expectations (Reeves and Bednar,1994).

From a policy maker’s point of view, an example for educational setting would be the

degree to which schools are meeting or exceeding state standards for academic

achievement. Total quality management (TQM) is the most popular example of the

quality movement.

Total quality management (TQM)

Deming’s (1983,19861993) work has been exceptionally important. After world

War II, Deming and his philosophy of management are credited with turning around

Japanese industry and helping make Japan a dominant business force in the postwar

world. Japan set a new standard for industry and business success, and by the 1980s,

more and more American business, governmental, and service organizations were turning

to Deming’s teachings, philosophy, and principles of total quality management. By the

1990s, total quality management had become an important focus in the management of

both business (Scherkenbanch, 1991,1992) and educational organization (AASA,1991) in

the United States. His approach (1986) is summarized by his 14 principles for

transforming and improving organizations and their administration. These principles of

transformation represent a complex, prescriptive of interrelated rules stated in terms of

series of commands. The 14 principles are:

1. Create constancy of purpose for the improvement of product and service, with

the aim to become competitive, stay in business, and provide jobs.

2. Adopt a new philosophy of cooperation (win-win) in which everybody wins

and put it into practice by teaching it to employees, customers and suppliers.

3. Cease dependence on mass inspection to achieve quality. Instead, improve the

process and build quality into the product in the first place.

4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag alone. Instead,

minimize total cost in the long run. Move toward a single supplier for any one

item, based on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust.

5. Improve constantly, and forever, the system of production, service, planning,

of any activity. This will improve quality and productivity and thus constantly

decrease costs.

6. Institute training for skills.

7. Adopt and institute leadership for the management of people, recognizing

their different abilities, capabilities, and aspiration. The aim of leadership

should be to help people, machines, and gadgets do a better job. Leadership of

management is in need of overhaul, as well as leadership of production

workers.

8. Drive out fear and build trust so that everyone can work more effectively.

9. Break down barriers between departments. Abolish competition and build a

win-win system of cooperation within the organization. People in research,

design, sales, and production must work as a team to foresee problems of

production and use that might be encountered with the product or service.
 10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets asking for zero defects or new

levels of productivity. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships,

as the bulk of the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the

system and thus lie beyond the power of the work force.

11. Eliminate numerical goals, numerical quotas and management by objectives.

Substitute leadership.

12. Remove barriers that rob people of joy in their work. This will mean

abolishing the annual rating or merit system that ranks people and creates

competition and conflict.

13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement.

14. Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation. The

transformation is everybody's job.

Barbara A. Spencer (1994) characterizes TQM as a comprehensive set of

management ideas, which emphasize or promote quality in organization. Its goal is to

make quality enhancement the governing priority of the organizations and that is vital for

their long term survival and effectiveness, a position compatible with the system-resource

model of organization effectiveness. TQM is focused on quality, presumably a concern of

both management and workers, and methods improvements should eliminate wasteful

bureaucratic activities, save money, and make more human resources available for core

activities, specifically client service.

According to James W. Dean and David E. Bowen (1994), they view the

approach as a philosophy involving three principles of change- customer or client focus

(most important), continuous improvement, and team work. The following is the example

of principles, practices, and techniques:

1. Client focus in school is satisfying the academic and emotional need of the

students. Using technique such as surveys and focus groups, practices of school

administrators and teachers would include gathering information about student needs and

using the information to modify existing or designing new instructional and

extracurricular programs. The example which held in school is SMM (Sistem Maklumat

Murid) and System Merit Demerit. Teacher have to collect students information

including their financial problem in their family, from the data collecting, we can noticed

that how many student needs financial help and how many students are coming from

problem family such as divorced family. Welfare of students are the priority in school.

The students who needs financial help, school will help them to apply “Wang Amanah”.

There is so much things teachers have to do in school because one of the teacher will

asked to complete the data collection, one of the teacher have to find out the students one

by one to help them to fill up the application form and interview the student, school

welfare committee meeting will held to make sure the students who needs help indeed.

The teacher who holding this post will become very tension.

