CE-363

Lecture 3: Aircraft Controls, Airport Site and Size Selection

Dr. Ankit Gupta, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Hamirpur

Lecture Outline

Aircraft Controls General Information on Aircrafts Site selection and factors influencing Selection of airport size

Aircrafts Forces

Various forces acting on an aircraft are as shown:

Aircrafts Rotational Movements

Rotational movements are caused with respect to the three reference axis x, y and z

Aircrafts Controls

Controls work with the help of different components of an aircraft, like

Wings and Flaps Three controls

Rudder Elevator Aileron

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Wings and Flaps

NO LIFT CONDITION

LIFT DUE TO UPWASH AND DOWNWASH

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Wings and Flaps

Lift is directly related to surface area

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Wings and Flaps

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Wings and Flaps

WITHOUT GROUND EFFECT

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Wings and Flaps

WITH GROUND EFFECT

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Rudder

Yawing Motion

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Rudder

Yawing Motion

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Elevator

Pitching Motion

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Elevator

Pitching Motion

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Aileron

Rolling Motion

Aircrafts Controls

Control using Aileron

Rolling Motion

Airport Planning

General

Requires intensive study Aviation is the most dynamic industry It refers to the planners idealized concept of the form and structure of the ultimate development of the airport. It includes

Airport Master Plan

Description of staged development Financial implications Fiscal strategies

Airport Planning

Objectives of Master Plan as per FAA

To provide an effective graphical presentation of the ultimate development of the airport and of the anticipated land uses adjacent To establish a schedule of priorities and phasing for the various improvements proposed in the plan. To present the pertinent backup information and data To describe the various concepts and alternatives which were considered in the establishment of the proposed plan.

Airport Planning

FAA Recommendations

Phase I: Airport Requirements Examination of the scale and timing of new facilities with respect to the anticipated demand and status of existing facilities. Phase II: Site Selection Study if airspace requirements, EIA, development, access, availabilities of utilities, land cost, political implications, etc.

Airport Planning

FAA Recommendations

Phase III: Airport Plans

Airport Layout Plan Land Use Plan Terminal Area Plan Airport Access Plan Schedules of Proposed Development Estimates of Development Cost Economic Feasibility Analysis Financial Feasibility Analysis

Phase IV: Financial Plan

Airport Planning

ICAO Recommendation for Master Plan

Planning Method Forecasting for Planning Purposes Site Evaluation and Selection Airport Configuration Aircraft Apron Passenger Area Passenger Building Departures Arrivals

Airport Planning

ICAO Recommendation for Master Plan

Cargo Landside Roads, Vehicle Parks, Other Buildings and Facilities Access

Airport Planning

Regional Planning

Planning of an airport should be done considering the air traffic needs of the nation as a whole rather than an individual locality. In India AAI is doing this in collaboration with the states. It provides the following information

Approximate location of the airports on national map Classification of airports Location of air strips Routes of air travel

Airport Planning

Regional Planning

Following data is collected for a scientific and sound planning on regional basis.

Population Topographical and Geographical Features Existing Airports in the Vicinity Air Traffic Characteristics Development of New Airports

Airport Planning

Improvement of Existing Airport

Traffic Forecast

Area to be served Origin and destination of the residents and non-residents of the area Population growth in the area Economic character of the area

Income level per capita Types of business activities and the labour employed Trends in existing local air traffic Trends in national air traffic volume Population growth & economic standards of adjacent areas

Airport Planning

Determination of the Capacity of Existing Airport

Suitability of approaches for the type of airports Capacity to handle the peak hour traffic Adequacy of terminal building to handle passengers Adequacy of aprons and servicing facilities Runway extensions, new or parallel runways and high speed exit taxiways Rearranging or increasing the size of terminal building or loading apron Improving the traffic control devices

Improvement of Airport Capacity

Planning of a New Airport

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Specific Aspects:

Air Traffic Potential Adequate Access Sufficient Airspace Sufficient Land

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Factors affecting site selection:

Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions Availability of Land for expansion Availability of utilities Development of the surrounding area Economy of construction Ground accessibility

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Factors affecting site selection:

Presence of other airports Regional plan Soil characteristics Surrounding obstructions

Use of airport

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions

Visibility

Fog, smoke, haze

Affected by wind velocity Development of area (industrial)

Causes reduction in frequency and hence in capacity handling

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions

Wind

Direction and intensity Associated topographical features, like hill, valley Windward / Leeward side

Locating development with respect to site of airport

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Availability of land for expansion

Future prediction of air traffic

Land for parking of vehicles, terminal facilities, apron, runway length, etc

Land cost (at later stage)

Availability of land at later stage

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Availability of Utilities

Water, Power, etc. Sewerage Communication Generation Plants

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Development of surrounding area

Residential or Sensitive area Industrial development

Height of development Zoning laws

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Development of surrounding area

Noise Pollution Movement of Air pollution Bird movements and hits Associated safety considerations

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Economy of Construction

Alternate sites to be examined Availability of local construction material Uneven terrain, grading or flattening Problematic areas

Water logging areas Reclaimed areas

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Ground Accessibility

Travel time in air v/s travel time on land Easily approachable using all types of modes Proximity to areas of air trip generation Facilities for private vehicle users Efficient transport system

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Presence of other Airports

Traffic Volume En-circling radius of aircraft Type of aircraft Type of operating facilities

IFR, VFR

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Presence of other Airports

Separation distance between radii May cause

serious air traffic congestion Reduction in airport capacity

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Soil Characteristics

Strength of soil sub grade Bearing on the cost of construction Drainage of soil self draining Level of water table

Subsoil drainage

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Soil Characteristics

Valley side may have flooding Soil with reasonable amount of pervious material like gravel or sand along with suitable natural binder is good

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Use of Airport

Civil or military Adaptability for other uses during emergencies

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Surrounding Obstructions

Clear air space for landing and take-off High-rise structures (man-made) Natural obstructions like trees etc Height restrictions and laws

AIRPORT SIZE

Defined by Space required for

Operators Controlling Systems Management staff and Ground Movements.

It is controlled by:

Peak Aircraft Traffic Aircraft Characteristics, etc.

AIRPORT SIZE

Factors controlling airport size

Elevation of Airport Site above MSL Meteorological conditions Performance characteristics of aircraft Volume of air traffic

AIRPORT SIZE

Factors controlling airport size

Elevation of Airport Site above MSL

Affects runway requirements Aircraft performance varies with altitude, air density, temperature, etc. Affects lift, drag, length of runway, etc.

AIRPORT SIZE

Factors controlling airport size

Meteorological Conditions

Wind

Intensity Direction Duration

Temperature

AIRPORT SIZE

Factors controlling airport size

Meteorological Conditions

Affects runway orientation and number of runways required Length of runway changes (increases)

Due to change in air density and subsequent lift, etc.

AIRPORT SIZE

Factors controlling airport size

Traffic Volume

Peak hour volume Nature of air traffic Size of aircraft No. of Air Transporters Runways, Taxiways, Aprons Hangers, terminals Forecasted traffic

AIRPORT SIZE

Factors controlling airport size

Facilities and Utilities to be provided Performance Characteristics of Aircraft

Dimensions Landing Speed Turning Radius etc.