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Abstract: Automatic facial expression recognition has become a progressive research area since it plays a major
role in human-computer-interaction. The facial expression recognition finds major application in areas like social interaction and social intelligence. A review of various techniques used in facial expression recognition like principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) etc is done in this paper. The survey is represented in tabular form for quick reference Index Terms Automatic facial expression recognition, Social Intelligence, Human-Computer interaction.
I.
Introduction
In the recent years, many improvements have been accomplished in the areas like face recognition, face tracking and it anticipated the interest in facial expression recognition field. Facial expressions are produced as a result of distortions of facial features due to the constriction of facial muscles. The facial expressions are examined for identifying the basic human emotions like anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust and surprise. These expressions can vary between individuals. The facial expression recognition systems consists of four major steps. Face detection and normalization phase detects the face and lighting effect is reduced. Next step is feature extraction which extracts the features and irrelevant features are eliminated in feature selection process. Final step is classification where the expressions are classified in to six basic emotions. Approaches like Principal Component Analysis [1], Linear Discriminant Analysis [2], Independent Component Analysis [3] constitute a major part in the facial expression recognition techniques. These methods are 1-dimensional in nature. Therefore 2- dimensional Principal Component Analysis [4] is introduced. Since these techniques are applicable only in gray scale images, Global Eigen Approach [5] and Sub pattern Extended 2-dimensional Principal Component Analysis [6](E2DPCA) can be extended by traditional approaches to color space. Multilinear Image Analysis [7] introduced tensor concept which allows more than one factor variation in contradiction to PCA. Color Subspace Linear Discriminant Analysis [8] also uses tensor concept but in color space which improves the accuracy. For achieving greater performance, another technique called Gabor Filer Bank [9] is used which outperforms all the other methods. Local Gabor Binary Pattern [10] has improved recognition rate than the gabor filter bank technique. Many studies have revealed that the overall performance is enhanced by color component embedding. But if RGB color space is used, accuracy depend on the angle and light source which reduces the recognition performance. Therefore RGB color space is not always suitable for color information processing. Perceptually uniform color systems can address this problem. Therefore a novel tensor perceptual framework[11] for facial expression recognition is introduced in this paper for better performance. This is done on perceptual color space and can be examined under slight variations in illuminations.
II.
A. Principal Component Analysis Principal Component Analysis (PCA), also known as the eigen face approach is one of the popular method for facial expression recognition[1]. The major goal of PCA is to reduce the dimensionality for effective face indexing and retrieval. Also, PCA uses linear projection,which maximize the projected sample scattering [2]. In this, the identity of the person is the only varying factor.PCA faces difficuilty if other factors like viewpoint, lighting are varied. B. Fishers Linear Discriminant Under severe variation in facial expression and illumination Fishers Linear Discriminant (FLD) is more suitable. FLD reduces the scattering of projected sample since it is a class specific method[2]. Error rate is reduced when compared to PCA. C. Independent Component Analysis Both PCA and LDA generate spatially global feature vectors. But for effective facial expression recognition spatially localized feature vectors is needed. Therefore Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
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Recognition rate is improved compared to PCA and FLD Recognition rate is higher than PCA
Two-dimensional PCA: A new approach to appearancebased face representation and recognition The importance of the color information in face recognition A novel hybrid approach based on sub-pattern technique and E2DPCA for color face recognition Face Recognition using a Color Subspace LDA approach Multilinear Image Analysis for Facial Recognition Gabor Filter Based Face Recognition Technique
RGB color space does not provide any improvement in recognition rate Variation in lighting, pose are not considered
Recognition rate higher than PCA Higher recognition rate than PCA, LDA,2DPCA,Global Eigen Approach Better recognition rate than Gabor filter bank
Less performance than Color Subspace LDA Low and high frequency component attenuation
illumination conditions and thus performance can be improved. Table1: Comparison table on literature survey
III.
Conclusion
This paper presents a literature survey on the various techniques involved in facial expression recognition. There are various techniques that can be used for the purpose. These methods are measured on the basis of recognition rate. Higher the recognition rate, greater the performance. The tensor perceptual color framework has the highest recognition rate and has highest performance.
IV.
Acknowledgment
This work is supported and guided by my research guide. I am very thankful to my research guide Ms. Shinu Acca Mani, Assistant Professor, Computer Science Department, Nehru college of Engineering and Research Centre, India for her guidance and support.
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