System Merit Demerit is one kind of system that collect students discipline

information. Each student will given 100 marks at the beginning of their school days.

Students who very discipline in school they will maintain their 100 mark or higher

according to their good behaviors and performance , if not the students mark will

deducted according to what kind of problem they make in school. This will help school

to reduce discipline problem . To who regretted of their behavior, they can do social work
such as help teacher to clean up school area, drawing mural to gain some mark. From

their changing, their teacher will praising them, they will have individual satisfaction,

school will appreciate what they have done, the student will protect anything they have

done in school. Appreciate and respect others people’s work. School vandalism will

reduce. The disadvantage of this system is, it just would occur in short term result and

must have full co-operate from school administrator, teachers and students. School must

make sure it runs constantly and the students can maintain their good behavior. The

problem is, student’s marks is increasing but actually the purpose of learning to become

good citizen is not their intention or the students intentionally to do the “right” things like

charity program just because of the mark. Educational purpose is not achieve.

2. Continuous improvement means enhancing instructional and

administrative processes through regular or constant examinations. Employing techniques

such as statistical analyses and flowcharts, practices of school administrators and teachers

would include analyzing and reengineering their instructional and management processes

and program, solving problems. PKKP (Program Peningkatan Kurikulum Dan Kemajuan

Pendidikan) is one of the example that based on Continuous improvement. Teachers in

school have to find out student’s strength and weakness (analysis and diagnosis in Folio

B) and try to find out their strategy (teaching approach or reengineering in Folio A). This

is the advantage that the student will become stronger and stronger in their study by

guidance from their teacher in the specific field either in their syllables or their

examination. If teacher look seriously in this, student will take care by teacher in

individual case, teacher will try to focus on students separately problem and try to solve

the problem. But until now this approach have a lot of problem, it become a burden of
teachers. Teachers have to do a lot of paper work. When the students in a class is too big,

it become trouble for the teacher to find out one by one which part the student couldn’t

follow up. If one teacher have to teach three classes in different paper, each paper contain

50 questions in their examination, and each paper consist 10 topic, teacher have to fill up

45 students diagnosis form and try to find out the weakness of the student one by one.

Teacher have to find out their strategy to overcome their problem in class. It will become

the limitation of time for teacher to do the analysis and diagnosis ( fill up many kind of

the form) and help the student one by one in classroom. Is it work?

3. Teamwork is collaboration among school administrators and teachers between

school units such as grade levels and departments, and between students and school

employees. Using techniques such as organization development methods and team

building exercises, practices of school administrators and teachers would include

searching for arrangements that would benefit all units and forming teams or task forces.

These principles and practices are closely related and mutually reinforcing. Example is

teacher support team. The advantage is it would improve relationship among the teacher,

enhance teacher’s professional field. The idea is ideal. The contribution of teacher

support team didn’t bring benefit to rural school. In rural school, teacher always be called

for meeting, training or having workshop during school days, their student will leave

behind in their study because their teacher always not in class. Who will take care of this?

conclusion

"Dr. Deming said..." (Chaudron, 1993). Don't copy any particular model but use

relevant basic principles such as an emphasis on quality, continuous analysis of tasks to

improve performance, and work with suppliers to enable the organization to start with
high quality supplies. TQM should be seen as a process, not a program. It should be

integrated into ongoing agency operations, and the focus should be on how an

organization can better accomplish its goals and objectives.

Industrial and commercial activities are intrinsically different from the activities

of educational institutions (Taylor, 1972:41). Education purpose and practice is different

from industrial and commercial purposes, and applying models originating from industry

and commerce would inevitably led to a neglect of education purposes. As an illustration,

the application of productivity model in education leads to more problem than solution.

References

1. www.\Total Quality Section Deming's 14 Points.htm

2 wwwAapplying Total Quality Management Principles To Secondary Education.htm.

3. Tutorial notes (PXGM 6101), Mr. Ong Chon Sooi

4. Articles from TQM web

5. Articles of Effectiveness and Quality of Schools

6. Article of Management (in Mandarin)

7. Article of School Management (in Mandarin)